World history holds a lot of mysteries. Despite increasingly sophisticated methods and billion-dollar research budgets, there are some things science has never explained.
Why did Neanderthals go extinct?
The human genome is approximately 99.5% identical, but this does not mean that we descended from Neanderthals. We have 98% genome similarity with monkeys.
Contrary to popular belief that Neanderthals were semi-savage, they were not. This was a fairly developed evolutionary branch, they even knew how to do musical instruments. The versions of their disappearance are as follows: 1) Assimilation; 2) Cro-Magnon genocide; 3) Ice age, which they could not stand because they did not know how to make clothes as they were unnecessary.
None of these versions is yet scientifically legitimized.
Did Atlantis exist?
Atlantis is the most famous of. Plato wrote about it in detail. She was mentioned in their writings by Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, Posidonius, Strabo and Proclus. According to Plato, the island was located to the west of the Pillars of Hercules, opposite the Atlanta Mountains. During strong earthquake he went under water in one day. This happened around 9500 BC.
Atlantis was searched all over the world, from Gibraltar to Peru and Brazil, but today there is not a single scientifically based theory of its location.
Was there a Great Flood?
Mentioned not only in the canonical books of the Bible, but also in the later apocrypha. For example, in the Book of Enoch. The story of the flood can be found in other books, in the Jewish Haggadah and Midrash Tankhuma, as well as in the Sumerian myth of Ziusudra. The first Sumerian flood poems that have come down to us go back to XVIII century B.C.
There are mentions of sea trends in the myths of all cultures, but did the flood really happen? Historians cannot yet give a definite answer. However, it is known, for example, that around 5600 BC. There was a real flood in the Mediterranean when, due to earthquakes, the level of the Black Sea rose by 140 meters, it increased 1.5 times, and the Sea of Azov appeared. Perhaps for the inhabitants of those places this was the “global flood”.
Who built the pyramids?
No matter how modern reconstructors and scientists struggle to solve the riddle, convincing versions of the method of their construction have not yet been found. Some experts say that the pyramids were built from ready-made blocks hewn out of the rock, others (Joseph Davilowitz) say that the blocks were made at the construction site from a mixture of stone chips and “geopolymer concrete” based on limestone. The incredible complexity of the process calls into question all hypotheses. The question also remains open about who built the pyramids, slaves or civilian workers, and how many there were.
Where did the Mayans go?
The Mayan civilization was one of the most developed, but by the time the conquistadors arrived, only scattered forest tribes remained of the Mayans, underdeveloped and not representing a serious force. They lived in huts and did not build majestic temples and palaces. Where did the Mayans go? The mystery is still not solved. There are many versions, from epidemic and war to alien intervention, but none of them is proven.
Where did the Sumerians come from?
ABOUT world community found out only in mid-19th century century, when scientists proved that in Mesopotamia there existed a state whose age reaches 6000 years. It was from him that Babylon and Assyria inherited their culture.
It is still unknown where the Sumerians came to Mesopotamia. It is assumed that this was a mountainous region, since in the Sumerian language the words "country" and "mountain" are spelled the same. It also had to be an area with advanced technology - the Sumerians were pioneers in many fields of knowledge, from astronomy to physics. It is speculative, but not yet proven, that this could be in the south of India.
Who were the Hyksos?
They are called "shepherd kings." It was during their reign that a two-wheeled military chariot appeared in Egypt, which changed the tactics of combat. Little is known about them. The Hyksos were nomadic tribes, “rulers of the desert highlands,” who invaded Egypt around 1700. BC e. They ruled it for more than 100 years and even founded an entire dynasty of Hyksos kings. The Hyksos were expelled from Egypt only by the founder of the 18th dynasty, Ahmose I, in 1587 BC. e. The question of who exactly the Hyksos were, where they came from and where they disappeared remains open.
Where did the 10 tribes of Israel go?
At the end of the 8th century BC, five-sixths of Jews disappeared completely - 10 out of 12 ethnic groups. They have been sought for for 2,500 years, and are sometimes found in the most unexpected places - from India to Europe. About his kinship with even in Japan. There is a religious movement called Makuya, whose representatives claim that the imperial title “Mikado” itself comes from the Hebrew mi gadol (great). None of the versions is official today.
100 “entertaining” questions
on history.
Quiz for grades 9-11.
Target: arouse interest in the subject, promote high-quality assimilation of factual material.
Participants: students of 9th and 11th grades. Two teams (national teams) play.
Progress of the game:
Competition No. 1 . "Warm-up."
Conditions: the team answers the presenter’s questions quickly, without hesitation. 7 questions for each team. For each correctly guessed question 1 point. Questions are in envelopes different colors. The teams choose an envelope themselves and answer questions from this envelope.
Questions from envelope No. 1.
In which country did people first drink tea from porcelain cups and write on paper? (Paper and porcelain were invented in China).
When in Ancient Greece no one fought? (During the Olympic Games).
Which library had fireproof books? (There were clay books in the library of the capital of Assyria, Nineveh).
When did a volcano help people? (During the uprising of Spartacus, gladiators hid on the top of the Vesuvius volcano, and then descended a steep cliff on ropes woven from the wild grape vines that grew there).
Where and when did the most peaceful domestic animals suddenly “devour people”? (In England, during the enclosure period, the saying “the sheep ate the men” arose).
What is the distance between Constantinople and Constantinople? (This different names one city).
Which of the rulers of England provided protection to pirates and slave traders? (Elizabeth I).
Questions from envelope No. 2.
When only one horse won the war? ( Trojan horse one did what an entire army could not do for a long time).
Which countries were you in? long walls? (In China - the Great Wall of China; walls connecting the Athenian port of Piraeus with Athens).
When in history were shoes held in special esteem? ( Peasants' War in Germany in 1525, when the rebels marched under a banner on which was inscribed a village shoe. The uprising came to be called “Under the Banner of the Shoe”).
When and by whom was stupidity openly praised? (In the book of the medieval scientist E. Rotterdam “ Word of praise nonsense").
Who “founded” a state that never existed? (Thomas More described the non-existent state “Utopia”).
What are the names of the numbers we use? Where were they invented? (In everyday life we use numbers that were invented in India, and they came to Europe with the Arabs, so they were called “Arabic”).
Which staircase has no one ever walked down? (According to feudal).
Summing up.
Competition No. 2. "Rulers of the Russian Land."
Conditions: The presenter reads the question to both teams at the same time. The team that raised its hand faster responds first. If the answer is incorrect, opponents can earn an extra point. Correct answer – 1 point.
Questions:
What surname did Peter I have? (He is from the Romanov family).
Which Russian Tsar loved carpentry? (Peter I).
About whom the Russian chronicler wrote: “He walked easily and silently on campaigns. Like a leopard. He did not take a tent with him, but slept with the saddle under his head. Was he open and brave in battle? (Prince Svyatoslav).
Which Russian tsar was nicknamed the “Peacemaker”? (Alexandra II).
When was Russia ruled by the “money bag”? (In the 14th century - Prince Ivan Danilovich, nicknamed Kalita, i.e. “money bag”).
Which Russian tsar was nicknamed “The Quietest”? (Alexey Mikhailovich).
Under which ruler in Russia did the coat of arms officially appear? double headed eagle? (Ivan III).
Who was the first in Rus' to accept the title of “Sovereign of All Rus'”? (Ivan III).
Summing up.
Competition No. 3.
Conditions: Both teams receive cards with the same text. Your task is to complete the sentence by inserting concepts, dates, and names that are appropriate in meaning. For each correct word (concept, date) you get 1 point. 3 minutes for the task.
The main spring holiday of the pagan Slavs was (was) ____________ (Maslenitsa).
Mongol tribute collectors were called __________ (Baskaks).
The clash between the troops of Ivan III and the Mongol Khan Akhmat in 1480 went down in history as _________________ (“standing on the Ugra River”).
The first permanent military units that appeared in mid-16th century V. They were called _______________ (sagittarius).
The Russian Tsar _____________ (Ivan the Terrible) is also known as a chess player, composer of church music and writer.
Among the contenders for the Russian throne in the Time of Troubles was the Polish prince ____________ (Vladislav).
The Romanov dynasty was established on the throne in ___________ (1613).
Historians call the 17th century. ______________ (“rebellious”).
Summing up.
Competition No. 4 . "Names"
Conditions: The cards contain names and nicknames. Your task is to match the names and nicknames.
Andrey"Alexander the Great of Russian History"
Vasily Bogolyubsky
Vladimir Big Nest
Vsevolod Prophetic
Ivan Kalita
Oleg Red Sun
Svyatoslav Wise
Yaroslav"Pardus"
(Oleg – Prophetic; Svyatoslav – “Pardus”, “Alexander the Great of Russian history”; Vladimir – Saint, Red Sun; Yaroslav – Wise; Vsevolod – Big Nest; Andrey – Bogolyubsky; Ivan – Kalita; Vasily – Dark).
Summing up.
Competition No. 5. "Catchphrases".
Conditions: you must explain the catchphrases.
"Stay with your nose." When a petitioner in Tsarist Russia approached an institution or court, he brought an offering to speed up the consideration of cases. If his “gift” was not accepted, then he went back with his offering, or nose, that is, with what he brought. It means “to leave with nothing, to achieve nothing.”
"Work carelessly." The clothing of the Russian boyars was such that the sleeves went down very low, almost to the knees. It was completely impossible to work in such clothes. It means “to work poorly, sloppy.”
“Hack on the nose.” The nose is a memorial plaque, a tag for recording. They carried it with them and made notches as a keepsake. Means “to remember for a long time.”
"Knock it off." To make a wooden spoon or cup, it was necessary to chop off a chock. It was an easy task, it was entrusted to apprentices. It didn't require any special skill. Used in the sense of “doing an empty, worthless thing, doing nonsense.”
Summing up.
With this quiz you will take a fascinating journey into the world of history.
History quiz for schoolchildren with answers
1. About which of the Russian tsars did Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin say this: “The character of John... is a mystery to the mind”? (About Ivan the Terrible)
2. When was the patriarchate abolished and then restored in Russia? (On February 14, 1721, on the orders of Peter I, the Theological College was inaugurated, which received the name of the Holy Government Synod. This was how the patriarchate in Russia was abolished. The Patriarch again stood at the head of the Russian church only in November 1917, when the church was separated from the state)
3. Arab merchants, traveling around the world, built their shopping malls, surrounding them with high smooth walls. There is such a street in Moscow. Its name has oriental motifs. What street is this? (Arbat)
4. What crime, according to holy book, destroyed one quarter of the world's population? (Cain killed Abel)
5. What famous words did the Roman Emperor Julius Caesar say when he decided to cross the Rubicon River and thereby start a civil war? ("Die is cast!")
6. By participating in one of the major events in the history of mankind, June 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong said: “Such a small step for a man, such a huge one for humanity.” What event is it about? we're talking about? (Landing American astronauts to the moon)
7. When it was possible to walk around Mediterranean Sea on foot? (Six million years ago. Then this sea was a huge valley. A chain of mountains separated it from the present Strait of Gibraltar. When five and a half million years ago this mountain range collapsed, the waters Atlantic Ocean flowed through the strait and gradually filled the valley. In its place the Mediterranean Sea was formed)
8. Prince Alexander Menshikov never read the decrees of Peter I, and, nevertheless, carried them out in a timely manner and, even ahead of his will. Why didn’t Prince Menshikov read the Tsar’s decrees? (He was illiterate)
9. Hero Patriotic War 1812 soldiers with admiration called HE THE GOD OF THE RATI. What was the last name of this commander? (Bagration)
10. Christ was crucified on the cross. But this type of execution was used even before the birth of Christ. Where in the ancient world was this type of execution common? (In Ancient Rome, Spartacus, the leader of a slave revolt in the first century BC, suffered the same death.
11. According to the 1939 project, in the USSR the following words were to be used to indicate this: Lenin, Marx, Revolution, Sverdlov, May, Soviet Constitution, Harvest, Peace, Comintern, Labor, Great Revolution, Stalin. What do we and the entire civilized world call this? (January, February, March...)
12. In what country was Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov, the Russian ambassador and author of the immortal comedy “Woe from Wit”, killed? (In Persia - now Iran)
13. Where did the famous one die (according to legend, was eaten by the aborigines) English navigator James Cook? (In the Hawaiian Islands)
14. Under which Roman emperor was the Temple in Jerusalem burned? (Under Titus Flavius)
15. What was the name of the first Russian handwritten newspaper? (“Chimes”)
16. What figure french revolution killed Charlotte Corday? (Marata)
17. In what year did the First End world war? (The Peace of Brest-Litovsk was signed on November 13, 1918)
18. Which khan’s hordes captured and burned Moscow in 1382? (Tokhtamysha)
19. For the rescue of polar explorers from which ship did several pilots become the first Heroes of the Soviet Union? ("Chelyuskin")
20. Who was the emperor in Rome in the year of Christ's crucifixion? (Tiberius - stepson of Augustus)
21. In what year did the Spanish Civil War begin? (In 1936)
22. Who headed the Russian government at the time of the August 1998 default? (Sergei Kiriyenko. Among the State Duma deputies he had the nickname “Kinder Surprise”)
23. Under what Russian ruler did this happen? Pugachev uprising? (Under Catherine II)
24. To which era do all three geological periods in which dinosaurs lived belong? (Towards the Mesozoic era)
25. Which Roman emperor considered himself a great actor and often performed in public performances? (Nero)
26. Which emperor was attempted by Volodya Ulyanov’s elder brother, Alexander? (To Tsar Alexander III)
27. On what day of the week was Jesus Christ crucified? (On Friday)
28. What was planned under Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin to build on the site of the bombed Cathedral of Christ the Savior? (Palace of Soviets)
29. Who was the last ruler from the royal house of Ptolemy in Hellenic Egypt? (Cleopatra)
30. Who was the last Russian Tsar - Rurikovich? (Fedor Ivanovich)
31. The last ruler Which ancient civilization was called Montezuma? (Aztec civilizations)
32. Name the name and nickname of the Roman emperor of the fourth century, who, although he himself was baptized, tried to destroy Christianity. (Julian the Apostate)
33. Which ancient Greek nicknamed "the father of history"? (Herodotus)
34. In what century did the events take place that formed the basis of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign”? (In the twelfth century)
35. Who was the Grand Inquisitor of Spain during the time of Columbus? (Torquemada)
36. Which noble title visited Peter I's associate Alexander Menshikov? (His Serene Highness Prince)
37. Name the favorite of Empress Anna Ioanovna, the de facto ruler of Russia during her reign. (Ernst Johann Biron - Duke of Courland)
38. Which king was the Marquise de Pompadour the favorite? (Louis XV)
39. Which troops Swedish king defeated the Russian army near Poltava? (Charles XII)
40. Name the king who, in 480 BC, together with 300 Spartans, staunchly defended the Thermopylae mountain pass from the entire Persian army. (Leonid)
41. Under which Roman emperor was the Colosseum built? (Under Vespasian)
42. In what century did the Italian fortuneteller Michel Nostradamus live? (In the sixteenth century)
43. Which muse was the patroness of history? (Clio)
44. Name the ravine on the outskirts of the city of Kyiv - place mass destruction Jews and Soviet prisoners of war by the German occupiers in 1941-1943? (Babi Yar - in total over one hundred thousand Soviet citizens were killed)
45. In what way was Archpriest Avvakum, the head of the Old Believers and the ideologist of the schism in the Orthodox Church, executed by royal decree? (He was burned)
46. Under which prince did the Moscow Kremlin become white-stone? (Under Dmitry Donskoy)
47. For us, real estate is buildings, and movable property is cash and valuables. The ancient Greeks had a similar division. They considered precious metals in ingots, gold, copper, iron to be the only immovable wealth; and what kind of wealth did they call probata, that is, “movable property”? (Cattle)
48. When the Byzantine enemies presented this Russian prince with poisoned food, he guessed and refused to eat. After this, as a sign of his ability to foresight, he received his nickname. Which? (Prophetic. It was Prophetic Oleg)
49. Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin wrote about Alexander I:
“He's a man! They are ruled by the moment.
He is a slave to rumors, doubts and passions;
Let us forgive him his wrongful persecution:
He took Paris..."
What else, according to Pushkin, did Alexander I do good? (“...he founded the Lyceum”)
50. Prince of Suzdal received his nickname because in the twelfth century he fought for power far from Suzdal. What kind of nickname is this? (Yuri Dolgoruky)
51. There is a legend that Napoleon wanted to take the bell from the Ivan the Great Bell Tower to Paris. French engineers failed to cope with this task, citing the need to build scaffolding. A self-taught Russian master was found who quickly removed the bell. How did Napoleon reward him? (Shooted as a traitor to the fatherland)
52. According to Herodotus, in the fifth century BC the tyrant Hestius used the bodies of his slaves for secret messages. How did he do it? (Text was applied to the slave’s shaved head. When the hair grew back, the slave was sent to the addressee)
53. In ancient times, the Slavs believed that wild animals were their ancestors. Each tribe had its own totem - a sacred animal that was worshiped. Name a tribe that considered the wolf their ancestor. (Lyutici. One of the names of the wolf is “fierce”)
54. Even in ancient Rome, during election campaigns, candidates for any post also made promises to the people. For example, on the walls of a house in Pompeii there is still an inscription: “Vote for Mark
Casellia Marcellus! “He will be a good manager and will arrange magnificent ...” What did he promise to arrange? (Gladiatorial fights)
55. In the second half of the nineteenth century in Russia, the number of criminal cases of insulting His Imperial Majesty sharply decreased. What is this connected with? (All the portraits of the Tsar were removed from the taverns)
56. During the time of Peter I, the duration of schooling was seven years. And what war did Peter I call “a three-time and dangerous school”? ( Northern War. It lasted twenty-one years)
57. During the Jewish War, the future Roman emperor Vespasian ordered several prisoners, tied up and unable to swim, to be thrown into the water. What experiment did Vespasian perform? (He investigated the properties waters of the Dead seas. The prisoners did not drown)
58. During the time of the French Republic, some members of the Convention, speaking on the pages of newspapers, demanded the abolition of the “monarchical element” in chess. What did they propose to do? (Replace “king” with “banner”. “Banner taken” was supposed to mean “checkmate to the king”)
59. During the Second World War, television in our country, as in other countries, did not work. But already on May 7, 1945, the first test transmission took place. Tell me, in which country was the first television center to begin operating regularly after World War II? (In the USSR. Moscow television center on Sukharevka)
60. Early nineteenth century. England. Outstanding inventor George Stephenson tests the first steam locomotive. A locomotive moves slowly along the rails, and a boxer walks in front of it. Why was the boxer walking in front of the locomotive? (To protect the locomotive from the peasants who gathered to smash the “monster” into pieces)
61. During the Renaissance, according to historian Michel Foucault, the insane were not placed in mental hospitals - at that time there were simply no such hospitals.
And they were placed on the “Ship of Fools” and sent sailing. For what? (In the Renaissance, it was believed that madness, water and the sea belong to the same element of variability and inconstancy. Like, according to the legends of that time, should be treated like. Therefore, water travel was offered as a cure for madness)
Topic 1. Ancient Rus' (9th - 13th centuries)
1) On what territory was the Old Russian state created?
On the territory modern Ukraine.
2) Who created the Old Russian state?
Old Russian state in Eastern Europe, which arose in the last quarter of the 9th century. as a result of the unification under the rule of the princes of the Rurik dynasty of two main centers Eastern Slavs- Novgorod and Kyiv, as well as lands located along the route “from the Varangians to the Greeks.”
3) Which city became the capital of the Old Russian state?
In 882, Prince Oleg captured Kyiv and made it the capital of the state.
4) When did Rus' accept Christianity?
Under Vladimir I Svyatoslavovich, also known as Vladimir the Holy, Vladimir the Great, in the history of the church - Vladimir the Baptist.
6) What is religious symbol Christianity?
7) What famous Orthodox churches were built in Ancient Rus'?
Church of the Tithes, the three-domed St. Sophia Cathedral, the churches of St. Irene and the Great Martyr George, the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.
8) Which state did Rus' become dependent on in the 13th century?
In the 13th century, Rus' became dependent on the Golden Horde.
Alexander Nevsky - Prince of Novgorod (1236–1240, 1241–1252 and 1257–1259), Grand Duke Kiev (1249-1263), Grand Duke of Vladimir (1252-1263), famous Russian commander, defender of the holy Russian Orthodox Church and land. He led the Novgorod army in the battle with the Swedes on the Neva River in 1240 and in Battle on the Ice with the Teutonic Knights in 1242. Holy noble prince, who has not lost a single battle.
Topic 2. Moscow state (XIV - XVII centuries)
1) When did it happen?
2) Who won the Battle of Kulikovo?
Rus', led by Dmitry Donskoy, won the Battle of Kulikovo.
3) Which city became the center of the unification of Russian lands?
Moscow became the center of unification of Russian lands.
4) When did the Russian lands unite around Moscow?
The middle of the 15th century began the unification of Russian lands around Moscow.
5) In what year did the liberation of Rus' from Horde yoke(dependencies)?
In 1480.
6) What name did Tsar Ivan IV receive in history?
V. M. Vasnetsov. Tsar Ivan the Terrible, 1897.
7) Conqueror of Siberia?
Ermak T. - “Unknown by birth, famous in soul.”
8) Which 15th century artist painted the famous Trinity icon?
Andrey Rublev.
Andrei Rublev is the most famous and revered master of the Moscow school of icon painting, book and monumental painting of the 15th century. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a venerable saint.
9) What is the name of the architectural monument-fortress in Moscow, which was built as a symbol of the formation of a unified Moscow state?
All Saints Bridge and the Kremlin in late XVII century. Drawing by A. M. Vasnetsov
10) In what century was the period of Troubles in Russia?
The turn of the XVI-XVII centuries.
11) When Moscow was liberated from the Polish army people's militia led by Minin and Pozharsky?
Moscow was liberated in October 1612.
12) Which dynasty began to rule in Russia in 1613?
Romanov dynasty.
Section II. Russian Empire (XVIII - early XX centuries)
Topic 3. Russia in the 18th century
1) Who carried out reforms in Russia in early XVI I 1st century?
Posthumous romanticized portrait of Peter I.
Artist Paul Delaroche (1838).
2) What is the name of the city that became the capital of Russia in the era of Peter I?
Saint Petersburg.
3) In which city in the 18th century was the first university in Russia created?
In Moscow.
4) Which Russian scientist played main role in creating the first university in Russia?
Lomonosov Mikhail Vasilievich.
5) When and at what Russian Empress became part of Russia Crimean peninsula?
On April 8, 1783, Catherine II signed a manifesto on the “Annexation of the Crimean Peninsula, Taman Island and the entire Kuban side under the Russian Empire.”
Catherine II Alekseevna - Empress and Autocrat of All Russia. Led politics enlightened absolutism.
6) Who was A.V. Suvorov?
Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov - great Russian commander, military theorist, strategist, national hero Russia.
7) Which monument is the symbol of the city of St. Petersburg?
8) In which city is the largest museum in Russia - the Hermitage?
Saint Petersburg.
Topic 4. Russia in the 19th century
1) When was the Patriotic War?
The Patriotic War took place in 1812.
2) What is the name of the major battle Patriotic War?
3) Who won the Patriotic War?
Russia won. Napoleon's army was almost completely destroyed.
4) Who was the commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the war?
Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov - Russian commander and diplomat, field marshal general from the Golenishchev-Kutuzov family, commander-in-chief of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812. First complete gentleman Order of St. George.
Portrait of M.I. Kutuzov brushes R.M. Volkova
5) Who are the Decembrists?
Russian revolutionaries who rebelled against autocracy and serfdom in December 1825.
6) When was it canceled in Russia? serfdom?
The abolition of serfdom occurred in 1861.
7) Under which Russian emperor was serfdom abolished?
Under Alexander II.
Alexander II Nikolaevich - Emperor of All Russia. Conducted large-scale reforms. Abolished serfdom (manifesto of February 19, 1861). Under him, victory was won in the Russian-Turkish War (1877–1878). Died as a result terrorist attack, organized by a secret organization " People's will».
8) When did the accession take place? Central Asia to Russia?
In 1880.
9) Who was A.S. Pushkin?
Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin - great Russian poet, playwright and prose writer, literary critic, translator, publicist, historian.
10) What Russian scientist discovered in the second half of the 19th century periodic law chemical elements?
Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev is a Russian scientist-encyclopedist: chemist, physical chemist, physicist, metrologist, economist, technologist, geologist, meteorologist, oil worker, teacher, aeronaut, instrument maker. Professor at St. Petersburg University. Among the most famous discoveries- the periodic law of chemical elements, one of the fundamental laws of the universe, integral to all natural science.
11) Who was L.N. Tolstoy?
Lev Nikolaevich Tolstoy - count, great Russian writer, thinker, known throughout the world, educator, publicist, religious thinker. Participant in the defense of Sevastopol.
12) Who was P.I. Tchaikovsky?
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is a great Russian composer, conductor, teacher, musical and public figure, music journalist.
13) Who was F.M. Dostoevsky?
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky is a great Russian writer, thinker, philosopher and publicist. Dostoevsky is a classic of Russian literature and one of the best novelists of world significance.
Topic 5. The Russian Empire at the beginning of the twentieth century
1) What main religions were represented in Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century?
The main religions represented in Russia are Christianity (Orthodoxy predominates), as well as Islam and Buddhism.
2) Representatives of which religion made up the majority of the population Russian Empire?
Most of The population is Orthodox.
3) When did the First Russian Revolution take place?
In 1905.
4) What was the main result of the First Russian revolution?
New government bodies emerged - the beginning of the development of parliamentarism; some limitation of autocracy; democratic freedoms were introduced, censorship was abolished, trade unions were allowed, legal political parties; the bourgeoisie received the opportunity to participate in political life countries; the situation of workers has improved, wages have increased, the working day has decreased to 9–10 hours; redemption payments to peasants have been cancelled, and their freedom of movement has been expanded; The power of zemstvo chiefs is limited.
5) Who was the leader of the Bolshevik party?
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin - Russian revolutionary, Soviet political and statesman, founder of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks), one of the main organizers and leaders October Revolution 1917 in Russia, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR, creator of the first socialist state in world history.
6) When was the First World War?
7) Who was A.P. Chekhov?
Anton Pavlovich Chekhov is a famous Russian writer, playwright, classic of world literature.
8) What was the name of the Russian scientist and inventor of radio?
Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
9) What is the name of the theater in Moscow, famous all over the world for its productions of opera and ballet?
Section III. History of the USSR
Topic 6. History of the USSR before the Great Patriotic War
1) What revolution took place in Russia in 1917?
Great October Revolution socialist revolution.
2) What was the name of the last Russian emperor?
Nicholas II - Emperor of All Russia, colonel. The reign of Nicholas II was marked economic development Russia and at the same time the growth of socio-political contradictions in it, revolutionary movement which resulted in the revolution of 1905–1907 and the February Revolution of 1917; the war with Japan, as well as Russia’s participation in the military blocs of European powers and the First World War.
Nicholas II abdicated the throne during February Revolution 1917 and was under house arrest with his family in the Tsarskoe Selo Palace. In the summer of 1917, by decision of the Provisional Government, he and his family were sent into exile in Tobolsk, and in the spring of 1918, the Bolsheviks moved him to Yekaterinburg, where in July 1918 he was shot along with his family and associates. Canonized (along with his wife and children) by the Russian Orthodox Church.
3) Which party came to power in Russia in the fall of 1917?
The Bolshevik Party led by V.I. Lenin.
4) What was the name of the state that was created in 1922 on the territory of the former Russian Empire?
USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).
5) Under which leader of Russia was the church separated from the state, and the school from the church?
Under Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.
6) What was the name of the policy to create large-scale industry in the USSR?
Industrialization.
7) What was the name of the policy for creating collective farms in the countryside in the USSR?
Collectivization.
8) What was it like major achievement USSR in the field of education in the first half of the twentieth century?
Elimination of illiteracy.
Topic 7. USSR during the Great Patriotic War (1941 - 1945)
1) When was the Great Patriotic War?
2) Which countries were allies of the USSR in the fight against Nazi Germany?
The allies of the USSR were the USA, Great Britain, Mongolian People's Republic, Tuvan People's Republic (countries anti-Hitler coalition).
3) What was the name of the most important (turning point) battle of the Great Patriotic War?
4) Who were G.K. Zhukov and K.K. Rokossovsky?
Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov is a four-time Hero of the Soviet Union, a holder of two Orders of Victory, and many other Soviet and foreign orders and medals. During the Great Patriotic War, he successively held the positions of chief General Staff, front commander, member of Headquarters Supreme High Command, deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief. In the post-war period he served as Commander-in-Chief ground forces, commanded the Odessa and then the Ural military districts. After the death of I.V. Stalin, he became the first deputy minister of defense of the USSR.
Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky - Soviet and Polish military leader, twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945). Marshal of the Soviet Union (1944), Marshal of Poland (1949). The only marshal of two countries in the history of the USSR. He commanded the Victory Parade on June 24, 1945 on Red Square in Moscow. One of greatest commanders World War II.
5) Who won the Great Patriotic War?
6) In what city soviet soldiers M. Egorov and M. Kantaria raised the Victory Banner in May 1945?
In Berlin, Germany.
7) How many Soviet people died during the Great Patriotic War?
27 million people.
Victory Day.
Topic 8. USSR in the post-war period (1945 - 1991)
1) In what year and on the initiative of which Soviet leader was Crimea transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR?
2) Who was the Chief Designer of the first Soviet spaceships USSR?
Korolev Sergei Pavlovich - Soviet scientist, designer and chief organizer of production rocket and space technology and missile weapons of the USSR, founder practical astronautics. One of the largest figures of the 20th century in the field of space rocketry and shipbuilding. On his initiative and under his leadership, the first artificial Earth satellite and the first cosmonaut on the planet, Yuri Gagarin, were launched.
3) What was the name of the world's first astronaut?
Gagarin Yuri Alekseevich - Soviet pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, holder of the highest insignia of a number of states, honorary citizen many Russian and foreign cities. On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in world history to fly into outer space.
4) In what year did Yu.A. Gagarin made the world's first flight into space?
5) What is the name of the world's first female astronaut?
Valentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova - Soviet cosmonaut, the world's first female cosmonaut, major general (1995). Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor. The only woman in the world who committed space flight alone. The first woman in Russia with the rank of major general.
6) What important international sporting event took place in Moscow in 1980?
Olympics.
7) What was the name of M.S.’s reform policy? Gorbachev?
Perestroika.
8) Who was the president of the USSR?
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich is a Soviet and Russian statesman, political and public figure. The last General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Last Chairman of the Presidium Supreme Council USSR, then the first chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The only President of the USSR. Has a number of awards and honorary titles, most famously the 1990 Nobel Peace Prize. Included in the list of the 100 most studied personalities in history.
9) How many Soviet republics were part of the USSR in the 1960-1980s?
15 republics.
10) When did the collapse of the USSR occur?
11) What organization was created after the collapse of the USSR by some former Soviet republics?
CIS (Commonwealth Independent States).
12) Who was A.I. Solzhenitsyn?
Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich - Russian writer, playwright, publicist, poet, public and politician. Winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature (1970). A dissident who for several decades (1960–1980s) actively opposed communist ideas, the political system of the USSR and the policies of its authorities.
Section IV. Modern Russia
Topic 9. Reforms in the Russian Federation in 1991-1999.
1) When was the Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia adopted?
2) Who was the first president of Russia?
3) What reforms did B.N. begin to carry out in Russia? Yeltsin?
Liberalization of foreign trade, reorganization of the tax system and other changes that radically changed economic situation in the country. The result of the reforms marked Russia's transition to a market economy.
4) When was the Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted?
5) Which state in its own way national composition is Russian Federation?
Multinational.
6) What language is state language in Russia?
Russian language.
7) Which city is the capital of Russia?
8) What is it called main square capital of Russia?
Topic 10. Russia in the 21st century
1) In what years were V.V. presidents of the Russian Federation? Putin and D.A. Medvedev?
V.V. Putin - from May 2, 2000 to May 7, 2008,
May 7, 2012 to present;
YES. Medvedev - from May 7, 2008 to May 7, 2012.
2) Who is currently the President of Russia?
3) Which new republic became part of Russia in 2014?
4) Who is the Head of the Russian Orthodox Church?
Patriarch Kirill (Vladimir Mikhailovich Gundyaev).
5) What is the name of one of the main organizations of Muslims in Russia?
Central Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Russia (TSDUM of Russia).
6) In what Russian city XXII Winter Games took place Olympic Games 2014?
Sochi, Russia.
Block of cultural issues (Modern holidays of Russia)
1) When is it celebrated in Russia? New Year?
Christmas.
Defender of the Fatherland Day.
International Women's Day.
Russia Day.
Day national unity.
Constitution Day of the Russian Federation.
1. Russia was proclaimed a republic:
A) September 1, 1917,
B) March 3, 1917,
B) January 10, 1918,
D) December 30, 1922
2. When was the declaration of state sovereignty of the Russian Federation adopted?
A) December 25, 1993,
B) September 1, 1917,
B) June 12, 1990,
D) December 7, 1991.
3. In what year Moscow State becomes completely independent from the Golden Horde?
A) 1375
B) 1503
B) 1110
D) 1480
4. In 1549...
A) the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan IV the Terrible is crowned king for the first time.
B) the first estate-representative body was convened - the Zemsky Sobor.
C) Moscow finally annexes the Kazan Khanate.
D) the war with Sweden began.
5. Livonian War- fight for...
a) beyond the Baltic states and access to the Baltic Sea.
b) for Don;
c) for Ryazan;
d) for access to the Black Sea.
6. Serfdom is….
a) part of the territory of the state, with special management dedicated to content royal court and guardsmen.
b) historically, this is a system of society where a person is the property of another person.
c) a set of legal norms feudal state, which consolidated the most complete and severe form of peasant dependence. or states.
d) collective name for all classes.
7. The Troubles in Russia began:
a) at the beginning of the 15th century;
b) at the beginning of the 16th century;
c) at the beginning of the 17th century
d) in early XVIII century.
8. The reign of Genghis Khan falls on...
a) 1206-1227
b) 1505 - 1533
c) 1533 - 1584
d) 1180 – 1212
9. On April 5, 1242, the prince ... defeated the crusaders at Lake Peipsi(Battle on the Ice).
a) Ivan III.
b) Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky.
c) Vasily III Ivanovich.
d) Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.
10. After the reign of Vasily III Ivanovich ascends the throne:
a) Ivan III.
b) Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky.
c) Vasily IV
d) Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible.
11. The reforms of Ivan IV Vasilyevich the Terrible fall on:
a) 1533 - 1584
b) 1547 - 1557
c) 1584 - 1598
d) 1540 – 1551
12. The beginning of the Troubles refers to
a) the strengthening of rumors that the legitimate Tsarevich Dmitry was alive, from which it followed that the reign of Boris Godunov was illegal.
b) the people were dissatisfied with the rule of Boris Godunov and tried to remove him.
c) Boris Godunov refused to reign and there was no one to lead the throne.
d) the people thirsted for power.
13. After False Dmitry I, the time of reign came:
a) False Dmitry II;
b) Fyodor Godunov;
c) Vladislav I;
d) Vasily Shuisky;
14. At the Zemsky Council of 1613, the following was elected king:
a) Ivan Vorotynsky,
b) Dmitry Trubetskoy,
c) Dmitry Pozharsky,
d) Mikhail Romanov.
15. The first of the Romanov dynasty was:
a) Alexey Mikhailovich;
b) Mikhail Fedorovich;
c) Kirill Vladimirovich;
d) Vladimir Alexandrovich.
16. The absolutist... becomes a model for power reform for Peter I...
a) Sweden.
b) Germany.
c) France.
d) England.
17. The Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774 was fought in... (choose the odd one out):
a) Bessarabia.
b) Moldova.
c) in the Caucasus.
d) Armenia.
18. Serfdom was finally established and the indefinite search for fugitive peasants was established:
a) Zemsky Sobor of 1613
b) Zemsky Sobor of 1653
V) Council Code 1649
d) The Council Code of 1627
19. The cause of the Russian-Turkish War of 1787-1792 was:
a) Turkey’s desire to regain Crimea.
b) Türkiye felt the support of Austria.
c) Turkey’s reluctance to submit to Russia.
d) Türkiye had a rest from the previous war and was ready for a new battle.
20. In what years was the Peasant War led by Emelyan Pugachev?
a) 1770 – 1773
b) 1773-1775
c) 1771 – 1776
d) 1775 -1778
21. The Russian-Persian War was:
a) 1806-1812
b) 1804-1813
c) 1808-1809
d) 1813 -1814
22. The fourth Russian-Turkish war (1828-1829) was associated with:
a) Turkey’s desire to regain Crimea.
b) the fact that Türkiye felt the support of Austria.
c) Turkey’s reluctance to submit to Russia.
d) Russian support for Greece, which is trying to throw off the Turkish yoke.
23. Which country in the First Eastern war(or Crimean campaign) 1853-1856. took a position of hostile neutrality:
a) Turkey,
b) England,
c) France,
d) Austria.
24. In what year was serfdom abolished?
a) in 1861
b) in 1864
c) in 1818
d) in 1874
25. To wage war, Japan received large financial and military assistance from the side ( Russo-Japanese War 1904-05)
a) Germany.
b) England.
c) France.
d) Italy.
26. In what year was compulsory free primary education introduced in Russia?
a) 1990
b) 1995
c) 1908
d) 1912
27. In September 1953:
a) Testing of an atomic bomb in the USSR.
b) Election of N.S. as First Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Khrushchev.
c) Launch in the USSR of the world's first artificial Earth satellite.
d) Launch of the world's first industrial nuclear power plant in the USSR.
28. In August 1963, in Moscow, a test ban agreement was signed nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, in outer space and underwater between:
a) USSR, USA and England.
b) USA, Germany, USSR;
c) the USSR and England;
d) USSR, USA and England.
29. The Constitution of the USSR was adopted:
a) 1920
b) 1956
c) 1977
d) 1981
30. What was not a prerequisite for the formation of a state among the Slavs?
a) Decomposition primitive communal system and the emergence of inequality.
b) Selection of the squad and the prince - its head.
c) The development of trade and the emergence of cities.
d) The overthrow of one person in power, and the desire for equality.
31. What is the advantage of industrialization?
a) The economic independence of the country has been achieved;
b) lagging behind in the pace of development light industry and spheres of consumption;
c) famine of 1932-1933. in the southern regions, high mortality rate population (up to 8 million people);
d) violent disruption of the age-old way of life of the majority of the population.
32. What is the advantage of industrialization?
a) violent disruption of the age-old way of life of the majority of the population;
b) a powerful military-industrial complex has been created;
c) over-centralization and nationalization of the economy, strict planning, the final destruction of the self-regulation mechanism of the economy and its replacement with an administrative-command management system;
d) weak material incentives for labor, which resulted in a drop in the standard of living of the population and an increase in psychological tension in society.
33. A totalitarian regime is...
a) a political regime in which the people are recognized as the only source of power, power is exercised according to the will and in the interests of the people. Democratic regimes develop in legal states;
b) the ultimate form of autocracy;
V) political system, which is characterized by the establishment of state control over all areas public life, violence, lack of democratic freedoms and individual rights;
d) characterized by complete lack of rights for subjects, brutal suppression of any indignation; it is characteristic of an absolute monarchy.
34. 1917-1922 - these are years...
a) a fierce civil war caused by the Bolsheviks coming to power.
b) curtailment of the NEP and the transition to complete collectivization.
c) The Great Patriotic War.
d) Russo-Japanese War.
35. What is not the most important outcome of the Civil War?
a) the defeat of all anti-Soviet, anti-Bolshevik forces, the defeat of the White Army and intervention troops;
b) preservation, including by force of arms, of a significant part of the territory of the former Russian Empire, suppression of attempts by a number of national regions to secede from the Republic of Soviets;
c) preservation of a limited monarchy and Russia as a “single and indivisible” country, faithful to its “allied obligations”;
d) the overthrow of national governments in Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova, the North Caucasus, Transcaucasia (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan), Central Asia, and then in Siberia and Far East, setting there Soviet power.
36. The Civil War was won by:
a) Bolsheviks;
b) Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries;
c) the left wing of the cadets;
d) big bourgeoisie, nobility.
37. “War communism” is...
a) the socio-economic policy of the Soviet government during the Civil War - provided for an ultra-fast transition to communism with the help of emergency measures.
b) the socio-economic policy of the Soviet government during the Civil War - provided for a slow transition to communism.
c) the socio-economic policy of the Soviet government during the Civil War - provided for an ultra-fast transition to communism using extremely soft measures.
d) the socio-economic policy of the Soviet government during the Civil War - provided for a slow transition to communism through emergency measures.
38. The consequences of the Civil War in the economic field include:
a) the destruction of the Russian Empire and the emergence of new national states;
b) huge human losses - 15 million people (almost every tenth resident);
c) a violent break with the pre-revolutionary heritage, traditions, culture, the imposition of socialist ideology on the population;
d) complete nationalization of industry, surplus appropriation in the countryside, ban on private trade.
39. The consequences of the Civil War in the field of politics include:
a) rejection of market forms of economic regulation, forced labor mobilizations.
b) a dictatorship based on emergency bodies that replaced the Soviets.
c) the idea of socialism as social order with mass production and domination state form property.
d) huge human losses - 15 million people (almost every tenth resident); emigration of more than 2 million people, mainly intellectuals and entrepreneurs;
40. Who was the second President of the Russian Federation?
a) V.I. Lenin;
b) B.N. Yeltsin;
c) V.V. Putin;
d) D. A. Medvedev.
