Simple machines can be used to make work easier and faster. Compound machines are basically simple machines placed together to work together. Work is force acting on an object that moves it a distance (W=F*d). A simple machine must have some force applied to it to do work. Simple machines let us use a small force to beat bigger forces. They can also change the direction of the force. Keep in mind that a simple machine cannot create energy (F input * d input = F output * d output). If you want the force output to be big and distance output to be small, you need to have a big distance input and a small force input. If you want the force output to be small and the distance output to be large, then the force input needs to be large and the distance input to be small (Fd = Fd). There are three simple machines will be focus on for this project: lever, pulley, and wheel and axle. .
The lever is used in seesaws, shovels, hammers, and other everyday objects. A lever consists of three main parts: the fulcrum, rod, and the load the machine is acting on it. The fulcrum, or fixed point, allows the rod to move up and down freely. There are three classes of levers, but for this project a will be using the second-class lever. This lever allows us to use less force to act on the load. In other words, less force and more distance will be inputted to result in more force and less distance. This kind of lever in usually used to move heavy objects. The fulcrum is closer to the load to achieve this. This simple machine will probably be the best to lift the soda can. Most of the lever can be built out of wood. The fulcrum may be made out of metal or wood. .
The pulley is used in cranes. Pulleys usually lift the load. A pulley changes the direction in the force to do that. A pulley is used to change the direction of the force. It can also multiply forces depending on the type. In this project a type one and two pulley will be used.
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A lever is a simple machine that allows you to gain a mechanical advantage in moving an object or in applying a force to an object. It is considered a "pure" simple machine because friction is usually so small that it is not considered a factor to overcome, as in other simple machines.
A lever consists of a rigid bar or beam that is allowed to rotate or pivot about a fulcrum. An applied force is then used to move a load. There are three common types or classes of levers, depending on where the fulcrum and applied force is located.
The mechanical advantage is that you can move a heavy object using less force than the weight of the object, you can propel an object faster by applying a force at a slower speed, or you can move an object further than the distance you apply to the lever.
Questions you may have include:
- What are the parts of a lever?
- What are the three types or classes of levers?
- What are the uses for a lever?
This lesson will answer those questions. Useful tool: Units Conversion
A typical lever consists of a solid board or rod that can pivot about a point or fulcrum . Since humans usually provide energy to levers, "effort" and "load" are often used instead of input and output.
An input force or effort is applied, resulting in moving or applying an output force to a load .
The distance from the applied force or effort force to the fulcrum is called the effort or input arm and the distance from the load to the fulcrum is called the load or output arm .
Since there is typically a very small amount of friction at the fulcrum, overcoming friction is not a factor in a lever as it might be in another simple machine like a ramp or wedge. Thus, we consider a lever a pure simple machine.
Lever configurations
There are three types or classes of levers, according to where the load and effort are located with respect to the fulcrum.
Class 1
A class 1 lever has the fulcrum placed between the effort and load. The movement of the load is in the opposite direction of the movement of the effort. This is the most typical lever configuration.
Class 2
A class 2 lever has the load between the effort and the fulcrum. In this type of lever, the movement of the load is in the same direction as that of the effort. Note that the length of the effort arm goes all the way to the fulcrum and is always greater than the length of the load arm in a class 2 lever.
Class 3
A class 3 lever has the effort between the load and the fulcrum. Both the effort and load are in the same direction. Because of the configuration, the fulcrum must prevent the lever beam from moving upward or downward. Often a bearing is used to allow the beam to pivot.
Note that the length of the load arm goes all the way to the fulcrum and is always greater than the length of the effort arm in a class 3 lever. The result is a force mechanical advantage less than 1.
Uses for a lever
The reason for a lever is that you can use it for a mechanical advantage in lifting heavy loads, moving things a greater distance or increasing the speed of an object.
Increase force
Increase distance moved
You can increase the applied force in order to lift heavier loads.
Increase speed
You can increase the speed that the load moves with Class 1 or Class 3 levers.
Summary
A lever is a simple machine that allows you to gain a mechanical advantage. It consists of a consists of a rigid bar or beam that is allowed to rotate or pivot about a fulcrum, along with an applied force and load. The three types or classes of levers, depend on where the fulcrum and applied force is located.
Uses for a lever are that you can move a heavy object using less force than the weight of the object, propel an object faster by applying a force at a slower speed, or move an object further than the distance you apply to the lever.
Leveraging gives you an advantage
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Simple machines are extremely important to everyday life. They make stuff that is normally difficult a piece of cake. There are several types of simple machines. The first simple machine is a lever. A lever consists of a fulcrum, load, and effort force. A fulcrum is the support. The placing of the fulcrum changes the amount of force and distance it will take in order to move an object. The load is the applied force. The effort force is the force applied on the opposite side of the load. Levers can be placed in three classes. The 1st class levers are objects like pliers where the fulcrum is at the center of the lever. The 2nd class of levers are objects that have the fulcrum on the opposite side of the applied force like a nutcracker. The 3rd and final class is objects like crab claws. These objects of the load at one end and the fulcrum on the other.
An inclined plane is another simple machine. Inclined planes are also known as ramps. Ramps make a trade off between distance and force. No matter how steep the ramp, the work is still the same. A winding road on a mountain side is a good example of a ramp. Some simple machines are modified inclined planes. The wedge is one of those machines. One or two inclined planes make up a wedge. Saws, knives,needles, and axes are made from wedges. The screw is another modified inclined plane. Screws decrease the force but increase the distance. The ridges are called threads. A couple of simple machines are made with wheels. The wheel and axle is one of these machines.
These are made with a rod joined to the center of a wheel. They can either increase distance or force, depending on the size of the wheel. The pulley is another machine that uses wheels. The are a wheel with a groove in the center with a rope or chain stretched around it. The load attaches to one end and the effort is applied to the other on all pulleys. There are two types of pulleys. The fixed pulley stays in one place while the wheel spins. Movable pulleys attach to objects. Several pulleys can be used at one time. A good example of a pulley system is an escalator. Simple machines make up compound machines. We use these machines daily. Life would be difficult without simple machines.
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A simple machine is a mechanical device that consists of a minimum of moving parts but yet can create an improvement of the output over the input. The improvement could be creating a mechanical advantage or simply changing the direction of the output. Mechanical advantage is the increase of force, distance or speed from the input value.
Around the 16th century, the classic list of simple machines was determined. The list consisted of the lever, wheel and axle, pulley, inclined plane, wedge, and screw.
These simple machines can be broken into three classifications: lever simple machines, rotating simple machines, and inclined plane simple machines.
Questions you may have include:
- What do lever simple machines do?
- What do rotating simple machines do?
- What do inclined plane simple machines do?
This lesson will answer those questions. Useful tool: Units Conversion
Lever simple machines
The lever simply consists of a rod or board that pivots on a fulcrum, creating a mechanical advantage or a change in direction.
The lever is a classic simple machine that achieves a mechanical advantage according to the ratio of the output or load arm of the lever divided by the input or effort arm.
The mechanical advantage of a lever can concern force, distance, or speed of the output.
The efficiency of the lever is very high, since the loss due to friction at the fulcrum is low.
Rotating simple machines
Rotating simple machines include rollers, wheel and axle, crank, and pulley.
Rollers
The wheel or roller by itself can make it easier to move objects by overcoming friction.
Wheel and axle
When an axle is added to a wheel, a torque on the axle increases the speed of the outer surface of the wheel. Likewise, turning the wheel from its outer edge increases the force applied from the axle.
Crank
A crank is like a wheel and axle. You can push on the handle of a crank, and it will create a twisting force or torque on the axle. This is a variation of the wheel and axle.
Pulley
A pulley is a wheel and axle, that uses a rope to lift objects. A major purpose of a pulley is to change the direction of the input force. You can pull down one a pulley rope, and the rope will lift the object upward.
Complex set of pulleys
A complex set up pulleys, such as a block-and-tackle configuration, can result in a mechanical advantage. The question is that if it is a complex set, is it still a simple machine? Probably not.
Inclined plane simple machines
Variations of an inclined plane include a ramp, wedge, and screw.
Ramp
The inclined plane or ramp makes raising a weight to a given height easier, according to the angle of the incline. Unfortunately, the resistive force of friction from sliding the object on the ramp can negate the mechanical advantage.
Variations of the inclined plane are the wedge and screw.
Wedge
Although a wedge is considered a simple machine, it is really a special application of an inclined plane.
Screw
The screw is really an inclined plane that is wrapped around a shaft. Turning the shaft around its central axis transforms rotational motion and torque into axial motion and force.
A screw can also act like a wedge, forcing itself into a softer material.
Summary
Simple machines usually exchange using a smaller force over a greater distance to move a heavy object over a short distance. The work required is the same, but the force required is less. The are also simple machines that help to reduce the resistance of friction or such.
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Simple machines are tools that make work easier. They have few or no moving parts.These machines use energy to work. There are six types of simple machines . The six types of simple machines are used in our daily life. Simple machines convert a smaller amount of force exerted over a larger distance to a greater amount of force exerted over a shorter distance, or vice versa. The concept of simple machine was introduced by the Greek philosopher Archimedes the 3rd century.
There are six types of simple machines. The six types of simple machines are
- Wedge
- Lever.
Pulley is wheels and axles with a groove around the outside
A pulley needs a rope, chain or belt around the groove to make it do work
Examples: Flag post, Elevator, Window blinds, Crane, Winch.
A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a shaft or cylinder.
The inclined plane allows the screw to move itself when rotated
Examples: Screw lid jar, drills, door lock, meat grinder, brace and bits,
3) Wedge:
A wedge is used to split an object through the application of force. It is made up of two inclined planes which meet to form a sharp edge. Wedges are used to split things.
Examples: Knives, axe. Forks, pin, chisels.
An inclined plane is a flat surface that is higher on one end, which makes it easier to move heavy objects to a certain height.
Examples: Roller coaster, stirs, sloping roads, ramps, boat propeller,
The wheel and axle is made up of two circular objects. The wheel is the larger object which turns around the smaller object the axle. The axle is a rod that goes through the wheel which allows the wheel to turn,
Examples: Door knobs, Egg beater, Steering wheels, door knobs, pencil sharpener. Gears are a form of wheels and axles
6) Lever:
This is a is a bar rests on a turning point. The turning point is the fulcrum. An object the lever moves is the load. There are three kinds of levers, First order, Second order and third order.
In a first class lever the fulcrum is in the middle and the load and effort is on either side.
Example: see saw
In a second class lever the fulcrum is at the end, with the load in the Middle.
Example: wheelbarrow
In a third class lever the fulcrum is again at the end, but the effort is in the middle.
Example:
Pair of tweezers.
Advantage of using the six simple machines:
These six simple machines are used in day to day life. They make the work easier for us. Simple machines are being used hundreds of years before. Even the great pyramids were build by using the simple machines. The inclined plane was used to move heavy stones for building the pyramids. Different combinations of these six simple machines can be used in the building of complex machines.
Sub Topics
The effort is the force applied to the machine.
The load is the force against which the machine does the work.
This ratio is a measure of the advantage that one obtains by using the machine. If a load of 40 N is moved by applying an effort of 10 N on the machine then the mechanical advantage of the machine is given by
Velocity Ratio (V.R)
The "corresponding distance" is the distance moved by the load in the same time as the distance moved by the effort.
The velocity ratio depends only on the design of the machine and is always same for a particular machine. The mechanical advantage on the other hand can vary for a particular machine as it depends on friction.
M.A., V.R. and efficiency have no units as they are ratios between similar quantities.
Effort: The force applied to the machine.
Load: The force against which the machine does the work.
Since the effort does the work on the machine and the load is worked upon by the machine, efficiency can also be expressed as
The efficiency is very often expressed as a percentage i.e.,
It should be noted that 100% efficiency is possible only for an ideal (imaginary) machine. Usually, for all practical purposes the efficiency of a machine is always less than 100%. This is because practical M.A. is always less than theoretical M.A. due to friction and the weight of the moving parts.
