The Far East is traditionally called the territory of Russia located off the coast of the Pacific and partly Arctic Oceans, as well as the Kuril, Commander, Shantar Islands and Sakhalin Island. Far East- This huge territory, 36% of the total area of modern Russia.
Geography and climate
The length of the region from Chukotka to the southwest to the borders of Korea and Japan is 4,500 km. It covers the Arctic Circle, where snow lies all year round. The lands in the northern part of the Far East are shackled permafrost, on which the tundra grows. In fact, almost the entire territory of the Far East, except for Primorye and the southern half of Kamchatka, is located in the permafrost zone.
To the south, the climate and nature change significantly. In the south of the Far East, taiga trees coexist with plants from the subtropics (which is not repeated almost anywhere in the world).
Far East. Nature
In the minds of the majority and in fact, the Far East is a vast taiga, mountains and other uneven areas that attract extreme tourists. The Amur, Penzhin, Anadyr and a number of less significant rivers flow here.
The relief of the Far East is highly rugged and is represented predominantly by mountainous forms. Several watershed ridges stand out: Kolyma, Dzhugdzhur, Yablonovoyo and Stanovoy. There are powerful mountain systems, for example: the Tukuringra and Dzhagdy ridges. The peaks of the mountain ranges of the Far East, as a rule, do not exceed 2500 m.
The landscapes of the Far East are very diverse. Plains stretch along its tributaries. In the north and west, these plains are covered with southern taiga forests of special Daurian larch. In the south, on the flat Khanka-Amur lowland, unique Manchurian broad-leaved forests grow. They contain many relict and southern plants: Mongolian oak, Amur linden, white-barked elm, Manchurian ash, hornbeam, cork tree.
The vast lowlands located between the mountain ranges: Zee-Bureinskaya, Nizhne-Amurskaya, Ussuriyskaya and Prikhankaiskaya are very interesting for their flora and fauna. But in general, plains occupy no more than 25% of the region's area.
Winters are harsh and have little snow, summers are relatively warm and have heavy rainfall. Winter is characterized by weak winds, a large number sunny days, little snow and severe frosts. Residents of the most remote mainland parts, for example in Transbaikalia, especially suffer from frost. Here, on average, up to 10 mm of precipitation falls during the winter. It happens that you can’t even ride a sled.
The rains in the Far East, the closer to China and the sea, the more similar they are to rainfall in the tropics, but only in intensity, not in temperature. In the summer in the Far East you can easily come across a swamp; swampiness of the territories reaches 15-20%.
The most delicious piece of Russia for the damned imperialists. The richest region, a natural storehouse of diamonds (in Yakutia there are more than 80% of all Russian reserves), in almost every subject of the region there are gold deposits (50% of Russia's reserves), deposits of non-ferrous metals, minerals, coal, both oil and gas.
Cities of the Russian Far East
TO major cities include Vladivostok, Khabarovsk. These cities are of great economic and geostrategic importance for the country. We should also mention Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nakhodka, Ussuriysk, Magadan.
The city of Yakutsk is of particular importance for the entire region. But in Chukotka there are endangered settlements. The places there are harsh and difficult to reach - people leave.
Population of the Far East
There are many nationalities in the Far East, but Russians predominate everywhere. Russians make up about 88%, the second group is Ukrainians - about 7%. There are, of course, Koreans, Chinese (which is not surprising), Belarusians, Jews.
The population of the Far East is 6.3 million people. (about 5% of the Russian population).
Indigenous peoples:
- Yakuts,
- Dolgans, Evenks and Evenyns in the north,
- the northeast is occupied by the Eskimos and Chukchi,
- on the islands - Aleuts,
- in Kamchatka - Itelmens and Koryaks,
- in the Amur basin and to the east of it - Nanai, Ulchi, Sroki, Orochi, Udege, Nivkh.
The number of Yakuts is about 380 thousand people, Evenks - 24 thousand. And the rest - no more than 10 thousand people. Difficult living conditions determined that urban population prevails over rural. On average, 76% of the population of the Far East lives in cities.
The Far Eastern District includes:
A little has passed since the publication of this article. more than a year. And it would be extremely interesting to know the opinion of residents of the Far East about whether the authors’ forecasts came true, how the situation has changed over the past extremely eventful different events year.
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Russia, according to Illarionov, must pay for its position on Ukraine with its territories. Including those countries that do not support the punitive operations of the Kyiv junta against the Russian-speaking population, for example, Belarus and China
At the end of October 2014, some American and Chinese media published a statement former advisor President of the Russian Federation (2000-2005) A. Illarionov, now living in the USA. This Russian liberal reformer, who has been a senior fellow at the Center for Global Freedom and Prosperity at the Cato Institute (Washington) since the fall of 2006, made another prediction about how things could end for Russia. further development"Ukrainian crisis".
According to A. Illarionov, the worst scenario is that the “new cold war will turn into a large-scale hot war,” as a result of which “loser Russia... will have to return to its neighbors those territories that were once appropriated by it.”
What territories, according to the forecast of this American expert, should Russia give up? And to whom? Quote: “Siberia and 1.5 million square kilometers of land in the Far East - China, the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin - Japan, the territory of the Kaliningrad region (former East Prussia) - Germany. Russia owes five regions in the south of the country to Ukraine, two in the north to Belarus. Some areas in the northwest - Estonia and Latvia, and most of territories in the north - Finland."
What is our former high-ranking official-turned-employee of an American institute (by the way, an institute that advocates “reducing military and political interference in international politics”) describing here?
It describes not just a military conflict between Russia and some alliance of countries with conflicting interests. He doesn't just include China in this alliance. He says that this conflict will give rise to the collapse of the entire Yalta-Potsdam world order. What is possible only if Russia signs an act of unconditional surrender. After all, only on the basis of such an act is the dismemberment of Russia possible. Illarionov understands that such a military conflict will inevitably give rise to a war using strategic nuclear weapons. And exactly which contaminated territories will go to whom after this - will this really matter? And most importantly, why can all these horrors happen? Because Russia very delicately defends its interests in the conflict with the Bandera junta, which illegally seized power in Ukraine?
Once again, we draw the reader’s attention to the fact that Russia, according to Illarionov, must pay for its position on Ukraine with its (including ancestral) territories. Including those countries that also do not support the punitive operations of the Kyiv junta against the Russian-speaking population, for example, Belarus and China.
But in this case, we are more concerned not with the “generosity” of A. Illarionov, who represents the position of a certain part of the world elite, but with some actions of Russian officials, experts and representatives of the white-ribbon opposition, which threaten the territorial integrity of Russia without any external military aggression.
In previous articles of the newspaper, we have already begun to analyze the situation of economic and social regression that developed in Siberia and the Far East as a result of the so-called liberal reforms of the 1990s. Unfortunately, the attempts made by the authorities in the 2000s were unable to change the situation. After all, it can be reversed only by putting forward and implementing one major strategic project for the fundamental renewal of the Far Eastern region, which is precious for Russia. Instead of one such project, there are many projects of much smaller scale.
Among them, for example, are the projects “Greater Vladivostok” (1990-1993), “Pacific Russia” (2003-2006), “Development Strategy for Primorye until 2025”. However, none of these projects were implemented. And between the projects, according to experts, there is “no continuity; each new first person drew his own strategic line, regardless of what his predecessors did.”
This policy gave rise to part of the regional elite wary attitude to the next project of the new Russian Minister for the Development of the Far East (Ministry of Eastern Development) Alexander Galushka.
With the arrival in September 2013 of this next head of the Ministry of Eastern Development, Professor High School The economy (this “citadel of liberal reforms”) adopted the concept of “Territories of Advanced Development” (ADT), which should “attract private investment.” Its essence is that the “most promising” priority development areas and investment projects will be selected and will receive all kinds of preferences and initial budget funding. In this case, the main focus is on foreign private investors from the Asia-Pacific region (APR). And, accordingly, the integration of the Russian Far East with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region is intensifying.
All bureaucratic and legal procedures will be significantly simplified for priority development areas. Among them: seizure land plots for the expansion of priority development areas, the creation of free customs zones, the abolition of quotas for attracting foreign labor, and the provision of preferential tax rates.
This concept, with all its possible advantages (the main one, of course, is the influx of foreign investment), also has significant risks for the stability of the Far Eastern region and the territorial integrity of the country. Let us identify these risks.
Russian officials used the experience of China, where there are already more than 400 (!) priority development territories, as a basis. These strategic projects, attracting more than 45% of foreign direct investment, already account for about 20% of GDP and 60% of export products. At the same time, as experts note, the Chinese leadership is now trying to change the economic model and is focusing on developing not the export industry, but the domestic market and small businesses. And as the statements and actions of the Chinese elite show, cooperation with Russia is aimed at implementing this new economic model.
For example, in May 2014 at the St. Petersburg International economic forum Deputy Chairman of the PRC Government Li Yuanchao announced the possibility of “gradually creating a new bloc in East Asia - the Russian Far East and northern China (They can create an economic zone).” In this concept, according to Li Yuanchao, there is also a preliminary “division of labor”: huge Russian land and natural resources on the one hand, and a large Chinese “labor force” on the other.
Let us pay attention to the fact that this “division of labor” occurs against the background of the continuous outflow of our population from the Russian Far East. Now the number of residents of this macroregion is about 6 million 220 thousand people. At the same time, about 120 million people live on Chinese territory adjacent to the border with Russia.
Thus, by focusing on the concept of priority development areas when searching for ways to develop the Far East, we can obviously get an uncontrolled flow of labor from China and other Asia-Pacific countries, as well as the expansion of foreign companies into the Russian market. And this, in turn, will cause an increase in social tension and unemployment among local population and will push out uncompetitive Russian small and medium-sized businesses from the region.
Some experts directly say that “in the absence of their own labor resources and national interests of domestic business, and the predominance of commercial approaches in the development of the Far East [among the elite], the movement will follow the concession scenario.” And this, in turn, will lead to the loss of the Far East.
And this process is facilitated by the rather provocative behavior of part of the local and federal elite.
Thus, from August 29 to 31, 2014, the V-ROX music festival was held in Vladivostok, which was attended by the head of the Ministry of Eastern Development A. Galushka. Moreover, two weeks before this event, A. Galushka agreed to participate (within the framework of this festival) in “a discussion about the prerequisites for the formation and prospects for the creation of the Pacific Republic.” It is unlikely that such disputes are the responsibility of a civil servant. And here we're talking about either about the official’s indiscriminateness, or about the head of the Ministry of Eastern Development belonging to that part of the Russian elite for which the territorial integrity of the country is not an absolute value.
Later, on the official website of the festival, the topic that was going to be discussed sounded like this: “Pacific Russia - existence, development and prospects.”
But the most significant thing seems to be not whether we are talking about the Pacific Republic or Pacific Russia, but with whom our head of the Ministry of Eastern Development is talking. Among the interlocutors of the head of the Ministry of Eastern Development were editor and translator Maxim Nemtsov, as well as writer and journalist “ Novaya Gazeta in Vladivostok" Vasily Avchenko. The latter is a co-author (together with the vocalist of the Mumiy Troll group I. Lagutenko) of the book “Vladivostok 3000”, in which there is such a thing as the “Pacific Republic”.
This is what the annotation says: “The book “Vladivostok-3000”, a film story about the Pacific Republic - ... a film story closely connected with reality about the existence of a parallel world-space - the city of Vladivostok-3000, in which the features of the real Vladivostok merged with the features of its alternative, but unrealized incarnations... Vladivostok-3000 is a romantic dream of a Pacific republic... of an ideal port city - free, environmentally friendly, independent, where no one pays attention to which side of the car the steering wheel is on... The film story tells about how to get to this Pacific republic, is it possible to ask for political asylum in it, and how are two worlds connected with each other - the real Vladivostok... and the amazing Vladivostok-3000, which currently exists only on the pages of the work of the same name.”
Let us draw attention to the fact that another interlocutor of the head of the Ministry of Eastern Development, who discussed the topic of “prospects for Pacific Russia,” M. Nemtsov from 1994 to 2001. worked as an assistant consul for press and information at the US Consulate General in Vladivostok. And in this regard, let us note that after the draft law “On Territories of Advanced Socio-Economic Development” (TASED), which gives great benefits to Asia-Pacific countries when investing in the development of the Far East, was submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation, several high-ranking employees of the US State Department gathered in Vladivostok, having direct relation to organize “orange revolutions” in the post-Soviet space.
At least three such visits were reported by local media.
So, from October 23 to 28, the analyst of the Russia and Eurasia Department of the US State Department, Beverly de Wald, who was an employee of the American embassy in Pristina (Kosovo), where she “assisted the government of this republic with the writing and adoption of the declaration of independence,” was going to visit the capital of Primorye.
On October 24-25, First Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for European and Eurasian Affairs Paul Jones was expected in Vladivostok. Experts claim that this deputy to Victoria Nuland took part in “the work of the US State Department operations center during the fall communist regimes in Eastern Europe, and from 1992 to 1994. worked at the US Embassy in Moscow."
And finally, in last days In October, Deputy US Ambassador to Russia Lynn Tracy, who worked in Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan, wanted to visit Vladivostok.
Thus, while the Russian elite has been determining (or pretending to be determined) for more than 23 years the development strategy of that region of Russia, on the fate of which the future of our Fatherland largely depends, Western countries and the Asia-Pacific region are consistently pursuing policies aimed at implementing their economic and geopolitical interests. And quite often these interests are incompatible with the life of modern Russia.
Eduard Kryukov, Anton Beznosyuk
Stretches along the Pacific coast for 4.5 thousand km. Significant extent of territory from north to south, features geographical location caused great diversity and contrast in the nature of the region.
In the southern Far East, elements of the flora and fauna of the northern Siberian and southern subtropical regions are mixed. This feature was also noted, who wrote: “Here, spruce is often entwined with wild grapes, birch grows next to a subtropical velvet tree, and in the snow you can find tracks of both a tiger and a sable.”
In the area, despite its considerable extent, there are only two natural zones. From north to 60 N latitude. dominates, and the rest is located in. Characteristic feature latitudinal zonality is a shift to the south of the borders (as in the Urals).
The highest peaks are occupied by mountain tundra, similar to tundra. Lichen and shrub tundras stand out here.
Even the highest peaks are located below the snow line, so glaciers are unusual for the mountains of the southern part of the Far East.
Generally similar character altitudinal zone characteristic However, unlike Primorye, the borders natural areas decrease, and, in addition, a belt of light (park) forests of stone birch appears, located between coniferous forests and thickets of dwarf cedar.
Coniferous-deciduous forests are no longer found, which is due to the proximity of cold weather. The foothills of the mountains are occupied by dark coniferous spruce-fir forests, covering most of the slopes and rising to a height of 600-800 m. Above, stone birch forests are replaced by mountain tundra in the highest areas.
The peculiar nature of altitudinal zonation is characteristic. Specific feature is the low position – 1500-1600 m – of the snow line. This is facilitated by the constant penetration of moist air and large number winter precipitation. However, there are not very many on the peninsula, since their formation is prevented by volcanic activity.
The most typical for Kamchatka are park stone birch forests. In the clearings of sparse forests in humid places, tall grass plants of the Apiaceae and Asteraceae families are developed. In places with excessive moisture, there is especially a lot of shelomyk and Komarov's horsetail. Giant umbelliferous - sweet grass - amazes with its height and speed of growth: in 10-12 days the plant reaches 2-3 meters in height.
Stone birch forests, combined with meadows, occupy the central parts of the slopes. Above them they are replaced by thickets of dwarf cedar, and below by spruce and larch forests.
The simplest spectrum of altitudinal zonation is typical for the Koryak Highlands, located in the tundra zone. The lower parts of the slopes up to a height of 200-250 m are occupied by thickets of dwarf cedar; higher up there are mountain tundras. The tops of the ridges are occupied by snow and glaciers. Height snow line 1200-1700 m.
China continues to actively develop the Russian Far East, investing colossal investments in it. The other day, Chinese Ambassador to Russia Li Hui, visiting Vladivostok, announced that the total investments of the PRC in the development of the Far East amounted to more than $30 billion. Chinese businesses make the largest investments in the oil and gas industry, agriculture, financial sector.
Every year, China invests $116 billion in foreign countries, $7 billion of which goes to Russia. It has long been known that the Far East and some regions Eastern Siberia are of great interest to China. Taking into account, on the one hand, the close geographical proximity, and on the other hand, richest resources these Russian regions, China's interest is quite understandable. Currently, Chinese investments account for 85% of all foreign investments in the development of the Far East. In Vladivostok alone and in the priority development territories, 20 Chinese enterprises are operating today, and it is obvious that their number will only grow in the future.
Chinese entrepreneurs have been actively working in the Far East and Eastern Siberia for a long time. Of course, they are primarily interested in natural resources. Previously, a century ago, Chinese traders and semi-criminal elements entered the Far East for furs and ginseng. Now the activities of Chinese businessmen are mostly legal. However, in many cities of the Far East there are more and more Chinese firms and Chinese workers. It is known that the Chinese leadership does not at all prevent the “creeping” relocation of Chinese workers to the regions of the Far East, knowing full well that in this way it increases its influence in the Far East and at the same time solves the problems of overpopulation in the northeastern and eastern provinces of the PRC, from where they come to the Far East the bulk of migrants.
Russia prefers to be friends with China, but this does not mean that it should not be concerned about Chinese economic expansion in the Far East. Firstly, the Far East is an extremely sparsely populated region of Russia, especially in proportion to its area. Secondly, Chinese business, while acting quite expansively, does not at all contribute to the development of Russian business. After all, Chinese companies act quite assertively and actively, leaving no room for Russian competitors.
Although, on the other hand, the quality of infrastructure in the Far East is improving, jobs are appearing - including for the local population, more and more impressive funds are coming in, some of which goes to the development of the territories. Chinese investments not only develop interesting projects, but also contribute further growth economic dependence of the Far East on neighboring China. Which is not surprising, given the colossal distance to Central Russia and difficulties transport communication.
What should Russia do in this situation? Attempts to more actively develop the Far East are also being made Russian government. It was not for nothing that the law on Far Eastern hectare– somewhat “clumsy”, but correct in that it pays attention to very current problem low population and undeveloped Far Eastern territories. Another thing is whether Moscow, in the current situation, will be able to compete with Beijing, or will we have to admit that China will invest more and more in the development of the Far East in the future than Russia itself.
Territory of the Russian Far East - geographical area, which includes areas in river basins that flow into the Pacific Ocean. This also includes the Kuril, Shantar and Commander Islands, Sakhalin and Wrangel Islands. Next, this part of the Russian Federation will be described in detail, as well as some cities of the Russian Far East (a list of the largest will be given in the text).
Population
The territory of the Russian Far East is considered the most depopulating in the country. About 6.3 million people live here. This is approximately 5% of the total population of the Russian Federation. During 1991-2010, the population decreased by 1.8 million people. As for the population growth rate in the Far East, in the Primorsky Territory it is -3.9, in the Sakha Republic - 1.8, the Jewish Autonomous Okrug - 0.7, the Khabarovsk Territory - 1.3, in Sakhalin - 7.8, in the Magadan Region - 17.3, in the Amur Region. - 6, Kamchatka Territory - 6.2, Chukotka - 14.9. If current trends continue, Chukotka will be left without a population in 66 years, and Magadan - in 57.
Subjects
The Russian Far East covers an area of 6169.3 thousand kilometers. This is about 36% of the entire country. Transbaikalia is often included in the Far East. This is due to its geographical location, as well as migration activity. The following regions of the Far East are administratively distinguished: Amur, Magadan, Sakhalin, Jewish Autonomous region, Kamchatka, Khabarovsk territories. The Far Eastern Federal District also includes Primorsky Krai,
History of the Russian Far East
In the 1st-2nd millennium BC, the Amur region was inhabited by various tribes. The peoples of the Russian Far East today are not as diverse as they were in those days. The population then consisted of Daurs, Udeges, Nivkhs, Evenks, Nanais, Orochs, etc. The main occupations of the population were fishing and hunting. The most ancient settlements of Primorye, which date back to the Paleolithic era, were discovered near the Nakhodka region. In the Stone Age, the Itelmens, Ainu and Koryaks settled on the territory of Kamchatka. TO mid-19th century centuries, Evenks began to appear here. In the 17th century Russian government began to expand Siberia and the Far East. 1632 was the year of the founding of Yakutsk. Under the leadership of the Cossack Semyon Shelkovnikov, a winter quarters were organized on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk in 1647. Today, the Russian port of Okhotsk stands on this site.
The development of the Russian Far East continued. So, to mid-17th century centuries, explorers Khabarov and Poyarkov left the Yakut fort to the south. On and Zeya they encountered tribes that paid tribute Chinese Empire Qing. As a result of the first conflict between the countries, the Treaty of Nerchinsk was signed. In accordance with it, the Cossacks needed to transfer the regions formed on the lands of the Albazin Voivodeship to the Qing Empire. In accordance with the agreement, diplomatic and trade relations. The border under the treaty ran in the north along the river. Gorbice and mountain ranges Amur basin. Uncertainty remains in the area of the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. The territories between the Taikansky and Kivun ridges were undemarcated. TO end of XVII centuries, Russian Cossacks Kozyrevsky and Atlasov began exploring the Kamchatka Peninsula. In the first half of the 18th century it was included in Russia.
XVIII century
In 1724, Peter I sent the first expedition to the Kamchatka Peninsula. He headed it. Thanks to the work of researchers, Russian science received the most valuable information about the eastern part of Siberia. We are talking, in particular, about the modern Magadan and Kamchatka regions. New maps appeared, the coordinates of the Far Eastern coast and the Strait, which was later named the Bering Strait, were precisely determined. In 1730 a second expedition was created. It was led by Chirikov and Bering. The mission of the expedition was to reach the shores of America. Alaska and the Aleutian Islands were of particular interest. Chichagov, Steller, and Krasheninnikov began to explore Kamchatka in the 18th century.
19th century
During this period it began active development Far East of Russia. This was largely due to the weakening of the Qing Empire. In 1840, she was drawn into the 1st Opium War. Military operations against the combined army of France and England in the areas of Guangzhou and Macau required large material and human resources. In the north, China was left virtually without any cover, and Russia took advantage of this. She, along with other European powers, participated in the division of the weakening Qing Empire. In 1850, Lieutenant Nevelskoy landed at the mouth of the Amur. There he founded a military post. Convinced that the Qing government has not recovered from the consequences of the Opium War and is bound in its actions by the outbreak and, accordingly, cannot give an adequate response to the claims of Russia, Nevelskoy decides to declare the coast of the Tatar Prospect and the mouth of the Amur as domestic possessions.
In 1854, on May 14, Count Muravyov, who had information received from Nevelsky about the absence of military units in China, organized a rafting trip along the river. The expedition included the steamer "Argun", 29 rafts, 48 boats and about 800 people. During the rafting, ammunition, troops and food were delivered. Some of the military went to Kamchatka by sea to strengthen the Peter and Paul garrison. The rest remained to implement the Amur region exploration plan on the former Chinese territory. A year later, the second rafting was organized. About 2.5 thousand people took part in it. By the end of 1855, several settlements were organized in the lower reaches of the Amur: Sergeevskoye, Novo-Mikhailovskoye, Bogorodskoye, Irkutskoye. In 1858, the right bank was officially annexed to Russia in accordance with the Aigun Treaty. In general, it should be said that Russia’s policy in the Far East was not aggressive. Agreements were signed with other states without the use of military force.
Physiographic location
Far East of Russia on extreme south borders with the DPRK, in the southeast with Japan. In the extreme northeast in the Bering Strait - with the USA. Another state that borders the Far East (Russia) is China. In addition to the administrative one, there is another division of the Far Eastern Federal District. Thus, the so-called regions of the Russian Far East are distinguished. That's enough large zones. North-Eastern Siberia, the first of them, approximately corresponds to the eastern part of Yakutia (mountain regions to eastward from Aldan and Lena). The North Pacific country is the second zone. It includes the eastern parts of the Magadan region, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, the northern parts Khabarovsk Territory. It also includes the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka. The Amur-Sakhalin country includes the Jewish Autonomous Okrug, the Amur region, southern part Khabarovsk Territory. It also includes Sakhalin Island and Primorsky Krai. To the Middle and Southern Siberia includes Yakutia, except for its eastern part.
Climate
Here it should be said that the Russian Far East has a fairly large extent. This explains the special contrast in climate. Throughout Yakutia and in the Kolyma regions of the Magadan region, for example, the sharply continental style predominates. And in the southeast there is a monsoon climate. This difference is determined by the interaction of marine and continental air masses in temperate latitudes. The south is characterized by a sharp monsoon climate and maritime and monsoon climate in the north. This is the result of the interaction between the land and the Pacific Ocean. The Sea of Okhotsk, as well as the Primorsky cold current along the coast of the Sea of Japan, have a particular influence on the climate. Of no small importance in this zone is mountainous terrain. In the continental part of the Far East Federal District winters are light and frosty.
Weather Features
Summer here is quite hot, but relatively short. As for coastal areas, winters are snowy and mild, springs are cold and long, autumns are warm and long, and summers are relatively cool. Cyclones, fogs, typhoons and heavy, prolonged rains are common on the coast. The height of snowfall in Kamchatka can reach six meters. The closer to southern regions, the higher the air humidity becomes. Thus, in the south of Primorye it is quite often set at 90%. Almost the entire territory of the Far East experiences prolonged rains in the summer. This, in turn, causes systematic river floods, flooding of agricultural land and residential buildings. The Far East experiences long periods of sunny and clear weather. At the same time, continuous rain for several days is considered quite common. This kind of diversity distinguishes the Russian Far East from the “gray” European part of the Russian Federation. In the central part of the Far Eastern Federal District there are also dust storms. They come from the deserts of Northern China and Mongolia. A significant part of the Far East is equated to or is the Far North (except for the Jewish Autonomous Region, the south of the Amur region, Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories).
Natural resources
In the Far East, raw material reserves are quite large. This allows it to be in leading positions in the Russian economy in a number of positions. Thus, the Far East in all-Russian production accounts for 98% of diamonds, 80% of tin, 90% of boron raw materials, 14% of tungsten, 50% of gold, more than 40% of seafood and fish, 80% of soybeans, 7% of cellulose, and 13% of wood. Among the main industries of the Far Eastern Federal District, it should be noted the mining and processing of non-ferrous metals, pulp and paper, fishing, forestry industry, ship repair and shipbuilding.
Industries
In the Far East, the main income comes from timber, fishing industry, mining, non-ferrous metals. These industries account for more than half of all marketable products. Manufacturing activities are considered to be underdeveloped. When exporting raw materials, the region incurs losses in the form of added value. The remoteness of the Far Eastern Federal District causes significant transport extra charges. They are reflected in the cost indicators of many economic sectors.
Mineral resources
In terms of their reserves, the Far East occupies a leading position in the Russian Federation. In terms of volume, the tin, boron, and antimony present here account for about 95% of total number of these resources in the country. Fluorspar and mercury account for about 60%, tungsten - 24%, iron ore, apatite, native sulfur and lead - 10%. In the Sakha Republic, in its northwestern part, there is a diamond-bearing province, the largest in the world. The Aikhal, Mir, and Udachnoye deposits account for more than 80% of the total diamond reserves in Russia. Proven reserves iron ore in the south of Yakutia amount to more than 4 billion tons. This is about 80% of the regional volume. These reserves are also significant in the Jewish Autonomous Region. In the South Yakut and Lena basins there are large deposits coal Its deposits are also present in the Khabarovsk, Primorsky Territories, and Amur Region. Placer and ore gold deposits have been discovered and are being developed in the Republic of Sakha and the Magadan Region. Similar deposits were discovered in the Khabarovsk and Primorsky territories. In these same territories, deposits of tungsten and tin ores are being developed. Lead and zinc reserves are concentrated mostly in Primorsky Krai. A titanium ore province has been identified in the Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region. In addition to the above, there are also deposits of non-metallic raw materials. These are, in particular, reserves of limestone, refractory clay, graphite, sulfur, and quartz sand.
Geostrategic location
The Far Eastern Federal District is of great geopolitical importance for the Russian Federation. There is access to two oceans: the Arctic and the Pacific. Taking into account the high rates of development of the Asia-Pacific Region, integration into the Far Eastern Federal District is very promising for the country. If the activities are carried out wisely, the Far East can become a “bridge” to the Asia-Pacific region.
Cities of the Russian Far East: list
These cities of the Russian Far East are of great economic and geostrategic importance for the Russian Federation. Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nakhodka, and Ussuriysk are considered very promising. Special significance has for the entire Yakutsk region. It should be noted that there are also endangered settlements. Most of them are located in Chukotka. This is mainly due to the inaccessibility of the areas and harsh weather conditions.
