The concept of age in developmental psychology. Absolute and conditional age

Age– one of the fundamental and complex categories of developmental psychology. Already the most general, formal definition of it has 2 meanings, both of which are widely used both in the historical and biological sciences and in the sciences of inanimate matter - This is an absolute and conditional age.

Absolute (calendar or chronological) age is expressed by the number of time units (minutes, days, years, millennia, etc.) separating the moment of the appearance of an object until the moment of its measurement. This is a purely quantitative, abstract concept that denotes the duration of the existence of an object, its localization in time. Determining the chronological age of an object is called dating.

Conditional age (or developmental age) is determined by establishing the location of an object in a certain evolutionary-genetic series, in a certain development process, on the basis of some qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Establishing a conventional age is an element of periodization, which involves the choice of not only chronological units of measurement, but also the system of reference itself and the principles of its division.

Problems of age periodization of mental development

Developmental psychology as a science explores ideas about the mechanisms of human mental development at each age stage and the conditions for transition in personality development from one age stage to another . In this regard, developmental psychology studies such periods as childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. A special place in the theoretical and practical study of age periodization is given to gerantology, which studies mental processes associated with the aging of the body, studying the causes of dulling and attenuation of certain mental functions.

The concept of “age” is usually divided into psychological and chronological. Chronological They call the passport age, that is, the recorded date of birth. It is some background for the mental development and formation of a person as an individual. Psychological age is not related to the date of birth; it is not determined by the number of mental processes. It depends on those mental new formations that determine the mental maturity corresponding to a particular age period. For example, according to the theory of the activity approach, such a mental new formation in childhood can include: play activity, educational activities, communication, etc. In adulthood, work activity, role interactions in the family, at work, etc. In old age, the formation of such a mental phenomenon as “wisdom”, “attitude towards death” as a process of transition to eternity, etc.

Developmental psychology is associated with other sciences: genetic psychology, psychophysiology, differential psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, educational psychology, medical psychology, legal psychology, etc.

Developmental psychology has scientific methods for studying a particular age period: psychological observation (external and internal); questioning (survey, interviewing, conversation); joint productive activities; an experiment in which such psychological conditions are specially created that help study the aspects of interest to us in the age-related development of personality. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish between natural and laboratory experiments. They differ from each other in that they allow the study of behavior in conditions that are remote or close to reality.

The various age classifications can be divided into two groups:

1) private classifications dedicated to individual periods of life, often children’s school years;

2) general classifications covering the entire life course of a person.

Particular ones include the classification of intelligence by J. Piaget, who distinguishes 2 main periods of development from the moment of birth to the age of 15:

1) the period of sensorimotor intelligence (from 0 to 2 years);

2) the period of organization of specific operations (from 3 to 15 years). In this sub-period he distinguishes stages.

In the classification of D. B. Elkonin, belonging to the first group, three periods of life are considered:

1) early childhood;

2) childhood;

3) adolescence.

Also, D. B. Elkonin identified a number of changing types of activities: direct emotional communication (infancy), object-manipulative activity (early childhood), role-playing play (preschool age), educational activity (junior school age), intimate personal communication (junior teenage age), educational and professional activities (senior adolescence).

Birren's general classification includes the phases of life from infancy to old age. According to this classification, youth is 12-17 years old; early maturity - 18-25 years; maturity - 51-75 years; old age - from 76 years.

E. Erikson described 8 stages of human life (from birth to old age), based on the development of the human “I” throughout life, on personality changes in relation to the social environment and to oneself. These stages include both positive and negative points:

1) the first 12 months of life - the initial stage, characterized by trust and mistrust;

2) II-3 years of life - the second stage, characterized by independence combined with indecision;

3) III-5th years of life - the third stage, characterized by the appearance of enterprise and feelings of guilt;

4) IY - 6-11 years of life - the fourth stage, where a feeling of inferiority appears and skills are formed;

5) Y -12-18 years of life, the child begins to realize himself as an individual, confusing social

6) YI - beginning of adulthood. This stage is characterized by feelings of closeness to others and loneliness;

7) YII - mature age - a person is absorbed in himself and society;

YIII - old age - a person is formed as an integral personality, but a feeling of hopelessness may appear. And at this age, as in other age periods, mental neoplasms arise. In this case, wisdom, which is understood as a fusion of knowledge and life experience. Particular importance in this period of personality development is given to the attitude towards death and immortality. Scientists identify several ways of immortality: religion, creativity, children, nature.

The stages of child development are of particular interest.

So, in each stage that a child lives, the same mechanisms operate. The classification principle is a change in leading activities such as:

1) the child’s orientation towards the basic meanings of human relationships (interiorization of motives and goals occurs);

2) the assimilation of methods of action developed in society, including substantive and mental ones.

Mastering tasks and meaning always comes first, followed by the moment of mastering actions. Development can be described in two coordinates:

1) a child is a “social adult”;

2) a child is a “public object”.

D. B. Elkonin proposed the following periods of child development:

1) infancy - from birth to one year (the leading form of activity is communication);

2) early childhood - from 1 to 3 years (objective activity develops, as well as verbal communication);

3) junior and middle preschool age - from 3 to 4 or 5 years (the leading activity is play);

4) senior preschool age - from 5 to 6-7 years (the leading activity is still

what remains is the game, which is combined with objective activity);

5) junior school age - from 7 to 11 years old, covers primary school education. I

During this period, the main activity is teaching, intellectual and cognitive abilities are formed and developed);

6) adolescence - from 11 to 17 years, covers the process of learning in high school (this period is characterized by: personal communication, work activity; the definition of professional activity and oneself as an individual occurs).

Each period of age development has its own differences and a certain time course. If you observe the behavior and mental reactions that arise in a child, you can independently identify each of the periods. Each new age stage of mental development needs changes: you should communicate with the child differently, in the process of training and upbringing it is necessary to look for and select new means, methods and techniques.

If we take the process of child development in this period in general, we can distinguish three main stages:

1) preschool childhood (this is a fairly long period, covering the life of a child from birth to 7 years);

2) junior school age (this period covers the life of a child from the moment he enters school until the end of primary school, i.e. the interval from 7 to 11 years);

3) middle and high school age (this period covers the life of a child from the moment he enters middle school until graduation, i.e. from 11 to 17 years).

It is important to remember that all boundaries of periods are conditional and can be changed in certain psychological approaches or points of view of scientists.

26. The problem of age-related periodization of mental development.

The search for the scientific basis for the periodization of a child’s mental development acts as a fundamental problem of developmental psychology, on the development of which the strategy for building an integral system of educating growing people largely depends. There are different age periods of development. They distinguish different periods, these periods are called differently, the age limits are different, since their authors laid different criteria as the basis.

L. S. Vygotsky identified three groups of periodizations:

1 . The first group is characterized by the construction of periodization based on an external, but related to the development process itself, criterion. An example is periodizations created according to the biogenetic principle.

The representative of preformationism, K. Bühler, believed that the stages of child development are instinct, training, and intellect. In Rene Zazzo's periodization, systems of education and training coincide with the stages of childhood. P.P. Blonsky proposed to distinguish between toothless childhood, deciduous childhood and the period of permanent teeth based on the change of teeth (a physiological sign) in children.

2 . The second group is characterized by the fact that periodizations are built on the basis of one internal criterion, arbitrarily chosen by the author. Z. Freud considered the development of a child only through the prism of his puberty. L. Kohlberg's periodization is based on the study of the level of moral development. In E. Erikson's periodization, eight stages of human life are distinguished, which represent a series of critical periods. J. Piaget proposed age periodization based on changes in the mental development of children.

3 . The third group of periodizations distinguishes periods based on essential criteria and characteristics. Such periodizations include the periodization of V. I. Slobodchikov, L. S. Vygotsky, D. B. Elkonin. All these and other attempts at classification have not been confirmed in specific results of studying the mental development of children. The problem of identifying the basis for age periodization remains relevant today: the lack of proper theoretical justification prevents the solution of questions about the driving forces of mental development, what the actual psychological content of the corresponding age is, what are the internal criteria for periodization, identifying age boundaries, what real changes occur in the child’s psyche influenced by changes in his social situation.

Absolute age is the duration of existence (“life”) of a breed, expressed in years. The absolute ages of rocks are given on a geochronological scale. To determine it, methods are used based on the use of radioactive transformation processes that take place in some chemical elements that make up the rocks. Some elements are used to establish ages in millions of years (uranium), while others make it possible to calculate shorter periods of time (carbon).

Earth's geological time scale

Relative age makes it possible to determine the age of rocks relative to each other, i.e., to establish which rocks are older and which are younger. To establish relative age, two methods are used: stratigraphic and paleontological.

The paleontological method makes it possible to determine the age of sedimentary rocks in relation to each other, regardless of the nature of the occurrence of layers, and to compare the age of rocks occurring in different areas. Animal and plant organisms developed gradually, sequentially. The remains of extinct organisms were buried in the sediments that accumulated during the period of time when they lived.

All geological time was divided into segments. This is how the geochronological scale was created. Names were proposed for the rock layers that formed during these periods of time, which made it possible to create a stratigraphic scale. The longest period of time - eon. The shortest segment - century Each period of time received a name and designation in the form of an index, and on geological maps - its own color.

Periods allocating to eras (departments), for example, the Triassic period is divided into lower (T,), middle (T2) and upper (T3) eras. Each era is divided into centuries (tiers), for example K dat, which reads Cretaceous, Upper Epoch, Danish Age. The superscript gives the name of the century. The modern Quaternary period is divided into eras designated by Roman numerals - Qj, Qu, Q n, and Q (V. In addition, signs indicating the genesis (origin) of rocks are placed before the index Q, for example, aQ, M - alluvial rocks (river) origin, eoQn - aeolian (wind) genesis, mQ, - marine origin, etc.

The age of rocks in the form of indices is widely used in geological documentation (maps and sections), which is an integral part of the design of buildings and structures.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Geology and its branches

Geology and its branches.. geology is a complex of sciences about the composition of the structure of the history of the development of the earth.. at present, geology is a typical natural science that is complex in nature and consists of more..

If you need additional material on this topic, or you did not find what you were looking for, we recommend using the search in our database of works:

What will we do with the received material:

If this material was useful to you, you can save it to your page on social networks:

All topics in this section:

Permafrost
Permafrost is an underground zone close to the surface with a negative temperature that persists for centuries and millennia; zone thickness from 1 to hundreds of meters.

Perennial - phenomenon
Origin, shape and structure of planet Earth. Geospheres

The question of the origin of the Earth is the most important question in natural science. For more than 100 years, the Kant-Laplace hypothesis was recognized, according to which the solar system was formed from a huge hot
Landslides. Geological conditions. Fighting methods

Landslides are the sliding displacement of rocks on slopes under the influence of gravity and with the participation of surface or groundwater.
The highway embankments are subject to deformation as a result of sliding.

Temperature regime of the Earth's upper surface
The earth's crust has two sources of heat: from the sun and from the decay of radioactive substances in its lower part at the border with the upper mantle. In the bowels of the Earth, the temperature increases from a depth of 1300

River erosion control
Lateral erosion is combated by strengthening the banks and regulating the flow of the river. Depending on the geological structure of the coast, the nature and location of erosion, strengthening is carried out by constructing embankments,

Ticket 4.
1. What is a mineral? Chemical composition and physical properties of minerals.

A mineral is a natural chemical compound that has a certain constancy of composition.
Geological activity of wind. Aeolian deposits, their composition and form of occurrence (p. 307-311)

Winds constantly blow on the earth's surface. The speed, strength and direction of winds vary. They are often hurricane-like in nature.
The wind does a lot of geological work: destroying

Ticket 5.
1. What is a mineral? Origin of minerals. Minerals of igneous rocks.

A mineral is a natural chemical compound that has a certain constant
Filtration coefficient. Determination methods

The filtration coefficient is the filtration rate at a pressure gradient I = 1. The filtration coefficient of soils is mainly determined by the geometry of the pores, i.e. their size and shape. On the value of the coefficients
Minerals of sedimentary rocks. Artificial minerals

A mineral is a natural chemical compound that has a certain constancy of composition, structure and properties. The conditions under which minerals are formed in nature vary widely.
Geological processes in the frozen rock zone

The geological processes occurring in the permafrost zone are associated, first of all, with the wedging effect of freezing groundwater on rocks. In turn, this action depends on
Ticket 7.

1. What is a rock called? Igneous rocks, their origin and classification.
Rocks are natural aggregate compounds of minerals of one silt

Forms of occurrence of igneous rocks in the earth's crust, their mineral composition, structure, texture. Isolation by cracks in the massif
1. Sedimentary rocks: origin, classification, forms of occurrence in the earth’s crust. General features of the mineral composition and texture of sedimentary rocks.

Sedimentary
Darcy's law. Filtration speed

Groundwater can move through rocks either by infiltration or filtration. During infiltration, water movement occurs when the pores are partially filled with air or water vapor.
Ticket 10.

1. What is called soil? Classification of soils according to GOST 25100-95.
Soils are any rocks and solid industrial wastes lying on the surface of the earth’s crust and

The groundwater
Modern concepts of geoecological science define the hydrosphere as one of the main life-supporting geospheres; hydrosphere is an integral part of the natural environment, inextricably linked

Unconfined groundwater
Groundwater horizons that are constant in time and have a significant area of ​​distribution, lying on the first aquitard from the surface, are called groundwater. They are characterized by a number of features:

Sedimentary rocks are chemogenic and organogenic
Chemogenic rocks are formed as a result of chemical precipitation from aqueous solutions. These rocks include various limestones, calcareous tuff, dolomite, anhydrite, gypsum, rock salt, etc.

Snow avalanches
Snow avalanches are the collapse of large masses of snow from steep mountain slopes. On high mountain ranges, snow constantly accumulates, forming large cornices overhanging the slopes. Under the influence of

Metamorphic rocks, their origin, occurrence patterns, mineral composition, structure, texture and properties in the sample and massif
Metamorphic rocks are rocks that are formed due to the transformation of igneous, sedimentary and other rocks. These transformations are called metamorphism. Change of minerals and forge

Seasonal permafrost. Heaving
Based on the duration of the frozen state of rocks, it is customary to subdivide the “generic” concept of “frozen rocks” into three specific concepts: short-term frozen rocks (hours, days),

Geological maps and sections
Tectonic movements are the movements of matter in the earth's crust under the influence of processes occurring in the deeper interior of the Earth. These movements cause tectonic disturbances, i.e. changes

Formation and growth of a ravine. Board, thalweg and other elements of the ravine. The concept of erosion basis (p. 314-317)
Formation of ravines. When snow and rain melt on the slopes of the relief, individual streams form temporary streams. Streak erosion occurs, which leads to the formation of elongated relief depressions

Ticket 17

Mudflows. Proluvius (p. 317-320 and p. 314)
Proluvium, proluvial deposits are products of rock destruction, carried by temporary water flows (mudflows, etc.) to the foot of a hill or to gentle areas of slopes and intermountain plains. P

Ticket 18
15. Seismic phenomena: earthquakes and tsunamis. Magnitude and intensity of the earthquake. Seismic zoning and microzoning.

Seismic phenomena occur in
Geological activity of glaciers

Currently, ice covers 10% of the land surface, 98.5% of the glacial surface is in the polar regions and only 1.5% is in high mountains. There are three types of glaciers: forge
Ticket 19

16. Land surface topography.
Relief is the totality of all forms of the earth's surface - elevations, plains and depressions. These “irregularities” on the Earth’s surface are very dynamic

Quicksands
Quicksands are water-saturated loose rocks, usually sands, which, when opened by various mine workings, liquefy, begin to move and behave like heavy rocks.

Physical and chemical properties of groundwater, their hardness, aggressiveness
When assessing the properties of groundwater, the taste, smell, color, transparency, temperature and other physical properties of groundwater are examined, which characterize the so-called organoleptic properties

Ticket 21
27.What is flooding? Flooded, flooded and non-flooded territories (Taskbook p.238).

Flooding is a rise in groundwater levels caused by rising mountains
Alluvial sediments of rivers, their composition, thickness. Alluvium channel, floodplain and ancient

Engineering and geological surveys for construction
Engineering-geological surveys for construction is a technological process of obtaining, accumulating, processing and summarizing information about the engineering-geological conditions of the construction site

Composition of engineering-geological surveys
1. Collection and processing of survey and research materials from past years 2. Interpretation of aero- and space-materials, aerovisual observations 3. Reconnaissance survey, including

Weathering of rocks, its types. Weathering products. Eluvium, vertical zoning, sole shape (p. 300-305)
. The weathering process is understood as the destruction and change in the composition of rocks and building materials that occurs under the influence of various agents acting on the surface of the earth, among

Types of water in rocks (soils) and their influence on the condition and properties of rocks
Depending on the state of water in the soil, it is classified as follows: vaporous; bound - tightly bound (hygroscopic), loosely bound; free -

Ticket 25
25. The basic law of filtration is Darcy’s law. Filtration rate and actual velocity of groundwater (p. 266-267).

Groundwater can move through rocks
Screes and landslides on slopes

• Scree. On steep slopes, especially in mountainous areas where rocks are developed, the process of physical weathering is active. Rocks crack and debris rolls off

  - free from k.-l. relationships and conditions, independent, perfect. The opposite is relative...

• The Beginnings of Modern Natural Science
• - depending on the context: 1) in biology - human age, calculated in years from birth; the concept was introduced as the opposite of biological age...

  - in paleodemography and demography, it represents the middle of the age cohort, which accounts for the maximum mortality in the population...

• Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary

  - 1) irrespective, unconditional...

• Universal additional practical explanatory dictionary by I. Mostitsky

  - see Radiological age...

• Geological encyclopedia

  - the time that has passed from any geological event to the modern era, calculated in “” million and thousand....

• Dictionary of geological terms

  - rocks, determined by the content of radioactive decay products in minerals...

• - age of g.p., minerals and ores, expressed in units of astronomical time and established by decl. radiological methods for the accumulation of decay products of radioactive elements in mineral deposits...

  - see Radiological age...

• - widespread in radiological lit. a term meaning that the obtained age values ​​are older than the true age...

  - see Radiological age...

• - widespread in radiological lit. a term meaning that the obtained age values ​​are younger than the true age...

  - see Radiological age...

• - calculated from the isotopic composition of ordinary lead; There are several options for calculating it. The model age is “rough”, approximate. Syn.: geological age absolute conditional...

  - see Radiological age...

• - syn. term age geological absolute model...

  - see Radiological age...

• - is usually determined by ion-thorium, protactinium - by thorium and potassium-argon methods...

  - see Radiological age...

• - free from all relationships and conditions; independent, perfect. The opposite is relative...

  Philosophical Encyclopedia

• - means that which is considered in itself, without relation to anything else and therefore is opposed to the relative...

  Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron

• - unconditional, complete, perfect, irrespective, unlimited...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

"absolute age" in books