Verbs in Russian. Little secrets of Russian verbs or three important tenses

The verb, which most often appears as a predicate in a sentence, is an exclusively independent part of speech. It denotes the action or state of the subject. Spring is coming, bringing warmth.

Verb Rules

All verbs have an initial (infinitive, indefinite) form. You can distinguish it by the endings -t, -tsya; these words also answer the questions “what to do”, “what to do”. In a sentence, it most often acts as a predicate or part of it and a subject, but can fulfill the roles of other members.

We want see new textbooks.

See- This look soul.

She loved look to the stars.

If a verb can be asked the question “what to do,” then it belongs to the perfect form (rejoice, be silent). When you can ask him the question “what to do” - this is an imperfect verb (be happy, be silent). Sometimes there are also bispecies verbs, they can belong to one or another type, depending on the context.

I researched basement yesterday. (perfect form).

I have already researched basement. (imperfect view).

Reflexive verbs mean an action that is directed towards oneself. They are formed using postfixes -sya, -tsya (play, bite). All other verbs are called non-reflexive (play, bite).

Predicates that are connected to other parts of a sentence in the accusative case without using a preposition are classified as transitive verbs (wash the mug, call mom). The transitional category includes those that cannot be combined without additional parts of speech (fly, lie down). This group also includes all reflexive verbs (wash, clean up).

Spelling verbs

In sentences, according to the rules of verbs, they can refer to one of three moods. In the indicative form - verbs can be changed according to tenses (we lived, we live, we will live), numbers (washes, washes), persons (I repeat, you repeat, he repeats). If the execution of an action requires compliance with certain rules, then such predicates are classified as conditional. (If everyone is comfortable, I would approach). This form is formed by particles would, b (I wish I could have looked) and can vary in gender and number. Particularly noteworthy is the imperative form of predicates, which can force, encourage, call to action ( Come to me!). Verbs of this mood can change in persons and numbers.

According to the rules of verbs, in the past tense they mean an action that has already happened/occurred (I bought the things myself). They also cannot change their personal uniform. To the present predicate you can substitute the question “what does” (He buys things himself.) Perfect verbs are not used in the present tense. In the rules of future tense verbs, there are two forms: compound (with an additional word will) and simple (one-word). Accordingly, you can ask different questions: “what will you do?” (You will buy things yourself.); “what will you do” (You will buy things yourself).

Changing verbs

The change of predicates in person and number is explained by their conjugations. They appear exclusively in indicative form and undoubtedly in the form of present or future time.

For singular form personal verbs change like this:

• 1 person - I open it. I love.
• 2nd person - You open it. You love.
• 3rd person - He opens it. He loves.

For the plural form, personal verbs change as follows:

• 1 person - We are opening. We love.
• 2nd person - You open it. You love.
• 3rd person - They open. They love.

If it is possible to put under stress, the type of conjugation can be defined as follows:

• -e changes to -у(-у) - 1 conjugation look and look;
• -and changes to -а(-я) - 2nd conjugation calls and calls.

In other cases, the suffix in the initial form determines the conjugation:

• 2 conjugation -i(t) (color) and special exceptions;
• 1st conjugation includes the remaining verbs in -a(t), -ya(t), -у(t), -е(t), -ы(t), -о(t) ( want, know);
• There are 4 exception words: to sway, to rest, shave and lay and educated from them.

Words without the mentioned suffixes - live, beat.

There are also verbs that change both as the first conjugation and as the second.

Unit number:

• 1 person - I'll run. I'll want to.
• 2nd person - You will run. You will want to.
• 3rd person - He will run. He will want to.

Mn. number:

• 1 person - We'll run. We will.
• 2nd person - You will run. You will want to.
• 3rd person - They will run. They will want to.

At the exception verb disdain There are only 3rd person forms in the singular or plural section ( glimmering - glimmering).

Words There is And give and derivatives from them are exceptions and form special personal forms.

Impersonal verbs

In some places you come across impersonal verbs. These include words denoting a passive predicate, which occurs without the participation of the subject (evening, getting dark).

The main feature by which one can determine the impersonality of a regular verb is its invariability in numbers and persons. Most often, these types of verbs appear as predicates in simple one-part sentences. For the present tense form they are used as the 3rd person and only the singular, and in the past - as the singular and neuter.

Regular verbs are sometimes used to replace impersonal verbs when they appear as a single predicate sentence.

• The sky has brightened- personal verb.
• It got brighter outside the window- impersonal.

A few important rules

Correct spelling of verbs and vowels in the present tense or simple future forms depends on the conjugation:

1 conjugation - it uses the endings -е, -у(-у) forgets, will be forgotten;

2nd conjugation - it is worth putting the endings -и, -а(-я) paints, paints.

• For the second person imperative mood of verbs of both conjugations, use the suffix -i ( We're going home. - Go home.);
• In the case of the past tense: the suffix -l is preceded by the same letter as in the infinitive before -т ( paint - painted, whistle - whistled);
• If there is obes-/obez-: transitive - the suffix is ​​written -i- ( provided "who?" "What?"); intransitive - used -e- ( concerned);
• Freeze, freeze, freeze and similar verbs formed from a noun are written with the vowel -e- after the root (in;
• In the infinitive, in the case of using past forms, they are written -ova-, -eva-, in the same case, when the present or simple future tense and singular number are chosen, the first person writing form has the suffixes -у(у), -у(у ) (alternate - alternate, conquer - conquer).

If alternation does not occur, the suffixes -yva-, -iva- are used; (reread - reread, redraw - redraw).

If there is an ending -vat, -vayu under stress and a suffix -va-, then according to the rules of the Russian language, the same letter is written before the suffix as in the initial form (water - water - water).

Conclusion

These few simple rules and examples will help you remember how to use verbs when writing. Of course, to study all the rules and exceptions, more in-depth research will be needed. However, for writing more or less simple texts that do not qualify for publication in magazines and newspapers, this will be quite enough.

The Russian language is quite difficult to learn. After all, many features, rules and exceptions to them can confuse and make you think about issues related to the emergence of certain linguistic processes. A rather difficult issue in learning the Russian language is the verb. For those who want to know what verbs there are in the Russian language and how to correctly use them in spoken speech and writing, this article has been created. It is worth considering that it is impossible to give a definite answer about the characteristics of verbs, since they have different qualities and features. All this is taken into account by various classifications. Let's look at them and talk about what verbs there are.

Types of verbs

The type of verb shows how the action occurs in time. The classification based on this characteristic of the verb distinguishes between the perfect and imperfect types of the verb.

• Perfect verbs answer the question “What to do?” and serve to indicate the completion of the action (read). Based on their characteristics, such verbs are designed to describe facts, something that has already happened or has reached a certain limit (The long-awaited spring has arrived, the birds have returned from the south).
• Verbs belonging to the imperfective group answer the question “What to do?” and indicate the procedural nature of the action (read). Examples of verbs of this type indicate processes that are repeated, and in general the process itself as an action (It was cold, winter was coming).

Often, a prefix allows you to translate a verb from one aspect to another, which forms an aspectual pair (read - read).

Verb moods

The question of what verbs there are in the subject of mood is also interesting. This feature of the verb indicates how the action relates to reality.

• Based on this, the indicative mood is distinguished, which is closely related to the category of time, so the action is expressed in the past, present and future. Indicators of this mood are suffixes and personal endings (stood, stood, stood, stand, will stand).
• Imperative verbs encourage action. Their peculiarity is their inability to change from time to time (stop, sing, let's begin).
• The subjunctive mood of verbs indicates the condition under which an action can occur. The indicator of this inclination is the particle would (If it had not rained, we would have gone for a walk).

Verb tenses

Depending on the temporal characteristics, it is worth paying attention to what verbs are in this case.

• Past tense verbs indicate that the action occurred before the moment of speech, it has already taken place (the girl picked a flower). The indicator here is the past tense suffixes.
• The present tense can only be determined with imperfective verbs, and it is expressed by personal endings (I’m standing, standing, standing, standing, standing).
• Future tense verbs indicate the probability, the possibility of an action occurring after the moment of speech (Tomorrow I will fly in a hot air balloon). It is worth considering that in the Russian language the categories of time and aspect are intertwined quite closely.

Verb conjugations

A very important category of a verb is conjugation. Thanks to conjugation, verbs can change according to persons and numbers. Indicative in this category are personal endings. To determine the conjugation, you should pay attention to the ending of the verb (you are sick - I conjugation, you are driving - II conjugation) and the type of infinitive (to be sick - I conjugation, driving - II conjugation). Special in this regard are verbs in which one part of the personal endings is an indicator of the first conjugation, and the other - the second. These are multi-conjugated verbs, examples of which are the words want, run, read and all their derivatives.

Verb- a part of speech that denotes an action or state of an object and answers the questions: what to do? what to do?

Verbs are imperfect and perfect types, are divided into transitive and intransitive, and vary in mood.

A verb has an initial form called the indefinite form of the verb (or infinitive). It shows neither time, nor number, nor person, nor gender.
The verbs in the sentence are predicates.
The indefinite form of a verb can be part of a compound predicate, it can be a subject, an object, a modifier or an adverbial clause.

Types of verbs

There are two types of verbs: perfect and imperfect. Verbsimperfect formanswer the question what to do?, and verbsperfect form- what to do?

Imperfect verbs do not indicate the completion of the action, its end or result (did, painted).

Perfect Verbs indicate the completion of an action, its end or result (done, painted).

When forming verbs of one type from verbs of another type, prefixes are used (sing, sing, sing along, sing along).
The formation of verb types can be accompanied by alternation of vowels and consonants in the root.

Transitive and intransitive verbs

Verbs that combine or can combine with a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition are calledtransitional.

Transitive verbs denote an action that transfers to another object (wash a window, shake hands).
A noun or pronoun with a transitive verb can be in the genitive case.
Verbs areintransitive, if the action does not directly transfer to another object (talking, walking).
Intransitive verbs include verbs with the suffix-sya (s)(smile, get angry).

Reflexive verbs

Verbs with suffix-sya (s) are calledreturnable (laugh, rejoice).
Some verbs can be reflexive or non-reflexive; others only reflexive (without suffix-xiathey are not used).

Verb mood

Verbs inindicative mooddenote actions that are happening or will actually happen (I am reading, I have read, I will read, I will read).
Verbs in the indicative mood change tenses.
In the indicative mood, imperfective verbs have three tenses: present, past and future, and perfective verbs have two tenses: past and future simple.

Verbs inconditional mooddenote actions that are desirable or possible under certain conditions.

The conditional mood of the verb is formed from the stem of the indefinite form of the verb using a suffix-l- and particles would (b)(I would look, I would go). This particle can appear after or before the verb, and can be separated from the verb by other words.

Verbs in the conditional mood change according to number, and in the singular - according to gender.

Verbs inimperative mood express an impulse to action, an order, a request (read, go, bring).

Verbs in the imperative mood are usually used in the form2nd person.
Verbs in the imperative mood do not change tenses.

Imperative forms are formed from the stem of the present or future simple tense using a suffix-And-or zero suffix. Verbs in the imperative mood in the singular have a zero ending, and in the plural --those.
Sometimes the particle is added to imperative verbs-ka, which somewhat softens the order (tell me, play).

Verb tenses

Verbs in present tense show that an action occurs at the moment of speech.
Verbs in the present tense can denote actions that are performed constantly, always.
Verbs in the present tense change according to persons and numbers.

Verbs in past tense show that the action took place before the moment of speech.
Verbs in the past tense form are formed from the indefinite form (infinitive) using a suffix -l-.

Verbs in the indefinite form in -whose, -ty form past tense singular masculine forms without a suffix -l-(oven - bake, carry - carried, reach - reached).
Past tense verbs change according to number, and in the singular - according to gender. In the plural, verbs in the past tense do not change by person.

Verbs in future tense show that the action will take place after the moment of speech.

The future tense has two forms: simple and compound. The compound future tense of imperfective verbs is formed from the future tense of the verb to be and the indefinite form of the imperfective verb. The simple future tense is formed from perfective verbs, and the compound future tense is formed from imperfective verbs.

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If you are asked: “What are the most important parts of speech in the Russian language?”, your answer will definitely include a verb.

The Russian verb is one of the most important, but at the same time one of the most difficult parts of speech. Remember all the gerunds, participles, verbal adjectives, types, moods, verb conjugations, finally. Despite this, we cannot do without verbs - neither in language nor in life.

Verbs denote an action or state - there is no secret to this. Man is programmed by nature for this very action - that’s why there are so many verbs around us: remember how many actions you mentioned just in the morning!

It’s no secret that, despite the richest vocabulary, in the Russian language not all objects of reality have their own names; we note that among verbs this phenomenon is quite rare - although actions, and even the words denoting them, are sometimes at least strange !

Let us note that the verbs of the Russian language are one of the most ancient categories of the language: the history of the Russian verb has been going on for several centuries.

The verb in the Russian language performs not only its direct functions - it also, in the words of Yu. Bondarev, denotes “the effectiveness of character,” i.e. makes any action emotionally charged. Perhaps this is why Russian prose is considered the most expressive prose in the world. A. Yugov considered the verb “the most fiery, most living part of speech,” in which “the scarlet, freshest, arterial blood of the tongue flows.” And it was not in vain that A. Pushkin called for “burning people’s hearts” with the “verb”, although the word was used in a slightly different meaning.

Despite the simplicity of what it means, the verb is fraught with many pitfalls; and it is very important to be able to bypass them, because, as a rule, ignorance of the little things in the verb can lead to serious errors.

First of all, this concerns verb conjugation. The Russian verb has only 2 conjugations, but it can be difficult to determine which conjugation our verb belongs to. We must not forget about the small number of differently conjugated verbs in the Russian language. However, you can fill in the content of the conjugations using a poem (I will give the most popular of them):

To the second conjugation
We will take it without a doubt
All verbs that start with "-it"
Excluding “shave”, “lay”.
And also: “look”, “offend”,
"hear", "see", "hate",
“drive”, “breathe”, “hold”, “endure”,
And “depend” and “twirl”!

***
Drive, breathe, hold, depend,
See, hear and offend,
And also look, twirl,
Hate and endure.

***
Watch, endure, offend,
Addict, hate,
See, hear, drive,
Twist, breathe, hold.

Why is it so important to know the conjugation of a Russian verb? It is the conjugation that determines the writing of verb endings in the present and future tense. Yes, there is no doubt that words like read do not give us any doubt. But what about words? la...t, struggling, swaying... And splash...t, where the writing is not so obvious?

This is where conjugation comes to our aid: we remember that we write in the singular -e- (I reference) and -And- (II sp.), and in the plural – -ut/-ut (I reference) and -at/-yat (II reference). I think now we won’t have problems with “difficult” words, right?

So, the verb in Russian is an important and necessary part of speech, which performs several functions in the language. And most importantly, you cannot ignore the rules related to the verb, because a lot depends on them.

We wish you success in learning the verb!

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It’s not for nothing that our ancestors basically called speech “verb”; this word is also interpreted in V. Dahl’s dictionary. We will look at examples of verbs, their use, and changes in this article.

Verb as part of speech

The part of speech that denotes an action and answers the questions “what to do?”, “What to do?” is a verb. Relating to independent parts of speech, it is determined by its general grammatical meaning.

For a verb, this is an action. However, this part of speech differs in shades of meaning.

1. Any physical labor: cutting, chopping, knitting.
2. Intellectual or speech work: observe, speak, think.
3. Moving an object in space: fly, run, sit.
4. Subject's state: hate, be sick, sleep.
5. State of nature: colder, frozen, evening.

Morphological and syntactic features

As for morphological characteristics, we will analyze these various examples in detail later, but for now we will simply list them. Mood, person, tense, number, reflexivity, gender, aspect and conjugation.

As for the verb, most often it is used as a predicate; together with the subject, it forms a predicative or grammatical basis. The verb in a sentence can be extended. This function is performed by a noun or adverb.

Infinitive

Every verb has an initial form, which is called the infinitive. We ask the following questions: “what to do?”, “what to do?”. Examples of indefinite verbs: teach, draw (what to do?), learn, draw (what to do?).

The verb is unchangeable; time, person and number are not determined by it - purely action. Let's compare two examples: “I work in my specialty” - “A person needs to work for life.” In the first example, the verb indicates that the action occurs in the present tense, and the speaker himself performs it (the personal pronoun “I” indicates 1 person, singular). In the second, the action is indicated in principle, without indicating the number or person.

There is still debate among linguist scientists about what is the -t(s) of the infinitive: a suffix or an ending. In this article, we agree with those who position it as inflection. If the verb ends in -ch (flow, bake, burn), then this is definitely part of the root. It should be borne in mind that when a word changes, alternation may occur: oven-bake; leak-flow; burn-burn.

The infinitive can act both as a predicate and as a subject: “To read is to know a lot.” Here the first verb, “read,” is the subject, the second, “know,” is the predicate. By the way, such cases require a special punctuation mark - a dash.

Types of verb

The type of verb is determined by the question it answers. In the Russian language there are imperfect (what to do? What is he doing? What did he do?) and perfect (what to do? What will he do? What did he do?) types of verbs. Examples: speak, says, spoke - imperfect; say, say, said - perfect.

The types of verb differ in semantic meaning. Thus, imperfect denotes a certain duration of action, its repetition. For example: to write - I am writing. An action has a duration, an extension. Let’s compare it with the meaning of the perfective verb: write - I’ll write - I wrote. This indicates that the action is completed and has some result. The same verbs determine the one-time action (shoot).

Form of inclination

Verbs also change according to mood. There are only three of them: conditional (subjunctive), indicative and imperative.

If we talk about the indicative mood, then it allows the predicate to have the form of tense, person and number. Examples of verbs of this mood: “We are making this craft” (present tense) - “We will make this craft” (future tense) - “We were making this craft” Or by person: “I made this craft” (1st person) - “You made this craft" (2nd person) - "Anya made this craft" (3rd person).

Subjunctive verbs indicate the execution of an action under certain conditions. This form is formed by adding the particle “would” (“b”) to the past tense, which is always written separately. Such predicates are modified by persons and numbers. The time category is not determined. Examples of verbs: “We would solve this problem with the help of a teacher” (plural, 1st person) - “I would make this craft with the help of a teacher” (singular, 1st person) - “Anya would make this craft with with the help of the teacher" (singular, 3rd person) - "The guys would make this craft with the help of the teacher" (plural, 3rd person).

The speaker encourages some action with the help of a verb. Imperative verbs are also used to prohibit an action. Examples: "Don't yell at me!" (prohibition) - “Wash your hands before eating!” (impulse) - “Please write a letter” (request). Let's look at the last example in more detail. To give your request a polite tone, you should add the word “please” (“please”, “be kind”) to the imperative verb.

It should be remembered that imperative verbs end in and it is preserved for those that end in -sya and -te. There is an exception to this rule - the verb “lie down” (lie down - lie down - lie down).

The past tense implies that at the time of speaking the action has already completed. For example: “I bought this dress last year.” Typically, such verbs are formed using the suffix -l- added to the base of the infinitive: buy - bought. These predicates vary in numbers, and in units. number - and by birth. The shape of the face is not determined.

The present tense form is characteristic exclusively of the imperfect form. To form it, you need to add verbs. Examples: mine - wash - washes - mine - wash.

Verbs of both types, perfect and imperfect, can have the future tense form. It comes in two types: simple and complex. The first is typical for perfective verbs: I will build, I will glue, I will saw, etc. The future complex is formed by imperfective verbs. Let's compare: I will build, I will glue, I will saw. Thus, this form is formed with the help of the verb “to be”, placed in the future simple, and the infinitive.

In the present and future tenses, verbs have person and number. We'll talk about them below.

Person and number

If the verb is in the first person, it shows that the action is performed by the speaker himself. For example: “I harden myself every day by dousing myself with cold water and wiping myself with snow.”

The second person of the verb will tell us that the action is being performed by the speaker’s interlocutor. For example: “You know perfectly well how much two and two are.” Verbs in the same form can have a generalized meaning and denote actions characteristic of any person. Most often this can be found in proverbs: “You can’t put a scarf over someone else’s mouth.” It is easy to distinguish such sentences: as a rule, they lack a subject.

Verbs in the third person express an action that the subject of speech produces or performed. "Lermontov was lonely all his life." “The hurricane was so strong that hundred-year-old trees were bent like twigs.”

Each person in singular or is characterized by a certain ending of verbs. Examples: “I am flying” - “We are flying” - “You are flying” - “You are flying” - “She (he, it) is flying” - “They are flying.”

Conjugation and personal verb endings

Conjugation of a verb is a form that implies its change in persons and numbers. It is not typical for all predicates, but only for those that are in the indicative mood, present or future tense.

There are two conjugations in total. Let's present them in a table.

Impersonal verbs

Personal verbs, examples of which we examined above, are not the only ones in the Russian language. They are opposed to those that denote an action without an actor. That's what they're called - impersonal.

They never have a subject; in a sentence they act as a predicate. Such verbs do not have the category of number. That is, they define purely time, present and future. For example: “It’s getting colder” (present time) - “It will freeze even more at night” (future), “It was cold. It froze even more at night” (past).