The future navigator James Cook was born in 1728 in England, in the family of a former farm laborer. After he received his education, the young man got a job as a cabin boy on his first ship.
Beginning of service in the navy
Even in his early youth, Cook decided that he would devote his life to the sea. In his free time from sailing, he studied related sciences - geography, astronomy and the history of exploration of new lands. In 1755, the Royal Navy accepted a new sailor. It was James Cook. The man’s brief biography included career growth from a simple sailor to a boatswain in just a month of service.
At this time it began against France and its allies. Cook participated in the battles on the ship Eagle and the blockade of the enemy coast. In 1758 he was sent to North America, where the struggle for colonies and resources continued between the two great maritime powers. At that time, Cook was a master - assistant captain. He, as a cartography specialist, was assigned to explore the channel and fairway. On its banks stood an important one that the British wanted to capture.
The master successfully completed his task, thanks to which the assault and capture of an important fortress took place. The Royal Navy was vitally important to such specialists as James Cook, whose short biography received a new twist. After returning home, he began to prepare for his first trip around the world.
First expedition
The state provided Cook with a small ship, the Endeavor. On it, an experienced sailor had to explore the southern seas in order to find an unknown continent, which was supposedly located in those extreme latitudes. The team also included experienced specialists - botanists and astronomers. This team was to be led by James Cook, whose brief biography still attracts numerous readers today.
In 1768 he left the port of Plymouth to end up in Tahiti. The captain was distinguished by the fact that he introduced strict discipline on the ship regarding the attitude towards the natives. The team was ordered not to enter into conflict with the savages under any circumstances, but, on the contrary, to try to build peaceful relations. This went against the usual practice of the colonialists, when the local population was massacred or enslaved. Traveler James Cook opposed this. The captain's brief biography does not contain evidence that he ever initiated a conflict with the natives.
New Zealand and Australia
After Tahiti came New Zealand, which was carefully explored by James Cook. The short biography of the navigator in each textbook includes a detailed description of his activities as a cartographer. He described in detail each coastline he passed by. His maps were used for another hundred years. On the Endeavor he discovered a bay, which he named Queen Charlotte Bay. The captain's name was given to the strait separating the two islands of New Zealand.
The east coast of Australia greeted the team with unprecedented plant species. Because of this, the bay in this region received the name Botanical. Europeans were amazed by the local fauna, including wild kangaroos. On June 11, 1770, the ship suffered a serious hole on the reef, which greatly slowed down the expedition.
Once the leak was repaired, Endeavor set sail for Indonesia. There, the sailors became infected with malaria. The sanitary conditions of the voyages of that time were conducive to the spread of epidemics. However, Cook, thanks to the observance of hygiene rules and a change in diet, managed to overcome scurvy - the scourge of many sailors. But there were no effective drugs against malaria and dysentery yet. Therefore, when the Endeavor finally arrived in Cape Town, only 12 people remained on board, including Cook.
The first expedition proved that New Zealand is two islands. The main target (the southern mainland) was never discovered. The east coast of Australia was mapped in detail.
Second expedition
In 1772, a new expedition was launched, led by James Cook. A short biography for children contains many fascinating travel details that attract young readers. These are mainly descriptions of amazing plants and animals of tropical fauna.
Cook's first target was Bouvet Island, which had previously been spotted from afar by a Norwegian expedition. However, the desired piece of land was never found, after which the team went further south. In January 1773, Resolution and Adventure crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time in the history of exploration. Due to severe weather conditions, the two ships even briefly lost sight of each other.
After a long voyage, the expedition headed to Tahiti and Huahine. There the British encountered aggressive behavior of the natives and even cannibalism. Subsequently, Cook headed due east, discovering New Caledonia and South Georgia. However, he never managed to reach the shores of Antarctica. This is where James Cook was heading. The biography, a brief summary of which captivates with vivid adventures, has become the subject of research by numerous historians.
The Last Expedition
In 1776, a new voyage began, led by James Cook. The biography, a summary of which is in all geography textbooks, includes such an interesting chapter. This time the captain received two ships - Resolution and Discovery.
On December 24, 1777, the expedition discovered the so-called in honor of the upcoming holiday. Here the sailors were able to see the solar eclipse with their own eyes. James Cook knew about its coming in advance, whose short biography included long days of studying astronomy.
Death
Already in January, Europeans saw the Hawaiian Islands for the first time. Here they rested, after which they went to the shores of Alaska and the Chukchi Sea. Along the way, the ships crossed Na Kuk and met with Russian explorers and industrialists.
From the polar seas the team returned to Hawaii. She was met by a crowd of about a thousand Aboriginal people. Conflicts constantly arose with the local residents, which is why they attacked the British. During one of the attacks on February 14, 1779, James Cook was killed. A very brief biography of this navigator should be known to any educated and erudite person. The captain became a national hero of Great Britain.
The English sailor and discoverer of new lands James Cook lived a little over 50 years. But these 5 decades have contained so many events (and significant ones for all of humanity) that most families cannot accumulate in 10 generations.
The future navigator was born in 1728 in a poor village in Yorkshire. Since childhood, he dreamed of the seas, of travel and discoveries, and at the age of 18, having received a good education, he entered service on an English ship as a cabin boy.
Soon the talented young man was noticed. He had a choice: to become a sailor on a ship of a large trading company (a profitable and prestigious position) or to serve in the Royal Navy, where the pay was not so much, but there were more than enough difficulties. James decided to connect his life with the Royal Navy.
Throughout his life, Cook continued to study and self-educate. He studied astronomy, mathematics, geography, and made maps. He gained considerable experience, which was useful to the researcher during voyages around the world, during his participation in the battles of the Seven Years' War.
The main business of James Cook's life is organizing 3 trips around the world. The first lasted from 1768 to 1771. The captain of the Endeavor, James Cook, sailed from the shores of his native kingdom to find the mysterious Southern Continent. Over the years, the ship circumnavigated: Haiti, New Zealand, Australia, New Guinea - and returned to the shores of England. Giant accumulations of ice prevented people from getting to the cold South Pole.
The second “tour” was carried out by Captain Cook for 3 years, starting in 1772. For the first time in human history, the Antarctic Circle was crossed. Two ships set sail, but only the one commanded by Cook managed to land on the shores of Tahiti, Easter Island, and New Caledonia. Being near Australia for the first time from the Great Barrier Reef, Cook, not knowing the peculiarities of this section of the route, came across a coral “wall”. The ship was seriously damaged. Within 24 hours, the sailors hastily repaired the holes, after which the ship landed on the shores of Australia and was under repair for 2 weeks. Then the journey continued.
The purpose of the third voyage - the same one that cost the life of the great navigator - was the discovery of a waterway connecting the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. The journey began in 1776. During it, Cook discovered the island of Kerlegen, Hawaiian Islands. In 1779, the ship approached the Hawaiian Islands. Here, peaceful relations initially began between the natives and the ship’s crew, which then, for some reason, developed into conflict. Cook tried his best to resolve it peacefully. But he failed: the aborigines killed the brave captain with a stab in the back. Of course, there was no heartbreaking story about Cook being eaten, but the fact of his death is beyond doubt.
Little is known about the personal life of the outstanding navigator. Thus, researchers claim that he kept a diary all his life, but the entries there were mainly of a business nature. Cook was married and had six children. The wife survived the captain by 46 years and died at the age of 96.
James Cook was one of the first to avoid scurvy among his sailors. To do this, he included sauerkraut in the crew’s daily diet, and the terrible companion of all travelers of those times always avoided Cook’s ships.
James Cook is one of those representatives of humanity of whom it can rightfully be proud. And if fate had given the hero-traveler more years, he would probably have been able to make even more discoveries, and the development of earthly civilization would now be proceeding at an even faster pace.
Narine Prazyan, RIA Novosti.
The name of James Cook is etched in the memory of millions of Russians thanks to Vladimir Vysotsky’s song “One Scientific Riddle, or Why Did the Aborigines Eat Cook?” Not many people probably know that he is the largest British explorer, cartographer and navigator, who led two trips around the world and made a number of outstanding geographical discoveries. The Cook Islands archipelago, a number of bays and bays, as well as the strait between the two islands of New Zealand bear the name of this famous Briton.
James Cook was born exactly 280 years ago - on October 27, 1728 in the English county of South Yorkshire into a poor Scottish family. He began his sailor's career at the age of 18, when he was hired as a cabin boy on a merchant coal-mining brig. Even then, he spent a lot of time reading books on geography, navigation, mathematics and astronomy. At the age of 27, Cook enlisted in the Royal Navy, and two years later he was appointed captain on his first ship, the Pembroke.
James Cook went down in history and brought glory to himself and the English crown thanks to three expeditions, two of which were around the world. After their completion, Cook was promoted to captain of the 1st rank for his outstanding discoveries, and on February 29, 1776 he became a member of the Royal Society of London.
Cook made his first circumnavigation of the world in 1768-1771. on the ship Endeavor. His goal was to search for the so-called Southern Continent (or Terra Incognita). During this expedition, Cook proved that New Zealand consists of two islands, discovering a strait between them, which was named after him. Before this, it was believed that New Zealand was part of an unknown continent. In addition, he discovered the Great Barrier Reef and explored and mapped the eastern coast of Australia, which had previously been virtually unexplored.
The second circumnavigation of the world began in 1772. This time, the expedition was allocated two ships - Resolution and Adventure. As a result of this journey, James Cook became the first navigator in history to cross the Antarctic Circle. During the second expedition, Cook landed in New Zealand and visited Tahiti, the Tonga, Easter, and Marquesas Islands. New Caledonia and South Georgia were discovered, but this time it was not possible to reach Antarctica.
The main goal of Cook's third expedition was to search for the so-called Northwest Passage, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The expedition was again allocated two ships - Resolution and Discovery. Cook's team explored the ocean right up to the beginning of the Arctic ice, but never discovered the passage. But in 1778, while crossing the Pacific Ocean, Cook made his main discovery - the Hawaiian Islands, where he was later destined to find his death.
In addition, during his last expedition, Cook explored the North Pacific coast of America, discovered Christmas Island, Kerguelen Island and some other islands.
There are different versions of how Captain James Cook died. It is reliably known that this happened in the Hawaiian Islands, where Cook was initially mistaken for the god Lono, whose return was predicted by Polynesian legends. Therefore, the aborigines greeted the expedition with magnificent ceremonial celebrations. However, such warm relations between the members of the expedition and the Hawaiians did not last long. According to one of the popular versions, Cook's team did not get along with the Hawaiians because one fine day the islanders stole the longboat of one of the ships. As a result, Cook decided to take one of the local chiefs hostage in order to force the Hawaiians to return the stolen goods.
A countless crowd of angry natives gathered in arms to defend their leader and surrounded Cook and his team. The belligerence of the islanders forced Cook to fire his musket, and a skirmish ensued in which James Cook was killed. Four more sailors died along with him, the rest managed to retreat to the ship.
After Cook's death, Captain Clark, who took command of the expedition, demanded that the islanders hand over the body of the deceased captain. But they did not agree, and the British had to use force - to drive the Hawaiians into the mountains and burn their village. Only after this the natives sent part of the remains and the head of James Cook to the ship - all that remained of the great navigator. On February 22, 1779, Cook's remains were buried at sea.
There is another version, according to which the aborigines dealt with Cook’s body in accordance with local customs: the body was dismembered, and the bones were tied together and buried secretly so that no one could violate them. Such a ritual is evidence of the highest honor on the part of the Hawaiians, and Cook, according to the testimony of some of his contemporaries, enjoyed very high respect among them.
But whether the aborigines actually ate the body of the famous navigator is still not known for certain. One of the few evidence of this is the words of Vysotsky’s famous song. But the song is a joke...
1746–1754 served on merchant ships, rising from cabin boy to assistant navigator, then on warships. In 1759–1764 was a pilot in Canadian waters. In 1764–1767, while commanding a ship, he surveyed the coasts of Newfoundland and the Yucatan Peninsula.
In 1768–1771 set off on his first circumnavigation of the world on the ship Endeavor, organized by the British Admiralty to seize new lands in the Pacific Ocean. Having rounded Cape Horn, Cook arrived on the island of Tahiti in the South Pacific Ocean, discovered and mapped the islands lying to the northwest of it, calling them the Society Islands. In 1769–1770 circumnavigated New Zealand, establishing its island position, explored the strait between its North and South Islands, discovered the eastern coast of Australia, which he named New South Wales, and the Great Barrier Reef. Then he went west to the island of Java and around Africa returned to England.
Cook's second voyage around the world (1772–1775), this time in an easterly direction, was organized with the aim of searching for the southern continent and a detailed survey of New Zealand and other islands in the Southern Hemisphere. On the ship Resolution, Cook in 1773 crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time in history and reached 71° 10′ S. w. Although Cook believed that there might be a continent or a large island near the South Pole, attempts to find it were unsuccessful. During this voyage, Cook discovered 2 atolls in the Tuamotu archipelago, Hervey Atoll and Palmerston Island in the Cook Islands group, the southern group of the New Hebrides Islands, the New Caledonia, Norfolk, South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands. The expedition collected valuable information about the flora and fauna of the islands of Oceania, Australia and the South Atlantic, and about sea currents.
In 1776, Cook led the third expedition around the world on the ships Resolution and Discovery to search for the northwest passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and annex new lands in the North Pacific Ocean to Great Britain. In 1777, he discovered 3 more atolls in the Cook Islands chain, Ha'apai Islands in the Tonga group, Tubuai and Christmas Islands in the Line archipelago, and in 1778 - 5 Hawaiian Islands, incl. Oahu and Kauai, and the southeastern Hawaiian islands of Maui and Hawaii. In the same year, Cook explored and mapped the northwestern coast of America from 54° to 70° 20′ N. w. In 1779 he was killed in a skirmish with the Hawaiians.
More than 20 geographical objects are named after Cook, including a mountain on South Island in New Zealand, a strait between the North and South Islands of New Zealand, 2 groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean, and a bay off the coast of Alaska.
Marine encyclopedic reference book, ed. N.N. Isanina. L.: 1987
(1728-1779) English navigator and explorer
Captain James Cook, a famous English navigator and traveler, traveled the entire Pacific Ocean, visited Australia, New Zealand and many southern islands, which later became English colonies. If we try to briefly outline the routes of his travels, it turns out that he practically never left the ship.
James Cook was born in Yorkshire into the family of a day laborer, began serving as a cabin boy on merchant ships at the age of 18, switched to military service in 1755 and by the age of thirty was already considered an outstanding navigator.
After that, he made three famous expeditions: in 1768-1771 - to Tahiti, New Zealand and Australia, in 1772-1775 - to the South Pacific Ocean and in 1776-1779 - to the South and North Pacific Ocean, trying finding the Northern Strait and marking the Siberian tip of Asia for the first time on the map.
In 1768, James Cook set off on his first trip around the world.
He was supposed to deliver a scientific expedition to the island of Tahiti to observe how Venus passes across the solar disk. For this purpose, he was provided with the ship Endeavor with a crew of 80 people; in addition, there were three scientists on board.
Cook successfully delivered the scientists to Tahiti and, after they made the necessary observations there, headed northwest.
After a long journey, he discovered an archipelago consisting of two large islands. This was New Zealand. James Cook explored it and went further to Australia. In 1770, he discovered the Great Barrier Reef, landed in Botany Bay, explored the east coast of Australia and claimed it as British property under the name New South Wales. During this expedition, significant scientific materials were collected. This was done by James Cook's companions - botanist Joseph Banks and zoologist Sydney Parkinson.
Then the navigator passed through the Torres Strait to the island of Java and, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, returned to England, circumnavigating the world in a western direction.
During his second voyage (1772-1775), James Cook set out in search of the "Southland" and for a more detailed survey of New Zealand and other islands of the Southern Hemisphere.
Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle, but because of the ice he had to return. After numerous attempts to break through the ice, the navigator came to the conclusion that the vast Southern Land did not exist. However, he mapped a number of unknown islands in the South Pacific: the southern group of the New Hebrides, about. New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, South Sandwich Islands.
James Cook's third and final voyage began in 1776.
He sailed from England on two ships - the Resolution and the Discovery. The purpose of the expedition was to try to find a route around North America - the so-called Northwest Passage. And again Cook went out into the Pacific Ocean.
In early 1778, he discovered the Hawaiian Islands.
From here the navigator went north, to the east coast of America. He managed to reach the Bering Gulf, located near Alaska, and there he was forced to retreat under ice pressure.
Shortly after James Cook returned to the Hawaiian Islands, he was killed during a confrontation with locals over a stolen boat.
The British people honor their hero as a skilled navigator and great explorer. Many of the places he discovered were named after him, and his detailed reports and observations became the basis for many expeditions.
In 1934, the house in which the boy James Cook lived in Great Outton, Yorkshire, was donated to the Australian government.
It was carefully disassembled and transported to Melbourne, where it became a museum.
A short biography of James Cook for children, the most important thing
In 1728, the future navigator was born. His family lived very modestly in the village. After graduating from local school, he worked on a farm under the direction of his father, and soon found a job as a worker on a coal truck. Thus began his new life.
He made a brilliant career and all thanks to the fact that he was diligently engaged in self-education. He joined a merchant ship as a cabin boy, and after a while he was already the captain's mate.
In 1755 he enlisted as a sailor in the Royal Navy. A month later he was already a boatswain and took part in the Seven Years' War. And in his relatively young years, he has already reached unprecedented heights.
In 1768, James set out on his first astronomical observation voyage. He and his crew landed off the coast of Tahiti. Cook was friendly and encouraged his team to be so.
Any conflicts or aggression were severely punished. They had to break stereotypes among local residents, since before that everything was done through robbery or brutal violence.
In 1772, James set off on his second voyage.
This time he was studying the Pacific Ocean region near New Zealand. This time, too, there were adventures: the ship's crew suffered from scurvy, and they witnessed a terrible spectacle - cannibalism. As a result of this expedition, many islands and archipelagos were discovered.
Since 1776, James Cook has been going on his third journey. In 1778, the islands of Haiti and Christmas Island were discovered. It is interesting that the Haitians perceived Cook and his ships as gods, and therefore contact was established immediately.
But soon everything turned sour due to cases of theft by local residents. The conflict grew, despite Cook's great friendliness. In 1779 there was a skirmish with local residents, which resulted in Cook's death.
For children by dates
Biography of James Cook about the main thing
James Cook - who has not heard the name of this great English navigator, who at the cost of his life completed three trips around the world.
James Cook was born the ninth child into a family of farm servants back in 1728.
Living in poverty spurred the very young James to look for work. At the age of 13, a haberdasher takes him as an apprentice to tanning leather.
From a young age, Cook dreamed of sailing on big ships, discovering and exploring distant countries. Starting at the age of 18, he persistently paved his way through thorns to the stars.
Initially, he enters as a cabin boy on a ship to transport coal. During this period, he actively engaged in self-education, since he did not have money for college or tutors. He reads willingly, studies geography, drawing, history, and mathematics. He buys a lot of books and spends his entire salary on this hobby.
In 1755, war with France begins. Cook ends up as a sailor on a warship. Here he proves himself to be a good cartographer.
The knowledge and skills he acquired helped him navigate the terrain and draw up good navigational and strategic maps of the rivers of Canada and Labrador.
These cards were actively used in military affairs for attack.
In 1768, James Cook received the rank of officer and became the leader of the first round-the-world expedition in his life to the Southern Hemisphere. This expedition will last more than three years. The expedition rounded Cape Horn and reached Tahiti. On the island of Tahiti, Cook and a team of scientists were supposed to explore the dome of the starry sky of the Southern Hemisphere, but, unfortunately, the local natives stole most of the equipment.
As a result, it was not possible to conduct a proper study, and the ship headed further south. Along the way they passed by New Zealand and reached Australia. It was this fact that then allowed England to claim its rights to the green continent.
In addition, on this expedition, Cook revealed to the world the wonder of the world - the Great Barrier Reef, which we now hear about so often.
The second expedition in 1772 was shorter, but no less productive.
Cook's ship went south and was unable to pass through the ice. The team conducted a study of the ice boundaries. Along the way, the archipelago of Tonga and New Caledonia was discovered.
Cook's last voyage took place in 1776. The purpose of the journey was to open a passage connecting the two oceans in the north. The ship reached the 71st parallel and could not advance further because of the ice. Cook ordered a course for Hawaii. By the way, Hawaii was also discovered by James Cook a few years earlier.
Arriving in Hawaii, the team went ashore. But unfriendly, aggressive locals were waiting for them on the shore. A multi-day bloody brawl began and on February 14, 1779, the natives of Hawaii killed James Cook, and his ships Resolution and Discovery returned to England.
James Cook left behind a huge legacy.
What James Cook discovered
More than 20 large geographical objects are named after him. It's sad, but James Cook left no heirs. The fact is that he was married and had 6 children. Unfortunately, all the children died at an early age. This is not an easy fate for a great man.
For children by dates
Interesting facts and dates from life
Main article: Exploration of the World Ocean
In the 18th century, Great Britain (England) became the “mistress of the seas,” whose anthem contains the words: “Rule, Britain, the seas.” In 1768, an expedition was sent to the Pacific Ocean in search of new lands. James Cook.
An intelligent and brave sailor, he went from a cabin boy to a ship captain. Cook circumnavigated the world twice and died during the third in 1779.
Cook completed the discovery of the coast of New Zealand, proving that it was not a mainland, but two large islands. He was the first to map the east coast of Australia. The navigators were convinced that Australia (translated as “southern land”) is a continent in size.
Cook discovered many islands in the Atlantic, Indian and especially in the Pacific Ocean. The islands of Oceania are very diverse. Among them there are small coral islands - atolls, rising only 2-3 meters above sea level.
There are small and large, up to several thousand meters high, volcanic islands. There are large islands, such as New Guinea and New Zealand, whose nature is similar to that of the mainland. Several islands lying close to each other form an archipelago.
The inhabitants of small islands - Polynesians - were excellent sailors and fishermen. Most of them warmly greeted Cook and his companions. The inhabitants of New Guinea, New Zealand, and the Hawaiian Islands were warlike and often fought among themselves.
In a skirmish with local residents - the natives of the Hawaiian Islands - James Cook was killed.
First circumnavigation of the world (1768-1771)
Off the eastern coast of Australia, Cook discovered one of the wonders of the world - the Great Barrier Reef - a ridge of coral underwater and above-water hills about 2000 km long.
Corals are the limestone skeletons of the smallest marine animals of the warm seas. There can be so many of them that together they form underwater platforms and islands, making navigation difficult. The underwater inhabitants of coral reefs - fish, starfish, and crabs - are very interesting and beautiful.
Birds of paradise live in New Guinea, so named for the beauty of their plumage. Many New Zealand birds cannot fly - there are no predators on the island, and they calmly search for food on the ground all day long.
Second circumnavigation of the world (1772-1775)
Cook believed that a vast land may lie near the South Pole, and in search of the Southern Continent he sailed far south, beyond the Antarctic Circle.
His path was blocked by thick fogs, ice and icebergs. Cook turned back, believing that no one could penetrate further south than he. Material from the site http://wikiwhat.ru
Third circumnavigation of the world (1776-1779)
In the North Pacific Ocean, Cook was searching for routes to the Atlantic. He sailed along the coast of North America, described them, rounded the Alaska Peninsula in the north-west of the continent and, passing the Bering Strait, entered the Arctic Ocean.
The Hawaiian Islands, discovered by Cook in the Pacific Ocean, are a large volcanic archipelago. The peaks of the volcanoes exceed 4000 m.
What did James Cook discover? Travels of the legendary navigator
Eruptions occur frequently. Lava, like a river of fire, flows into the ocean. Coconut palms grow on the banks. Their large nuts with strong shells fall into the ocean and are carried by currents.
Thrown onto the shore, they sprout on a new island. There is a lot of liquid inside the nut - coconut milk. On atolls where there are no streams or rivers, this milk often replaced water for residents. There are many different birds on the islands and no or almost no animals.
On this page there is material on the following topics:
Wikiwhat.ru
James cook 1768-1779 what he discovered
The main contribution of the discovery of James Cook's land
What continent was James Cook close to discovering?
James Cook's contribution to the study of the Pacific Ocean
Questions for this article:
In which hemisphere is Australia located?
What is an archipelago?
What is Oceania?
Tell us about the nature of the Pacific Islands.
Material from the site http://WikiWhat.ru
British navigator James Cook: biography of a young man who became captain
Cook James(1728-1779) - English navigator.
He was born into a family of daily workers and received a modest school education. Cook worked as a grocery store assistant and then as a sailor. In 1757 he volunteered to serve in the navy. Cook's unusual abilities allowed him to earn the title of navigator within two years.
She has long worked as a geodetector in challenging environments in North America, where she conducts surveys and coastal surveys. Consequently, dozens of geographic maps were created, which were the result of five years of research.
On his first expedition to the widespread southern sea, Cook left his command at the age of 40.
Its goal is to astronomically observe the transit of Venus through a solar panel. This occurred in early June 1769 and was only visible in the southern tropics. Thus, the official part of the expedition was developed. However, another important thing is to determine whether this is truly the land of a southern state (Antarctica), and if so, then it should become the owner of the British crown. But as a result of his first trip, Cook cannot be sure of the existence of the continent.
Nevertheless, the expedition discovered and explored many islands, explored the east coast of Australia and declared it a colony of England.
The question arises about organizing a new expedition. Exactly a year after his return, Cook sets off on a second expedition, and only three years later he will see the coast of England again.
During this journey, the expedition crossed the Antarctic Circle for the first time in the world and separated them from Antarctica by only one hundred kilometers.
However, it was impossible to move on. Now Cook could say with complete confidence: there is no unknown southern country. He writes: "I passed through the southern ocean in high latitudes and crossed it so that there was no place for continuation except near drugs in places inaccessible to navigation."
But in reality there was an unknown southern country and incorrect conclusions. Hook greatly hindered further exploration of the Antarctic spaces.
During the second expedition, Cook prepared several new islands and visited the mysterious Easter Island.
In July 1776, Cook set out on his third and final voyage, from which he never returned. The goal of this expedition is to find the transition from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic Ocean in northern latitudes.
This has been happening for a long time. On the eastern coast of the Bering Strait, ships reach Alaska. But the search for a passage is in vain: impassable ice blocks the path. For almost three months Cook went to a subpolar latitude; During this period he manages to explain the card. In 1778, the ships returned, and in January 1779 they reached the Hawaiian Islands.
Their discovery was the most important achievement of the third expedition.
The islanders, who were outraged by the behavior of the sailors and police, were killed by J. Cuca.
Contradictory information about how he died. On February 22, 1779, the weary remains of James Cook were released to sea. It was a tragic end to the life of one of the greatest navigators in human history.
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Biography and discoveries of James Cook
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(1728-1779) English navigator and explorer
Captain James Cook, a famous English navigator and traveler, traveled the entire Pacific Ocean, visited Australia, New Zealand and many southern islands, which later became English colonies. If we try to briefly outline the routes of his travels, it turns out that he practically never left the ship.
James Cook was born in Yorkshire into the family of a day laborer, began serving as a cabin boy on merchant ships at the age of 18, switched to military service in 1755 and by the age of thirty was already considered an outstanding navigator.
After that, he made three famous expeditions: in 1768-1771 - to Tahiti, New Zealand and Australia, in 1772-1775 - to the South Pacific Ocean and in 1776-1779 - to the South and North Pacific Ocean, trying finding the Northern Strait and marking the Siberian tip of Asia for the first time on the map.
In 1768, James Cook set off on his first trip around the world. He was supposed to deliver a scientific expedition to the island of Tahiti to observe how Venus passes across the solar disk. For this purpose, he was provided with the ship Endeavor with a crew of 80 people; in addition, there were three scientists on board.
Cook successfully delivered the scientists to Tahiti and, after they made the necessary observations there, headed northwest. After a long journey, he discovered an archipelago consisting of two large islands. This was New Zealand. James Cook explored it and went further to Australia. In 1770, he discovered the Great Barrier Reef, landed in Botany Bay, explored the east coast of Australia and claimed it as British property under the name New South Wales. During this expedition, significant scientific materials were collected. This was done by James Cook's companions - botanist Joseph Banks and zoologist Sydney Parkinson. Then the navigator passed through the Torres Strait to the island of Java and, rounding the Cape of Good Hope, returned to England, circumnavigating the world in a western direction.
During his second voyage (1772-1775), James Cook set out in search of the "Southland" and for a more detailed survey of New Zealand and other islands of the Southern Hemisphere. Cook crossed the Antarctic Circle, but because of the ice he had to return. After numerous attempts to break through the ice, the navigator came to the conclusion that the vast Southern Land did not exist. However, he mapped a number of unknown islands in the South Pacific: the southern group of the New Hebrides, about. New Caledonia, Norfolk Island, South Sandwich Islands.
James Cook's third and final voyage began in 1776. He sailed from England on two ships - the Resolution and the Discovery. The purpose of the expedition was to try to find a route around North America - the so-called Northwest Passage. And again Cook went out into the Pacific Ocean.
In early 1778, he discovered the Hawaiian Islands. From here the navigator went north, to the east coast of America. He managed to reach the Bering Gulf, located near Alaska, and there he was forced to retreat under ice pressure. Shortly after James Cook returned to the Hawaiian Islands, he was killed during a confrontation with locals over a stolen boat.
The British people honor their hero as a skilled navigator and great explorer. Many of the places he discovered were named after him, and his detailed reports and observations became the basis for many expeditions.
In 1934, the house in which the boy James Cook lived in Great Outton, Yorkshire, was donated to the Australian government. It was carefully disassembled and transported to Melbourne, where it became a museum.
