Basic themes and motives of Pushkin's lyrics. Themes and motives in the lyrics

He was a great poet of the nineteenth century. He left behind a huge legacy, where special place can be attributed to the lyrics. In general, the writer worked in the era of romanticism, which could not but affect his works. However, the poet managed to add his own vision to each poem, which made his poems special. In his work, Lermontov covered a variety of different topics, many of which are still relevant today.

Themes and motives of Lermontov's lyrics

The writer directed Lermontov's lyrics, its main themes and motives towards the search for spirituality, towards the struggle against society, which was opposed to him. He tried to philosophize, reflecting not on the topic of the meaning of life, the relationship between nature and man, but also touched on the topic of loneliness. If we talk very briefly about Lermontov’s lyrics, he wrote on different topics, and his poems differed in mood. However, all of them can be mentally divided into categories, where several directions will be characteristic.

Lermontov's early lyrics

Your strength is on literary field the poet began to try early age. Despite the variety of genres of his works, the basis of his work was lyrics. Here it is worth noting Lermontov’s early lyrics, which at first had an imitative character. And this is understandable, the writer is just learning, and looking at his predecessors, takes an example from them. But at the same time, he does not follow established traditions, but tries to rethink everything and give the reader his vision, touching on important themes and motives in his lyrics.

In his early lyrics, Lermontov is seen as a romantic person, where he creative works were a kind of diary of a person trying to know himself. In his early work, Lermontov touches on problems of a socio-historical nature, and in his works we see a patriotic beginning that is just beginning to take root in the poet. An example of this would be the verse I saw a shadow of bliss. Moreover, on initial stage writing activity the poet touches on the theme of love, where Lermontov stands out. Stage ends early lyrics a poet with his poem.

Lermontov's love lyrics

Among the themes explored in Lermontov’s lyrics, one can highlight the theme of love. However, reading the poet’s works, sadness arises. After all, all his love lyrics are filled with pessimistic notes. Lermontov has a lot of poems about love, but this love is not mutual, and for the heroes of his poems about love, love itself and the concept of love are different. If everything is serious for the lyrical hero and he is ready to surrender wonderful feeling, then for the heroine this is just another affair. An example of this would be the verse Cupid's Fallacy. In general, it would take a long time to list Lermontov’s poems about love. All of them make up the writer’s love lyrics and they are all contradictory. On the one hand, we see hope, but in the end it gives way to motives of loneliness and disappointment.

Philosophical lyrics of Lermontov

Whatever topic the poet touched on, whatever motive he chose, the main direction of his work was still philosophical reflections. Here we can trace discussions about existence, God, freedom and bondage of man, and the meaning of life. Lermontov is trying to understand the theme of death, to reveal and understand the theme love feeling and much more. Philosophical lyrics Lermontov is aimed at the struggle of two principles, at the search for harmony, at revealing the themes and motives of faith and unbelief.

Motherland in Lermontov's lyrics

In his works, the writer did not ignore the theme of the Motherland. He touched on it, like many other Russian writers. In his poems, the poet contrasts the Motherland with the state and declares that the political system with its rotten schemes of government is not acceptable to him. He calls Russia a country of slaves and masters. However, Lermontov loved his homeland. With its nature, landscapes, originality. This love is also felt in the poem Motherland or Russian Melody.

Loneliness in Lermontov's lyrics

In the lesson devoted to Lermontov's lyrics, we became acquainted with the main themes and motives of his poems. The theme of loneliness is one of the important themes of the writer and poet. At the same time, we see that the feeling of loneliness is natural for Lermontov, because in his soul the writer felt like a stranger among people. How

One of distinctive features creativity of A. S. Pushkin is the extraordinary versatility of his creative talent. The poet’s deeply sincere realistic lyrics are an incredibly important part of the poet’s work, full of brilliant lightness and depth. The lyrical gift gives the poet the opportunity to express his feelings and moods, to react sharply and quickly to changes in socio-political and literary life.

Pushkin is, first of all, an exponent of progressive views for his age, a singer political freedom. His views were reflected most clearly in the ode “Liberty,” written by him in 1817. The work reflects the author’s varied feelings: a fiery desire for freedom, indignation against tyrants. The final lines of the second stanza sounded revolutionary to readers:

Tyrants of the world! tremble!

And you, take courage and listen,

Arise, fallen slaves!

The same theme, the theme of freedom and the fight against autocracy, also sounds in the poem “To Chaadaev.” Pushkin calls on the fatherland to dedicate “the beautiful impulses of the soul” and to fight for its freedom. For him, love for his homeland is inseparable from struggle, and he believes in the inevitability of the fall of the autocracy and in the liberation of the Russian people: “She will rise, the star of captivating happiness!”

A striking example political lyrics A. S. Pushkin is the poem “Village”, in which, thanks to the technique of opposition, the injustice and cruelty of serfdom is clearly and sharply emphasized. Calling himself a “friend of humanity,” Pushkin speaks of a “wild nobility” that “appropriated to itself the labor, property, and time of the farmer.” Ruthless exploitation of the peasantry and prosperity ruling class outrage the poet to the depths of his soul, and bitter words escape him: “Oh, if only my voice could disturb hearts!” His ardent desire is to see “an unoppressed people” and the “beautiful dawn of enlightened freedom” rising over the country. The theme of freedom, struggle, and happiness of the people runs through the entire work of the poet. Here are his “Fairy Tales”, poems “To Siberia”, “Arion” and others. Many beautiful poems Pushkin dedicated to the most wonderful feeling - friendship. By nature, Pushkin was very sociable and had many friends. These are, first of all, his lyceum friends, to whom he annually dedicated his poems. Friendship was for him the force that unites people in a strong union for life and infuses vigor in the struggle of life. To the soulless secular society he always preferred a close circle of friends:

And, I confess, I like it a hundred times better

Happy family of young rakes,

Where the mind is in full swing, where I am free in my thoughts.

His message to Lyceum friends from the link "October 19, 1827". The poem is warmed by great and genuine tenderness, a deeply sincere feeling of love for friends.

Among Pushkin's poems, a prominent place belongs to those in which the poet, with exceptional poetic power and love, paints pictures of his native nature. Love for native nature found its artistic expression in poems, poems, and the novel “Eugene Onegin.” At first his poems are romantic character, for example, the poem “To the Sea”. It contains a speech filled with exclamations, appeals, rhetorical questions, epithets and metaphors. Poetic image The sea is combined in the poem with the poet’s reflections on his own fate, the fate of an exile, and the fate of peoples. The sea seems to him to be the living embodiment of a rebellious and free element, powerful and proud beauty. In his realistic landscape lyrics, Pushkin paints the outwardly modest, but dear to his heart, beauty of his native nature. How wonderful are his pictures of autumn, winter in “Eugene Onegin”, descriptions of the wonderful Crimean nature in “ Bakhchisarai fountain"! Everyone is familiar with his poems " Winter evening», « Winter morning", "Cloud", "I visited again" and others.

Pushkin compared the poet to an echo that responds to every calling sound of life. The poet's lyrics introduce us to his thoughts about the meaning of life, about human happiness, and his moral ideal, especially embodied in poems about love. The ideal of the beloved is presented to the poet as a “genius pure beauty", as "the purest example of pure charm." Love also has tragic elements - jealousy, separation, death. Pushkin, his lyrical hero always wishes the happiness of the one he loves so hopelessly:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How God grant that your beloved be different.

Often the theme of love merges in Pushkin’s poem with lyrical landscape, which is so in harmony with the feeling that possesses the poet. This is especially evident in the poems: “Who knows the land where the sky shines”, “On the hills of Georgia lies darkness of the night" These main themes of the poet’s lyrics are also clear in his romantic poems, a cycle of works about Peter I, in his poem “Poltava” and Belkin’s stories, the novel “Eugene Onegin” and the tragedy “Boris Godunov”.

But I especially want to dwell on one more topic - these are reflections on the fate of the poet, his purpose in the conditions of the cruel Nikolaev reaction. He creates the poem “The Prophet,” written directly under the impression of the bloody massacre of the Decembrists. In the image of a prophet, a poet-citizen appears, bringing his fiery, free word to the people. Only that poet, according to Pushkin, who is always with his people in soul and thoughts. Only he can justify his appointment: truthful poetic word awaken high feelings in humanity. He calls on the poet to “burn the hearts of people with a verb.”

Summing up his work, A. S. Pushkin in the poem “I erected a monument to myself...” claims that he has earned the right to recognition and love of the people by the fact that:

...I awakened good feelings with the lyre,

What's in my cruel age I praised Freedom

And he called for mercy for the fallen.

Indifferently accepting praise and slander, “not fearing insult, not demanding a crown,” Pushkin followed his calling. Pushkin's lyrics, being the poet's living response to contemporary life, at the same time outgrow his time and do not lose their significance even today. We appreciate Pushkin’s completeness of perception of life, cheerfulness, love of freedom, high humanity, and call to serve the Motherland. I think that Pushkin’s poems are eternal, that they are interesting to people different generations"of all times and peoples."

It is both difficult and easy to talk about Pushkin’s lyrics. It’s difficult because he is a versatile poet. It’s easy because he is an extraordinarily talented poet. Let us remember how he defined the essence of poetry:

“I’m free, I’m looking for union again

Magic sounds, feelings and thoughts.”

By the age of seventeen, Pushkin was already a fully developed poet, capable of competing with such venerable luminaries as Derzhavin and Kapnist. Pushkin's poetic lines, in contrast to Derzhavin's cumbersome stanzas, acquired clarity, grace and beauty. The renewal of the Russian language, so methodically begun by Lomonosov and Karamzin, was completed by Pushkin. His innovation seems imperceptible to us because we ourselves speak this language. There are poets who are “out of their minds.” Their work is cold and tendentious. Others focus too much on form. But Pushkin’s lyrics are characterized by harmony. Everything is normal there: rhythm, form, content.

Pushkin, like no one else, knew how to rejoice in the beauty and harmony of the world, nature, human relations, therefore, the theme of friendship is one of the leading ones in the poet’s lyrics. Throughout his life he carried on his friendship with Delvig, Pushchin, Kuchelbecker, which originated in the lyceum.

One of Pushkin's first poems, which reflects the theme of friendship, was written by the poet at the age of fifteen. This is a humorous poem “Feasting Students”. It contains light poetic portraits of friends gathered at the festive table:

Writer for his sins!

You seem to be more sober than everyone else;

Wilhelm, read your poems,

So that I can fall asleep faster.

The theme of friendship is revealed with particular completeness by Pushkin in his poetic masterpiece “October 19,” written in 1825. The poet dedicated this poem to the anniversary of the opening of the lyceum. His opening lines are filled with sadness caused by the circumstances of his personal life.

The forest drops its crimson robe,

Frost will silver the withered field,

The day will pass as if in captivity,

And it will disappear beyond the edge of the surrounding mountains.

Burn, fireplace, in my deserted cell;

And you, wine, are a friend of the autumn cold,

Pour a gratifying hangover into my chest,

A momentary oblivion of bitter torment.

The bitterness of loneliness softens when images of people dear to his heart appear in the poet’s imagination.

My friends, our union is wonderful!

He, like the soul, is indivisible and eternal -

Unshakable, free and carefree,

He grew together under the canopy friendly muses.

Wherever fate throws us

And happiness wherever it leads,

We are still the same: we the whole world foreign land;

Our Fatherland is Tsarskoye Selo.

A year after graduating from the Lyceum, Pushkin began to develop new views. The poet begins to take a broader look at the world, which makes him feel responsible for what is happening to him. home country. Therefore, many of Pushkin’s free-thinking poems are addressed to friends and like-minded people. This is the poem “To Chaadaev”. Pushkin encourages his older friend to devote his soul’s wonderful impulses to the homeland:

While we are burning with freedom,

While hearts are alive for honor,

An equally unambiguous call for uprising is contained in Pushkin’s famous ode “Liberty.” Main idea The idea is that “freedom” is possible in a monarchical state if the monarch and the people strictly follow the laws, including moral ones. Pushkin calls, but at the same time sounds a warning to tyrants:

“Tyrants of the world! tremble!”

Poetic curses addressed to them occupy an entire stanza:

Autocratic villain!

I hate you, your throne

Your death, the death of your children.

WITH cruel joy I see.

They read on your forehead

Seal of the curse of the nations.

You are the horror of the world, the shame of nature,

You are a reproach to God on earth.

The poem “Village” is built on the ominous contrast of serene nature and the horrors of serfdom. The work can be roughly divided into two parts. The theme and mood of the first part differs sharply from the theme and mood of the second, but despite this, the parts are closely related to each other. They are related and united by the idea contained in the poem.

The first part is a “shelter of peace”, where everything is full of “happiness and oblivion”.

These lines exude silence, peace and coolness:

Greetings, deserted corner,

A haven of peace, work and inspiration,

Where the invisible stream of my days flows

In the bosom of happiness and oblivion!

It would seem that from the tone of the first part nothing foreshadows an explosion of indignation.

But the second part of the poem has an anti-serfdom orientation:

But a terrible thought here darkens the soul:

Among flowering fields and mountains

A friend of humanity sadly remarks

Everywhere ignorance is a disastrous shame.

Without seeing the tears, without listening to the groan,

To the destruction of people chosen by fate,

Here the nobility is wild, without feeling, without law,

Appropriated by a violent vine

And labor, and property, and the time of the farmer.

In this part of the poem, the tone of the author's speech changes dramatically. The poet’s words contain anger and indignation. Pushkin furiously exposes and condemns lordly violence against the labor of the serf people. The final lines of the poem contain the author’s thoughts:

I'll see, oh friends! people are not oppressed

And slavery, which fell due to the king’s mania,

And dedicated to the fatherland of freedom

Will the beautiful dawn finally rise?

But the king did not heed the poet’s calls. Pushkin was awaiting exile. True, thanks to Zhukovsky, the northern exile was replaced by the southern one. Pushkin felt like an exile, and this could not help but affect his work.

The years 1820-1822 in Pushkin’s work are the heyday of romanticism. Probably the most suitable example of the poet’s romantic orientation is the poem “The Prisoner”.

The main content of romanticism is the expression of the suffering of the soul from the discrepancy between reality and ideals: the world is not as it should be. And acutely aware of this discrepancy romantic hero feels like a stranger in this gray, everyday world. He is alone, he is caged. From here central motives Romanticism is the theme of freedom, escape from prison into some other, unattainable and alluring world. People seem to be a faceless mass, the hero is looking for his world outside the crowd: where the sky is, the sea is an element.

We are free birds; it's time, brother, it's time!

There, where the mountain turns white behind the clouds,

To where the sea edges turn blue,

Where only the wind walks... yes I!..

During the Decembrist uprising, Pushkin lived in Mikhailovskoye. Here he was caught by the news of the cruel reprisal against them. He writes a wonderful poem “To Siberia,” which he conveys to the Decembrists through Alexandra Muravyova. The poet calls on them to “keep proud patience,” says that their “sorrowful work” will not be wasted, that their work will be continued by like-minded people and that “the desired time will come” - freedom.

Pushkin was not only a like-minded person of the Decembrists, his poems inspired them. One of the Decembrists, Alexander Odoevsky, writes to Pushkin in the poem “Our Answer”:

Our sorrowful work will not be wasted:

A flame will ignite from a spark,

And our enlightened people

Will gather under the holy banner.

Each new work was an event, copied from hand to hand. This is stated in the poem “Arion”, written in 1927:

...And I am full of careless faith, -

I sang to the swimmers...

The singer turns out to be the only one who survived the “thunderstorm”. But he remains true to his convictions: “I sing the same hymns.”

Also in the lyrics of A. S. Pushkin we find reflections on the meaning of the poet and poetry and we can try to understand what answers the great Russian poet gives to some of these difficult questions.

When considering this topic in the works of A. S. Pushkin, first of all we need to turn to his poetic masterpiece “The Prophet,” written in 1826.

The hero of this poem is in a dejected state, he is tormented by “spiritual thirst,” and then the messenger of God, the “six-winged seraphim,” appears to him. Suddenly, wonderful but painful transformations occur to the poet. He is endowed with an acuity of vision of the surrounding world that is unusual for a person. His feelings are described in the following lines:

With fingers as light as a dream,

He touched my eyes.

The prophetic eyes have opened,

He touched my ears,

And they were filled with noise and ringing:

And I heard the sky tremble,

And the heavenly flight of angels,

And the reptile of the sea underwater,

And the distant vine vegetates.

Now the poet is initiated into the secrets of the universe and gifted with a subtle sense of perception outside world in all its diversity. He is freed from doubt and fear, but this is not enough to become a prophet:

And he cut my chest with a sword,

And he took out my trembling heart,

And coal blazing with fire,

I pushed the hole into my chest.

The opportunities that have opened up for the poet, on the one hand, elevate him above people, and on the other hand, place a burden on him difficult task. “God’s voice” calls to the poet:

Arise, prophet, and see and listen,

Be fulfilled by my will

And, going around the seas and lands, burn the hearts of people with the Verb.

This is how Pushkin sees his mission. He does not try to correct people, teach them how to act, but, being a poet, he addresses our hearts. We can say that Pushkin reveals in this poem the role of poetry as something sublime, standing above people, but not edifying.

In 1836, Pushkin wrote the poem “Monument”, where he talks about his role as a poet. Pushkin expresses confidence that the “monument not made by hands” that he erected gives him immortality. Great poet believes that he has completed his responsible mission:

And for a long time I will be so kind to the people,

That I awakened good feelings with my lyre

That in my cruel age I glorified freedom

And he called for mercy for the fallen.

To be with friends in trouble - sacred duty every person. High feelings of love and friendship invariably accompany Pushkin and do not allow him to fall into despair. Love for Pushkin - highest voltage all spiritual strength.

No matter how depressed and disappointed a person is, no matter how gloomy reality may seem to him, love comes - and the world is illuminated with a new light. The most amazing poem about love, in my opinion, is the poem “I remember wonderful moment" Pushkin knows how to find amazing words to describe the magical effect of love on a person:

The soul has awakened:

And then you appeared again,

Like a fleeting vision

Like a genius of pure beauty.

Even the general outlines female image create the impression of the sublime, extraordinarily beautiful.

The poem “I loved you” shows that true love not selfish. This is a bright, selfless feeling, this is the desire for the happiness of your beloved. Pushkin finds amazing lines, although the words are completely simple, everyday. The author uses only one metaphor: “Love has not completely faded away.” Probably, it is in this simplicity and everyday life that the beauty of feelings and moral purity are manifested:

I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly,

How may God grant your beloved to be different

I would like to pay special attention to the poem “Madonna”. Pushkin dedicated this work to his wife. The joy and happiness from the long-awaited marriage were expressed in the lines:

My wishes came true. Creator

Sent you to me, you, my Madonna,

The purest beauty, the purest example

To summarize, we can say that Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin not only revealed the theme of the role of the poet in his poetry, but also proved with all his creativity that a poet can really be a prophet. Much of what Pushkin dreamed of and called for in his poems came true. And most importantly, his poetry still serves to awaken the highest and brightest feelings in us.

Gogol argued that Pushkin’s lyrics are “an extraordinary phenomenon.” Defining the versatility of the poet’s work, he wrote with admiration: “What was the subject of his poetry? Everything became her subject, and nothing in particular. The thought becomes numb before the countlessness of its objects...”

Versatility and multidimensionality Pushkin's creativity can be felt and realized by highlighting the main themes and motives of his lyrical works.

The leading theme of Pushkin's lyrics is the theme of freedom. Since “freedom” is a fundamental concept for the poet, this theme is seen as a kind of core running through the poet’s entire work. Freedom is seen as social, political and moral ideal Pushkin's poetry. This topic includes a number of motifs that reveal its breadth.

The motif of political freedom is expressed in the poems “Licinius” (1818), “To Chaadaev” (1818), “Village” (1819). These works express ideas close to the views of the Decembrists: service to social ideals, condemnation of tyranny and oppression.

The motif of personal freedom is heard in the poems “Prisoner” (1822), “Bird” (1823). Here, the romantic call for escape from the world-“dungeon” and the desire to give liberation to “at least one creature” is reinforced by the images of birds, personifying the natural desire for will.

The inconsistency of the motive of personal freedom is reflected in the works “The Desert Sower of Freedom...” (1823), “To the Sea” (1824).

In the poem “I loved you: love is still, perhaps...” (1829) we encounter another manifestation of the motive of personal freedom - respect for the personality of another person. Philosophical understanding slavery as opposed to freedom is clearly visible in the parable poem “Anchar” (1828).

Freedom of a creative personality - the most important motive of the theme is manifested in the poems “To the Poet” (1830), (From Pindemonti) (1836).

Freedom as a comprehensive concept, as the basis of human life - this motif sounds in the poem “It’s time, my friend, it’s time...” (1836). “Peace and freedom” is the spiritual ideal of a person seeking perfection.

The next theme that can be highlighted in Pushkin’s poetry is citizenship and patriotism. The motives for this theme are wide and varied.

The motive of love for native nature as an expression of love for the Motherland is reflected in the works “The Clouds Are Thinning flying ridge..." (1820), "Caucasus" (1829), "Winter. us in the village? I meet...” (1829), “My rosy critic...” (1830), “Autumn” (1833), “...I visited again...” (1835).

The motive of serving social ideals as a manifestation civic position expressed in the poems “To Chaadaev” (1818), “Dagger” (1821), “In the Depths Siberian ores..." (1827), "Arion" (1827).

In the poems “Stanzas” (1826), “Slanderers of Russia” (1831), “I have erected a monument to myself not made by hands...” (1836) Pushkin expresses his political ideals, shows his filial love for the fatherland and the desire to serve its interests in the poetic field.

The theme of friendship is based on lyrical works addressed to lyceum students. " Holy Alliance“Lyceum friends are holy and unshakable for Pushkin. Poems in honor of lyceum anniversaries (October 19), messages to fellow lyceum students - the basis lyric poems about friendship: “October 19” (1825), “I. I. Pushchin” (1826), “The more often the Lyceum celebrates...” (1830).

Poems addressed to the Decembrists, with many of whom Pushkin was on friendly terms, relate to this topic - “In the depths of the Siberian ores...” (1827), “Arion” (1827) and the message “To Chaadaev” (1818) - friend and teacher who helped serious influence on the formation of the views of young Pushkin.

Standing apart are the lyrical works addressed to the nanny, whose kindness and warm relationship the poet carried throughout his life. These include the poem “Winter Evening” (1825).

Pushkin is full of bright and tender feelings to women. The theme of love, revealing a wide palette human feelings, reflected in the poems “It went out daylight..." (1820), "I have outlived my desires..." (1821), "The Burnt Letter" (1825), "The Desire for Glory" (1825), "Keep me safe, my talisman..." (1825) , “K-” (1825), “Under the blue sky of his native country...” (1826), “On the hills of Georgia lies the darkness of the night...” (1829), “I loved Yavas: love is still, perhaps.. .” (1829), “What is in my name for you?..” (1830), “Madonna” (1830), “For the shores of the distant fatherland...” (1830).

The theme of the purpose of the poet and his poetry dominates Pushkin’s work. The motive of the high purpose of poetry, its special role in society can be heard in the poems “To N. Ya. Pluskova” (1818), “Prophet” (1826), “Poet” (1827), “Autumn” (1833), “I am a monument to myself erected not made by hands...” (1836).

The poet's place in modern world defined by Pushkin in the poem “Conversation of a Bookseller with a Poet” (1824).

The poet as the highest judge of his works - important motive themes of the poet’s purpose and his poetry. Pushkin talks about the freedom of poetic creativity, about the complex relationship between the poet and the authorities, with the people, with the mob.

These thoughts are reflected in the poems “The Desert Sower of Freedom...” (1823), “The Poet and the Crowd” (1828), “To the Poet” (1830), “Echo” (1831), (From Pindemonti) (1836), “I He erected a monument to himself, not made by hands...” (1836).

Pushkin's philosophical lyrics reflect the poet's understanding of the eternal themes of human existence: reflections on life and death, on the relationship between good and evil. These thoughts are heard in such works as “I survived my desires...” (1821), “I was in a sweet blindness...” (1823), “A vain gift, an accidental gift...” (1828), “Anchar "(1828), "Do I wander along the noisy streets..." (1829), "Demons" (1830), "Elegy" (1830), "Poems composed at night during insomnia" (1830), "Don't let God, I'm going crazy..." (1833), "...I visited again..." (1835).

Isolation of themes and motives in poetic creativity Pushkina does not at all disturb its harmony. All themes and motifs exist in organic unity, creating a rich artistic world, whose name is Pushkin’s lyrics.

Analysis of the poem “Village”

The poem was written in 1819, it reflects specific impressions of Pushkin’s trip to Mikhailovskoye between July 10 and 15, 1819. Peyzanet accurately reproduces the surroundings of Mikhailovskoye: “ dark garden", "meadow filled with fragrant stacks":

Here I see two lakes, azure plains,

Where the fisherman's sail sometimes turns white,

Behind them are a series of hills and striped fields,

Scattered huts in the distance,

Roaming herds on the damp banks...

“The Village” as a work of art has absorbed the traditions of Russian and Western European educational literature and modern ideas Decembrism

Pushkin’s loyalty to the views of the enlighteners and many participants in the Decembrist movement was reflected in the idea of ​​an “enlightened monarchy” capable of transforming society:

I'll see, oh friends! unoppressed people

And slavery, which fell due to the king’s mania,

And over the fatherland of enlightened freedom

Will the beautiful dawn finally rise?

However, continuing the tradition XVIII classicism century, the work is distinguished by overcoming conventions. “Village” is a story about a real village, about the true suffering of peasants, with whom the poet expresses sympathy. This creates the realistic basis that distinguished Pushkin from his predecessors. The undeniable influence of Radishchev’s “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”, polemics with Derzhavin’s message “Eugene. Life of Zvanskaya", with his idyllic paintings rural life, enriched Pushkin’s lyrics and gave impetus to new discoveries.

Citizenship and freedom-loving pathos gave a special emotional mood to the poem. All this is reflected in the compositional structure and in the choice of visual means.

The composition of “Villages” is not only two-part, but also two-plane. The peculiarity of the construction of the work is reflected in its genre structure; it combines elegy and satire. The first elegiac part (ending with the verse “In the depths of the soul...") was printed, and the second was distributed in copies.

The poem is built on antithesis (opposition), which is clearly expressed at the beginning of the second part and emphasized by the conjunction “but”: “But a terrible thought here darkens the soul...” With these lines begins the denunciation of the “wild lordship”, which contrasts with the pictures of rural nature, shown at the beginning.

In the work, even in the first part, it is strongly expressed social motive. The “deserted corner”, “a haven of peace, work and inspiration” is contrasted by the poet with the “vicious palace of Circe”.

Upholding integrity and unity poetic text Pushkin's poem, E. A. Maimin writes: “The second part of “The Village” continues the first and opposes it in thought and the nature of the paintings. Pushkin's elegy imperceptibly turns into satire and merges with it. The second part is an elegy, permeated with high civic feelings, reflections born in “majestic solitude,” and this is a satire that is brought to life by both a uniquely personal view of things and the pathos of public, civil service.”

The intonation structure reflects the originality of the composition and ideological content, combining thoughts and the angry voice of the poet-citizen. Oratorical intonations are emphasized in the poem by rhetorical figures:

There seems to be a barren heat burning in my chest...

And hasn’t the fate of my life given me a formidable gift?

The main motives of the lyrics by A.S. Pushkin

Creativity A.S. Pushkin is distinguished by its thematic diversity and richness of ideological content. Central location in the poetry of A.S. Pushkin is occupied with the theme of freedom: it also sounds in civil lyrics(as a call for the destruction of “autocracy” and the liberation of the people from the “wild lordship”), and in love lyrics(as recognition of the beloved’s right to free choice, to happiness with the “other”), and in reflections on art and the fate of the artist (proclamation of freedom of creativity, its independence from the opinions of the “crowd”). To develop the poet's free-thinking great influence influenced by the works of French enlighteners of the 18th century. and A. Radishchev. friendship with P. Chaadaev and N.M. Karamzin. Even at the beginning creative path, V Lyceum period, the poet expresses the idea of ​​​​the destructiveness of despotism: “Rome grew by freedom, but was destroyed by slavery” (“Licinius”, 1815). Pushkin develops this idea in his ode “Liberty” (1817), reminding the autocrats: “Lords! you have a crown and a throne // It is given by the Law - not nature; // You stand above the people, // But the eternal law is above you.” The poem “To Chaadaev” (1818) reflects the stages of civil maturation of the lyrical hero. To replace dreams of love and " quiet glory" comes awareness of one's civic duty and need active action: “While we are burning with freedom, // While our hearts are alive for honor, // My friend, we will dedicate our souls to the beautiful impulses! // Comrade, believe: she will rise, // A star of captivating happiness, // Russia will rise from her sleep, // And on the ruins of autocracy // Our names will be written!” In 1819 A.S. Pushkin creates the poem “Village”, in which the motif of liberty takes on a new meaning. Passionately denouncing serfdom, the lyrical hero no longer hopes for revolution, but for reforms: “I’ll see, oh friends! an unoppressed people // And slavery, which fell due to the tsar’s mania, // And enlightened freedom over the fatherland // Will a beautiful dawn finally rise?” The theme of freedom gets further development in the poem “The Desert Sower of Freedom...” (1823): the poet bitterly notes that those who do not understand what freedom is do not need it: “Graze, peaceful peoples! // An honorable cry will not wake you up. // Why do the herds need the gifts of freedom?” The personification of freedom - political, spiritual, creative - in the poetry of A.S. Pushkin became the sea. While in Mikhailovskaya exile, the poet writes the elegy “To the Sea” (1824), in which he sends farewell greetings to the “free elements.” After the suppression of the Decembrist uprising A.S. Pushkin tried to support his exiled friends, assuring that their sacrifice was not in vain: “Your sorrowful work will not be wasted // And your high aspirations will not be lost” (“To Siberia”, 1827). Without fear of the royal wrath, the poet directly declared in his work his loyalty to the ideals of freedom: “I sing the old hymns” (“Arion”, 1827). It is this quality of A.S. Pushkin considers the undoubted merit of his creativity (“Monument”, 1826). Freedom for Pushkin and his lyrical hero is the measure of all values. In the unpublished tenth chapter of the novel “Eugene Onegin”, the author shares with the reader his dreams of an independent privacy: “My ideal now is a housewife. // My desires are peace, // Give me a pot of cabbage soup, and a big one.” Freedom of personality is impossible without freedom of creativity. The high mission of the poet and the purpose of his work is another important theme in the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin, which he pondered throughout his life. In the poem “Conversation between a Bookseller and a Poet” (1824), the poet, in response to the bookseller’s question: “What will you choose?” - proudly answers: “Freedom.” The purpose of the poet is to respond, like an echo, to all manifestations of life (“Echo”, 1831), to fulfill God's will, “to burn the hearts of people with a verb” (Prophet, 1826). The poet is God’s chosen one: “Poetry is the lot of the chosen: // We were born for inspiration, // For sweet sounds and prayers” (“Poet”, 1827). The author declares the independence of creativity from the opinions of the crowd in the poem “To the Poet” (1830): “Poet! do not value people’s love”; “You are your own highest court; // You know how to evaluate your work more strictly than anyone else. " For the poet, the main thing is serving eternal values: goodness, freedom, mercy, and not the whims of the “crowd” and “rabble.” This is exactly what Pushkin talks about in his poem “Monument”. "(1836): “And for a long time I will be kind to the people, // That I awakened good feelings with the lyre, // That in my cruel age I glorified Freedom // And called on mercy for the fallen.” The poem “Walk along the noisy streets. "(1829), "The Cart of Life" (1823), "Anchar" (1828), "Scene from Faust" (1825), "Crazy Years of Faded Fun" (1830), " Oh no, I'm not tired of life. "(1836), etc. Despite despondency and anxious forebodings, the lyrical hero of the poem "Elegy" (1830) is overwhelmed by the thirst for life: "But I don’t want, oh friends, to die, // I want to live in order to think and suffer". The lyrical hero of the poem “It’s time, my friend, it’s time!” (1835) knows that life is imperfect, but he accepts it and finds meaning in it: “Days fly by after day, and every hour takes away // A piece of being, and you and I together // We assume to live. And lo and behold, we’ll just die. // There is no happiness in the world, but there is peace and will.” In the manuscript of this poem, Pushkin left notes: “Oh, how soon will I transfer my penates to the village - fields, garden, peasants, books; poetic works - family, love, etc. - religion, death." The idea of ​​the infinity of life, of the indissoluble connection of the past, present and future is heard in the poem “. I visited again. "(1835), written by Pushkin during his last visit to Mikhailovskoye. Contemplation of his native places brings to the lyrical hero thoughts about the eternity of existence, that man is given rebirth in subsequent generations. Landscape lyrics occupy important place in the poetry of A.S. Pushkin. For the poet harmonious life impossible without unity with nature. In the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin can also be found romantic southern landscapes(“A flying ridge of clouds is thinning”, 1820; “Caucasus”, 1829; “Collapse”, 1829, etc.), and realistic paintings of low-key northern nature(“Winter Evening”, 1825; “Winter Road”, 1826; “Winter Morning”, 1829; “Autumn”, 1833; “Cloud”, 1835). What unites them is that A.S. Pushkin, they are imbued with a “deep sense of life and objectivity” (M. Lednev). As researchers of Pushkin’s work note, he does not impose his feelings on nature, knowing that she is indifferent to man. Pushkin's landscape is a magnificent picture, “full of inexpressible but silent charm” (V.G. Belinsky). Pushkin's masterpiece landscape lyrics The poem “Autumn” (1833) is rightfully considered, in which the poet reflects not only on Russian nature and rural solitude, but also on life in general, on creative inspiration. Comparing different times year, the lyrical hero admits that most of all he loves autumn with its “quiet beauty, humbly shining,” giving the lyrical hero a surge of creative strength. In autumn, the poet experiences a powerful upsurge of soul, he is cheerful, inspiration comes to him: “And I forget the world - and in the sweet silence // I am sweetly lulled by my imagination, // And poetry awakens in me. // And the thoughts in the head are excited in courage, // And light rhymes run towards them, // And the fingers ask for the pen, the pen for the paper, // A minute - and the poems will flow freely.” It is the picture of autumn that opens the memories of A.S. Pushkin about the lyceum brotherhood: “The forest is dropping its crimson headdress, // The frost will silver the withered field, // The day will appear as if in captivity // And will disappear behind the edge of the surrounding mountains” (“October 19,” 1825). The motive of friendship permeates the entire work of the poet. Such works as “To Chaadaev”, “I.I. Pushchin”, “To Yazykov”, “To Siberia”, “Arion” indicate that A.S. Pushkin forever remained faithful to his Lyceum friends. Friendship for the lyrical hero is highest value, protection from the “snares of harsh fate” in years of loneliness. The lines of the poem “October 19” sound like a hymn to friendship: “My friends, our union is wonderful! // He, like a soul, is indivisible and eternal - // Unshakable, free and carefree - // He grew together under the canopy of friendly muses. // Wherever fate throws us, // And wherever happiness leads us, // We are still the same: the whole world is foreign to us; // Fatherland to us Tsarskoye Selo.” The poem “It was time: our holiday is young. "(1836) A.S. Pushkin dedicated the last lyceum anniversary. Speaking about the inviolability of friendship, about loyalty to the lyceum brotherhood, which is thinning year by year, the poet compares the beginning of life and its end; notes the changes taking place in the fate of Russia and makes a philosophical conclusion: “No wonder - no! - a quarter of a century has flown by! // Do not complain: this is the law of fate; // The whole world revolves around man, - // Will he really be the only one motionless? Philosophically wise, grateful acceptance of life in all its manifestations, joyful and sad, is also characteristic of the love lyrics of A.S. Pushkin. For the lyrical hero, love is a sublime, spiritualizing feeling (“I remember a wonderful moment.”, 1825). In the 19th century existed strict canons female beauty: « oval face with fine regular features, elegant design of transparent eyes, moderately full tender lips, clean smooth fresh skin, great shape head well set on a slender neck, chiseled rounded shoulders, high breasts and a thin waist.” Pushkin was a great connoisseur of female beauty, but only physical perfection, without spiritual perfection, had no meaning for him. special significance. Only a harmonious combination of external and inner beauty could arouse the poet’s admiration and give an incentive to creativity: the appearance of a “genius of pure beauty” (“I remember a wonderful moment”) resurrects for the lyrical hero “deity, and inspiration, and life, and tears, and love.” The female ideal of A.S. Pushkin - “the purest example of pure charm” - found a vivid expression in the poem “Madonna” (1830), dedicated to Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova. who became the poet's wife. Love, even unrequited love, fills a person’s life with meaning, gives him a feeling of the fullness of being: “I am sad and light; my sadness is light; // My sadness is full of you, // You, you alone. My despondency // Nothing torments, disturbs, // And my heart burns and loves again - because // It cannot help but love” (“On the Hills of Georgia.”, 1829) True love- is not selfish, selfless, therefore the lyrical hero wishes his beloved to be happy with another: “I loved you so sincerely, so tenderly, // How God grant that your beloved be different” (“I loved you.”, 1829) Lyrics Pushkina gave every reason for Gogol to say: “Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon and, perhaps, the only manifestation of the Russian spirit: this is Russian man in his development, in which he may appear in two hundred years.” Highest rating the poet sounds in the review of V.G. Belinsky. ". He will forever remain a great, exemplary master of poetry, a teacher of art. TO special properties to his poetry belongs its ability to develop in people a sense of grace and a sense of humanity, meaning by this word infinite respect for the dignity of man as a human being. Despite his genealogical prejudices, Pushkin by his very nature was a loving, sympathetic being, ready from the fullness of his heart to extend his hand to everyone who seemed to him a “person.” The time will come when he will be a classical poet in Russia. " Video lecture “The main motives of the lyrics of A.S. Pushkin."