Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan is a sovereign state. In December 1991 Kazakhstan declared its independence. Kazak government pursues the policy of friendship and national accord. Historically Kazakhstan has developed as a multinational state. According to the constitution adopted in 1995 every nationality can develop its culture in Kazakhstan. All people of Kazakhstan have equal rights and duties. Both industry and agriculture are developing here. Nowadays many private firms and joint ventures appear. Kazakhstan has established diplomatic relations with seventy countries of the world. President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev is highly respected not only in this country but abroad as well because he is an honest and intelligent statesman.
The most important industrial centres are Karaganda, Pavlodar, Zhezkazgan, Taraz. Our country is rich in mineral resources and minerals. Copper, iron, zinc, lead, coal are mined in Kazakhstan. Now the aim of independent Kazakhstan is to become the country of high technology.
Kazakhstan is good for a place of useful health resorts. People can improve their health at the resorts in Kostanay, Kokshetau, Almaty. They say that Kokshetau is "Kazak Switzerland" because its nature is beautiful and climate is mild. Kazak people are friendly and open-hearted.
Almaty is the cultural, Scientific, economic and transport centre of Kazakhstan. This is one of the most beautiful cities of Asia. The city has a mild climate. Summer in Almaty lasts from May till September with the average temperature of 22 degrees in July. Winter is not very cold with the average temperature of 8 degrees below zero in January.
The city was founded in 1854. Till 1921 it was named Verny. In 1929 Almaty became the capital of the Kazak Socialist Republic. Almaty was the capital of independent Kazakhstan till November 1997. Nowadays the city has seven theatres, many cinemas, hundreds of clubs, libraries and other cultural and educational centres. The most important theatres are the Kazak State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre named after Abai and the Kazak State Academic Drama Theatre named after M.Auesov. The city also has the Russian, Uigur, Korean theatres and many other troupes.
Verny had only one gymnasium. Now in Almaty there are 185 schools of general education, a lot of technical secondary schools and Universities. Almaty is a University city. Young people from different places og Kazakhstan come to study here.
Almaty is situated at the food of the Ala-Tau montains. The climate is very favourable for gardening. Everybody in kazakstan knows the world famous apples "aport". The citizens of Almaty are proud of the well known skating-rink "Medeo". It is equipped with all modern sport facilities. The most important competition are held there.
Almaty is the city of kind and hospitable people. It is a great pleasure to visit it.
Список литературы
Для подготовки данной работы были использованы материалы с сайта http://www.text.pp.ru/
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My Motherland is Kazakhstan. It is the country which is situ¬ated in the centre of the Eurasian continent. It is the country of free people. Kazakhstan is an extremely beautiful land. There are the majes¬tic Zailiysky Alatau mountains, the powerful rivers: the Yrtysh, the Syrdarya and the Amudarya, and the endless steppes. Kazakhstan is the country where many nations live in peace. You can find different kinds of treasures: rare beautiful animals, plants, minerals - on the endless space of our country. There are a lot of cities in Kazakhstan which are as beautiful as the best cities of Europe and Asia such as Astana, Almaty, Pavlodar and others.
Having gained the political independence Kazakhstan became a democratic republic with presidential form of government. The President is elected. The Power in the Republic consists of two branches- legislative power represented by the Parliament and executive power represented by the President and the government. The Parliament consists of two chambers-the Upper Chamber-Senate and the Lower Chamber - Majilis. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister. Only citizen of the republic by birth,not younger tnan 40 years old, speaking the state language fluently,who has been living in Kazakhstan not less than 15 years can be elected the President of the Republic.
Kazakhstan is one of the richest countries of the world as concerning its natural and manpower resources. After gaining independence Kazakhstani economy is oriented to the creation of free market in democratic society. Privatization of the state property has been going on since 1992. The private sector of Kazakhstan is experiencing an unbelievable growth making the basis for the future economic stability of the state.Kazakhstan is open for the foreign investments into its economy.In spite of hardships of the transition period, President’s program “Kazakhstan 2030” guarantees the formation of democratic society with the developed economic system that will make our country one of the most prosperous state in the world.
I love my Kazakhstan very much. And I believe that you will love it too if you come here.My Motherland is Kazakhstan. It is the country which is situ¬ated in the centre of the Eurasian continent. It is the country of free people. Kazakhstan is an extremely beautiful land. There are the majes¬tic Zailiysky Alatau mountains, the powerful rivers: the Yrtysh, the Syrdarya and the Amudarya, and the endless steppes. Kazakhstan is the country where many nations live in peace. You can find different kinds of treasures: rare beautiful animals, plants, minerals - on the endless space of our country. There are a lot of cities in Kazakhstan which are as beautiful as the best cities of Europe and Asia such as Astana, Almaty, Pavlodar and others. Having gained the political independence Kazakhstan became a democratic republic with presidential form of government. The President is elected. The Power in the Republic consists of two branches- legislative power represented by the Parliament and executive power represented by the President and the government. The Parliament consists of two chambers-the Upper Chamber-Senate and the Lower Chamber - Majilis. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister. Only citizen of the republic by birth,not younger tnan 40 years old, speaking the state language fluently,who has been living in Kazakhstan not less than 15 years can be elected the President of the Republic. Kazakhstan is one of the richest countries of the world as concerning its natural and manpower resources. After gaining independence Kazakhstani economy is oriented to the creation of free market in democratic society. Privatization of the state property has been going on since 1992. The private sector of Kazakhstan is experiencing an unbelievable growth making the basis for the future economic stability of the state.Kazakhstan is open for the foreign investments into its economy.In spite of hardships of the transition period, President’s program “Kazakhstan 2030” guarantees the formation of democratic society with the developed economic system that will make our country one of the most prosperous state in the world. I love my Kazakhstan very much. And I believe that you will love it too if you come here.
Определить язык Клингонский Клингонский (pIqaD) азербайджанский албанский английский арабский армянский африкаанс баскский белорусский бенгальский болгарский боснийский валлийский венгерский вьетнамский галисийский греческий грузинский гуджарати датский зулу иврит игбо идиш индонезийский ирландский исландский испанский итальянский йоруба казахский каннада каталанский китайский китайский традиционный корейский креольский (Гаити) кхмерский лаосский латынь латышский литовский македонский малагасийский малайский малайялам мальтийский маори маратхи монгольский немецкий непали нидерландский норвежский панджаби персидский польский португальский румынский русский себуанский сербский сесото словацкий словенский суахили суданский тагальский тайский тамильский телугу турецкий узбекский украинский урду финский французский хауса хинди хмонг хорватский чева чешский шведский эсперанто эстонский яванский японский Клингонский Клингонский (pIqaD) азербайджанский албанский английский арабский армянский африкаанс баскский белорусский бенгальский болгарский боснийский валлийский венгерский вьетнамский галисийский греческий грузинский гуджарати датский зулу иврит игбо идиш индонезийский ирландский исландский испанский итальянский йоруба казахский каннада каталанский китайский китайский традиционный корейский креольский (Гаити) кхмерский лаосский латынь латышский литовский македонский малагасийский малайский малайялам мальтийский маори маратхи монгольский немецкий непали нидерландский норвежский панджаби персидский польский португальский румынский русский себуанский сербский сесото словацкий словенский суахили суданский тагальский тайский тамильский телугу турецкий узбекский украинский урду финский французский хауса хинди хмонг хорватский чева чешский шведский эсперанто эстонский яванский японский Источник: Цель:
Результаты (русский ) 1:
Моя Родина-Казахстан. Это страна, которая является situ¬ated в центре Евразийского континента. Это страна свободных людей. Казахстан-это очень красивая земля. Есть majes¬tic горы Заилийского Алатау, мощные реки: Yrtysh, Сырдарья и Амударья и бесконечные степи. Казахстан является страной, где многие страны жить в мире. Вы можете найти различные виды сокровищ: редкие красивые животные, растения, минералы - на бесконечные пространства нашей страны. Есть много городов в Казахстане, которые так красиво, как лучшие города Европы и Азии, таких как Астана, Алматы, Павлодар и др.Получив политическую независимость Казахстан стала Демократической Республикой с президентской формой правления. Президент избирается. Власть в Республике состоит из двух ветвей законодательная власть, парламент и исполнительная власть в лице президента и правительства. Парламент состоит из двух палат-верхней палаты-Сената и нижней палаты - Мажилис. Правительство возглавляет премьер-министр. Только гражданин Республики по рождению, не моложе чем 40 лет, владеющий государственным языком, который живет в Казахстане не менее 15 лет может быть избран президентом Республики. Казахстан является одной из богатейших стран мира как в отношении ее природных и людских ресурсов. После обретения независимости экономика Казахстана ориентирована на создание свободного рынка в демократическом обществе. Приватизация государственного имущества продолжается с 1992 года. Частный сектор Казахстана переживает невероятный рост, что делает основу для будущей экономической стабильности государства. Казахстан открыт для иностранных инвестиций в свою экономику. Несмотря на трудности переходного периода программа президента «Казахстан 2030» гарантирует формирование демократического общества с развитой экономической системы, которая сделает нашу страну одним из самых процветающих государств в мире.Очень люблю мой Казахстан. И я верю, что вы будете любить его тоже если вы приехали сюда.
Результаты (русский ) 2:
Моя Родина Казахстан. Это страна, которая situ¬ated в центре Евразийского континента. Это страна свободных людей. Казахстан является чрезвычайно красивая страна. Есть в majes¬tic гор Заилийского Алатау, мощные реки: Yrtysh, Сырдарьи и Амударьи, а также бесконечные степи. Казахстан является страной, где многие страны живут в мире. Вы можете найти различные виды сокровищ: редкие красивых животных, растений, минералов - на бесконечном пространстве нашей страны. Есть много городов в Казахстане, которые являются столь же прекрасны, как лучших городов Европы и Азии, таких как Астана, Алматы, Павлодар и др.
Получив политическую независимость Казахстан стала демократической республикой с президентской формой правления. Президент избирается. Власть в республике состоит из двух branches- законодательной власти в лице парламента и исполнительной власти в лице президента и правительства. Парламент состоит из двух палат-верхней палаты-Сената и нижней палаты - Мажилиса. Правительство во главе с премьер - министром. Только гражданин республики по рождению, не моложе tnan 40 лет, владеющий государственным языком свободно, который живет в Казахстане не менее 15 лет может быть избран Президентом Республики.
Казахстан является одной из самых богатых стран мир, как в отношении своих природных и людских ресурсов. После обретения независимости казахстанской экономики ориентирована на создание свободного рынка в демократическом обществе. Приватизация государственной собственности продолжается с 1992 года частный сектор Казахстана переживает невероятный рост делает основу для будущей экономической стабильности state.Kazakhstan открыта для иностранных инвестиций в его economy.In несмотря на тяготы переходный период, программа президента «Казахстан 2030» гарантирует формирование демократического общества с развитой экономической системой, которая сделает нашу страну одним из самых процветающих в мире государства.
Я люблю свою Казахстан очень много. И я верю, что вы будете любить его тоже, если вы пришли сюда.переводится, пожалуйста, подождите..
Результаты (русский ) 3:
переводится, пожалуйста, подождите..
Kazakhstan is a sovereign state. In December 1991 Kazakhstan declared its independence. Kazak government pursues the policy of friendship and national accord. Historically Kazakhstan has developed as a multinational state. According to the constitution adopted in 1995 every nationality can develop its culture in Kazakhstan. All people of Kazakhstan have equal rights and duties. Both industry and agriculture are developing here. Nowadays many private firms and joint ventures appear. Kazakhstan has established diplomatic relations with seventy countries of the world. President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev is highly respected not only in this country but abroad as well because he is an honest and intelligent statesman.
The most important industrial centres are Karaganda, Pavlodar, Zhezkazgan, Taraz. Our country is rich in mineral resources and minerals. Copper, iron, zinc, lead, coal are mined in Kazakhstan. Now the aim of independent Kazakhstan is to become the country of high technology.
Kazakhstan is good for a place of useful health resorts. People can improve their health at the resorts in Kostanay, Kokshetau, Almaty. They say that Kokshetau is "Kazak Switzerland" because its nature is beautiful and climate is mild. Kazak people are friendly and open-hearted.
Almaty is the cultural, Scientific, economic and transport centre of Kazakhstan. This is one of the most beautiful cities of Asia. The city has a mild climate. Summer in Almaty lasts from May till September with the average temperature of 22 degrees in July. Winter is not very cold with the average temperature of 8 degrees below zero in January.
The city was founded in 1854. Till 1921 it was named Verny. In 1929 Almaty became the capital of the Kazak Socialist Republic. Almaty was the capital of independent Kazakhstan till November 1997. Nowadays the city has seven theatres, many cinemas, hundreds of clubs, libraries and other cultural and educational centres. The most important theatres are the Kazak State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre named after Abai and the Kazak State Academic Drama Theatre named after M.Auesov. The city also has the Russian, Uigur, Korean theatres and many other troupes.
Verny had only one gymnasium. Now in Almaty there are 185 schools of general education, a lot of technical secondary schools and Universities. Almaty is a University city. Young people from different places og Kazakhstan come to study here.
Almaty is situated at the food of the Ala-Tau montains. The climate is very favourable for gardening. Everybody in kazakstan knows the world famous apples "aport". The citizens of Almaty are proud of the well known skating-rink "Medeo". It is equipped with all modern sport facilities. The most important competition are held there.
Almaty is the city of kind and hospitable people. It is a great pleasure to visit it.
Список литературы
Для подготовки данной работы были использованы материалы с сайта http://www.text.pp.ru/
Kazakhstan is a sovereign state. In December 1991 Kazakhstan declared its independence. Kazak government pursues the policy of friendship and national accord. Historically Kazakhstan has developed as a multinational state. According to the constitKazakhstan, officially Republic of Kazakhstan, has the population of 15,186,000 people and territory 2,719,500 sq km, is situated in central Asia. It borders on Siberian Russia in the north, China in the east, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan in the south, and the Caspian Sea and European Russia in the west. Astana is the capital and Almaty is the largest city. Other major cities include Shymkent, Semey, Aqtobe, and Oskemen.
Kazakhstan consists of a vast flatland, bordered by a high mountain belt in the southeast. It extends from the lower Volga and the Caspian Sea in the west to the Altai Mts. in the east. It is largely lowland in the north and west, hilly in the center, and mountainous in the south and east. Kazakhstan is a region of inland drainage; the Syr Darya, the Ili, the Chu, and other rivers drain into the Aral Sea and Lake Balkash. Most of the region is desert or has limited and irregular rainfall.
The population of Kazakhstan consists mainly of Muslim Kazakhs and Russians; there are smaller minorities of Ukrainians, Germans, Uzbeks, and Tatars. Kazakh, a Turkic language, is the official tongue, but Russian is still widely used.
Despite Kazakhstan’s largely arid conditions, its vast steppes accommodate both livestock and grain production. Wheat, cotton, sugar beets, and tobacco are the main crops. The raising of cattle and sheep is also important, and Kazakhstan produces much wool and meat. In addition, there are rich fishing grounds, famous for their caviar-producing sturgeon, in the Caspian, although these have been hurt by overfishing.
The Kazakh Hills in the core of the region have important mineral resources. Coal is mined at Qaraghandy and Ekibastuz, and there are major oil fields in the Emba basin. The country’s industries are located along the margins of the country. Steel, agricultural and mining machinery,
Superphosphate fertilizers, phosphorus acids, artificial fibers, synthetic rubber, textiles, and medicines are among the manufactured goods. Temirtau is the iron and steel center. The Baikonur Cosmodrome in central Kazakhstan was the Soviet space-operations center and continues to serve Russian space exploration through an agreement between the two nations. The main trading partners are Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
Казахстан
Казахстан, официально Республика Казахстан, имеет население 15186000 людей и территорию 2719500 кв км. Страна находится в Центральной Азии и граничит с Россией на севере, с Китаем на востоке, Кыргызстаном, Узбекистаном и Туркменистаном на юге, Каспийским морем и Европейской частью России на западе. Астана является столицей, а Алматы является самым крупным городом. Другие крупные города включают Шымкент, Семей, Актобе и Оскемен.
Казахстан состоит из огромной равнины, которая граничит с поясом гор на юго-востоке. Она простирается от низовьев Волги и Каспийского моря на западе до Алтая на востоке страны. Это в основном низменности на севере и западе, холмы – в центре, а горы – на юге и востоке. Казахстан является регионом внутреннего дренажа; Сырдарья, Или, Чу и другие реки впадают в Аральское море и озеро Балхаш. Большая часть региона является пустыней или имеет ограниченное и нерегулярное выпадение осадков.
Населения Республики Казахстан состоит в основном из мусульманских казахов и русских; меньшинства – украинцы, немцы, узбеки, татары. Казахский, тюркский язык, является официальным языком, но русский язык до сих пор широко используется.
Несмотря на в значительной степени засушливые условия Казахстана, его обширные степи аккумулируют животноводство и производство зерна. Пшеница, хлопок, сахарная свекла, табак – основные сельскохозяйственные культуры. Выращивание крупного рогатого скота и овец также имеет важное значение, и Казахстан производит много шерсти и мяса. Кроме того, есть богатые рыбные запасы, он славится производством икры осетра в Каспийском море, хотя они и пострадали в результате перелова.
Казахская возвышенность – основной регион добычи важных полезных ископаемых. Уголь добывается в Караганде и Экибастусе, а также есть крупные нефтяные месторождения в бассейне Эмбы. Промышленность страны расположена вдоль границ страны. Сталь, сельскохозяйственная и горнодобывающая техника, удобрения, суперфосфаты, фосфорные кислоты, искусственные волокна, синтетический каучук, текстильные изделия и лекарственные средства представляют промышленные товары. Темиртау является центром черной металлургии. Байконур в центральной части Казахстана был Советским центром космических операций и продолжает служить для освоения космоса России на основе соглашения между двумя странами. Основными торговыми партнерами являются Россия, Украина и Узбекистан.
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Здесь Вы можете найти топик на английском языке: Kazakhstan.
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan or Kazakstan, officially Republic of Kazakhstan, republic (2005 est. pop. 15,186,000), c.1,050,000 sq mi (2,719,500 sq km), central Asia. It borders on Siberian Russia in the north, China in the east, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan in the south, and the Caspian Sea and European Russia in the west. Astana is the capital and Almaty (Alma-Ata) is the largest city. Other major cities include Shymkent, Semey, Aqtobe, and Oskemen.
Land and PeopleKazakhstan consists of a vast flatland, bordered by a high mountain belt in the southeast. It extends nearly 2,000 mi (3,200 km) from the lower Volga and the Caspian Sea in the west to the Altai Mts. in the east. It is largely lowland in the north and west (W Siberian, Caspian, and Turan lowlands), hilly in the center (Kazakh Hills), and mountainous in the south and east (Tian Shan and Altai ranges). Kazakhstan is a region of inland drainage; the Syr Darya, the Ili, the Chu, and other rivers drain into the Aral Sea and Lake Balkash. Most of the region is desert or has limited and irregular rainfall.
The population of Kazakhstan consists mainly of Muslim Kazakhs (more than 45% of the population) and Russians (some 35%, many of whom belong to the Russian Orthodox Church); there are smaller minorities of Ukrainians, Germans, Uzbeks, and Tatars. Kazakh, a Turkic language, is the official tongue, but Russian is still widely used. There is considerable friction between the now dominant Kazakhs and the formerly favored ethnic Russians, who continue to emigrate in large numbers. Almaty is the site of Kazakhstan Univ. (founded 1934) and the Kazakh Academy of Sciences (founded 1946).
EconomyDespite Kazakhstan"s largely arid conditions, its vast steppes accommodate both livestock and grain production. In the 1950s, the Virgin Lands Program under Khrushchev brought hundreds of thousands of Russian, Ukrainian, and German settlers to the area. Wheat, cotton, sugar beets, and tobacco are the main crops. The raising of cattle and sheep is also important, and Kazakhstan produces much wool and meat. In addition, there are rich fishing grounds, famous for their caviar-producing sturgeon, in the N Caspian, although these have been hurt by overfishing.
The Kazakh Hills in the core of the region have important mineral resources. Coal is mined at Qaraghandy and Ekibastuz, and there are major oil fields in the Emba basin (which includes the important Tengiz fields), in the Mangyshlak Peninsula, and at Karachaganak (near the Russian border NE of Aksai). Kashagan, a field S of Atyrau in the NE Caspian Sea, appears to have great potential. A pipeline was built in the 1990s to connect the nation"s oil fields to the Black Sea. Kazakhstan also has large deposits of natural gas, iron ore, manganese, chrome, lead, zinc, silver, copper, nickel, titanium, bauxite, and gold. The Irtysh River hydroelectric stations are a major source of power.
The country"s industries are located along the margins of the country. Steel, agricultural and mining machinery, superphosphate fertilizers, phosphorus acids, artificial fibers, synthetic rubber, textiles, and medicines are among the manufactured goods. Temirtau is the iron and steel center. Semey was the Soviet center of space-related industries, and the surrounding region was the site of Soviet nuclear testing; radiation pollution is widespread in the area, which experienced a severe economic downturn following the end of nuclear testing in 1991. The Baikonur (Bayqongyr) Cosmodrome in central Kazakhstan was the Soviet space-operations center and continues to serve Russian space exploration through an agreement between the two nations. The main trading partners are Russia, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
GovernmentUnder the constitution of 1995, Kazakhstan is headed by a strong executive president, who is elected by popular vote. There is a bicameral parliament, most of whose members are elected, but its powers are limited. The country is divided into 14 administrative units, or oblasts.
HistoryThe original nomadic Turkic tribes inhabiting the region had a culture that featured the Central Asian epics, ritual songs, and legends. These Kazakh groups were conquered by the Mongols in the 13th cent. and ruled by various khanates until the Russian conquest (1730-1840). The 19th cent. saw the growth of the Kazakh intelligentsia. A written literature strongly influenced by Russian culture was then developed.
In 1916 the Kazakhs rebelled against Russian domination and were in the process of establishing a Western-style state at the time of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, but by 1920 the region was under the control of the Red Army. Organized as the Kirghiz Autonomous SSR in 1920, it was renamed the Kazakh Autonomous SSR in 1925 and became a constituent republic in 1936. During the Stalin era, collectivization was instituted and millions of Kazakhs were forced to resettle in the region"s south in order to strengthen Russian rule. In the early 1960s parts of republic saw extensive agricultural development as the Virgin Lands Territory.
Kazakhstan declared its independence from the Soviet Union on Dec. 16, 1991, and the new nation became a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States . Nursultan Nazarbayev became the country"s first president and soon began a gradual movement toward privatization of the economy. In 1994, Kazakhstan signed a series of security agreements with the United States, in which the latter would take control of enriched uranium usable for nuclear weapons and aid Kazakhstan in removing extant nuclear weapons, closing missile silos, converting biological-weapons-production centers, and destroying its nuclear test ranges. These projects were financed by the United States, and many had been completed by late 1999.
Elections in 1994 gave a parliamentary majority to allies of Nazarbayev, but they resisted his reform plans. In Apr., 1995, after the 1994 election results were dismissed as invalid by the constitutional court, he suspended parliament and ruled by decree. New elections in Dec., 1995, gave his allies a majority in parliament but were criticized by the opposition and others as flawed. On the basis of referendums held in 1995 and 1996 that were denounced by the opposition, Nazarbayev"s term in office was extended to the year 2000 and his powers were increased. In an election rescheduled to Jan., 1999, Nazarbayev was reelected after disqualifying the major opposition candidate. Later the same year, the governing party and its allies won a majority in parliament.
Kazakhstan, along with Kyrgyzstan and Belarus, signed an economic cooperation pact with Russia in 1996. In 1997 the capital was moved from Almaty to the more centrally located Astana (formerly Aqmola). In 1999, as Kazakhstan"s economy worsened, the government agreed to sell some of its stake in the vast Tengiz oil field. In Sept., 2003, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine signed an agreement to create a common economic space. Parliamentary elections in 2004 were criticized by foreign observers as biased toward the government, and the main moderate opposition party accused the government of tampering with the vote. Following the collapse of the government in neighboring Kyrgyzstan in 2005, the parliament passed a series of repressive measures intended to prevent a similar popular revolt in Kazakhstan. Nazarbayev was reelected in Dec., 2005, but the campaign and balloting was called undemocratic by European observers.
