Honorary titles in Russia. Origin of the generals' surname

There are many misconceptions about the nationality of certain surnames. Thus, some surnames are traditionally considered Jewish, while others are considered Russian. Although this may not be the case.

Myths about Jewish surnames

Thus, any of our compatriots identifies as Jewish surnames Abramovich, Bergman, Ginzburg, Goldman, Zilberman, Katsman, Cohen, Kramer, Levin, Malkin, Rabinovich, Rivkin, Feldstein, Etkind.

It is generally accepted that all surnames with the suffix “-sky” or “-ich” are Jewish in Russia. But in fact, these are most often surnames of Polish or Ukrainian origin, indicating the name of the area where the person’s ancestors are from. And they can be worn by both Jews and Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians... And surnames such as Preobrazhensky or Rozhdestvensky were given to seminary graduates, most of whom were Russian.

Another mistake is to consider all surnames with the suffixes “-ov” or “-in” to be Russian. In Russia, indeed, most surnames have such suffixes. But they all have different origins: some were given by the names of their parents, others by their professional affiliation, and others by nicknames. During administrative recording of documents, surnames could be “Russified.” So, who would think that the Russian composer Rachmaninov has Jewish roots? But the surname Rachmaninov owes its origin to the Hebrew “Rahman”, which means “merciful” - this is one of the names of God.

What surnames do Jews in Russia have?

Mass emigration of Jews to Russia began during the time of Catherine II, after the annexation of Poland. In order to assimilate with the local population, representatives of the Jewish people sometimes took surnames similar to Russian or Polish ones: Medinsky, Novik, Kaganovich.

There is also a group of surnames of non-Jewish origin, which, however, are predominantly borne by Jews: Zakharov, Kazakov, Novikov, Polyakov, Yakovlev. This is how it happened historically.

Jewish surnames that we mistake for Russian

Russian Jews were often given surnames based on their professional affiliation or the profession of their parents. So, the Russian surname Shkolnikov seems to come from “schoolboy” (that’s what a servant was called in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church). Many Jews have this surname. The surname Shelomov comes from “shelom”. Its representatives were helmet makers. Dyers and Sapozhnikov - these are the names of Jews whose ancestors were engaged in painting and sewing shoes. These were common Jewish professions in pre-revolutionary Russia. We are accustomed to considering the Russian surname Moiseev, but it comes from the Hebrew name Moses! The same thing with the surname Avdeev. But Abramov is really a Russian surname: in Rus' there was also the name Abram!

The surnames Shapkin, Tryapkin, Portyankin come from Jewish nicknames. Few people think that the Jewish surnames Galkin, Dolin, Kotin, Lavrov, Plotkin, Sechin, Shokhin, Shuvalov are Jewish...

Everyone knows that Lenin’s comrade-in-arms, Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov was a Jew. It was even rumored that his real name was Katz. But in fact, he never changed his surname: Sverdlov is a fairly common surname among Jews.

In this article you can find out all the answers in the game “Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?” for October 21, 2017 (10/21/2017). First, you can see the questions asked to the players by Dmitry Dibrov, and then all the correct answers in today's intellectual television game “Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?” for 10/21/2017.

Questions for the first pair of players

Dmitry Ulyanov and Alexander Rappoport (200,000 - 200,000 rubles)

1. What do you call a person who does nothing?
2. What do they say about a person with bad intentions: “Keeps...”?
3. What do they sometimes say about the breakdown of a device?
4. How does the title of the song by the beat quartet “Secret” end - “Wandering Blues...”?
5. In which former USSR republic the currency is not the euro?
6. What play did Lope de Vega write?
7. What did the students call the professor in the film “Operation Y” and other adventures of Shurik?
8. To whom was the monument erected opposite the Russian Army Theater in Moscow?
9. What was the name of the gunboat that fought together with the cruiser "Varyag" against the Japanese squadron?
10. What did Joseph Brodsky not advise you to do in one of his poems?
11. What did the centurion constantly wear as a symbol of his power?
12. In which city in 1960 did the USSR national team become the European football champion?

Questions for the second pair of players

Vitaly Eliseev and Sergey Puskepalis (200,000 - 0 rubles)

1. How to finish the proverb: “The spool is small...”?
2. What did Matthias Rust plant near the Kremlin?
3. What is the name of the film by Georgy Danelia?
4. Which of these is not a confectionery product?
5. What disrespectful nickname was previously given to police officers?
6. Who doesn't have horns?
7. Which Moscow building is taller than one hundred meters?
8. Which country's national team has never held the title of European football champion?
9. What name was invented for the sailing ship by Veniamin Kaverin, and not Jules Verne?
10. What is a fert referred to in the old expression "to walk with a fert"?
11. What was the last name of the Russian general in the Bond film “A View to a Kill”?

Questions for the third pair of players

Sati Casanova and Andrey Grigoriev-Apollonov (400,000 - 0 rubles)

1. What, according to the well-known phraseology, can cause rabies?
2. What is the name of the railway line that goes away from the main track?
3. What do those invited to a buffet most often do without?
4. What is not designed for flying?
5. Who were the girlfriends from the poem “Tamara and I” by Agnia Barto?
6. Who competes in the White Rook tournament?
7. What is the programming slang for incomprehensible characters that arise due to an encoding failure?
8. What is the name of the main unit of the vacuum cleaner?
9. Which of the following sea creatures is a fish?
10. What was located in the middle of Lubyanka Square before the installation of the monument to Dzerzhinsky there?
11. What was different about the First Symphony Ensemble, created in Moscow in 1922?

Answers to questions from the first pair of players

idle
stone in the bosom
flew away
dogs
Kazakhstan
"Dance Teacher"
Burdock
Suvorov
"Korean"
leave the room
grapevine stick
in Paris

Answers to questions from the second pair of players

yes expensive
airplane
"Autumn Marathon"
manta rays
pharaohs
ocelot
Cathedral of Christ the Savior
Belgium
"Holy Mary"
letter of the alphabet
Gogol

Answers to questions from the third pair of players

branch
no chairs
omnibus
nurses
young chess players
krakozyabry
compressor
sea horse
fountain
there was no conductor

Traditionally, on Saturdays, we publish for you the answers to the quiz in the “Question - Answer” format. We have a variety of questions, both simple and quite complex. The quiz is very interesting and quite popular, we are simply helping you test your knowledge and make sure that you have chosen the correct answer out of the four proposed. And we have another question in the quiz - What was the last name of the Russian general in the Bond film “A View to a Kill”?

A. Pushkin
B. Gogol
S. Dostoevsky
D. Chekhov

Correct answer V. Gogol

A View to a Kill is the fourteenth film in the James Bond film series. It features the head of the KGB intelligence service, played by actor Walter Gotell. But the name of this general is Gogol, or Anatoly Alekseevich Gogol.

General Gogol (Anatoly Alekseevich Gogol, English: Anatol Alexis Gogol) is the head of the Soviet intelligence service, the KGB. Despite the fact that he is a potential enemy of the British intelligence service MI6, he is rather a positive character. As a rule, he cooperates with MI6 in the eradication of common enemies. Four times Hero of the Soviet Union. Likes to personally take part in field operations abroad, despite the fact that this is completely incompatible with his status.

Appears as Walter Gotell in The Spy Who Loved Me, Moonraker, For Your Eyes Only, Octopussy, A View to a Kill, Living Daylights . In the last film, Gogol is officially transferred from the KGB to the USSR Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This is probably an honorable resignation, since in the same film the “main party” of the Soviet intelligence services is led by General Pushkin.

In big politics, Gogol adheres to the ideas of detente and peaceful coexistence (detente). He proves his words with deeds in the film “Octopussy”, personally organizing the hunt for General Orlov, who decided to blow up the world. In the film A View to a Kill, after defeating another common enemy, Gogol celebrates the victory with Sir Fredric Gray and M in London. All that is known from Gogol’s personal life is that he selected exclusively beautiful employees for his service and received them in his Kremlin bedroom (“For Your Eyes Only”). Gogol is bald, wears good glasses and light-colored, loose-fitting jackets. Nothing is known about Gogol’s fate after the events of the film “Sparks from the Eyes”.

The Rurikovichs are the name given to the grand-ducal and later royal family, which traces its origins to the legendary Rurik. The descendants of the Rurikovichs can be identified by the surnames characteristic of each branch of the family.

The fate of Rurik's descendants

If you believe the chronicle sources, then the common ancestors of all Rurikovichs are Rurik himself and his wife Efanda of Urmansk. Their son Igor, grandson Svyatoslav Igorevich and great-grandson Vladimir Svyatoslavich are also well known. After the death of Yaroslav the Wise in 1054, most of Kievan Rus was divided between his three eldest sons. Izyaslav received Kyiv, Novgorod and lands west of the Dnieper, Svyatoslav - Chernigov and Murom, Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl and the Rostov-Suzdal land. Accordingly, these lands were inherited by their descendants. Subsequently, the descendants of Vsevolod and his son Vladimir Monomakh were able to expand their possessions at the expense of Volyn, Smolensk and Galich, and the descendants of Izyaslav established themselves in the Turovo-Pinsk land. One of the younger Yaroslavichs, Vyacheslav Yaroslavich, began to reign in Smolensk, and Igor Yaroslavich - in Volyn. Their descendants gradually began to be named after the inheritances they owned.

Where did the different branches of the Rurikovichs come from?

Thus, the Polotsk line comes from Prince Izyaslav Vladimirovich, the son of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavich and the Polotsk princess Rogneda. The princes of Vitebsk, Drutsk, Izyaslav, Minsk and Polotsk belonged to this branch. The Przemysl branch traces its ancestry back to Rostislav Vladimirovich, the grandson of Yaroslav the Wise. True, already in 1199, with the death of Vladimir Yaroslavich, the son of Yaroslav Osmomysl, this dynasty died out, and the Volyn prince Roman the Great ascended the Galician throne. The Galician princes include: Babichevs, Volynskys, Drutskys, Drutsky-Sokolinskys, Zaslavskys, Lutskys, Ostrozhskys, Putyatins. The Turovo-Pinsk branch came from Prince Izyaslav Yaroslavich. The origin of several Lithuanian-Russian princely families, most of which died out in the 16th-17th centuries, is traced to this branch. These are Dolsky, Kapustiny (Cabbage), Golovny-Ostrozhetsky, Kozek, Ruzhinsky, Zvyagolsky, Velitsky. The origin of the Svyatopolk-Chetvertinsky, Pinsky, Slutsky, Stepansky, Gorodetsky, Nesvitsky princes from the Izyaslavichs of Turov is more substantiated. As a result of the struggle between the descendants of Yaroslav the Wise, Chernigov repeatedly changed hands. In the end, it still went to the Svyatoslavichs - the sons and grandsons of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich. In addition to the Chernigov ones, the Chernigov branch included the princes Kozelsky, Gorchakov, Yeletsky, Masalsky, Litvinov-Masalsky, Seleznev-Eletsky, Oginsky. The Vladimir-Suzdal branch included the Yuryevichs - descendants of Yuri Dolgoruky, son of Vladimir Monomakh and great-grandson of Yaroslav the Wise. The dynasties of the princes of Rostov, Belozersky, Yaroslavl, Suzdal, Tver, Starodub and, finally, Moscow later branched off from them. The Rostov branch includes the princes Bakhteyarov-Rostov, Shaved-Rostov, Buynosov-Rostov, Bychkov-Rostov. The princes Andomsky, Beloselsky-Belozersky, Ukhtomsky, Shelespansky belong to Belozerskaya. Descendants of the Suzdal branch - Nizhny Novgorod, Nogtev-Suzdal, Skopin-Shuisky, Shuisky. The Moscow branch is the princes Borovsky, Vereisky, Volotsky, Galitsky, Mozhaysky, Uglitsky and Shemyakin. The Tver branch includes the princes of Dorogobuzh, Kashinsky, Mikulinsky, Telyatevsky, Kholmsky and Chernyatinsky. The Starodub branch is the princes Gagarins, Pozharskys, Romodanovskys, Tulupovs and Khilkovs. The Ryazan branch traces its origins to Prince Yaroslav Svyatoslavich, who in 1127 was expelled from Chernigov by his nephew Vsevolod Olgovich, but at the same time retained Murom, Ryazan and Pronsk. So he became the founder of a dynasty, whose representatives bore the surnames Ryazansky, Muromsky and Pronsky. From Rostislav of Smolensk, one of the sons of Mstislav the Great, grandson of Vladimir Monomakh, came representatives of the Smolensk branch - the princes Vyazemsky, Dashkov, Kozlovsky, Kropotkin, Porkhovsky. Around 1260, one of the princes of Smolensk, Fyodor Cherny, received the Yaroslavl principality as an inheritance through his wife. This is how the Yaroslavl branch emerged, to which the princes Belsky, Davydov-Zasekin, Deev, Zasekin, Kurbsky, Lvov, Prozorovsky, Romanovsky, Troekurov, Shakhovsky, Shchetinin belonged. The Zvenigorod branch includes the princes Baryatinsky, Zvenigorodsky, Nozdrovaty, Ryumin-Zvenigorodsky, Tokmakov. Novosilsky branch - princes Belevsky, Vorotynsky, Odoevsky. Tarusskaya - Volkonsky, Koninsky, Spazhsky, Mezetsky. The Obolensky branch includes the princes Dolgorukovs, Kashins, Obolenskys, Repnins, Shcherbatovs.

What noble families supposedly go back to the Rurikovichs?

In addition to the princely ones, some noble families that have lost their princely title are also supposedly descended from the Rurikovichs. Thus, the Satins and Bunakovs may have descended from the princes of Chernigov; Smolensky - Vsevolozhsky, Danilov, Dmitriev-Mamonov, Eropkin, Zabolotsky, Mussorgsky, Rezanov, Rzhevsky, Scriabin, Tatishchev; Galitsky - Berezin, Ivin, Lyapunov; Belozersky - Kurtsov, Funikov; Rostovsky - Bychkovy; Ryazanskys - Lykovs, Zhulebins, Bulgakovs, Denisyevs, Izmailovs, Zamyatins, Velyaminovs.

The surname Generalov is derived from a similar nickname. However, it is unlikely that the founder of the Generalov family held this high military rank, since representatives of the authorities and the upper classes of society already had certain surnames. Therefore, most likely, the serf peasant who belonged to the general was recorded as Generalov.

The word general itself comes from the Latin generalis general, chief. In addition to designating the military rank (or rank) of the highest officers in the army, this concept began to be used to designate the heads of monastic and knightly orders.

The rank of general first appeared in France in the 16th century. The first mention of it in Russia dates back to 1657, when Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich reigned.

The first Russian general was Agey Alekseevich Shepelev, who participated in meetings of the Boyar Duma with the title of Duma general and from 1661 commanded the Moscow elected soldier regiment. Peter I introduced the rank of general as an addition to the names of the highest ranks and positions in the army: field marshal general, field commander general, chief general, Wagenmeister general, auditor general and others. The number of these persons was determined in 1711 by the Law of the Table of Ranks, which was subsequently supplemented and changed several times.

No less plausible is the hypothesis that this surname was given to the son of a man nicknamed General for such qualities of character or behavior as authority, desire to command, etc. This nickname is recorded in historical documents of the 16th century, where General Shpak, a Minsk peasant, 1589, is mentioned. The descendants of this man could become Generals. General, over time received the surname Generals.