Gods of the ancient Slavs. Presentation for the lesson

Slide 7

Yarila, as the god of death and resurrection

A young sheep was sacrificed, whose blood was sprinkled on the arable land in order to make the harvest abundant.

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Slavic god Svarog

One of the main gods in the Slavic pantheon. Svarog is the god of fire.

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One of the main gods in the Slavic pantheon. “Svarga” in Sanskrit means sky, firmament, “var” means fire, heat. This is where all the Slavic derivatives come from - boil, boil, top, etc. Svarog was considered the god of Heaven, the mother of life (“Sva” is the ancestral mother of the Indo-Europeans). At a later time, Svarog changed his gender.

Slide 10

According to Dietmar (died 1018), the pagan Slavs revered Svarog more than other gods; some recognized him as one being with Redigast and represented him as the director of wars. In the myths of the white peoples, God forges with a hammer - he creates the world, striking lightning and sparks, for all of them he has one relationship or another with fire.

Slide 11

Among the Baltic Slavs, Svarozhich (otherwise called Radgost) was revered in the cult center of the Redarians Retre-Radgoste as one of the main gods, whose attributes were a horse and spears, as well as a huge boar, according to legend, emerging from the sea. Among the Czechs, Slovaks and Ukrainians, the fiery spirit Rarog can be associated with Svarog.

Slide 12

Svarog - the old sun riding in a chariot, cold and dark

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Horse

Khors is the sun god. Horse, horost, brushwood, khrest, cross, armchair, spark, round dance, horo, kolo, wheel, bracelet, stake, carols, circle, blood, red - all these words are related to each other and denote concepts associated with fire, circle, in red. If we merge them into one, an image of the sun will appear before us, described allegorically.

Slide 14

The Slavs celebrated the beginning of the new year on December 22 - the day of the winter solstice. It was believed that on this day a small, fierce sun was born in the form of a boy, Khors. The new sun completed the course of the old sun (old year) and opened the course of the next year. While the sun is still weak, night and cold prevail on the earth, inherited from the old year, but every day the Great Horse (as mentioned in “The Tale of Igor’s Host”) grows, and the sun grows stronger.

Slide 15

Our ancestors celebrated the solstice with carols, wore a Kolovrat (eight-pointed star) - the sun - on a pole, put on the masks of totem animals, which were associated in the minds of people with the images of ancient gods: the bear - Veles, the cow - Makosh, the goat - the cheerful and at the same time evil hypostasis of Veles , the horse is the sun, the swan is Lada, the duck is Rozhanitsa (progenitor of the world), the rooster is a symbol of time, sunrise and sunset, and so on.

Slide 16

On the mountain they burned a wheel tied with straw, as if helping the sun to shine, then sledding, skating, skiing, snowball fights, fist fights and wall-to-wall fights, songs, dances, competitions, and games began. People went to visit each other, everyone tried to better treat those who came, so that in the new year there would be abundance in the house.

Slide 17

The harsh northern Rus' loved valiant fun. Forced to live and work in difficult conditions, our ancestors, until the twentieth century, were known as cheerful and hospitable people who knew how to relax. Horse is a male deity who embodies the desire of boys and adult husbands for knowledge, spiritual growth, self-improvement, to overcome difficulties encountered in life and find the right solutions.

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Dazhdbog – god of fertility

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Dazhdbog, give, rain are words with the same root meaning “to share, to distribute.” Dazhdbog sent people not only rain, but also the sun, saturating the earth with light and warmth. Dazhdbog is the autumn sky with clouds, rain, thunderstorms, and sometimes hail. September 22 is the autumn equinox, the holiday of Rodion and Rozhanitsa, the day of Dazhdbog and Mokosh.

Slide 20

The entire harvest has been harvested and the final harvests are underway in the orchards and orchards. All residents of a village or city go out into nature, light a fire, roll a burning wheel - the sun - up the mountain, dance in circles with songs, play pre-wedding and ritual games. Then they bring tables to the main street, put the best food on them and begin a general family feast. Neighbors and relatives try food prepared by others, praise them, and all together glorify the Sun, the earth and Mother Rus'.

Slide 21

Dazhdbozhy (solar) grandchildren - that’s what the Rusichi called themselves. Symbolic signs of the sun (solar rosettes, solstice) were present everywhere among our ancestors - on clothes, dishes, and in home decoration. Every Russian man is obliged to create a large family - a family, feed, raise, educate children and become Dazhdbog. This is his duty, glory, really. Behind each of us there are countless ancestors - our roots, and each must give life to branches - descendants.

Slide 22

Veles - Master of Wildlife

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Patron of livestock and wealth, the embodiment of gold, guardian of traders, cattle breeders, hunters and cultivators, master of magic and the hidden, ruler of crossroads, navy god. All lower spirits obeyed him. Buyan Island became the magical abode of Veles. Veles was mainly concerned with earthly affairs, because he was revered as the lord of forests, animals, the god of poetry and prosperity.

Slide 24

Veles is the keeper of hoary antiquity and the silent bones of ancestors. The last night of October is the day of remembrance of grandfathers (in the West - Halloween). On this day, the Rus saw off the spirits of nature and their relatives who had died during the year under the snow with bonfires and the music of bagpipes and pipes.

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Perun - god of thunder and lightning

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Perun is the god of thunder and lightning, the patron saint of warriors. According to the Slavs, Perun appeared with his lightning on the warm days of spring, fertilized the earth with rain and brought out the clear sun from behind the scattered clouds. With his creative power nature awakened to life, and he seemed to be creating the World again. Hence Perun is a producer, a creator. At the same time, Perun is a formidable and punishing deity; his appearance excites fear and trembling. Perun was the supreme deity of Prince Vladimir's pantheon as the patron of the ruling military elite, prince and squad, punishing for non-compliance with the laws.

Slide 27

Although Perun was related to the cold (he was born in the first month of winter), the Days of Perun - his time - began on June 20 and ended in early August. At this time, the Russians celebrated funeral feasts for the soldiers who had fallen in battle - they gathered on mounds and red mountains, held feasts, military fun, and measured their strength among themselves in running, throwing weapons, swimming, and horse racing. They killed a bull bought by chipping in, roasted and ate it, and drank mead and kvass. They initiated initiations of young guys who had to undergo serious tests into warriors and girdle themselves with the weapons of the Family.

Slide 28

Our ancestors always had many external enemies, and constant wars were fought. The shield and sword were revered as a symbol of Perun, his gift to a man. Weapons were worshiped and idolized. But not only men went into mortal combat. Often, among the killed Russians on the battlefield, enemies were surprised to find women fighting shoulder to shoulder with their husbands. They were also patronized by the golden-moustached Perun.

Slavs

The Slavs are the largest ethnolinguistic community in Europe.

Currently, the Slavs are settled over a vast territory of Southern and Eastern Europe and further east - all the way to the Russian Far East. The total number of Slavs is 300-350 million people, of which about half are Russians (137 million). Stand out Western Slavs (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Kashubians and Lusatians), South Slavs (Bulgarians, Serbs, Croats, Bosnians, Macedonians, Slovenes, Montenegrins) and East Slavs (Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians). There are several versions of the origin of the word “Slavs”.

There are four main ones: from word (people who speak “our way”, as opposed to Germans - “mute”, i.e. “those who do not speak our language”, “strangers”); from the Indo-European root *kleu- “rumor, fame” (cf. glory ); from the toponym, apparently the name of the river (cf. the epithet of the Dnieper Slavutich , rivers Sluya, Slava, Slavnitsa in different Slavic lands); from the root *s-lau-os “people‘.

world creation

At the beginning of time the world was in darkness.

In the “Book of Veles” it is written: “God is one and multiple. And let no one divide that multitude and say that we have many gods.”

Everything that exists is only a small part of Him. And He has a great many names. The ancient Rus and Slavs knew him as the Most High.

Rod is the Parent of all things. The Almighty created with his thought the Golden Egg, in which was enclosed the Rod - the Parent of all things.

This God began to give birth to everything, to create the visible world. Everything born by Rod still bears his name: nature, homeland, parents, relatives.

Lada - mother

Rod gave birth to Love - Mother Lada. Our ancestors also called the whole system of life by the name Lada - lad, where everything was supposed to be fine, that is, good. All people should be able to get along with each other. The wife called her beloved Lado, and he called her Ladushka. “Okay,” people say when they have decided on some important matter. And in ancient times, a dowry agreement was called ladnik, lady was an engagement, ladylo was a matchmaker, and ladkanya was a wedding song. And even the pancakes that were baked in the spring in honor of resurgent life are from the same root.

Family pillar

So Rod gave birth to the Universe - countless star worlds, as well as our earthly world. The sun then came out of His face. The bright moon is from His chest. The frequent stars are from His eyes. The clear dawns are from His eyebrows. Dark nights - yes from His thoughts.

Violent winds - from the breath...

Everything that we see around us, everything that is under the Family, we call Nature. The genus separated the visible, manifest world, that is, Reality, from the invisible, spiritual world - from Navi. Rod separated Truth from Falsehood.

Svarog

God also created Blue Svarga - a country in the heavens where our glorious ancestors live. Bright stars are their shining eyes, with which grandfathers and great-grandfathers look from heaven at our earthly affairs. “Bungle” still means to create in a miraculous way. Cooking and jew's harp can only be done with fire and water. Svarog is the source of fire and its ruler. He took care of people: he gave them the sun and fire, on which they could cook food and with which they could warm themselves in the severe cold. Svarog dropped from the sky a plow and a yoke to cultivate the land, a battle ax to protect this land from enemies, and a bowl to prepare a sacred drink in it. It was Svarog who started the Iron Age and taught people to use iron tools. Requirements are brought to Svarog either with cheese (syrniki) or cottage cheese. The word “cottage cheese” means created, it has the same root as the name Svarog and is a symbol of heavenly bread.

Alatyr - stone

Svarog cooked (cooked, created) the earth. He found the magic stone Alatyr, cast a magic spell - the stone grew and became a huge white-flammable stone. God churned the ocean for them. The thickened moisture became the first dry land. He also used Alatyr for other important purposes: he hit it with a hammer - from sparks flying in all directions, new Gods and ratichs - heavenly warriors - were born.

Centaur Kitovras

In later times, the great wizard half-horse Kitovras (the Greeks called the centaur Chiron) built a temple in honor of the Almighty around Alatyr. This is how the word altar appeared - the most sacred place in the temple. The Temple of the Most High with the Alatyr altar stood on the slope of the sacred Mount Elbrus, the highest in the Caucasus. In ancient times, this mountain was called by different names: Bel-Alabyr, White Mountain, Belina. The Belaya River flows right here, and the White City used to be where the Belogor people lived. All the names in these places are associated with the color of Alatyr - a white stone, when struck, sparks flew out.

Mother of Cheese Earth

The earth seemed to the ancestors as a living humanoid creature. Herbs, flowers, bushes, trees seemed to him like her lush hair; he recognized stone rocks as bones; tenacious tree roots replaced veins; the blood of the earth was the water oozing from its depths. And, like a living woman, she gave birth to earthly creatures, she moaned in pain in a storm, she was angry, causing earthquakes, she smiled under the sun, giving people unprecedented beauty, she fell asleep in the cold winter and woke up in the spring, she died, burned by drought and was reborn after the rains. And, as if to a true mother, a person resorted to her at every time of his life. Whoever does not respect the land-nurse, according to the plowman, it will not give him bread; whoever does not bow to Mother Raw Earth with a filial bow, she will lie on his coffin not as light fluff, but as a heavy stone. Whoever does not take a handful of his native land with him on a long journey will never see his homeland again, our ancestors believed.

Veles

God Veles (also Volos), brother of Svarog, is one of the most ancient Slavic Gods. His main act was that he set the world created by Rod and Svarog into motion. Day began to give way to night; winter was inevitably followed by spring, summer and autumn; after exhalation - inhale, after sadness - joy. And also Veles: 1. “Bestial God” is the master of Wild Nature. 2. Vodchiy on all Roads, Mr. Paths, patron of all travelers. 3. Master of Navi, ruler of the Unknown, Black God. 4. Posthumous judge and lifetime tester. 5. A powerful wizard and lord of magic, a werewolf. 6. Patron of trade, mediator in contracts and interpreter of laws. 7. Giver of wealth. 8. Patron of those who know and seek, teacher of the arts. 9. God of luck.

Veles Day is Wednesday, stone is opal or obsidian, metal is lead or mercury, wood is spruce, pine, walnut or ash; amulets, staves, idols and other items associated with the cult of Veles should be made from them.

Perun

Perun is the most famous of the Svarozhich brothers. He is the ruler of the heavenly forces - thunder and lightning - one of the most important Gods in Rus'.

God Perun. Suspension

He moved across the sky in a chariot, holding a thunder arrow ready in his hand. A very expressive portrait of the Thunderer was given by Konstantin Balmont: Perun's thoughts are quick, Whatever he wants, so now. Showers sparks, throws sparks From the pupils of sparkling eyes. Also Perun, son of Svarog the eldest: - Patron of warriors and princely squads. - God the manager, God who punishes for non-compliance with the laws. - Defender of Reveal.

Yarilo

In Rus', at least four sun gods existed simultaneously: Yarilo, Dazhdbog, Svetovit and Khors. What was their difference?

The first sun is Yarilo, morning dawn. It is associated with the beginning of creation, the beginning of a new day. Svarog created it first. This is where the year begins in the spring, when the snow melts and greenery blooms. Our life, our youth begins with him.

Dazhdbog

Dazhdbog is the summer Sun that gives fruit. That’s why it’s called Dazhdbog, the giving God. It illuminates the earth and sky. It is associated with a day in our life. This is her zenith, this is maturity. Dazhdbog's day is Sunday, his metal is gold, his stone is yakhont. The celebration may occur on the day of Rodion the Icebreaker. The lion was considered the sacred animal of Dazhdbog. Svarozhich was also depicted either with a lion's head or riding a chariot drawn by lions.

Svetovit

The Third Sun is shining, setting. Associated with autumn, evening, old age in our lives, and reaping fruits. From the name of this Slavic God comes the very name of holiness, all that is holy, holy righteous people and divine light spilling onto the earth. In addition, any holiday in many Slavic languages ​​is called holy. In a word, Svetovit represents the very essence of the spiritual life of the Slavs. The statue of Svetovit was a powerful figure with four heads. In his right hand, the god held a cult horn with honey, bound in metal. His clothes reached his knees, and his feet stood level with people - on the ground. This image was covered with a crimson veil. On the walls of the temple, among the antlers of deer, elk and aurochs, hung a saddle decorated with gems, a bridle and a sword with a silver engraved hilt.

Horse

The Fourth Sun is Horse. The night, winter Sun, illuminating the world of the dead, located underground, the world in which our ancestors live. At night, this sun appears in the form of a month, a moon, to illuminate the earth with its dim light. Therefore, night is the time of the dark forces of the underworld, since when we have night, day begins there. At the same time, Horse never appeared alone, but always in company with other Gods. For example, the sun cannot exist without daylight, so Dazhdbog and Khors are always nearby. But light and solar heat alone are not enough for a good harvest; rain is also needed, and this is the direct work of other Gods. Stribog will blow, catch up with Perun's clouds, they will rumble, lightning will flash and heavenly moisture will spill onto the field. And then there will be a good harvest.

The main part of the festivities dedicated to Khorsu are mass dances, after which sacrifices are made to him - specially prepared foods. By the way, this is where the word “round dance” apparently appeared, as well as “khoroshul” - a round ritual pie - kurnik.

Khorsa's day is a resurrection, like Dazhdbog's, the metal is red gold. The days of Khors coincide with any solstice, for example, summer - June 21 to 25 (Kupala), autumn - September 21 - 23 (Ovsen Maly, Tausen, Autumn Khoros). An indispensable attribute of the veneration of Khors is round dances.

Triglav

Foreign chroniclers considered Triglav one of the many Slavic Gods, not realizing that this most important symbol expressed the very essence of our ancient faith: God is one, but he has many manifestations. Most often, these are three main entities: Svarog, Perun and Svetovit. Triglav was revered by all Slavs, but some peoples worshiped him especially. Near the city of Stetin, next to a healing spring, on the main of the three sacred hills, the magnificent Triglav Temple stood on high pillars covered with black cloth. At the foot of the only statue lay piles of treasure - a tenth of the spoils of war. The statue of the triune God was covered with a veil, and he had gold bandages on his mouth and eyes. It was believed that Triglav vigilantly monitors all kingdoms. God's gaze and his word had such power that they could easily break down the thin barriers between worlds. And then the worlds, mixed, would change places, and this would mean the end of the world. Therefore, Triglav was served by many priests, who made sure that his statue was always tightly covered with cloth, and they expressed the will of God themselves.

Belobog and

Chernobog

Kryshen is the son of the Almighty, that is, he was the brother of the very first creator of the world, Rod, although he was much younger than him. He was not born by chance, but to fulfill a great mission. At that time, great cold fell on the world of Yavi. People lost the gift of the gods, fire, and died out, freezing. The cause of these great disasters was Chernobog. Kryshen flew from heaven, gave people fire, and then fought on the shores of the Arctic Ocean with Chernobog and defeated him. This act of Kryshny is sung in the sacred “Book of Kolyada”: Light the Sacred Fire! Let the flammable fires burn - high up to the sky! Read and remember Kryshnya, Son of Golden Maya and Vyshny!

Stribog

Stribog is the God of the wind in East Slavic mythology. The name Stribog goes back to the ancient root “strega”, which means “elder”, “paternal uncle”. A similar meaning is found in the “Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” where the winds are called “Stribozh’s grandchildren.”

Stribog was born from the breath of Rod. He can summon and tame a storm and can turn into his assistant, the mythical bird Stratim. In general, the wind was usually represented in the form of a gray-haired old man living at the edge of the world, in a dense forest or on an island in the middle of the ocean.

Servants of Stribog Stribog has many grandchildren and sons, servants: Whistling is the elder wind, considered the God of the storm; Podaga is a hot, drying wind, lives in the desert in the south; Weather - warm, light breeze, God of pleasant weather; South wind - has a hot, southern disposition, carries with it the warmth and smell of the south; The west wind is a little dry, sometimes angry, but mostly kind; Siverko (North wind) - carries cold from the Arctic Ocean, is very harsh and only gets a little kinder in summer; The East Wind - like an Asian, has an unexpected, mysterious and insidious character;

Midday and Midnighter frolic day and night.

Veneration of Stribog It is not known whether there was a permanent holiday in honor of Stribog, but he was mentioned and revered together with Dazhbog. Wind, rain and sun were considered the most important for the farmer. The sailors also prayed to Stribog to give “wind to the sail.” The Rus in ancient times conquered the sea elements. They came up with a boat, a rudder, an anchor and a sail. The main temples of Stribog were located on sea islands, near the mouths of rivers, where merchant ships often stopped (for example, on the island of Berezan near the mouth of the Dnieper). Before heading out to the open sea, ships approached him, and merchants brought rich gifts to Stribog. According to legend, Stribog, together with Perun, commanded thunder and lightning. On the Don, millers called upon Stribog, whom they called Stryb. The children helped the old people with the following prayer song: Blow, Stryba, to us from the sky,

We need bread for tomorrow!

Very little time passed - the wind blew, the wings of the windmill began to rotate, and after them the millstones, grinding the grains into flour.

Dogoda

Dogoda - God of quiet, pleasant winds and clear weather. A ruddy, fair-haired young man in a cornflower wreath, in silver-blue clothes, with semi-precious wings on his back, Dogoda slowly flies over the earth, overshadowing it with his smile, affectionate gaze, welcomingly waving an ever-blooming branch of pink rosehip. Submissive to his will, flocks of light-winged clouds float in the heights. Our ancestors saw in their bizarre outlines heavenly mountains, palaces of giants, flying carpets, and chariots of deities. They also saw, of course, boats in which long-dead ancestors sat, occasionally visiting their native lands. They certify that descendants honor the ancestral memory, respect ancient customs, and honor their Gods.

Semargl

Svyatobor - among the Western and Eastern Slavs - the God of forests and woodlands. He predetermines the fate, life and destiny of all inhabitants of the forest, ensuring harmony and agreement in nature. The belief that irreparable damage should not be caused to nature through stupidity or greed arose in ancient times.

Svyatobor is the personification of ever-living nature. It is not for nothing that in the ancient poetic language grass, flowers, shrubs and trees were called the hair of the Mother of the Damp Earth, the wide expanses of land were compared to a gigantic body, her bones were seen in solid rocks and stones, blood in the waters, veins in tree roots, and plants - hair. It is not for nothing that the legends about the origin of man say that our body was taken from the earth and will be turned into it after death; bones - from stone, blood - from sea water, sweat - from dew, veins - from roots, hair - from grass.

Devana

Devana (Zevana, Dzevana) - daughter of Perun, Goddess-hunter, wife of the God of the forests Svyatobor. She learned magical skills from her parents: she could turn into any animal, into a sea fish and into a mighty bird. That's why she became a great hunter. She galloped through the forests, accompanied by two dire wolves, who obeyed her like ordinary dogs. She caught any game and had no equal in her fun. The ancient Slavs represented Devan in the guise of a beauty, dressed in a rich marten fur coat, trimmed with squirrel; with a bow and arrows drawn. Instead of an epancha (outer clothing), a bear skin was thrown on, and the head of the animal served as a hat. She looked after forest animals, taught them to avoid danger and endure harsh winters.

Lelya

Lelya (Lalya) - Goddess of spring, daughter of the Goddess of beauty, love and fertility Lada. According to myths, it was inextricably linked with the spring revival of nature and the beginning of field work. The goddess was imagined as a young, beautiful, slender and tall girl. In the spring spell song there are the following words dedicated to Lela-Spring: Eat Spring, eat. On a golden horse In the green sayan Gray hair on the plow Soak the earth with aruchi

Right hand soyuchi.

Lel

Lel (Lelya, Lelyo, Lyubich) - in the mythology of the ancient Slavs, the God of love passion. The word “cherish” still reminds me of Lela, that is, undead, to love. He is the son of the Goddess of beauty and love Lada. Lel threw sparks from his hands: after all, passion is fiery, hot love!

Alive, Zhivana is the personification of fruitful strength, youth, beauty of all nature and man - that is, spring. Alive reigns when fields and forests, gardens and orchards turn green and bloom, when people, waking up from a dull winter sleep, seem to see for the first time the beauty of spring nature, the beauty of blossoming youth, and for the first time experience the charm of love and tenderness. It is in the spring that you can see Zhiva or Zhivits, her young servants: in the form of beautiful maidens they soar over the earth, casting such affectionate glances at her that she blooms and turns green even more. The cuckoo was accepted by our ancestors as the embodiment of Zhiva. Flying from the transcendental land, where the souls of newborns come from, where the dead retire and where the maidens of fate reside, the cuckoo counts the hours of birth, life and death. The Goddess Alive was life-giving, that is, resurrecting not only nature that died in the winter, but also the feelings of people. The word “life” used to sound like “stomach” and meant: 1) body; 2) existence; 3) property. From it came the names: the main food of the Slavs - zhit, wheat; houses - housing; rich life - life; livestock - animals, livestock, healing, healing, medicines and much more. Of course, life is fleeting, but to what extent, only the prophetic bird of the goddess Zhiva, the cuckoo, could tell. Our ancestors believed that the bird knew the secrets of the future life.

Makosh

Makosh (Mokosh) - the Goddess of all Fate (kosh, kosht - fate, the syllable "ma" can be abbreviated as the word "mother"), the eldest of the Goddesses, the spinner of fate, as well as the patroness of women's handicrafts on Earth; guards women's fertility and productivity, thriftiness and prosperity in the home. Makosh - Goddess of fertility, mother of harvests, sometimes depicted with horns. A characteristic female horned headdress was worn at folk festivals. Perhaps Makosh is the image of the ancient Mother Goddess. She was the giver of both life and death, the image of her face was considered taboo, and she had a large head.

Mokosh Day is Friday. One of the days on which Makosh is especially honored is the Friday closest to April 8 - the Prophecy of Mokosh. And also on October 27, Paraskeva Friday itself.

Its metal is silver, its stone is rock crystal and the so-called “moonstone”. Mokosh's beast is a cat. The symbol of this goddess is yarn, a ball of wool, a spindle.

Due to the fact that the Goddesses - the spinners of fate in beliefs appear in threes, the Goddesses Dolya and Nedolya help to weave the Yarn of Mokosh’s Fates, connecting with the threads of a person the fruits of his labors - good or evil. Fate is blind, they said: “The lazy man lies, and God holds his share for him,” that is, it is received not for merit, but by random choice. It was believed that you could not escape fate, but it could still be improved or worsened with the help of certain rituals. For example, you should not pass under a fallen tree - “you will reduce your share.” There was a daily custom when the head of the family confirmed the share of the household members: he cut a loaf and handed everyone a part of it, more or less. Often the heroes of legends set off on the road to find their lot, that is, to change it for a better one. But the Share can be different, depending on which one falls when a person is born: in a hard time or in a happy hour. Later, Dolya and Nedolya, Happiness and Misfortune began to be perceived as two forces influencing a person: the light one - the angel standing behind the right shoulder, and the dark one - the devil looking out from behind the left shoulder. That’s why, when something bad happens, they see it as the devil’s tricks and spit on him three times over his left shoulder.

Kolyada

Kolyada is the son of Dazhdbog. The birth of Kolyada was welcomed by all the heavenly Gods and all the inhabitants of the Earth. Svarog himself heard about this. He sent the Fire God Semargl from heaven to bow to Kolyada. Kolyada came into the world to give people the Vedic knowledge that Kryshen had already given, but which they did not save. Therefore, when the evening of Svarog Day arrived, the Almighty was incarnated on Earth as God Kolyada. And the era of Kolyada came. Kolyada appeared as the punishing face of the Almighty. He appeared to punish the demons and bring the Light of Vedic Knowledge. And the Book of the Vedas began to teach kings and wise men: Believe in the young God! To Kolyada - the Almighty Roof! He came down from heaven. He will walk across the earth And he will teach the Faith of the Vedas!

And then the kings and wise men brought gifts to Kolyada - gold and silver. They lit candles, drank honey Surya and praised Kolyada: “Kolyada is our Kolyada! Kolyada Holy! Holy Greatest! Great - Most Pure! Most Pure and Godly! And God's Parent!

Autumn Kolyada had a twin brother, Ovsen (Avsen), who was born a little later and therefore was considered the second, youngest. He carried out the divine knowledge that Kolyada taught people. The Book of Kolyada says: How two falcons flew - Ovsen and Kolyada! It's summer there - it's winter here! All the people watched as they flew. As they sat down, all the people were amazed. The honoring of the two brothers took place in the winter. First, Kolyada was celebrated, then “Osen farmers” walked around the villages, praising Ovsenya. Ovsen is a bridge to the future, along which Kolyada’s brother is the first to cross into the coming new year. He is the first to go into the unknown future, meet evil spirits there, dispel them and thereby clear the way for people. After this, people began to bake special cookies - in the form of larks, which should be treated not only to loved ones and neighbors, children and wanderers, but also to the elements - fire and water, so that they would be obedient in the new year and would not cause trouble for people.

Mara

Mara (Morana) - Goddess of the underworld, who in her time took the creations of the Family to her underworld. At the end of life, the creature meets God's Judgment. And he decides where this creature will go after death - to the underground kingdom of Mary or the heavenly kingdom of Rod. It depends on what he was friends with in life, with Pravda - the daughter of the Court and Dolya, or with Krivda - the daughter of the Court and Nedolya. If a person is truthful with himself, he finds happiness in life - Share and after death goes to heaven - Iriy, to heaven to Belobog. And if he lied, deceived himself, was friends with Krivda, then he becomes unhappy, destitute on earth, and after death ends up in the underworld with the Goddess Mara.

Sources

• http://rus-ved-rus.narod.ru/bogi.html

2. Kaisarov A.S., Glinka G.A., Rybakov B.A. Myths of the ancient Slavs. Saratov, “Nadezhda”, 1993.

3. Kubeev M.N. 100 great legends and myths of the world. M., "Veche", 2010.

4. http://godsbay.ru

Thank you for your attention!

Prepared the presentation

teacher of Russian language and literature MOU "Moshonskaya basic secondary school"

Kryuchkova

Galina

Anatolievna

Ancient Russian chronicles introduce us to the gods, whose cult was established by Prince Vladimir back in 980. These are Perun, Dazhdbog, Veles, Svarog, Rod, the goddess Makosh. In later chronicles, Lada and Lel were added. The mythology of the Eastern Slavs (which includes Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians) has been most fully preserved. We find the earliest mention of them in the Tale of Bygone Years (12th century). Ancient Russian chronicles introduce us to the gods, whose cult was established by Prince Vladimir back in 980. These are Perun, Dazhdbog, Veles, Svarog, Rod, the goddess Makosh. In later chronicles, Lada and Lel were added. The mythology of the Eastern Slavs (which includes Russians, Ukrainians, and Belarusians) has been most fully preserved. We find the earliest mention of them in the Tale of Bygone Years (12th century).

With the adoption of Christianity in Rus', paganism and its rituals were banned. However, the beliefs of our ancestors continue to live in customs, rituals, holidays, as well as in songs, fairy tales, omens, and conspiracies. The Slavs revered the gods of life and death, fertility and wildlife, heavenly bodies and fire, peace and war. With the adoption of Christianity in Rus', paganism and its rituals were banned. However, the beliefs of our ancestors continue to live in customs, rituals, holidays, as well as in songs, fairy tales, omens, and conspiracies. The Slavs revered the gods of life and death, fertility and wildlife, heavenly bodies and fire, peace and war. At the top of the ancient Slavic pantheon stood the ancestor gods: Rod and Svarog. Svarog created the Earth and populated it with life, and Rod laid the foundation for human existence on earth. The rest of the Slavic gods trace their ancestry to them and are called Rodich and Svarozhichi. At the top of the ancient Slavic pantheon stood the ancestor gods: Rod and Svarog. Svarog created the Earth and populated it with life, and Rod laid the foundation for human existence on earth. The rest of the Slavic gods trace their ancestry to them and are called Rodich and Svarozhichi.

God Veles is one of the greatest gods of the ancient world. His main act was that he set the world created by Svarog and Rod into motion and breathed life into it. Day began to change into night; winter was always followed by spring, summer and autumn; after exhalation there is inhalation, after sadness there is joy. People learned to overcome difficulties and value happiness. This Law of correctness and infinity of rotation of life was given to people by Veles.

Veles – “cattle god”, Master of the wild. Lord of the roads, patron of travelers. Ruler of the unknown, Black God. Posthumous judge and lifetime tester. A powerful wizard, lord of magicians. Patron of trade, mediator in contracts, interpreter of Laws. Giver of wealth. Patron of those who know and seek, teacher in the arts. God of luck.

Dazhdbog is the God of fertility and sunlight, the life-giving force of nature. The first ancestor of the Slavs. The sacred animal of Svarog was considered a lion, so they often depicted either the god himself with a lion's head, or riding a chariot drawn by lions. Dazhdbog is the God of fertility and sunlight, the life-giving force of nature. The first ancestor of the Slavs. The sacred animal of Svarog was considered a lion, so they often depicted either the god himself with a lion's head, or riding a chariot drawn by lions.

His name went down in history due to the fact that he gave people the third Law of Life. The first Law was given to people by God Rod. Its essence was that life is endless and omnipresent. Veles gave the second law of life to people. Its essence is for people to go from Darkness to Light, to follow the Sun. And the third Law of life was given to people by Kolyada. He brought people beyond the limits of momentary existence, outlining in detail how time moves and what to expect from it. Kolyada gave people the first calendar.

LEL Lel in Slavic mythology is the god of love passion. The word “cherish” still reminds us of Lela, the cheerful and carefree god of love - to love, undead, pamper. He is the son of the goddess of love and motherhood Lada. Cheerful as a mother, golden-haired, he was depicted as a winged baby (ancient Greek - Cupid, ancient Romans - Cupid).

YARILO Every year in April, the ancient Slavs began a holiday dedicated to the god Yaril, the god of the rebirth of the sun and spring. A red-haired rider on a white horse appeared in Slavic villages. He was dressed in a white robe, and his head was crowned with a wreath of spring wildflowers. This is Yarilo.

LADA Lada is the Slavic goddess of beauty and love. Mother of the god Lelya and the goddess Lelya. People should be able to love and get along with each other, which is why lovers in Rus' called each other Lado. Mother Love gave her blessing to people to call upon spring, love, peace and quiet in the family.

The Mother Goddess, goddess of fertility, is associated with all harvests and is worshiped 12–13 times a year (every full moon is celebrated). Goddess of magic and enchantment, wife of Veles, mistress of the crossroads of the universe between worlds. She was the protector and patroness of all housewives. She was revered as the Mistress of Wildlife.

MAKOSH Goddess Makosh is the goddess of all fate, the eldest of the goddesses, the spinner of fate, the patroness of women's handicrafts. She patronizes female fertility, thriftiness and prosperity in the home. Two other goddesses help her spin the thread of fate - Dolya and Nedolya.

BABA YAGA Baba Yaga is the oldest character in Slavic mythology. Originally it was a deity of death: a woman with a snake tail who escorted the souls of the dead to the underworld of the dead. It is not for nothing that Baba Yaga plays a vital role in all fairy tales: people resort to her as the last hope for help. Her image resembles a witch.

But still, Baba Yaga is a more dangerous creature, possessing greater power than a simple witch. Most often, she lives in a dense forest, which instills fear in people. It’s not for nothing that her hut is surrounded by a palisade of human bones and skulls. Baba Yaga feeds on human flesh and is called the “bone leg”. This old witch doesn't walk. She rides around on an iron mortar, which she pushes with a pestle, and covers her tracks with a broom.

VODYANY In Slavic mythology - an evil spirit, the embodiment of a dangerous and formidable water element. Most often he appeared in the guise of a man or an old man with the features of an animal: paws instead of hands, with a long green beard, a body entangled in mud. In his native element, water, the Vodyanoy is irresistible, but on earth his strength weakens.

Leshy Leshy is the spirit of the forest in Slavic mythology. Lives in every forest, especially loves spruce forests. Dressed like a man: red sash, caftan. But the shoes on his feet are mixed up: the left shoe is on the right foot, and the right shoe is on the left. Leshy's eyes are green and burn like coals. In the forest, Leshy is the rightful owner; all animals and plants obey him unquestioningly.

VIY Viy, in East Slavic mythology, is a character whose deadly gaze was hidden behind long eyelids and eyelashes. The devils brought Viy to the offender and used a pitchfork to lift his eyelids (they were so heavy and dangerous). The one on whom Viy’s deadly gaze fell died on the spot.

KIKIMORA Kikimora is an evil spirit. Kikimora, as people believe, became a child cursed by his parents, a daughter ruined by his mother. Kikimora was usually represented as a small, crooked, wrinkled old woman, dirty dressed, unkempt. She is so small and light that she never leaves the house, fearing that she will be carried away by the wind.

MERMAID Mermaids are mythical creatures of the ancient Slavs. They became drowned girls. There were arboreal (forest) mermaids, and there were aquatic (river) mermaids. There were also Mavka mermaids - these were drowned children. They were very small and almost transparent. Outwardly, the mermaids from above were very similar to humans, but below, where people’s legs begin, the mermaids began with a long fish tail. Mermaids are mythical creatures of the ancient Slavs. They became drowned girls. There were arboreal (forest) mermaids, and there were aquatic (river) mermaids. There were also Mavka mermaids - these were drowned children. They were very small and almost transparent. Outwardly, the mermaids from above were very similar to humans, but below, where people’s legs begin, the mermaids began with a long fish tail.

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Slavic god – Yarilo

The god of the grain dying in the ground to be reborn as an ear was both beautiful and cruel.

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Yarilo, rage, spring, Yar (among the northerners in ancient times it meant “village”), because they used to live in huts with a fireplace; brightness - these words are united by the concept of increasing brightness, light. Indeed, after the arrival of spring there is a rapid increase in days and increased heat. Everything comes to life, grows, reaches for the sun. Nature is resurrected in the form of the beautiful Lada. Yarilo, melting the snow, lives Mother Earth with melt water. Yarilo - the sun in the form of a young, full of strength groom rides on a horse to his Lada. He is in a hurry to start a family and give birth to children (harvest, young animals, birds, fish, etc.).

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By the summer solstice, Yarilo is gaining full strength. He lives in truth and love with the earth, giving birth to new lives in the summer. By June 22, Yarilo turns into Belbog, the day is the longest, nature is kind to him and loves him. Yarila's condition is the condition of all young guys. In the fourth month of the year (now April), the Russians began the most important agricultural work for the entire Slavic family.

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The root of his name – “yar” – is found in the words:

Spring wheat. Yarochka is a young sheep. Furious. Ardent – ​​angry or ardent.

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Yaril as the god of death and resurrection

a young sheep was sacrificed, the blood of which was sprinkled on the arable land in order to make the harvest abundant.

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Slavic god Svarog

One of the main gods in the Slavic pantheon

Svarog is the god of fire.

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One of the main gods in the Slavic pantheon. “Svarga” in Sanskrit means sky, firmament, “var” means fire, heat. This is where all the Slavic derivatives come from - boil, boil, top, etc. Svarog was considered the god of Heaven, the mother of life (“Sva” is the ancestral mother of the Indo-Europeans). At a later time, Svarog changed his gender.

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According to Dietmar (died 1018), the pagan Slavs revered Svarog more than other gods; some recognized him as one being with Redigast and represented him as the director of wars. In the myths of the white peoples, God forges with a hammer - he creates the world, striking lightning and sparks, for all of them he has one relationship or another with fire.

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Among the Baltic Slavs, Svarozhich (otherwise called Radgost) was revered in the cult center of the Redarians Retre-Radgoste as one of the main gods, whose attributes were a horse and spears, as well as a huge boar, according to legend, emerging from the sea. Among the Czechs, Slovaks and Ukrainians, the fiery spirit Rarog can be associated with Svarog.

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Khors is the sun god. Horse, horost, brushwood, khrest, cross, armchair, spark, round dance, horo, kolo, wheel, bracelet, stake, carols, circle, blood, red - all these words are related to each other and denote concepts associated with fire, circle, in red. If we merge them into one, an image of the sun will appear before us, described allegorically.

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The Slavs celebrated the beginning of the new year on December 22 - the day of the winter solstice. It was believed that on this day a small, fierce sun was born in the form of a boy, Khors. The new sun completed the course of the old sun (old year) and opened the course of the next year. While the sun is still weak, night and cold prevail on the earth, inherited from the old year, but every day the Great Horse (as mentioned in “The Tale of Igor’s Host”) grows, and the sun grows stronger.

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Our ancestors celebrated the solstice with carols, wore a Kolovrat (eight-pointed star) - the sun - on a pole, put on the masks of totem animals, which were associated in the minds of people with the images of ancient gods: the bear - Veles, the cow - Makosh, the goat - the cheerful and at the same time evil hypostasis of Veles , the horse is the sun, the swan is Lada, the duck is Rozhanitsa (progenitor of the world), the rooster is a symbol of time, sunrise and sunset, and so on.

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On the mountain they burned a wheel tied with straw, as if helping the sun to shine, then sledding, skating, skiing, snowball fights, fist fights and wall-to-wall fights, songs, dances, competitions, and games began. People went to visit each other, everyone tried to better treat those who came, so that in the new year there would be abundance in the house.

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The harsh northern Rus' loved valiant fun. Forced to live and work in difficult conditions, our ancestors, until the twentieth century, were known as cheerful and hospitable people who knew how to relax. Horse is a male deity who embodies the desire of boys and adult husbands for knowledge, spiritual growth, self-improvement, to overcome difficulties encountered in life and find the right solutions.

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Dazhdbog, give, rain are words with the same root meaning “to share, to distribute.” Dazhdbog sent people not only rain, but also the sun, saturating the earth with light and warmth. Dazhdbog is the autumn sky with clouds, rain, thunderstorms, and sometimes hail. September 22 is the autumn equinox, the holiday of Rodion and Rozhanitsa, the day of Dazhdbog and Mokosh.

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The entire harvest has been harvested and the final harvests are underway in the orchards and orchards. All residents of a village or city go out into nature, light a fire, roll a burning wheel - the sun - up the mountain, dance in circles with songs, play pre-wedding and ritual games. Then they bring tables to the main street, put the best food on them and begin a general family feast. Neighbors and relatives try the food prepared by others, praise them, and all together glorify the Sun, the earth and Mother Rus'.

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Dazhdbozhy (solar) grandchildren - that’s what the Rusichi called themselves. Symbolic signs of the sun (solar rosettes, solstice) were present everywhere among our ancestors - on clothes, dishes, and in home decoration. Every Russian man is obliged to create a large family - a family, feed, raise, educate children and become Dazhdbog. This is his duty, glory, really. Behind each of us there are countless ancestors - our roots, and each must give life to branches - descendants.

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Patron of livestock and wealth, the embodiment of gold, guardian of traders, cattle breeders, hunters and cultivators, master of magic and the hidden, ruler of crossroads, navy god. All lower spirits obeyed him. Buyan Island became the magical abode of Veles. Veles was mainly concerned with earthly affairs, because he was revered as the lord of forests, animals, the god of poetry and prosperity.

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Perun is the god of thunder and lightning, the patron saint of warriors. According to the Slavs, Perun appeared with his lightning on the warm days of spring, fertilized the earth with rain and brought out the clear sun from behind the scattered clouds. With his creative power nature awakened to life, and he seemed to be creating the World again. Hence Perun is a producer, a creator. At the same time, Perun is a formidable and punishing deity; his appearance excites fear and trembling. Perun was the supreme deity of Prince Vladimir's pantheon as the patron of the ruling military elite, prince and squad, punishing for non-compliance with the laws.

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Although Perun was related to the cold (he was born in the first month of winter), the Days of Perun - his time - began on June 20 and ended in early August. At this time, the Russians celebrated funeral feasts for the soldiers who had fallen in battle - they gathered on mounds and red mountains, held feasts, military fun, and measured their strength among themselves in running, throwing weapons, swimming, and horse racing. They killed a bull bought by chipping in, roasted and ate it, and drank mead and kvass. They initiated initiations of young guys who had to undergo serious tests into warriors and girdle themselves with the weapons of the Family.

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Our ancestors always had many external enemies, and constant wars were fought. The shield and sword were revered as a symbol of Perun, his gift to a man. Weapons were worshiped and idolized. But not only men went into mortal combat. Often, among the killed Russians on the battlefield, enemies were surprised to find women fighting shoulder to shoulder with their husbands. They were also patronized by the golden-moustached Perun.