Growing peanuts in the garden and in the greenhouse. How to grow groundnuts (peanuts)

Today, business ideas surround us everywhere. Every year, the best of them are successfully implemented and bring in good income. Let's look at the option of making money by growing peanuts.

Business components

Many people grow peanuts at home without putting a lot of effort into it. At the same time, no one cares at all about the productivity and possible harvest, since it is not threatened by bad weather conditions or cold winters. You need to grow peanuts in the garden in the warm season. When planting for the first time in spring, results can be obtained by the end of summer. On average, the period from planting to harvest lasts no more than 3-3.5 months.

According to experienced gardeners and gardeners, this process does not require much effort or additional knowledge. All you need is to monitor growth, eradicate weeds and prevent the crop from being destroyed by pests or external factors.

Rules for planting peanuts

Peanut seeds can be purchased at specialized places or stores. Otherwise, they can be bred over time on your own plot of land. For planting, you will need a well-fluffed and fertilized plot of land. Most often, ordinary gypsum, which is rich in calcium, is used as soil fertilizing. In general, 10 square meters of land will require about 150-200 grams of crushed gypsum. Less commonly, the soil is fertilized with peat or humus.

Peanut seeds should be planted in the soil to a depth of about 3-4 centimeters and at a distance of 15-20 centimeters from each other. This will allow for a good and large harvest at the end of the season. The ideal time for planting is the end of April and the beginning of May. Until flowering, it is recommended to water the bushes daily. After the flowers wilt, watering should be reduced by half, alternating days. During prolonged downpours and thunderstorms, it is recommended to cover the crop with plastic wrap.

The final harvest can be harvested after 110-120 days. Most often, yellow leaves will tell you about the ripeness of the fruit. After this, the peanuts are dug up and the tubers are collected. The finished crop must be well dried and shelled. The product can be sold by weight or packaged in separate packages and sold for a designated amount of money. To do this, you can use packaging equipment or special plastic containers. Thus, growing peanuts as a business idea is a good source of additional seasonal income.

Peanut is the most valuable oilseed crop. In addition to oil, its kernels also contain a lot of protein. The taste of peanuts competes with nuts. No wonder it is called groundnut. And one more good property of this crop: peanuts are an excellent precursor for many vegetable plants.

It enriches the soil with nitrogen and significantly eliminates weeds. Its tops are fully eaten by livestock, both fresh and dry.

I will share my experience of growing peanuts. For planting, I stock up on selected seeds, remembering that you cannot expect a good harvest from bad seeds. I plant peanuts from April 25 to May 15, when the soil warms up to 15°. An accompanying sign is the flowering of white acacia.

In our area, in the same area, it is possible to pre-grow radishes. After removing it, I clear the area of plant debris and plant peanuts. I use a special planter. I place the seeds in moist soil, in furrows previously made with a three-foot marker. I leave row spacing 70 cm, the distance between plants in rows is 15-18 cm. I plant peanuts with grains freed from husks - 2-3 grains per nest hole.

The normal plant density is 1100-1200 per 100 m2. In sparse places I replant seedlings, which take root well. I don’t feed the plants at the time of care, because my plot has been well-filled with fertilizers since the fall. I even put sapropel - river silt. In the spring I add ammophosphate (1.5-2 kg per hundred square meters), so caring for peanuts comes down to constant loosening of the rows and hilling. I water by ditch or sprinkler method. From 100 m2 I remove 50 kg of peanuts.

Of the peanut varieties, I prefer Acorn, which I purchased at the All-Union Research Institute of Oilseed Crops in Krasnodar. I don’t have any seeds for distribution.

K. Ivanov, amateur vegetable grower, Krasnodar region

(Homestead farming No. 6, 1985)

Ground nut - peanut

Peanut or groundnut is a small annual plant up to 60 cm high, similar to beans. Brazil is considered to be the birthplace of peanuts. Currently, the largest areas cultivated for this crop are allocated in India, China, Burma, Indonesia, and African countries. In the United States, groundnuts became widespread after the boll weevil destroyed cotton plantations in the southern states, and farmers had to switch to growing another crop that provided a stable income. And today peanuts are for Americans what potatoes are for Russians. And the state of Alabama even erected a monument to the cotton boll weevil, thanks to which the country received a nutritious product whose nutritional value is much higher than that of potatoes.

Peanuts came to Russia at the end of the 18th century, but they began to be grown on an industrial scale only in Soviet times. In the territory of the former USSR, it is grown in Central Asia, Transcaucasia, Ukraine, and the Krasnodar Territory.

In more northern regions, peanuts are usually delayed in development and do not ripen, as they have a long growing season. Early varieties Acorn and Perzuvan-462 ripen in 100-120 days from full germination to harvest. The medium-ripening variety Krasnodarets requires 120-150 days from full germination. It should be taken into account that peanuts are a heat-loving crop. Seeds germinate at a temperature of +15°C, and the optimal temperature during the growing season is 20-25°C.

The culture loves light in mechanical composition, fertile soils with a neutral reaction. In the fall, the soil for peanuts is dug up to 20-25 cm and 4-6 kg of rotted manure or compost, 20-30 g of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers are added, and in the spring - 10-15 g of nitrogen fertilizers and 100-200 g of ash per 1 sq. m. m.

Peanuts are drought-resistant but moisture-loving crops. During the season, it requires 6-8 waterings with a bucket of water per 1 square meter. m. By the way, the yield of peanuts during industrial cultivation with irrigation is 40 c/ha, without irrigation - 10-16 c/ha.

It is not easy to create southern conditions for growing peanuts in our climate zone. But you can try to get a harvest if you speed up the growing season of plants. The duration of the growing season depends entirely on the length of daylight hours. You can make peanuts bloom and bear fruit much earlier if you give them southern nights. To do this, the plants are covered with a light-proof box two hours before sunset, removing it only two hours after sunrise. This creates a southern short day, which forces the plant to ripen earlier and produce a harvest.

The same technique, called photoperiodism in agronomy, can also be used when preparing seeds - making them germinate with a shortened day, keeping them for 3-4 days in less light. “This will replace shading during the growing season and make it unnecessary. Then obtaining a nut crop in the north will no longer present any difficulties,” writes the outstanding Russian agronomist and naturalist A. G. Doyarenko. “The use of photoperiodism for many southern crops, especially annual ones, can give exceptional results, expanding the boundaries of their cultivation. This is a very rich, interesting and promising area for research, accessible to any amateur."

Peanuts are grown in seedlings and without seedlings. In the south, seedlings are sown in mid-April and planted at the age of 20-25 days. Sow in open ground in early May, when the soil warms up to plus 15-16°C, to a depth of 6-10 cm according to the 50x50, 70x70 pattern, 7-8 seeds or 4-5 beans per nest.

In the Southern Urals, this soil temperature occurs at the end of May. Shoots appear in 12-15 days. After three weeks the plants bloom.

Peanuts have an amazing property that is not repeated in the plant world - it buries its ovaries in the ground. Flowers are formed in the axils of the leaves and are collected in inflorescences. Their quantity depends on the level of agricultural technology and external conditions - the supply of moisture in the soil and air temperature. After the flower wilts, a fruit stem, the gynophore, appears from the leaf axils, at the end of which there is an ovary. It grows quickly, bends and goes into the ground. After the gynophore penetrates the soil to a depth of about 5 cm, the ovary begins to develop into a pod. That's why peanuts are called groundnuts, because the ripe fruits need to be dug out of the ground. In past centuries, when there were no earth-moving combines, slaves were sent to collect peanuts, just as we once were “to pick potatoes.”

Given the specific nature of fruiting, during the flowering period peanuts must be hilled up like potatoes.

During the growing season, the crop needs two or three fertilizing with mineral (30-35 g/10 l of water) or organic (0.5 l/10 l of water) fertilizers of 3-5 l per 1 sq. m. m.

Peanuts are harvested when they reach technical ripeness, when the bulk of the beans are well filled and the shell is hard and straw-yellow in color. The dug up beans are dried. Store in a dry, cool, warm place. In other conditions they easily become moldy. The first sign of mold damage is dark spots.

Peanuts are a healthy dietary product

Peanuts are distinguished by a high content of vitamins and microelements, a large amount of unsaturated fatty acids and a pleasant taste. The seeds of this nut contain about 50 percent fat and more than 35 percent protein. Moreover, fats are mostly unsaturated, that is, they help lower cholesterol levels in the blood. In fact, peanuts and peanut butter have less fat than most other nuts. Therefore, products from it are included in many diets for diabetics and overweight people. Scientists say that if you eat peanuts regularly, your risk of cardiovascular disease will decrease dramatically. Groundnuts are also a good source of folate, making them very beneficial for pregnant women. American doctors recommend eating a handful of peanuts or 2 tablespoons of peanut butter daily. By the way, in terms of nutritional quality, 100 g of peanuts can be equivalent to 200 g of beef and 150 g of cheese. True, if you eat too many nuts, you won’t get double the benefits. A handful a day is enough.

In the US, 75 percent of people start their day with a peanut butter sandwich. And American children are given peanut butter sandwiches to school. In this country, there are institutes for the study of peanuts, clubs for peanut lovers, and even a “peanut press” in which materials devoted to groundnuts are published.

Confectionery products are made from peanut seeds. It is eaten fried. The vegetative mass is used to feed livestock.

Peanuts are not only a valuable food and oilseed crop, but also a raw material for a wide range of industrial products, including adhesives, synthetic fibers, paper coating compounds, flame retardants, sizing agents for paper and fabrics, water-repellent materials, etc.

Medicinal and nutritional properties of peanuts:

Has a beneficial effect on sexual potency

Improves memory and attention

Improves hearing sensitivity

Useful for severe exhaustion and serious illness.

The substances that peanuts are rich in are necessary, and in large quantities, for the normal functioning of nervous tissue, heart, liver and other organs and systems.

For long-term dry cough, it is recommended to give roasted peanuts to the child along with rice porridge several times a day.

Owners of garden plots in the North show a genuine interest in growing not only zoned crops, but also southern ones, which are rare in our country. I would also include cultivated peanuts (also known as Chinese nuts, ground pistachios, ground nuts) as such. In the 16th century was brought from South America to Asia, and then to Europe. In the 18th century appeared in Russia. Currently, only one subspecies of this plant is cultivated in the Krasnodar region - the common peanut. In culture it has two forms: bush and creeping. Bush peanuts with a height of 50-60 cm are more common. The root of the peanut is highly branched and can penetrate to a depth of 1.5 m. The branches of the bush are rounded at the base, tetrahedral and pubescent at the top. The leaves are pinnate, glossy on the upper side, pubescent on the lower side. The flowers sit one or two or three in the axils of the leaves. The color of the corolla is yellow or orange. Cross-pollination is possible in flowers. After fertilization, the lower part of the ovary of above-ground flowers elongates, forming a needle-like organ - a gynophore, which grows upward for 5-6 days, and then bends, grows downward, penetrating into the soil to a depth of 8-10 cm with the ovary sitting at its end. After this, the fruit begins to develop from the ovary in moist soil - a non-cracking cocoon-shaped bean with a thick mesh skin, most often containing 2-5 seeds. The seeds are elongated oval and round, dark red or light pink in color. The bean itself has a mass of 0.3-3 g. On fertile soils, up to 700 fruits are formed on the bush with sufficient heat and moisture. Peanut is a fairly heat-loving plant, and even with a long growing season (150-180 days).

Perhaps this is what is holding back our gardeners from trying to grow peanuts in the cool climate of our region. After all, seeds begin to germinate at a soil temperature of 12...15°C (like corn), but we have adapted to growing corn in the North-West and even get our own harvest. So why shouldn’t a practicing, inquisitive gardener grow peanuts among the other legumes that we cultivate here? Here we must take into account that peanuts are one of the first food products in the world in terms of calorie content. And the vegetative mass is used to feed livestock. In terms of feed merits, it is not inferior to the hay of perennial leguminous grasses, which we do not have a lot of here. Peanuts contain about 42% oil, up to 22% protein and about 13% carbohydrates. Peanut seeds contain over 50% high-quality fatty oil, about 20% protein and up to 18% carbohydrates, fiber, purines, saponins, vitamins B, E, pantothenic acid (B5), biotin (vitamin H).

Peanut kernels in all types are a delicious, nutritious product. Peanut varieties - Acorn, Krasnodar 1708 (Adyg), Perzuvan 46/2.

It's actually not difficult to grow peanuts. We dig up the soil in the fall and loosen it in the spring. We sow beans or hulled seeds into warm, moist soil (an accompanying sign is the flowering of white acacia). After sowing, the soil is rolled. From my own experience, I note that nuts for sowing must be shelled by hand, since mechanical shelling usually damages the embryo. I think every gardener understands where this leads. Care - regular weeding, loosening, hilling, watering (at least 8 times, the last one 20-30 days before harvesting). It is quite possible to grow peanuts within a 120-day frost-free period. In the North-West, peanuts can be grown in a greenhouse, through seedlings. They remove it before frost sets in, digging out the bushes with a garden fork. Shake off the ground and put it in windrows for 5-7 days to dry, then sort it. The average bean yield is 0.5 kg/m2. Peanuts are usually eaten roasted and, along with sunflower seeds, are a favorite delicacy of Russians.

(Gardener No. 5, 2011)

Peanut nut

Peanut (groundnut, Chinese nut, ground pistachio) is an annual herbaceous plant of the legume family. Peanuts, at their core, are quite a heat-loving plant. Maybe this is what keeps the gardener from growing peanuts in our cool climate. After all, seeds begin to germinate at a soil temperature of 12-15°C - the same as for corn, but we still grow corn), and why not try growing peanuts. After all, it occupies one of the first places among food products in terms of calorie content. Peanut is a valuable oilseed crop. Its seeds contain about 60% fat and more than 35% protein. Peanut oil is used in the canning and soap industries and in medicine. The cake obtained after separating the oil contains up to 45% protein and 8% fat. It is used in the manufacture of canned food, halva, cakes and other confectionery products. Whole beans are also in demand in their natural form. They are eaten raw, and most often fried, and are a favorite treat for both children and adults. The stems are good feed for livestock. The husk (bean skin) is used to make insulating materials and for fuel. Groundnuts were brought to Europe in the 16th century from China, so the beans were called Chinese nuts for a long time. The growing season of peanuts is 120-160 days. The optimal temperature for plant growth is 25-28°C. At temperatures below 12°C, fruits are not formed. Peanuts have the following varieties: Perzuvan 46/2, Acorn, Krasnodar 1708. Peanuts are sown with beans or shelled seeds (usually shelled) in heated, moist soil in a square-cluster method (70x70 cm) 7-8 seeds or 4-5 beans per nest . You can - at a distance of 70 cm from one another, in a row - 15-18 cm, 2-3 grains per nest hole. Seeds are planted in the soil at 8 cm, and beans at 10 cm. The sowing rate for seeds is 5-9 g, beans - 7-12 g per 1 m2. After sowing, the soil is rolled. Care - regular weeding and loosening, hilling, watering (at least 8 times, the last one 20-30 days before harvesting).

Peanuts are little susceptible to pests and diseases. Peanuts are harvested before the onset of autumn frosts when the beans are well formed and easily separated from the gynophore. They dig up bushes with a garden fork, much less often with a shovel. They shake off the soil and lay them out for 5-7 days to dry, then the beans are threshed, dried and sorted. The average bean yield is 0.5 kg/m2. When harvesting in wet weather (autumn), the beans are dried in dryers (at temperatures up to 40°C). During storage, the moisture content of the beans should be no more than 8%.

I. Krivega, amateur gardener

(Gardener, 2012)
Peanuts in the garden

Are you used to buying peanuts at the market or supermarket? Would you like to enjoy some nuts from your own garden? It turns out that growing peanuts on a plot is not so difficult. Experts say that if you can handle potatoes, then you can handle peanuts!

Cultivated peanut is an annual plant with branched shoots and pinnate leaves; yellow-red flowers are arranged in clusters on stalks of 4-7 in the corners of the leaves, but only the lower ones bear fruit, and the upper ones are usually sterile.

WHY EARTHY?

After fertilization, the peduncle with the ovary at the end begins to lengthen, stretch towards the ground, penetrate into the soil, where the fruit grows - a swollen, oval 2-4-seeded bean (not a nut!). One plant can produce up to 40 beans.

The seeds, the size of a medium-sized bean, contain up to 40-50% oil and 30% protein. Their color is dark red or light pink.

The pigment that gives the skin its color protects the plant from insects, but if it enters the human body it can cause mild poisoning (diarrhea). However, this nuance is not a reason to refuse to eat peanuts: the pigment is easily removed by soaking.

Peanut is a plant that requires heat, moisture, light and nutrients. Seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 12°C. Seedlings are sensitive to frost. At a temperature of -1°C they die.

GROW, NUT!

The optimal temperature for plant growth and development is 25-28°C. Fruits are formed in autumn only at temperatures above 12°C. Peanuts absorb the most moisture during the flowering and fruiting phases. In insufficiently moist soil, the ovaries develop poorly and the bean harvest is small.

Depending on the variety and weather conditions, the ripening period of peanuts from planting to harvest lasts 120-160 days. In the conditions of Belarus, early varieties can be grown by sowing seeds in open ground, late varieties can only be grown through seedlings, otherwise the crop will not have time to ripen.

SOIL MATTERS

For growing peanuts, fertile sandy soils are selected, preferably on a southern slope, well-lit and protected from cold winds. Unsuitable are structureless, saline and marshy lands in the lowlands, where there is a high probability of spring frosts.

Peanuts are sown after any crops except the legume family. The soil is prepared in the fall: organic fertilizers are applied at a dose of 2-3 kg/sq.m., phosphorus fertilizers are applied at a dose of 60-80 g/sq.m. m, potash - 40-50 g/sq.m and planted to a depth of 12-17 cm. In the spring, 2-3 harrowing is carried out to destroy weeds.

Before sowing, the seeds from the beans are husked. Peanuts are sown when the soil warms up to 15°C at a depth of 10 cm, which usually occurs at the end of May. Peanuts are sown in a wide row with row spacing of 45-70 cm. The distance between seeds in a row is 10-20 cm. Early varieties are sown more densely, late varieties less frequently. Seeding rate – 6-9 g/sq.m. Planting depth is 6-8 cm.

If late varieties are used or the spring is late and cold, it is worth growing seedlings in pots and planting them at 25-30 days of age at the same depth and in the same pattern.

Caring for peanut crops includes harrowing before germination, 2-3 inter-row cultivations and weeding in rows, and 1-2 hillings during the period when the ovaries lie on the soil. Hilling up is especially effective after rains or watering. If the soil moisture is insufficient, 3-4 moderate waterings are carried out.

HARVEST NUT

The harvest is harvested in late autumn, but before the onset of cold weather and rainy weather. Harvesting begins when the leaves turn yellow, when the grain is easily separated from the shell. Plants are dug up with a pitchfork, completely torn out of the ground and turned over to dry. Depending on weather conditions, drying can last from 3 days to several weeks.

In unfavorable weather, plants removed from the soil must be tied into small sheaves and dried under a canopy. When the beans are easily separated from the plant, they are torn off and dried, spread out in a thin layer, stirring occasionally. If this is not done, mold may appear on the fruit.

Ripe grains are usually darker in color, round, fairly large in diameter, and without wrinkles on the skin. Thin, wrinkled, light-colored grains are immature, and it is better not to use them for sowing.

Cleaned grains should be fried in the oven or in a frying pan before use. In addition to the fact that its taste will significantly improve and the red skin will peel off, it will also undergo a certain disinfection - after all, it was pulled out of the ground.

It is best to store peanuts unshelled (in beans), in fabric bags in a dry place.

PEANUTS DISEASES

Powdery mildew. The first signs of the disease appear in the form of single spots on both sides of the leaves, covered with a powdery coating, with the coating most often found on the upper side of the leaves. Gradually, the spotting grows and covers the entire leaf, which turns yellow and dries out. Similar spotting develops on stems and embryos, which die. The disease can be prevented only by strictly following agricultural practices for growing peanuts.

Fusarium wilt of peanuts. On young plants, the disease manifests itself in the form of root rot, which causes suppression of growth, yellowing and rapid death of plants. After a period of subsidence of the disease, it develops with renewed vigor during the period of flowering and laying of the first fruits. Plants turn yellow, wilt and usually become necrotic before harvest. The roots of affected plants darken and rot, and pads of light mycelium develop at the base of the stem. Fruits are not formed, and if they are formed, they turn out to be small and underdeveloped. Control measures: compliance with a 3-4-year crop rotation, obtaining seeds from healthy areas, correct agricultural technology when growing peanuts, including early planting, optimal depth and density of sowing, timely harvesting.

Gray rot of peanuts. Signs of the disease appear from the end of flowering until the plants are harvested. On the tops or edges of the leaves, growing, vaguely limited rusty-brown spots form, moving along the petioles of the leaves to the stems, the upper part of which withers and dies. Affected plants do not produce fruit, or the ovaries remain small and sterile. With late infection, the pathogen settles on the bean valves, forming a dense gray coating of the fungus. The beans remain small and deformed, and the seeds remain puny. Control measures: growing peanuts on a high agricultural background, ending irrigation 1-1.5 months before harvesting, timely harvesting.

Andrey Tchaikovsky, Candidate of Agricultural Sciences

Any type of activity can become a source of solid income. So, An easy to implement and quite profitable business idea is growing peanuts.

What you need to grow peanuts

Many people plant peanuts on their own plots of land. This process does not require special knowledge or special conditions.

To get a harvest it is enough:

Plant peanuts in spring.
Constantly eradicate weeds, and also ensure that plants are not destroyed by pests.
Harvest in 3-3.5 months.

Planting material should be purchased in stores (specialized) or at agricultural markets. After you manage to collect the first harvest, you can use your seeds.

Before planting peanuts, the land must be thoroughly fertilized and fluffed up. A good choice of soil amendment is gypsum. For every 10 m2 of garden plot, it is enough to use 150 - 200 g of this material (crushed). Alternative fertilizer options are peat or humus, but it is better to use gypsum. It will enrich the soil with calcium.

To get a good harvest, you need to plant peanut seeds at a distance of 15-20 cm from each other. They should be immersed in the soil to a depth of 3-4 cm.

The best period for planting peanuts is the end of April or the beginning of May, when the weather is warm. Until the bushes bloom, they need to be watered daily. After the flowers wilt, the intensity of watering should be reduced. It is enough to water the plants every other day. If there is a period of heavy, prolonged downpours, it is better to cover the plant with plastic wrap.

Harvest

Peanut ripening period is 110-120 days. When the leaves of the plants have turned yellow, you can harvest. To do this, bushes are dug up and tubers are collected.

The collected peanuts must be peeled and dried well. Otherwise, the nut may spoil.

How to organize a peanut sale

Peanuts can be sold by weight or packaged in packages. If you choose the latter option, you will have to use packaging equipment or plastic containers.

Growing and further selling peanuts is a profitable type of business activity. This seasonal business brings good income.

* The calculations use average data for Russia

Selection has achieved considerable success; thanks to it, it became possible to cultivate plants in initially unsuitable climatic conditions. Specially bred varieties are now grown in greenhouses, and sometimes agronomists do the almost impossible. The urban legend that bananas are grown in Iceland was true in the middle of the last century. Therefore, in comparison with such agricultural experience, growing peanuts in Russia no longer seems like a fantasy. In fact, this plant has been successfully cultivated in this country for a long time, but, of course, only farmers in the southern regions can cultivate it.

However, due to the fact that peanuts are used in a huge number of industries, and many food products are made from them, there should be no problems with the sale of the harvested crop. At the same time, peanuts are a relatively expensive crop, and in a multidisciplinary farm it can become a very good additional source of income. However, in addition to the requirements for suitable natural conditions, growing peanuts has a number of difficulties unique to this plant.

If peanuts become the first cultivated crop and it is planned to grow them on an industrial scale, then you need to register as a business entity. If the work is carried out on an area of less than one hectare, then all activities will fall under the definition of personal subsidiary plots (LPH) and will not require registration. If there is more land, then it is optimal to register a peasant farm (peasant farm), although you can remain just an individual entrepreneur or even register a legal entity. There is no actual difference between individual entrepreneurs and peasant farms; farmers also pay taxes under a simplified taxation system (but they call it Unified Agricultural Tax - unified agricultural tax), while remaining an individual. In general, peasant farming involves an association of citizens rather than individual entrepreneurship, although according to the law, a peasant farm can be established by only one person. Growing peanuts fully falls under the code (OKPD 2) 01.11.8 Soybeans, ground nuts, cotton seeds. The entire registration procedure will require no more than 20 thousand rubles and one month of time.

While the registration is being carried out, you can start searching for land, if this has not already been done. For industrial cultivation and for good profitability, as well as for the fastest payback of the entire project, it is better to rent or buy about 50 hectares of land. The exact size is determined by the amount of available funds and estimated sales volumes, which are determined by the presence of potential consumers. You need to first study the market to make sure that sales will be possible in your region, that the product is needed by enterprises and that there are no serious competitors. Due to the exotic nature of peanuts, all these conditions are very often met. If land is not available, you will have to look for it to rent. Peanuts love a warm climate, so they are most often grown in the southwest of this country, precisely where the price of one hectare of land with black soil can reach three and a half thousand rubles.

Recently, peanut plantations can be seen in the central part of Russia; here the cost per hectare is somewhat more affordable, and can be two thousand rubles per year. However, before starting his activities, the farmer probably already knows whether this plant is grown in his region. Because if not, then sometimes this is due precisely to the impossibility of cultivation. But often it’s simply because the peanut growing business is still in its infancy. One way or another, in the most unfavorable case, you need to allocate about 175 thousand rubles just for the land itself.

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As a rule, only one type of peanut is grown; in any case, only one can grow in Russia - cultivated peanut or Arāchis hypogaēa. It is also called underground peanuts and even groundnuts. The latter is completely wrong, since all types of peanuts belong to the legume family. The plant itself is an annual herb, the seeds of which ripen already in the ground, which is why it received the name groundnut. In fact, the peanut fruit is just a bean, a full-fledged seed, which is intended for planting. The most valuable thing about peanuts, of course, is their beans, but the green parts are also used to feed livestock as additional feed.

But if everything is extremely simple in appearance, then the process of choosing a variety sometimes becomes a very serious issue. The peanut variety must be bred for the climatic conditions of a particular region; this newcomer from South America is completely unsuitable for the Russian climate in its original form. Peanuts grow best in the south of the country; at one time, the Krasnodarets-13 and Krasnodarets-14 varieties were popular, by the name of which you can guess which part of Russia they were intended for. Released varieties can differ greatly in seeding rates, resistance and yield, but using a variety that is not “your own” will be a deliberate failure.

In central Russia it became possible to grow this crop relatively recently, but in the northern regions it is unlikely that this will ever be possible. In any case, in the near future. After all, peanuts must be planted in already warm soil, and the growing season of this plant is relatively long - up to 160 days. Thus, in regions with a short warm period of the year, peanuts simply will not have time to ripen before the onset of cold weather, which will destroy all the plants in the bud.

But peanuts have significantly fewer requirements for soil quality and can grow where other plants cannot survive. The soil can be loamy, sandy loam or even almost sand. The main thing for him is loosened soil, a lot of light and heat, as well as a relatively large amount of moisture. Peanuts, of course, are not rice and do not grow in water, but irrigation methods show an increase in peanut yields several times. That is, if you provide the field with a water supply to constantly moisten the soil, you can significantly increase the profitability of your production.

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As a legume, peanuts are a very good precursor for many plants, such as cereals, because they fertilize the soil with nitrogen, a natural property of many members of the legume family. In this regard, peanuts can replace crops such as beans or peas in crop rotation. Peanuts themselves can grow in fields that have not been cultivated for a long time, but only if perennial grass grows on it. But in this case, you will still have to apply a large amount of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers.

An interesting fact that can affect profits is that peanuts are a soil color-sensitive crop. Therefore, it is better to sow it on light soils, because then the resulting oil will be lighter. This type of product is more valued on the market. Dark oil is considered second-class.

Peanut seed is introduced into the soil at a temperature of about 15 degrees Celsius, so in some regions it may be sown in March or even early June. At the same time, the plants will not tolerate even short-term frosts. The seeding rate differs radically depending on the variety; the average can be considered approximately 50 kilograms per hectare. Such a high figure is also due to the fact that each bean is a fairly large seed; their absolute number is not very large.

The cost of one kilogram of planting material is about 120 rubles; for fifty hectares, therefore, an amount equal to 300 thousand rubles will be required. Some varieties require about 70 kilograms of seeds per hectare for planting, while others require no more than 20 kilograms. That is, the difference is significant. But in general, in Russia the seeding rate is slightly higher than in the regions where peanuts grow naturally.

This plant is not planted in open ground; slightly sprouted plants are introduced into the soil; sometimes they are cultivated in a specially equipped greenhouse, while tomatoes and peanuts are simultaneously cultivated in one place. Due to the fact that these plants are not related and absorb different substances from the soil, their productivity even increases slightly when grown together. But you don’t need to plant them close to each other, because to get a peanut harvest you need very loose soil into which the resulting seeds can burrow.

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Growing in greenhouses together with tomatoes is advisable only when it is possible to harvest the crop manually (that is, when a small number of plants are grown), otherwise there may be difficulties when harvesting plants using machinery. The growing season for peanuts does not coincide in time with many other plants, so a separate field with a large amount of this plant is suitable for industrial cultivation. Peanut flowering takes only one day, the pollinated flowers quickly turn into ovaries, after which they begin to gradually, in the process of their formation, descend to the ground. Ovaries that do not sink into the soil will never become fruit.

To successfully grow peanuts, you need to find out the fertilizer rate for each variety, but for all plants the rules are common: when the first shoots appear - phosphorus, with further growth nitrogen and potassium are added, during the formation of buds - more nitrogen, when the beans ripen - all three element. If organic fertilizers have been applied, then the rate of mineral fertilizers is slightly reduced.

Peanuts have their own agricultural pests and diseases, which are inherent not only to them, but also to many legumes. But experienced farmers note that birds pose the greatest danger to the crop. They bring great benefits to the plantation, destroying many insects, but some species, especially during the feeding period of the chicks, become dangerous agricultural pests. An area that is completely unprotected from birds may not produce any harvest at all; everything will be destroyed by birds. As a legume, peanuts are very popular with birds, and it takes a lot of effort to get rid of them or at least reduce their interest in the field. Many methods are used for this. The time-tested method of installing an ordinary stuffed animal can also be effective, since many species of birds react to the human figure and are afraid of it. Against crows, it is better to install a stuffed animal in the form of a killed relative or even change their appearance, because crows are smart enough birds to recognize deception in a short time. Birds are also afraid of rustling and shiny things, which is why many plantations hang empty aluminum beer cans.

The most modern methods of control involve the installation of an ultrasonic repeller, the signal of which is not audible to humans, but is perceived by birds. Its disadvantage is that it can also have a negative impact on domestic animals, so in a multidisciplinary farm that has its own livestock raising, ultrasound is not overused. It is worth studying the habits and behavior of the birds that will be adjacent to the field, because some of them are dangerous only at certain times (for example, before flights), otherwise they cope with cleaning the field from insects better than all kinds of pesticides.

Growing peanuts involves using not only universal equipment, such as a tractor, plow and transport equipment, but also specialized equipment, made specifically for harvesting this particular crop. The peculiarity is that ripe peanuts must be uprooted from the ground and turned over to dry, otherwise the beans will begin to rot under the influence of moisture, which means there is a risk of losing the entire crop. Machines have long been invented that independently dig up peanut bushes, shake off the soil from them, exposing the seeds, and turn them over to dry. The most modern equipment processes plants on the go, separating the tops, cleaning the seeds and sending them to a special compartment. The Chinese industry has been particularly successful in the manufacture of peanut harvesting equipment, offering consumers inexpensive combine harvesters with all the functions.

There is also a more economical option, which is a special combine-trailer that is coupled to a tractor and performs all the same functions. The cost of a full-fledged Chinese combine is about 500 thousand rubles; the low price is due not only to the country of manufacture, but also to the small size of the equipment and not particularly complex technical components. European samples will cost several times more. The output will be already cleaned seeds, but they can and should be subjected to further processing. Peanut seeds are also eaten raw, but roasted peanuts have become more widespread. To do this, it is removed from the upper reddish-burgundy skin and fried in special machines.

A farmer can sell raw seeds, perhaps simply packaging and packing them, but some farms also have full-fledged lines for roasting and even further preparation (for example, crushing) of these beans. The equipment can be represented by deep fryers, ovens and roasters, and their use significantly increases the cost of their products, also making it possible to trade not only with resellers and wholesale buyers, but also with stores and food enterprises. Although the latter may be interested in raw peanuts too.

The yield of peanuts is about one and a half tons per hectare. From fifty hectares, you can thus harvest 75 tons of crop. Unprocessed peanuts can still be sold at the same price of 120 rubles per kilogram, and then the income from the sale of beans alone will be 9 million rubles. You just need to remember that not all seeds are marketable, so this indicator is the actual limit under the most favorable conditions that can be achieved from 50 hectares.

But if you start processing peanuts, your income can be increased to more than eleven million. With all this, you can also sell tops, but their price is much lower than the price of beans. But in order to make money on the sale of a semi-finished or ready-made product (raw peanuts, although they can also be a ready-to-eat product, are still contrasted in the food industry with fried and salted ones), you need to equip a powerful production line, and also set up the production of your own packaging or order her separately. The cost of this entire organization can be several million rubles; the construction of a separate building for a peanut processing workshop will generally cost a couple of tens of millions, but it will be possible to recoup all investments in one or two seasons.

Thus, although peanuts are an atypical crop for Russia, they can become a good source of income for a farmer. This is due to the fact that peanuts are readily consumed by a large number of people (although peanuts, along with shrimp, are considered one of the strongest and most known allergens). It is consumed not only raw or fried, but also halva is made from it, added to confectionery, oil is extracted from beans, and delicious peanut butter is also made. The high consumption of peanut seeds makes its cultivation a profitable endeavor.

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Few crops can compete with peanuts in terms of yield. There are known cases when gardeners grew yields of 1 in 30, 1 in 35 in the middle zone.

It’s better to hide the ovary

Peanuts are interesting not only because of their yield. It is an excellent precursor for other vegetables, enriching the soil with nitrogen.

Its flowers are also very amazing. They are ephemeral - blooming in the morning, fade by evening. And then the flower behaves even more strangely - it descends to the ground and buries itself in it. Once safe, the flower forms a pod containing nuts. Therefore, to ensure that there are as many fruits as possible, peanuts, like potatoes, are hilled twice a season.

It is also surprising in that it loves warm and long summers. But can't stand the heat. If the temperature is above 30° C, then peanuts stop growth and development until better times. Therefore, it is not surprising that the best harvests are obtained in the middle zone, and not in the southern regions. Moreover, in the middle zone the seeds do not ripen to the end and are not suitable for sowing. That is, it is profitable to grow it, but every year you have to buy seeds from more southern regions.

Although you don’t have to look too hard - plants made from regular store-bought peanuts grow and bear fruit well. By the way, small peanuts are better suited to our climate. Large and long - more capricious.

Sun and warmth...

There is no rush to sow. In the South, peanuts are sown when the soil warms up to +80 C. In the middle zone, it is better to wait until +10...+150 C. After all, lowering the temperature to -10 C will already lead to the death of the seedlings.

On the other hand, peanuts take 120 days to grow and develop. Therefore, some grow peanuts through seedlings, planting plants in the soil up to 60 days old. But it is much easier to make a tunnel film shelter over the bed. Well, in the Krasnodar Territory, peanuts do not require anything at all - they grow better than tomatoes and do not suffer from anything.

...the main thing is water!

Peanuts are moisture-loving - the soil should not be allowed to dry out - the plants immediately stop their rather rapid growth. This already lengthens the already long growing season. But the main thing is the ovaries: both underground and those that have already penetrated into the soil, they stop their development. A couple of days of drought - and they will completely die out as unpromising. At the same time, newly formed above-ground ovaries will not be able to penetrate dry and dense soil. So it turns out that you and I started all this in vain.

Drip irrigation does not solve this problem - since the drop wets the surface in only one place. The best watering here is with sprinklers or flooding. And mulching will help maintain the required moisture between waterings and will facilitate the process of “hiding” the ovaries.

Slow shoots

It is also important to remember that although peanuts grow very rapidly, their seedlings develop very slowly. Until they find the necessary nodule bacteria, until they “agree on nitrogen”... So you need to plant it in weed-free beds and don’t be lazy with weeding for the first two weeks. Then the peanuts themselves will crush their competitors.

And you have to guess with the hilling of the plantings: the first hilling is carried out 20 days after the first flower. Then another 3-5 times, gradually raising the soil by 2-3 cm. As soon as the rows close together, you will have to finish hilling.

The more times you manage to add soil, the larger the harvest will be.