Adjuncts are those subordinate parts of a complex sentence that are attached to the main part by relative pronouns and adverbs. what, as a result of which. why, why, why.
EXAMPLES. 1) Hoc judge involuntarily sniffed his upper lip, which he usually did before only out of great pleasure.(G.) 2) During a strong storm, a tall old pine tree was uprooted, which is why this hole was formed.(Ch.) 3) He wasn't at home that's why I left a note.(P.) 4) He had to arrange something in the city, that’s why he left in a hurry.(P.) Such subordinate clauses have the meaning of additional remarks, conclusions, conclusions.
Notes. 1. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses are close in meaning to complex sentences that have a pronoun in the second part This or pronoun adverbs because, therefore, therefore.(Wed: I) Father didn't come for a long time, which worried us all a lot. 2) Father didn't come for a long time, and this bothered us all very much. 3) Father didn't come for a long time, and therefore (because, because) we were all very worried.)
2. Words therefore, because, therefore sometimes used to semantically connect individual sentences that are not part of a complex sentence, for example: I was not at home and I did not receive the summons. That's why I didn’t show up to the meeting.
Exercise 165. Indicate the subordinate clauses, their connection with the main clause and their meanings;
I. 1) The snow became whiter and brighter so that it hurt my eyes. (L.) 2) The air was so rare that it was painful to breathe. (L.) 3) The hostess’s words were interrupted by a strange hissing so that the guest was... scared. (G.) 4) Natalya Gavrilovna was famous at the assemblies as the best dancer, which was partly the reason for Korsakov’s misconduct, who came the next day to apologize to Gavrilo Afanasyevich; but the panache and dexterity of the young dandy did not please the proud boyar, who wittily nicknamed him the French monkey. (P.)
II. 1) Avdotya was so overcome with fear that her knees began to tremble. (T.) 2) I will burn the old sorcerer so that the crows will have nothing to scatter... (G.) 3) Solokha poured coal into a tub from another bag and the clerk, who was too bulky in body, climbed into it and sat down at the very bottom so that another half a bag of coal could be poured on top of it. (G.) 4) The red color burns like fire, so I wish I could have seen enough! (G.) 5) The front of the britzka is completely wobbly, so it might not even make two stations. (G.) 6) By this time, they fed me and took me to the bathhouse and interrogated me and gave me uniforms, so I appeared in the dugout to the colonel, as expected, clean in soul and body and in full uniform. (School.) 7) During such an interrogation, Ivan Fedorovich voluntarily rose from his seat and stood up...as he usually did when the colonel asked him what. (G.) 8) He was happy with me, which I didn't expect. (M.G.)
166. Copy using missing punctuation marks; indicate the subordinate clauses, their connection with the main clause and their meanings.
1) Savelich brought the cellar behind me and demanded a fire to prepare tea, which I never thought I needed. (P.) 2) I paid the owner, who took such a reasonable payment from us that even Savelich did not argue with him and did not bargain as usual, and yesterday’s suspicions were completely erased from his head. (P.) 3) The moon was already rolling across the sky and it seemed to me that someone in white was sitting on the shore. (L.) 4) A suspicion arose in my head that this blind man is not as blind as he seems; It was in vain that I tried to convince myself that thorns could not be faked, and for what purpose? (L.) 5) He waved his hand and all three began to pull something out of the boat; the load was so great that I still don’t understand how she didn’t drown. (L.) 6) While he was looking at all the strange decorations, a side door opened and the same housekeeper whom he had met in the yard came in. (G.) 7) He could not rely on his eldest daughter Alexandra Stepanovna for everything, and he was right because Alexandra Stepanovna soon ran away with the headquarters captain of God knows what cavalry regiment and got married to him somewhere hastily. (G.) 8) I don’t know how the general yearning would have been resolved if Yakov had not suddenly finished with a high, unusually subtle sound, as if his voice had stopped. (T.)
167. Copy by inserting missing letters and adding punctuation marks; indicate the subordinate clauses, their connection with the main clause and their meanings.
The hungry wolf got up to go hunting. All three of her wolf cubs were fast asleep, huddled together and warming each other. She licked them and left.
It was already the spring month of March, but at night the trees were shaking from the cold, like in December, and as soon as you stuck out your tongue, it began to sting strongly. The wolf was in poor health and suspicious; She shuddered at the slightest noise and kept thinking about how at home without her no one would offend the wolf cubs. The smell of human and horse tracks, stumps, stacked firewood and the dark manure road frightened her; It seemed to her as if people were standing behind the trees in the darkness and dogs were howling somewhere behind the forest.
She was no longer young and her instincts were astonishing, so that sometimes a fox trail happened, she mistook it for a dog, and sometimes even deceived by her instincts she lost her way, something that never happened to her in her youth. Due to poor health, she no longer hunted calves and large rams as before and already walked far around horses with foals and ate only carrion; She had to eat fresh meat very rarely only in the spring when she came across a hare and took her children away from her or climbed into the men's barn where there were lambs.
(A.P.Chekhov.)
168. Read, indicate complex sentences and their meaning; write it down using punctuation marks.
I. Usually the old man went out to play in the evening, at the first dusk. It was more beneficial for his music to make the world quieter and darker. He did not know the troubles of his old age because he received a pension from the state and was fed enough. But the old man was bored by the thought that he was not bringing any good to people and therefore voluntarily went to play on the boulevard. There, the sounds of his violin were heard in the air in the darkness, and at least occasionally they reached the depths of the human heart, touching him with a gentle and courageous force that captivated him to live the highest beautiful life. Some listeners took out money to give it to the old man, but did not know where to put it; the violin case was closed... Then people put ten-kopeck pieces and kopecks on the lid of the case. However, the old man did not want to cover his need at the expense of the art of music, hiding the violin back in the case, he showered money from it on the ground, not paying attention to their value. He went home late, sometimes as early as midnight, when people became sparse and only some random lonely person listened to his music. But the old man could play for one person and played the piece to the end until the listener left, crying in the darkness to himself. Maybe he had his own grief, now disturbed by the song of art, or maybe he felt ashamed that he was living wrong or he just drank wine...
(A. Platonov.)
II. When the day is falling, when a pink haze covers the distant parts of the city and the surrounding hills, then only one can see the ancient capital in all its splendor, for like a beauty showing her best attire only in the evening, only at this solemn hour can she make a strong, indelible impression on the soul.
What can be compared with this Kremlin, which, surrounded by battlements, flaunting the golden domes of cathedrals, reclines on a high mountain like a sovereign crown on the brow of a formidable ruler?...
(M.Yu. L e r m o n t o v.)
169. Copy using parentheses and punctuation. Indicate the types of subordinate parts.
1) The water is blue (from) the fact that the sky was reflected in it passionately beckoned to itself. (Ch.) 2) The interior of the grove, damp from the rain, was constantly changing, looking (By) whether the sun was shining or covered with clouds. (T.) 3) We lived in a field outside the city in the old (semi) destroyed building (By) why (That) called "glass factory" may be (By) to what's in his windows (Not) was (nor) one whole glass. (M.G.) 4) The glass door to the balcony was closed (would) there was no heat coming from the garden. (A.N.T.) 5) It was a sad August night, sad (By) to what already smelled like autumn. (Ch.) 6) There were cucumbers (on) so tender that the greenhouse green of their skin shone white. (Fed.) 7) There was only one road and (at) the volume is wide and furnished with milestones (So) what a mistake it was (Not) Maybe. (Cor.) 8) Nikita himself (Not) knew (By) why does he want to stand and look at this desert. (A.N.T.) 9) (Not) Despite the fact that all the windows were covered with snow, I felt that the day had become brighter than yesterday. (Cor.) 10) The goose took another string in its beak and pulled it (from) what (That) hour (same) a deafening shot rang out. (Ch.)
NON-UNION COMPLEX SENTENCES
§ 118. The meaning of non-union complex sentences and punctuation marks in them.
A non-conjunctive compound sentence is one in which the parts are combined into one whole in meaning, but their connection is expressed not by conjunctions and allied words, but by intonation and the relationship of forms of the form and verb tenses, for example: The stars gradually disappeared, the reddish stripe in the east became wider, the white foam of the waves was covered with a delicate pink tint. (T.)
This complex sentence paints a picture of early morning. A complex sentence has three parts; their connection is expressed by enumerative intonation and uniformity of verb forms: all three predicates are expressed by verbs of the imperfective form, past tense. By these means the simultaneity and coexistence of phenomena is established.
Complex non-conjunctive sentences are not homogeneous in their meanings, intonation and verbal forms: some of them reflect the simplest relationships between the phenomena of reality (simultaneity, the succession of one phenomenon after another), while others reflect very complex ones (causal, conditional
In modern Russian, non-union complex sentences are very widespread in fiction. Along with this, they are widely used in colloquial speech, in dialogue, when intonation, gestures, and facial expressions help express semantic relationships.
EXAMPLES. 1) The horses started moving, the bell rang, and the wagon flew off. (P.) This compound sentence has three simple clauses; they indicate that one phenomenon follows another, the connection is expressed by the intonation of the enumeration and the uniformity of the forms of the predicate: all three predicates are expressed by verbs of the perfect form, past tense.
2) Korchagin did not like autumn and winter: they brought him a lot of physical torment. (BUT.) In this complex sentence, the second simple sentence indicates the reason for what is reported in the first sentence, the connection is expressed by explanatory intonation and the relationship of the predicates: both predicates are expressed by verbs of the imperfect form, past tense.
3) I I’ll do it this way: I’ll dig a large hole near the stone itself, spread the earth from the hole over the area, dump the stone into the hole and fill it with earth. (L.T.) In this complex sentence, the second clause explains the first; explanatory meaning is expressed by warning intonation and the use of a pronoun So: I'll do this(and then it is explained exactly how the speaker will do it).
4) Call yourself a milk mushroom - get into the back.(Last)
5) The jug got into the habit of walking on water - he couldn’t take his head off. (Last) In the example under paragraph 4, the first sentence contains a condition, the second - a consequence. In the example under paragraph 5, the content of one sentence is contrasted with the content of another. Despite the difference in meaning, both examples are similar in intonation: each has a slight rise in voice at the end of the first part and a short pause after it.
In terms of semantic relations, and in some cases also in intonation, some non-union complex sentences are closer to complex ones, for example: The road ran towards him, the branches painfully whipped Morozka in the face (Fad.)(Wed: The road ran towards him, and the branches painfully whipped Morozka in the face.) Other non-union complex sentences are closer to complex sentences, for example: Calm down: the wound is not dangerous. (T.)(Wed: Calm down because the wound is not dangerous.) The third complex non-conjunctive sentences allow for different understandings, and therefore they can be correlated with both compound and complex sentences, for example: The forest is being cut down - chips are flying. (Wed: The forest is being cut down and wood chips flying. When the forest is being cut down, wood chips flying. If the forest is being cut down, wood chips flying.) According to the peculiarities of their structure and meaning, non-conjunctive complex sentences are allocated to a special group and are not divided into compound and complex sentences. But it is quite acceptable to note the proximity of some non-union sentences to complex ones, and others to complex ones.
In writing, the relationships between the parts of a non-conjunct complex sentence are expressed by the following punctuation marks: comma, semicolon, semicolon, colon e.
Commas and semicolons are placed between sentences if the semantic relations are close to those expressed by connecting conjunctions.
A comma is used if the sentences are short and closely related in meaning, for example: We drove into the bushes. The road became bumpier, the wheels began to touch branches. (T.)
A semicolon is used when sentences are less related in meaning and more common, for example:
Polesie took us into its depths. Birch, aspen, linden, maple... oak trees grew from the outskirts; then they began to appear less often, a dense spruce forest moved in like a solid wall; then the thick aspen trunks turned red, and there again stretched a mixed forest. (T.)
A double dot is placed between sentences included in a complex non-union sentence if the second sentence clarifies or complements the first. There may be not one, but several explanatory sentences. The most common three cases are:
1) The second sentence (or group of sentences) indicates the reason for what is said in the first, for example: Love the book: it will help you understand the motley confusion of thoughts, it will teach you to respect a person. (M.G.)
2) The second sentence (or group of sentences) explains the first sentence or any member of it, reveals their content: The steppe is cheerfully full of flowers: gorse turns bright yellow, bells turn modestly blue, fragrant chamomile grows white in whole thickets, wild carnations burn with crimson spots. (Kupr.) Something blackened ahead at the bottom of a narrow hollow: it was Pegasus. (T.)
3) The second sentence (or group of sentences) complements the first or its member (usually the predicate), while the first sentence is pronounced with a hint of warning, for example: Suddenly I feel: someone takes me by the shoulder and pushes me. (T.) I raised my head: in front of the fire, on an overturned boat, a miller’s wife was sitting and talking to my hunter. (T.)
If the first sentence is pronounced without a hint of warning, then a comma is placed after it, for example: I hear the earth shake. (N.) In the first part of such non-union sentences, before the colon, words like so, such, next, all, every, that’s what, that’s how, the main thing, important, question, task and under. Wed: Let's do it following: you will go left, and I will go right. That's it bad: your son has no desire to learn at all. We need to understand The main thing: We can't do it without outside help.
T i r is placed in other relationships between sentences included in a non-union complex sentence, in particular:
1) Sentences depict a quick change of events or an unexpected result of an action, for example: I woke up - five stations ran back. (G.) The cheese fell out - there was a trick with it. (Kr.)
3) The first sentence indicates the time of action of what is said in the second sentence, for example: The song ended - the usual applause was heard. (T.)
4) The first sentence indicates the conditions for how The second one says, for example: If he knocks on the shutter, he will tremble and turn pale. (L.)
5) The second sentence (or group of sentences) indicates a consequence that follows from what is said in the first sentence, for example: A light rain falls in the morning - It's impossible to get out. (T.)
Note: The choice of certain punctuation marks to place between sentences often depends on which of the possible relationships the writer wants to establish.
Compare the punctuation in two descriptions by A. S. Pushkin: 1) The deep darkness in the sky was thinning, a shadow lay over the dark valley, and the dawn rose.(“Prisoner of the Caucasus.”) 2) The shadow was thinning. The East is red. The Cossack fire burned.(“Poltava.”)
In a sentence They attacked her; Vladimir Sergeevich began to defend her I. S. Turgenev establishes a simple sequence of events, and not their opposite; therefore, he uses a semicolon rather than a dash, thereby indicating the appropriate intonation.
Exercise 170. Convert the non-union sentences below into complex sentences with conjunctions.
Sample. We couldn’t leave on time: there were no tickets. - We couldn’t leave on time because there were no tickets.
1) Hand in your work on time and you will be guaranteed a vacation. 2) Suddenly it seemed to him: someone entered the house. 3) Our principle is this: if you have done your task, help your friend. 4) You can feel it all: soon the warmth will end, the rains will begin. 5) Only now did he see: a sentry was looming near the door. 6) The water will subside - immediately begin excavation work. 7) Andrey woke up late: the sun had already risen high above the horizon. 8) It’s impossible to get to the village now: the river has overflowed. 9) The boys did not sleep for a long time, talking to each other: everyone was excited by the old man’s story. 10) At the help desk they told me: there will be no plane to Tashkent today, I’ll have to wait until tomorrow.
COMPLEX SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS
§ 119. Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses.
Complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are of two main types: 1) all subordinate clauses are attached directly to the main part; 2) the first subordinate part is attached to the main part, the second - to the first subordinate part, etc.
I. Subordinate clauses that are attached directly to the main part can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.
1. Homogeneous subordinate clauses have the same meaning and, like homogeneous members, are pronounced in the tone of enumeration;
There may be coordinating conjunctions between them. The connection of homogeneous subordinate clauses with the main part is called subordination, therefore homogeneous subordinate clauses are called subordinate.
If subordinate (homogeneous) parts are connected by coordinating conjunctions, then a comma is placed before the latter according to the same rules as with homogeneous members.
1) I remember how we ran across the field, how the bullets buzzed, how the branches they tore off fell, how we made our way through the hawthorn bushes. With the main part of the sentence, there are four homogeneous (subordinate) parts (expository), which are connected by the intonation of the enumeration; there are commas between them.
Main part
2) My father said that he had never seen such grain and that this year’s harvest was excellent.(A.) With the main part of the sentence, there are two homogeneous (subordinate) parts (expository) connected by a single conjunction And,
Main part
Subordinate homogeneous (subordinate) parts (expository).
3) Yegorushka saw how little by little the sky darkened and darkness fell to the ground, how the stars lit up one after another. (Ch.) With the main part there are three subordinate parts (expository); in the second subordinate part the conjunction is omitted How; the first and second subordinate parts are connected by a single union And, which is not preceded by a comma.
Main part
Subordinate homogeneous (subordinate) parts (expository).
4) He's irritable both when sick and when healthy. At
the main part of the sentence has two homogeneous (subordinate) subordinate clauses (with the meaning of time); each subordinate clause is preceded by a conjunction And; before the second union And a comma is added.
Main part
Subordinate homogeneous (subordinate) parts (of time).
5) It was that hour before night when outlines, lines, colors, distances are erased; when the daylight is still confused, inextricably linked with the night. (Shol.)
With the main part, there are two homogeneous subordinate parts (qualifiers), which are very common and have commas inside them; there is a semicolon between them.
Main part
Subordinate homogeneous parts (definitive).
2. With the main part, there may be heterogeneous subordinate clauses that have different meanings, for example:
1)When we arrived my father showed me several large perches and rafts, which he fished out without me.(A.) With the main part there are two heterogeneous subordinate parts: tense and attributive, which are separated from the main part by commas.
Main part
Subordinate non-uniform parts (tense and attributive).
II. The second type of complex sentences with two or more subordinate clauses are those in which the subordinate parts form a chain: the first part refers to the main part (clause of the 1st degree), the second refers to the subordinate clause of the 1st degree (clause of the 2nd degree) and etc., for example: Makar knew. that the severe frost does not joke with people who go into the taiga without gloves and without a hat.(Cor.) Such a connection between parts of a complex sentence is called sequential subordination.
Main part
Subordinate clause of the 1st degree (explanatory).
Subordinate clause of the 2nd degree (definitive).
With sequential subordination, one subordinate clause may be inside another; in this case, there may be two subordinating conjunctions nearby, for example: The old man warned what if the weather will not improve, there is nothing to think about hunting. The main part has an explanatory part (that there is nothing to even think about hunting), but with it - a subordinate part with the meaning of the condition, located inside the first part.
Main part
Subordinate clause (expository). Subordinate clause (conditional).
If in a complex sentence there are conjunctions next to each other (what if; what although etc.), then a comma is placed between the conjunctions (example: . higher). A comma is not placed if there is a second part of the conjunction - That or So, for example: 1) The old man warned what if the weather won't improve That there is nothing to think about hunting; 2) The brother sternly told Alyosha, what if he promised to bring a book, So must fulfill his promise.
III. There are complex sentences in which these types of sentences are combined, for example:
At first it seemed scary to Vakula when he rose from the ground to such a height that he could no longer see anything below, and flew over the moon itself in such a way that if he had not bent over a little, he would have caught it with his hat. (G.)
Main part
Subordinate part of the 1st degree (of time).
Subordinate clause of the 2nd degree (with the meaning of the degree of action).
Subordinate clause of the 3rd degree (with the meaning of condition).
§ 120. Compound sentences, which include complex sentences.
Complex sentences may include complex sentences; in such complex sentences, coordinating and subordinating conjunctions may appear side by side, for example: While the teacher was explaining to him [Seryozha], he believed and seemed to understand, but how Only he was left alone, he absolutely could not remember and understand that the short and such understandable word “suddenly” is a “circumstance of the course of action.” (L.T.) In this complex sentence the coordinating conjunction But stands between complex sentences. There were two unions nearby: But And as soon as between which there is a comma. A comma is not used if the second conjunction (when, if, since) has an additional part That or So, For example: We picked mushrooms and said, and when she asked about something That came forward to see my face. (Ch.)
In a complex sentence, a comma is not placed before connecting and disjunctive conjunctions if the sentences they connect have a common subordinate clause, for example: The sun was already setting and fog was rising over the river. when we were returning home.
Exercise 171. Write by inserting the missing letters. Parse the sentences and explain punctuation.
1) The chorus of blackbirds will amaze and delight the one who hears it for the first time, because the bird voices have long fallen silent and in such late autumn you will not hear the same varied singing. (A.) 2) How indescribably magnificent and clear the day becomes when the light finally triumphs and the last waves of warmed fog either roll... up and spread... like tablecloths, then... vayu...sya and disappear into the deep, gently shining heights. (T.) 3) How Odintsova controlled herself, how she stood above all prejudices, but she also felt awkward when she appeared in the dining room. (T.) 4) The ferry moved with such slowness that if it weren’t for the gradual outline of its contours, one would have thought that it was standing in one place or going to the other shore. (Ch.) 5) The clerks from the butcher's shop, whom he questioned the day before, told him that letters were dropped into mailboxes, and from the box they were transported all over the world on postal troikas with drunken drivers and ringing bells. (Ch.) 6) Yegorushka saw how little by little the sky darkened and darkness fell to the ground, how the stars lit up one after another. (Ch.)7) When he [Varlamov] drove up to the rear cart, Yegorushka strained his vision to get a better look at him. (Ch.) 8) Just as a criminal who is being led to execution knows that he is about to die, but still looks around him and straightens his poorly worn hat, so Moscow (in 1812) involuntarily continued its ordinary life, although it knew that the time of destruction is near, when all those conditional relationships of life to which we are accustomed to submit will be broken. (L.T.) 9) At night, when the earth was covered in darkness and one star after another was lit in the sky with the moon, a firefly appeared in the fragrant meadow. (AND) 10) The roosters crowed, but his head still hurt, and there was such a noise in his ears, as if Ergunov was sitting under a railway bridge and listening to a train passing over his head. (Ch.) 11) It had completely cleared up and the people began to rise when I returned to my room. (L.T.) 12) They tried to tell her what the doctor said, but it turned out that, although the doctor spoke very clearly and for a long time, it was impossible to convey what he said (L.T.)
172. Copy using missing punctuation marks.
I. 1) If you have a free hour, if you have come on a business trip from the front, walk through the streets of your city at dawn. (Simonov.) 2) If a war breaks out against the class through whose forces I live and work, I will also go as an ordinary fighter in his army. (M.G.) 3) Everything that was done in the past of general benefit to humanity is all just the beginning of work, just the first stones of the foundation on which our workers and peasants have now begun to build a new world. (M.G.) 4) It’s easy to work when you know that your work is appreciated by the energetic builders of a new world of a new culture. (M.G.)
II. 1) After parting with Maxim Maksimych, I quickly galloped through the Terek and Daryal gorges, had breakfast in Kazbek, drank tea in Lars, and hurried to Vladikavkaz for dinner. I will spare you from describing the mountains from exclamations that do not express anything, from pictures that do not depict anything, especially for those who have not been there, and from statistical remarks that absolutely no one will read. I stayed at the hotel where all travelers stay. (L.) 2) The child sees that his father and mother and his old aunt and retinue all scattered to their corners, and those who didn’t have him went to the hayloft, another to the garden, a third looked for coolness in the hallway, and another, covering his face with a handkerchief from flies, fell asleep where the heat was killing him. and a bulky lunch fell. (Gonch.) 3) The shepherd did not answer immediately. He again looked at the sky and thought to the sides, blinked his eyes... Apparently, he attached no small importance to his words and, in order to increase their value, tried to pronounce them with some solemnity. The expression on his face was senile and sharp, sedate, and because the nose was intercepted across by a saddle-shaped notch and the nostrils looked upward, it seemed cunning and mocking. (Ch.) 4) Meliton trudged towards the river and listened as the sounds of the pipe gradually died away behind him. He still wanted to complain. He sadly looked around and felt unbearably sorry for the sky and the earth and the sun and the forest, and when the highest note of the pipe swept through the air and trembled like the voice of a crying man, he felt extremely bitter and offended by the disorder that was noticed in nature. The high note trembled, broke off and the pipe fell silent. (Ch.) 5) If you see him tomorrow, ask him to come see me for a minute. (Ch.) 6) In the air, wherever you look, whole clouds of snowflakes are circling, so you can’t tell whether the snow is coming from the sky or from the ground. (Ch.) 7) I only know that an impostor has appeared in Krakow and that the king and the pope are for him. (P.) 8) I read so much that when I heard the bell ringing on the front porch, I didn’t immediately understand who was ringing and why. (M.G.) 9) The woman kept talking and talking about her misfortunes, and although her words were familiar, Saburov’s heart suddenly ached from them. (Simonov.) 10) Valek hugged me like a brother, and even Tyburtsy at times looked at the three of us with some strange eyes in which something shimmered, like tears. (Cor.) 11) When Kashtanka woke up, it was already light and noise was coming from the street, which only happens during the day. (Ch.) 12) All around, lost in the golden fog, the peaks of the mountains crowded like a countless herd and Elbrus in the south stood up as a white mass, closing the chain of icy peaks between which the fibrous clouds running from the east were already wandering. (L.)
173. Read, indicate complex sentences and their structure; copy it down, filling in the missing punctuation marks.
MAN IN A CASE
He (Belikov) was remarkable in that he always, even in very good weather, went out in galoshes and with an umbrella, and certainly in a warm coat with cotton wool. And he had an umbrella in a case and a watch in a case made of gray suede, and when he took out a penknife to clean a pencil, his knife was in a case and his face seemed to be in a case too, since he kept hiding it in his raised collar. He wore dark glasses, a sweatshirt, stuffed his ears with cotton wool, and when he got on the cab, he ordered the top to be raised. In a word, this man had a constant and irresistible desire to surround himself with a shell, to create for himself, so to speak, a case that would seclude him and protect him from external influences. Reality irritated him, scared him, kept him in constant anxiety, and perhaps in order to justify this timidity, his disgust for the present, he always praised the past and what never happened, and the ancient languages that he taught were for him, in essence, the same galoshes and an umbrella where he went was hiding from real life.
Oh, how beautiful the Greek language sounds! - he said with a sweet expression and, as if to prove his words, squinting his eye and raising his finger, said: “Anthropos!”
(A.P. Chekhov.)
174. Read, indicate complex sentences and their structure, then indicate the isolated members of the sentence; copy by inserting missing letters and punctuation marks.
The sun was already setting. The flowers emitted a damp, irritating smell because they had just been watered. The house began to sing again, and from a distance the violin gave the impression of a human voice. Kovrin, straining his thoughts to remember where he had heard or read the legend, hurriedly headed to the park and unnoticedly reached the river.
Running along the path along the steep bank past the exposed roots, he went down to the water and here he disturbed the waders and scared away two ducks. In some places the last rays of the setting sun were shining on the gloomy pines, but on the surface of the river it was already real evening. The carpet crossed the lavas to the other side. In front of him now lay a wide field covered with young, not yet... blooming rye. No... human habitation, no... living soul in the distance and it seems that if you follow the path it will lead to that same unknown mysterious place where the sun has just set and where the evening dawn flames so wide and majestic .
“How spacious, free and quiet it is here! - Kovrin thought while walking along the path. “And it seems that the whole world is looking at me, lurking and waiting for me to understand it.”
But then waves ran across the rye and a light evening breeze touched his... covered head. A minute later there was another gust of wind, but the rye rustled louder and the dull murmur of pine trees was heard from behind.
(A.P. Chekhov.)
§ 121. Synonymy of complex sentences.
The same idea can be expressed in different syntactic ways, using both coordinating and subordinating connections, denoting these connections both with the help of conjunctions and allied words, and - in non-union sentences - with the help of intonation. Synonymy of various syntactic constructions is one of the main means of stylistic variation in speech; it contributes to the flexibility and expressiveness of the language. At the same time, syntactic synonyms can be used both within the same speech style and in different styles, differing from each other in stylistic coloring.
For example, connecting constructions (see § 117), synonymous with coordinating constructions, usually do not differ from the latter either in stylistic coloring or in usage. The same must be said about the synonymy of complex sentences with subordinate clauses of consequence and complex sentences in which the conjunction connects sentences denoting actions connected by a cause-and-effect relationship. Wed: Tired, he collapsed on the bed and instantly fell asleep, so (therefore) I could not get a word out of him. - Tired, he collapsed on the bed and fell asleep instantly, and I could not get a word out of him.
On the other hand, complex sentences and non-union sentences differ in the main areas of their distribution: since in non-conjunctive sentences intonation plays the main role in connecting their parts, it is natural that non-conjunction is widely used in oral speech. In book and written speech, intonation cannot directly serve to express the relationships between parts of a statement - for this purpose, conjunctions and allied words are used. Therefore, in book and written speech styles, different types of complex sentences are more common.
Sometimes complex sentences differ in the conjunctions and forms of predicate verbs used in them. Usually these differences are associated with stylistic differentiation.
For example, subordinate reasons attached to the main part of a complex sentence using a conjunction because, have a slightly more bookish coloring than those that are attached to the main part with the help of a conjunction because. Complex sentences with subordinate clauses containing a conjunction are even more bookish (and archaic) for. Wed: I was silent because I didn’t know what to answer. - I was silent, because I didn’t know what to answer. - I was silent,
for didn't know what to answer.
Compound sentences with subordinate clauses are similar in meaning to sentences in which the predicate is expressed in the form of an imperative mood used in the meaning of the subjunctive, for example: Pinches of fox hair don't regret it she would still have a tail. (Kr.) Such sentences are characteristic exclusively of colloquial speech.
Exercise 175. Write by inserting the missing letters. Indicate the semantic relationships when combining sentences without conjunctions. Explain punctuation marks.
1) A strong wind suddenly began to hum overhead, the trees began to storm, large drops of rain began to knock sharply, splashed on the leaves, lightning flashed - and the thunderstorm broke out. The rain poured down in streams. (T.) 2) The sky was already breathing in autumn, the sun was shining less often, the days were getting shorter; the mysterious forest canopy was revealed with a sad noise, fog lay on the fields; The caravan of noisy geese stretched to the south. (P.) 3) Happy are the pines and spruces: they are forever green, blizzards bring them death, frosts do not kill them. (N.) 4) Don't... sleep, Cossack: in the darkness the night Chechen walks across the river. (P.) 5) The rank followed him - he suddenly left the service. (Gr.) 6) Signs of autumn meet the eye in everything: there is a cobweb stretching out, glistening in the sun, there is a haystack visible, and there a rowan tree hangs over the fence with red tassels, there are stubble-like bristles, and there The bright winter winter flashed like an emerald. (Grekov.) 7) It’s good to sit and listen to the silence: either the wind will blow...t and the throne...t the tops of the birches, then behind the wall the bell clock will strike a quarter... It would be nice to sit still, listen and think , think, think. (Ch.) 8) I looked around: the night stood solemnly and royally. (T.) 9) I felt ashamed - I could not finish the speech I started. (T.) 10) You will part the wet bush - you will be doused with the accumulated warm smell of the night. (T.) 11) You pass by a tree - it won’t move: it’s basking. (T.)
176. Copy by inserting missing letters and punctuation marks.
I. 1) The steppe is almost all in the dry yellow...yellow light, it seems sandy. Here and there gardens have swollen among it and from their dark spots the yellow...yellow light is still hot. Pieces of lard or sugar are scattered...the white huts of the farms around them are black poplars, toy people are moving a little, small oxen are moving and everything is in the jets of a sultry haze. (M.G.) 2) A sultry day, silence, life frozen in a bright calm... the sky tenderly looks at the earth with its blue clear eye, the sun's fiery pupil. (M.G.) 3) The moon was not in the sky; it rose late at that time. (P.) 4) N... to catch up with you mad... three horses are well-fed and strong and lively. (N.) 5) The road is hellish, streams, snow, mud, waterholes. (T.) 6) Mr. Tchertopkhanov’s dwelling looked very sad; the logs turned black and stuck out forward with their “belly”; the chimney had collapsed; the corners were propped up and swayed; the large dull gray windows looked out with an expressively sour look from under the shaggy, overlapping roof. (T.) 7) Here a rather interesting picture opened up: a wide hut roof which rested on two smoky pillars and was full of people. (L.) 8) I crawled through the thick grass along the ravine, I saw the forest was over, several Cossacks were crawling out of it into the clearing and then my Karagyoz jumped out straight to them. (L.) 9) Finally, we climbed Mount Gud, stopped and looked back; a gray cloud hung on it and its cold breath threatened a nearby storm. (L.) 10) A grain of lush fruit fell into good soil and it was born. (N.) 11) The forest is rub...t chips are flying. (Ate.) 12) Once I lied, I become a liar forever. (Last) 13) I wanted to paint and the brushes fell out of my hands. I tried to read, his eyes glided over the lines. (L.) 14) I’m glad for everyone you know. (Gr.) 15) The Cossacks were heard to have made an excellent attack. (L.T.) 16) And this spring, the whole city fell off it [from the bridge], two journalists and a tailor know that. (Kr.)
II. 1) We are growing and younger, time leads us forward. (L.-K.) 2) If a boy loves work, he pokes his finger in a book and writes about him here, he is a good boy. (V.M.) 3) May flows like an elegant river along the wide pavement and flows with an immense song over the beautiful Moscow. (OK.) 4) Metelitsa climbed the hill. To the left... there was still a black ridge of hills, curved like the backbone of a giant beast. (Fad.) 5) Today, after midnight, I can't sleep... a song - a thought is brewing in my head. (Marmot.) 6) We look calmly into a menacing tomorrow, time is with us and victory is ours. (Marmot.) 7) The persecutors of the French language and the Kuznetsky Bridge gained a decisive upper hand in societies and the living rooms were filled with patriots who poured French tobacco out of a snuff box and began to sniff Russian who... burned a dozen French... broch...rock who gave up Lafite and started eating sour cabbage soup. (P.)
177. Copy by inserting missing letters and punctuation marks.
1. You've...drove about four miles... The edge of the sky is red...the birch trees are waking up, jackdaws are...deftly flying, sparrows are chirping near the dark stacks. The air is brightening, the road is clearer, the sky is clearing, the clouds are turning white, the fields are turning green. In the huts, torches burn with red fire behind the gates, and sleepy voices are heard. Meanwhile, in vain it flares up, now golden stripes stretch across the sky in the ravines, swirling couples, larks sing loudly, the pre-dawn wind blows and the crimson sun quietly floats up. The light just pours out like a stream, your heart perks up like a bird. Fresh fun love! You can see far all around. There's a village beyond the grove, there's another village further away with a white church, there's a birch forest on the mountain behind it, there's a swamp where you're going... The horses are more alive! Trot ahead! There are three versts left... more. The sun is rising quickly, the sky is clear... The weather will be nice. The herd reached out from the village towards you. You climbed the mountain... What a view! The river winds for ten miles, dimly blue through the fog behind it, watery-green meadows after meadows, gentle hills in the distance, lapwings screaming hovering over the swamp, through the damp shine spilled in the air, the distance clearly appears... not like in the summer . How freely the chest breathes, how quickly the limbs move, how strong the whole person is embraced by the fresh breath of spring!
(I. S. Turgenev.)
II. A warm wind blew from the south for two days. The last snow has melted on the fields. The foamy spring streams died away from the steppe ravines and rivers. At the dawn of the third day, the wind died down and fell over the steppe, thick fogs were silvered with moisture, last year's feather grass bushes sank in a transparent whitish haze, mounds, gullies, villages, spiers, bell towers, soaring peaks of pyramidal poplars. Blue spring has begun over the wide Don steppe.
On a foggy morning, Aksinya went out onto the porch for the first time after recovery and stood for a long time, intoxicated by the sweetness of the fresh spring air... The fog-wrapped distance, the apple trees in the garden flooded with melt water, the wet fence and road behind her, with last year's deeply washed ruts, everything seemed to her unprecedentedly beautiful, everything bloomed with thick and delicate colors, as if illuminated by the sun.
A patch of clear sky peeking through the fog blinded her with the cold blue smell of rotten straw and thawed black soil. It was so familiar and pleasant that Aksinya took a deep breath and smiled with the corners of her lips at the... intricate song of a lark coming from somewhere in the foggy the steppe awakened an unconscious sadness in her.
(M. Sh o l o h o v.)
COMPLEX SYNTACTIC WHOLE
§ 122. Period.
Among very common sentences, usually complex, periods can be distinguished during stylistic analysis of the text. In pronunciation, each period is divided by a pause into two semantic parts: in the first part of the period the voice gradually rises, and in the second (after the pause) it lowers. The first part of the period is called an increase, and the second is called a decrease. For example:
When with a peaceful family And the coals smolder in the ashes;
Circassian in his father's home And, jumping from his faithful horse,
Sits in stormy times, in the desert mountains
belated,
A stranger will come to him with greetings and stand up affectionately
tired And to the guest in a fragrant cup
And he timidly sits by the fire, - Chikhir serves him a joyful treat.
Then the owner is supportive
(A.S.Pushkin.)
The pause separating the increase and decrease is marked with t and r e.
Note . Greek name"period" (periodos) Means“circle”, figuratively - “rounded speech”.
In terms of content, a period is like a small essay written on a specific topic. So, the theme of the period in our example is the hospitality of the Circassians. It is revealed quite fully; shows: 1) a Circassian at home during a rainy season, 2) the arrival of a belated traveler, 3) treating a stranger to a sneeze.
From the syntactic side, the period does not represent anything new: most often it is a highly developed complex sentence. The semantic relations between raising and lowering are the same as between parts of a complex or compound sentence or between an isolated member and the rest of the sentence, such as: temporary causal, conditional, etc. In our example, in raising we find three subordinate tenses, and in reduction - the main part.
Between an increase and a decrease in a period, a dash is placed at the pause site.
If, in accordance with the construction of the sentence, there should be a comma in this place, it remains (before the dash).
Terms of a period within its parts, if they are very common, can be separated from each other by a semicolon. (See example above.)
Exercise 178. Read expressively. Indicate: 1) the boundaries of increase and decrease, 2) how the syntactic connection between the parts of the period is expressed, 3) what semantic relationships are established between them, 4) the theme of each period.
1) Everything that scrupulous London trades for abundant whims and carries to us along the Baltic waves for timber and lard, everything that in Paris the hungry taste, having chosen a useful trade, invents for fun, for luxury, for fashionable bliss - everything decorated the philosopher’s office at eighteen years old. (P.)
2) In those days when I blossomed serenely in the gardens of the Lyceum:
I read Apuleius willingly, but I did not read Cicero - in those days in the mysterious valleys, in the spring, with the calls of swan, near the waters shining in silence, the muse began to appear to me. (P.)
3) Like a hawk swimming in the sky, having made many circles with its strong wings, suddenly stops spread out in one place and shoots from there with an arrow at a male quail screaming near the road - so Taras’s son Ostap suddenly flew at the cornet and immediately threw a rope around his neck. (G.)
179. Sort out the periods. Write it down using punctuation marks.
1) When Bazarov, after repeated promises to return no later than a month, finally broke free from the embrace that held him and got into the tarantass, when the horses started moving and the bell rang and the wheels started spinning and now there was no need to look after him, and Timofeich, all hunched over and staggering as he walked, trudged back to his closet when the old people were left alone in their house, which also seemed to have suddenly shrunk and become decrepit, within a few moments Vasily Ivanovich, bravely waving his handkerchief on the porch, sank onto a chair and dropped his head on his chest. (T.)
2) Anyone who has happened, like me, to wander through the desert mountains and peer for a long, long time at their bizarre images and greedily swallow the life-giving air spilled in their gorges will certainly understand my desire to tell and draw these magical pictures. (L.)
3) Just as the owner of a spinning workshop, having seated the workers in their places, walking around the establishment, noticing the immobility or unusual creaking sound of the spindle, hurriedly walks, restrains or puts it into proper motion, so Anna Pavlovna, walking around her living room, approached a silent or too much talking circle and in one word or by moving it again started a uniform decent conversational machine. (L.T.)
End of work -
This topic belongs to the section:
Part 2 Syntax
Pedagogical education.. a m zemsky s e kryuchov m in svetlayev..
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SPP with additional connecting clauses
Additive clauses contain an additional message about what is said in the main part of the sentence.
The connecting message may contain an explanation, an assessment of what is given in the main part of the message, a conclusion from it, or additional comments related to the content of this message, and in the main part of the sentence there are no formal grammatical signs indicating that a subordinate clause follows it (after with the exception of intonation incompleteness), that is, it does not need a subordinate part, but the subordinate clause has a formal indicator of subordination - a conjunction word, and its meaning without the main part is uncertain. This conjunctive word seems to contain the content of the previous main part (in whole or in part). In a complex sentence One of the main benefits of hunting, my dear readers, is that it forces you to constantly move from place to place, which is very pleasant for an unoccupied person(T.) first subordinate clause, joined by a conjunction What, – explanatory, its necessity is due to the semantic incompleteness of the combination is that in the main part. The construction of the explanatory subordinate clause is such that it does not require a new subordinate clause to follow it, and the latter has the nature of an additional comment about the main statement (evaluation of its content). This is the connecting part. The nature of its syntactic relations with the preceding part of the sentence resembles the relations between parts of the SSP, as evidenced by the possibility of replacing a conjunctive word What combination and this, which is unacceptable in an explanatory clause. The actual connecting conjunction is the word and: The dressmaker lost the case, and she not only had to return the money for the suits, but also pay the plaintiff a thousand francs for moral damages(Eb.). In other cases, the function of connecting conjunctions is performed by subordinating conjunctions and combinations.
Connective relations are expressed using allied words What(in different forms), where, where, from, when, why, why, why, how.
The most often used in the connecting function is the conjunctive word What(in different forms): He built a house according to his own plan, started a cloth factory, tripled his income and began to consider himself the smartest man in the entire neighborhood, which his neighbors did not contradict him...(P.); ... She [the wolf] mistook a fox's trail for a dog's and sometimes even lost her way, something that never happened to her in her youth(Ch.).
In subordinate clauses, an intensifying-contrastive particle is often used And, emphasizing that the message contained in the subordinate clause is caused precisely by the message contained in the main one. Wed: One corner of the curtain was slightly turned up, which made it possible to look into the bedroom(Chekhov) (consequences) and One corner of the curtain was slightly turned up, which made it possible to look into the bedroom(connecting) .
Conjunctive words why, why, why usually in combination with a conjunction And add subordinate clauses with cause-and-effect and target shades of meaning: The goose took another string in its beak and pulled it, causing a deafening shot to immediately ring out.(Ch.) (cause and effect); My brother had to take entrance exams to the institute, which is why he came to the city(target) ; It was already getting dark in the forest, which is why we had to return home(target) .
Least common conjunctive words in subordinate clauses where, where, from, when and union How, introducing shades corresponding to their lexical meaning: spatial, temporal, comparative. Moreover, their connecting function is revealed only in combination with the following and ( where and when and how and): He returned home exactly at five o'clock, when he was supposed to arrive; ...The truth was that he actually lost consciousness, as he later admitted(Adv.); Weakened from loss of blood, Benny fell on the battlefield, where he was found in an unconscious state.(Lesk.). Connecting clauses, due to the special nature of connecting relations, are located after the main one or, less often, in the middle. Permissible in some cases, placing them at the beginning of a sentence creates the character of inversion: What often happens in Indian summer, in the morning the overcast sky began to brighten during the day, and the soft sun without shadows illuminated the earth(Fed.).
As a result of frequent use, some connecting clauses have turned into stable phrases: which is to be expected; Q.E.D; I congratulate you on this.
Notes:
1. Close to NGN with subordinate clauses with relative pronouns where, where, from, for which there is a special particle And: He spent two weeks in a hospital in Vladimir, from where he was again sent to the front. However, the relation of the subordinate part not to the entire main or its part, but to a separate word, in this case a noun, makes the connecting meaning additional. The main meaning here must be considered, obviously, attributive.
The meanings of a number of constructions with conjunctions are also accompanied by a connecting connotation for, if only, if only, for nothing, so. All these complex sentences are characterized by: 1) semantic and formal completeness of the main part; 2) lack of correlative words; 3) obligatory postposition of subordinate clauses (impossibility of using them in preposition). However, the leading one in all these sentences is not the connecting meaning, but the one expressed by the lexical meaning of the conjunction: cause, effect, goal, concession.
2. SPP with subordinate clauses are close in meaning to SSP and BSS, which have a pronoun in the second part This: I raped my feelings, and for this nature took revenge on me(Stanislavsky) (cf.: ...for which nature took revenge on me); He chose one or two advisers among the department's engineers– this helped him to be considered a knowledgeable person in the eyes of management(Granin) (cf.: ...which helped him to be considered a knowledgeable person in the eyes of management). The closeness of these sentences and SPPs with subordinate clauses is explained by the fact that the demonstrative pronoun This, same as relative pronoun What, indicates the content of the first part of a complex sentence. The difference between SPP with subordinate clauses and SSP and BSS with a pronoun This in the second part lies in the specially connecting meaning of the first; in the degree of connection of the parts: in SPP it is large, in SSP it is smaller, in FSS the second part is so independent that it is more often used as a separate sentence: The prisoner began to fall behind. This bothered the guard(Lavrenev).
There are (by analogy with the minor members of the sentence: definitions, additions and circumstances) three main type subordinate clauses: definitive, explanatory And circumstantial; the latter, in turn, are divided into several types.
Subordinate clause may refer to a specific word in the main (proverbial subordinate clauses) or to the whole main thing (unverbal subordinate clauses).
For determining the type of subordinate clause It is necessary to take into account three interrelated features: 1) a question that can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause; 2) the verbatim or non-verbal nature of the subordinate clause; 3) a means of connecting the subordinate clause with the main one.
Subordinate clauses
Like definitions in a simple sentence, attributive clauses express the attribute of an object, but, unlike most definitions, they often characterize the object not directly, but indirectly - through situation, which is somehow related to the subject.
In connection with the general meaning of the attribute of an object attributive clauses depend on the noun(or from a word in the meaning of a noun) in the main sentence and answer the question Which? They join the main thing only with allied words - relative pronouns (which, which, whose, what) and pronominal adverbs (where, to where, from where, when). In a subordinate clause, allied words replace the main noun on which the subordinate clause depends.
For example: [One of the contradictions, (what creativity is alive Mandelstam), concerns own nature of this creativity] (S. Averintsev)- [noun, (by what (= contradictions)), ].
Conjunctive words in complex sentences with can be divided into basic (which, which, whose) And non-basic (what, where, where, where, when). Non-main ones can always be replaced by the main allied word which, and the possibility of such a replacement is a clear sign attributive clauses.
The village where(in which) I missed Evgeny, there was a lovely corner... (A. Pushkin)- [noun, (where),].
I remembered today a dog that(which) was friend of my youth (S. Yesenin)- [noun], (what).
Sometimes at night in the city desert there is one hour, imbued with melancholy, when(to which) for the whole city night got off... (F. Tyutchev) -[noun], (when).
The main clause often contains demonstrative words (demonstrative pronouns and adverbs) that one, that one, For example:
It was the famous artist whom she saw on stage last year (Yu. German)- [uk.sl. That - noun], (which).
Pronominal attributive clauses
They are close in meaning to subordinate clauses pronominal attributive clauses . They differ from attributive clauses proper in that they refer not to the noun in the main clause, but to the pronoun (that, every, all etc.), used in the meaning of a noun, for example:
1) [Total (that knew more Evgeniy), retell to me lack of leisure) (A. Pushkin)- [local, (what)]. 2) [No oh (what do you remember), nature]... (F. Tyutchev)- [local, (what)].
Like subordinate clauses, they reveal the attribute of the subject (therefore it is better to ask a question about them too Which?) and are joined to the main sentence using allied words (main allied words - Who And What).
Wed: [That Human, (who came yesterday), today didn't show up] - subordinate clause. [word + noun, (which), ].
[That, (who came yesterday), today didn't show up] - subordinate pronominal attributive. [loc., (who),].
In contrast to the actual attributive clauses, which always come after the noun to which they refer, pronominal clauses can also appear before the word being defined, for example:
(Who lived and thought), [he can't in the shower don't despise people] ... (A. Pushkin)- (who), [place. ].
Explanatory clauses
Explanatory clauses answer case questions and refer to a member of the main sentence that needs semantic expansion (supplement, explanation). This member of the sentence is expressed by a word that has the meaning speeches, thoughts, feelings or perception. Most often these are verbs (say, ask, answer etc.; think, know, remember etc.; be afraid, be happy, be proud etc.; see, hear, feel etc.), but there may be other parts of speech: adjectives (glad, satisfied) adverbs (known, sorry, necessary, clear), nouns (news, message, rumor, thought, statement, feeling, sensation etc.)
Explanatory clauses attached to the word being explained in three ways: 1) using conjunctions what, as, as if, in order to, when etc.; 2) using any allied words; 3) using a particle conjunction whether.
For example: 1) [The light has decided], (what t smart and very nice) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (that). [I_ was afraid], (so that in a bold thought You me I couldn't blame) (A. Fet) - [ vb.], (so that). [To her dreaming], (as if she's coming along a snow glade, surrounded by sad darkness) (A. Pushkin)- [verb], (as if).
2) [You You know himself], (what the time has come) (N. Nekrasov)- [verb], (what). [Then she started asking questions me], (where am I now Working) (A. Chekhov)- [verb], (where). (When he will arrive), [unknown] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [adv.]. [I_ asked and the cuckoo], (How many yo I I'll live)... (A. Akhmatova)- [verb], (how much).
3) [Both are very I wanted to know\, (brought whether father the promised piece of ice) (L. Kassil)- [verb], (li).
Explanatory clauses can serve to convey indirect speech. With the help of unions what, how, as if, when indirect messages are expressed using a conjunction to- indirect incentives, with the help of allied words and particle conjunctions whether- indirect questions.
In the main sentence, with the word being explained, there may be an indicative word That(in different cases), which serves to highlight the content of the subordinate clause. For example: \Chekhov through the mouth of Doctor Astrov expressed one of his absolutely amazingly accurate thoughts about] (that the forests teach a person to understand the beautiful) (K. Paustovsky)- [noun + adjective], (that).
Distinguishing between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses
Causes certain difficulties differentiation between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, which refer to a noun. It should be remembered that attributive clauses depend on the noun as parts of speech(the meaning of the defined noun is not important for them), answer the question Which?, indicate the attribute of the object that is named by the defined noun, and are attached to the main one only by allied words. Subordinate clauses or explanatory depend on the noun not as a part of speech, but as from a word with a specific meaning(speeches, thoughts, feelings, perceptions), except for the question Which?(and it can always be assigned from a noun to any word or sentence dependent on it) they can also be assigned case question, They reveal(explain) content speech, thoughts, feelings, perceptions and are attached to the main thing by conjunctions and allied words. ( Subordinate clause, attachable to the main thing by conjunctions and particle conjunctions whether, can only be explanatory: The thought that he was wrong tormented him; The thought of whether he was right tormented him.)
More difficult differentiate between attributive clauses and explanatory clauses, depending on nouns in cases where explanatory clauses join the main one with the help of allied words (especially the allied word What). Wed: 1) The question is what(which) they asked him, it seemed strange to him. The thought that(which) came into his head in the morning and haunted him all day. The news that(which) I received it yesterday, I was very upset. 2) The question of what he should do now tormented him. The thought of what he had done haunted him. The news of what happened in our class amazed the whole school.
1) The first group - complex sentences with subordinate clauses. Union word What can be replaced with a conjunction word which. The subordinate clause indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined (from the main clause to the subordinate clause you can only ask a question Which?, case question cannot be asked). The demonstrative word in the main clause is possible only in the form of a pronoun agreed with the noun (that question, that thought, that news).
2) The second group is complex sentences with explanatory clauses. Replacing a conjunction word What union word which impossible. The subordinate clause not only indicates the attribute of the object named by the noun being defined, but also explains the content of the words question, thought, news(a case question can be asked from the main clause to the subordinate clause). The demonstrative word in the main sentence has a different form (case forms of pronouns: question, thought, news).
Adverbial clauses
Majority adverbial clauses sentences have the same meanings as the circumstances in a simple sentence, and therefore answer the same questions and are accordingly divided into the same types.
Clauses of manner and degree
Characterize the method of performing an action or the degree of manifestation of a qualitative characteristic and answer questions How? how? to what extent? how much? They depend on the word that performs the function of an adverbial manner of action or degree in the main sentence. These subordinate clauses are attached to the main sentence in two ways: 1) using allied words how, how much, how much; 2) using unions that, to, as if, exactly, as if, as if.
For example: 1) [The offensive was underway because was provided at headquarters) (K. Simonov)- [verb + uk.el. so], (as) (clause of manner of action).
2) [The old lady is the same age I wanted to repeat it your story], (how much of it do I need listen) (A. Herzen)-[verb+uk.el. so many],(how much) (subordinate clause).
Clauses of manner and degree there may be unambiguous(if they join the main one with allied words how, how much, to what extent)(see examples above) and double digit(if added by conjunctions; the second meaning is introduced by the conjunction). For example: 1) [White the acacias smelled so much], (that their sweet, sugary, candy the smell was felt on the lips and in the mouth) (A. Kuprin)-
[uk.sl. So+ adv.], (that) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of the consequence, which is introduced into the meaning of the subordinate conjunction What).
2) [Beautiful the girl must be dressed so that stand out from the environment) (K. Paustovsky)- [cr. + uk.sl. So],(to) (the meaning of the course of action is complicated by the meaning of the goal, which is introduced by the conjunction to).
3) [It's all small plant So sparkled at our feet] (as if it was really made made of crystal) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. so + verb.], (as if) (the meaning of the degree is complicated by the meaning of comparison, which is introduced by the conjunction as if).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the place or direction of action and answer questions Where? Where? where? They depend on the entire main sentence or on the circumstance of the place in it, expressed by the adverb (there, there, from there, nowhere, everywhere, everywhere etc.), and are attached to the main sentence using allied words where, where, where. For example:
1) [Go along the free road], (where entails free tsm for you)... (A. Pushkin)- , (Where).
2) [He wrote everywhere], (where caught his thirst write) (K. Paustovsky)- [adv.], (where).
3) (Where the river has flown), [there and there will be a channel] (proverb)- (where), [ uk.sl. there ].
Subordinate clauses should be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses, which can also be attached to the main clause using allied words where, where, where.
Wed: 1) AND [ Tanya enters to an empty house], (where(in which) lived recently our hero) (A. Pushkin)- [noun], (where) (clause clause).
2) [I_ started to remember], (Where walked during the day) (I. Turgenev)- [verb], (where) (expository clause).
Clauses of time
Clauses of time indicate the time of the action or manifestation of the sign referred to in the main sentence. They answer questions When? How long? since when? until when?, depend on the entire main clause and are joined to it by temporary conjunctions when, while, as soon as, barely, before, while, until, since, when suddenly etc. For example:
1) [When the count is back], (Natasha discourteous I was happy him and I was in a hurry to leave) (L. Tolstoy)- (cog2) (Bye does not require poet to the sacred sacrifice Apollo), [in the worries of the vain world he is cowardly submerged} (A. Pushkin)- (Bye), .
The main clause may contain demonstrative words then, until then, after that etc., as well as the second component of the union (That). If there is a demonstrative word in the main clause Then, That When in a subordinate clause it is a conjunctive word. For example:
1) [I_ sitting until I'm not starting to feel hunger) (D. Kharms)- [uk.sl. until then], (Bye).
2) (When in winter eat fresh cucumbers), [then in the mouth smells in spring] (A. Chekhov)- (when), [then].
3) [The poet feels literal meaning of the word even then] (when gives it in a figurative sense) (S. Marshak)- [uk.sl. Then],(When).
Clauses of time must be distinguished from other types of subordinate clauses attached by a conjunctive word When. For example:
1) [I_ saw Yalta that year], (when (- in which) her left Chekhov) (S. Marshak)- [adjective + noun], (when) (clause clause).
2) [Korchagin repeatedly asked me] (when he can check out) (N. Ostrovsky)- [verb], (when) (expository clause).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses indicate the conditions for the implementation of what is said in the main sentence. They answer the question under what condition?, if, if... then, when (= if), when... then, if, as soon as, once, in case etc. For example:
1) (If I I'll get sick), [to doctors I won't contact you]...(Ya. Smelyakov)- (If), .
2) (Once we started talking), [That it's better to negotiate everything to the end] (A. Kuprin)- (times), [then].
If subordinate clauses stand before the main one, then the latter may contain the second part of the union - That(see 2nd example).
Subordinate goals
Subordinate clauses offers goals indicate the purpose of what is being said in the main clause. They relate to the entire main clause, answer questions For what? for what purpose? For what? and join the main thing with the help of unions in order to (so that), in order to, in order to, then in order to, in order to (obsolete) etc. For example:
1) [I_ woke me up Pashka], (so that he didn't fall down out of the way) (A. Chekhov)- , (to);
2) [He used all his eloquence], (so that disgust Akulina from her intention) (A. Pushkin)- , (so that);
3)(In order to be happy), [necessary not only love, but also to be loved] (K. Paustovsky)- (in order to), ;
When a compound conjunction is dismembered, a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause to, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, being an indicative word and a member of the sentence, for example: [I_ I mention about this solely for the purpose] (so that emphasize the unconditional authenticity of many things by Kuprin) (K. Paustovsky)- [ul.sl. for that],(to).
Subordinate goals must be distinguished from other types of clauses with a conjunction to. For example:
1) [I Want], (to the bayonet equated feather) (V. Mayakovsky)- [verb], (so that) (expository clause).
2) [Time landings was calculated so], (so that to the landing place get in at dawn) (D. Furmanov)- [cr.adverb.+uk.sl. So],(so that) (clause of action with the additional meaning of purpose).
Additional reasons
Subordinate clauses offers reasons reveal (denote) the reason for what is said in the main sentence. They answer questions Why? for what reason? why?, refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it using conjunctions because, because, since, for, due to the fact that, then that, due to the fact that, due to the fact that etc. For example:
1) [I send her all my tears as a gift], (because Not live until the wedding) (I. Brodsky)- , (because)
2) [Any labor is important], (because ennobles person) (L. Tolstoy)- , (for).
3) (Thanks to the fact that we put new plays every day), [ theater ours quite willingly visited] (A. Kuprin)- (due to the fact that), .
Compound conjunctions, the last part of which is What, can be dismembered: a simple conjunction remains in the subordinate clause What, and the remaining words are included in the main sentence, performing the function of an index word in it and being a member of the sentence. For example:
[That's why roads to me People], (What live with me on earth) (S. Yesenin)- [uk.sl. that's why],(What).
Subordinate clauses
The subordinate clause reports an event in spite of which the action is carried out, an event called in the main clause. In concessional relations, the main sentence reports such events, facts, actions that should not have happened, but nevertheless occur (happened, will happen). Thus, subordinate clauses they call it a “failed” reason. Subordinate clauses answer questions no matter what? in spite of what?, refer to the entire main sentence and are joined to it 1) by conjunctions although, although... but, Not despite the fact that, despite the fact that, despite the fact that, let, let etc. and 2) allied words in combination With particle nor: no matter how, no matter how much, no matter what. For example:
I. 1) And (even though he was a ardent rake), [But he fell out of love finally, abuse, and saber, and lead] (A. Pushkin)- (at least), [but].
Note. In the main clause, at which there is a concessive subordinate clause, there may be a conjunction But.
2) (Let the rose is plucked), [she more blooms] (S. Nadson)- (let), .
3) [B steppes it was quiet, cloudy], (despite What the sun has risen) (A. Chekhov)- , (despite the fact that).
P. 1) (No matter how protected myself Panteley Prokofevich from any difficult experiences), [but soon had to go through a new shock for him] (M. Sholokhov)-(no matter how), [but].
2) [I_, (no matter how much would love you), getting used to it, I'll fall out of love immediately) (A. Pushkin)- [, (no matter how much), ].
Comparative clauses
The types of adverbial clauses discussed above correspond in meaning to the categories of adverbials of the same name in a simple sentence. However, there are three types of clauses (comparative, consequences And connecting), for which there is no correspondence among the circumstances in a simple sentence. A common feature of complex sentences with these types of subordinate clauses is the impossibility, as a rule, of asking a question from the main clause to the subordinate clause.
In complex sentences with comparative clauses the content of the main clause is compared with the content of the subordinate clause. Comparative clauses refer to the entire main clause and are joined to it by conjunctions as, exactly, as if, buto, as if, just as, as if, with... with whatAnd etc. For example:
1) (As in summer we swarm midge flies to the flame), [flocked flakes from the yard to the window frame] (K. Pasternak](How), ["].
2) [Small leaves bright and friendly turn green], (as if Who their washed and varnish on them directed) (I. Turgenev)- , (as if).
3) [We three of us started talking], (as if a century do you know each other?) (A. Pushkin)- , (as if).
A special group among comparative clauses make up sentences with a conjunction how and with a double union than... the. Subordinate clauses with double conjunction than... the have comparative meaning, mutual conditionality of parts. Subordinate clauses with a conjunction how, in addition, they do not refer to the entire main thing, but to the word in it, which is expressed in the form of the comparative degree of an adjective or adverb.
1) (The smaller the woman we love), [the easier like us to her] (A. Pushkin)- (than), [that].
2) [Time passed slower] (than the clouds were creeping across the sky) (M. Gorky)- [compare step.nar.], (than).
Comparative clauses can be incomplete: they omit the predicate if it coincides with the predicate of the main sentence. For example:
[Existence his concluded into this close program] (as egg into the shell) (A. Chekhov)- , (How).
The fact that this is precisely an incomplete two-part sentence is evidenced by the secondary member of the predicate group - into the shell.
Incomplete comparative clauses should not be confused with comparative clauses, which cannot contain a predicate.
Subordinate corollaries
Subordinate corollaries indicate a consequence, a conclusion that follows from the content of the main sentence .
Subordinate corollaries refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are joined to it by a conjunction So.
For example: [ Heat All increased], (So it was getting hard to breathe) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak); [ Snow All became whiter and brighter], (So it ached eyes) (M. Lermontov)- , (So).
Subordinate clauses
Subordinate clauses contain additional information and comments to what is reported in the main sentence. Connecting clauses refer to the entire main clause, always come after it and are attached to it by conjunctive words what, what, O what, why, why, why etc.
For example: 1) [To her I shouldn't have been late to the theater], (whyshe Very was in a hurry) (A. Chekhov)- , (why).
2) [The dew has fallen], (what foreshadowed tomorrow the weather will be good) (D. Mamin-Sibiryak)- , (What).
3) [And the old man Cuckoos n quickly allotment glasses, having forgotten to wipe them], (which has never happened to him in thirty years of official activity didn't happen) (I. Ilf and E. Petrov)- , (what).
Syntactic analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
Scheme for parsing a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1. Determine the type of sentence according to the purpose of the statement (narrative, interrogative, incentive).
2.Indicate the type of sentence by emotional coloring (exclamatory or non-exclamatory).
3. Determine the main and subordinate clauses, find their boundaries.
Draw up a sentence diagram: ask (if possible) a question from the main to the subordinate clause, indicate in the main word on which the subordinate clause depends (if it is a verb), characterize the means of communication (conjunction or allied word), determine the type of subordinate clause (definitive, explanatory, etc.). d.).
Sample analysis of a complex sentence with one subordinate clause
1) [In time of strong storm vomited with the roots of a tall old pine], (which is why formed this pit) (A. Chekhov).
, (why).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause. The subordinate clause refers to the entire main thing and is joined to it by a conjunctive word why.
2) (So that be contemporary clear), [all wide the poet will open the door] (A. Akhmatova).(so that), .
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamatory, complex with a subordinate clause of purpose. The subordinate clause answers the question for what purpose?, depends on the entire main clause and is joined to it by a conjunction so that
3) [I I love everything], (to which there is no consonance or echo in this world No) (I. Annensky).[local], (to).
The sentence is narrative, non-exclamative, complex with a pronominal clause. The subordinate clause answers the question which?, depends on the pronoun All in the main, it is joined by a conjunctive word what, which is an indirect object.
The subordinate clause in the Russian language causes particular difficulty when determining its type on the Unified State Exam in the second part. In fact, identifying this very species does not cause any big problems if you ask questions correctly from the main part.
A subordinate clause is a subordinating clause and a dependent clause. As you know, a subordinate clause can appear not only at the beginning of a sentence, but also in its middle or end. An important rule: any subordinate part is separated from the main part by a comma or other marks. Subordinate parts can explain both the main part and each other. If several subordinate clauses explain each other, then this is called parallel (in this case, as a rule, the subordinate clauses have a common conjunction).
Subordinate clauses in German have a clear sequence of words, which cannot be said about the Russian language. There, each word has its own place: the subject, then the predicate, and only then the secondary members. And subordinate clauses in English can serve as predicate, subject or object.
So, the subordinate clause in Russian has several types.
1) defining (the main questions of common definitions - which? which?; connected only with the help of conjunctions: what, which, which, whose). Example: The house that stood on the mountain was the property of my grandmother.
2) explanatory (questions Example: I know that everything will get better soon.
3) adverbial (have their own structure):
Thus, the subordinate clause in Russian explains and complements the main part of the complex sentence. To determine the type of this sentence, it is enough just to correctly pose the question to that part, the meaning of which is revealed by the subordinate clause.
The world of syntax is inexhaustible: like in vocabulary, it has synonyms, only these are syntactic synonyms. As in morphology, you need to know the parts of speech in order to determine the word to which the clause is attached.In this lesson you will practice the skill of finding a subordinate clause. Learn to find syntactic synonyms for it. Consider how the subordinate clause differs from other subordinate clauses with similar conjunctions and allied words; learn about the transition of some subordinate clauses into stable phrases
Subordinate clauses are sentences that contain a related, additional message.
They are attached to the main thing using allied words what, why, why, why, as a result of which, etc., relate to everything important. You cannot ask a question about them, but you can select synonymous compound sentences:
which was supposed to cheer up my mother . - SPP with additional connecting. - The children carefully put away their toys, and this It was supposed to cheer up my mother. - Complex sentence.
Subordinate clauses, as a rule, stand after the main one (sometimes in the middle of the main one). Some connecting clauses have turned into stable phrases: which is to be expected; Q.E.D; I congratulate you on this.
List of referencess
- Russian language: Textbook for 9th grade. educational institutions / S.G. Barkhudarov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu. Maksimov, L.A. Czech. - M.: Education, 2011.
- Russian language. 9th grade: textbook for general education institutions / M.M. Razumovskaya, S.I. Lvova, V.I. Kapinos, V.V. Lviv; edited by MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta. - M.: “Drofa”, 2011.
Homework
- Is it possible to ask a question about the subordinate clause?
- How do subordinate clauses join the main clause?
- What is the place of the subordinate clause in relation to the main one?
- What information does an adverbial clause add to a sentence?
Exercise 1.Find an IPP with a subordinate clause, replace it with an ISP.
1. It was necessary to go on a visit, which Lena did not want to do at all. 2. He talked about what worried him. 3. The children carefully cleaned the room , which was supposed to cheer up my mother. 4. The guys went to the forest, where there were always a lot of mushrooms. 3. The guys went into the forest, where they spent the night. 5. The events that followed were quite expected.4. The train, as expected, was delayed.
Exercise 2.Highlight grammatical basics, place punctuation marks, underline allied words as parts of a sentence.
1. Both girls put on yellow and red shoes, which they only wore on special occasions. (A. Pushkin.) 2. He politely bowed to Chichikov, to which the latter responded in kind. (N. Gogol.) 3. We prepared diligently for the exams, as a result of which we received high scores. 4. You have successfully completed the test and congratulations. 5. He read a lot and amazed everyone with his deep knowledge. 6. On the excursion we saw and learned a lot of new and interesting things, so we went on it.
Exercise 3.Find dictionary sentences with subordinate clauses, explain the spelling of homonymous parts of speech.
1. The investigation into Petrov’s case revealed a lack of facts. 2. Due to bad weather, we didn’t go for a walk. 3. There was severe frost, as a result of which classes were canceled at school. 4. Why is Varya crying so much? 5. What must we give up in order to find the right way to solve the problem? 6. We gave up long walks, which gave us time for additional activities. 7. Why did he enter this envious and stuffy world out of peaceful bliss and simple-minded friendship... (M. Lermontov.) 8. A person must do good, which is why he comes into this world. 9. Grandma forgot what she went into the room for.
