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Despite the ongoing environmental measures, the overall environmental situation in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea remains unfavorable. The main factors of negative impact on environmental quality in Crimea are anthropogenic pollution of atmospheric air, surface and groundwater, resort resources, accumulation of toxic and household waste, and unsatisfactory condition of sewage treatment facilities. Significant sanitary and hygienic problems in Crimea are associated with a shortage of drinking water and its pollution due to the poor sanitary and technical condition of water supply networks. Water supply problems sharply worsen during the holiday season due to the influx of vacationers, especially unorganized ones, while the shortage of drinking water in resort areas reaches 70-80%. The lack of sufficient water supply and sanitation limits the development of new promising resort areas for the purpose of recreational relief and improving the environmental condition of traditional resorts in Crimea.

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An analysis of the dynamics of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere of Crimea shows that since 1998, an increase in emissions into the atmosphere has begun, mainly due to emissions from motor vehicles. In the cities of Yalta, Simferopol and Yevpatoria, motor transport accounts for 70-80% of emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air, the amount of which increases significantly during the holiday season due to the influx of non-resident vehicles.

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The problems of water disposal are relevant for Crimea. Along with the lack of centralized sewerage systems in many areas, which creates an epidemiological danger for the population and leads to large pollution of water bodies and soils, significant difficulties are caused by the ineffective operation of existing sewage treatment facilities. Crimea is a region with extremely difficult water supply conditions; its own water sources can only satisfy 28% of the demand. At the same time, at 100 underground water intakes, increased mineralization is observed, exceeding GOST by 3-4 times (Razdolnensky, Chernomorsky, Saki and other areas), which is a risk factor for the population to become ill with cholelithiasis and urolithiasis. In many regions of Crimea, there is significant contamination of groundwater with nitrogenous compounds, including nitrates, which is associated with the large use of fertilizers in agriculture, as well as with organic soil pollution.

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In addition to general environmental problems that are also characteristic of other regions of Ukraine, it is necessary to take into account that Crimea is a unique combination of the most important resort resources, while their quality largely determines the therapeutic and health potential and the importance of resorts in general. In Crimea, there is noticeable anthropogenic pollution of resort resources - pathogenic microbes, pesticides, heavy metals, petroleum products, surfactants, phenols, radionuclides, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and biphenyls have been found in coastal sea waters, therapeutic mud and mineral water sources. Due to microbial pollution of coastal sea waters in Crimea, 11 beaches are constantly closed by the sanitary and epidemiological service, and many other coastal beaches are periodically closed.

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Thus, currently the priority environmental problems of Crimea are the following: - significant anthropogenic pollution of atmospheric air, surface and ground water and soil, - ensuring effective water supply and sanitation in many areas, - accumulation of large amounts of toxic industrial, agricultural and household waste in settlements and recreational areas, - chemical and microbial pollution of resort and recreational resources in the absence of a reliable monitoring system for such pollution, - significant recreational and environmental overload of traditional resorts against the backdrop of significant problems in the development of new promising resort areas.

Cars and various heat sources contribute most to the poor ecology of Crimea. The most environmentally polluted cities of Crimea are Sevastopol, Simferopol, and Kerch.

In the above-mentioned large cities there are: Simferopol Thermal Power Plant, Sevastopol Thermal Power Plant, Kerch Thermal Power Plant, Saki Thermal Power Plant. All these heat sources contribute to the pollution of the peninsula's atmosphere with nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide.

Also, a large role in the deterioration of the environment of the Crimean Peninsula belongs to road transport, which accounts for up to 80% of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere. There are more than six thousand kilometers of roads in Crimea. Heavy metals leak into the soil from car exhaust pipes. At the same time, the forest belts planted along the roads are cut down, but they not only decorated the roads, but also played a protective function. Pollution from motor vehicles increases many times in the summer due to the arrival of vacationers, while the formaldehyde released into the air remains in the ground layer for a long time. A particularly unfavorable situation is observed in Kerch, Armyansk, and Krasnoperekopsk.

Trolleybuses are environmentally friendly transport in Crimea. They travel in cities and between them (Sevastopol-Alushta-Yalta).

Chemical production is also located in Crimea. These are the Saki chemical plant, the Crimean soda plant, the Perekop bromine plant, the Crimean Titan, chemical production in Simferopol, Akvavita LLC (Alushta), Polivtor JSC (Krasnoperekopsk). Chemical industry facilities emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and other harmful substances into the air. By the beginning of the 90s, chemical industrial production reached its greatest volume, and emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere reached a maximum value of −565 thousand tons. In recent years, due to a drop in production volumes, the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere has decreased to 122.5 thousand tons. and below.

The unsatisfactory environmental situation in Crimea is also associated with industrial and domestic waste. In waste management experience, Ukraine is several decades behind developed countries. This is confirmed by the fact that the total volumes of annual waste accumulation with a population of about 45.8 million people exceed the corresponding total indicators of Western European countries with a population of about 400 million people by 3-3.5 times. The situation in 2011-2012 is characterized by the further development of environmental threats associated with waste - its formation, accumulation, storage and disposal. Specific indicators of waste generation average 220-250 kg/year per capita, and in large cities they reach 330-380 kg/year, respectively, and tend to increase.

In the private sector, as a rule, due to the lack of a proper waste collection system, 12 thousand small spontaneous landfills are formed annually, which cannot be reliably counted - in total, 35 billion tons of waste are stored in such landfills and landfills.

For decades, military installations and ships have polluted the waters of the Black Sea. Experts say that ships and coastal units of the Black Sea Fleet dump more than 9 thousand m3 of untreated waste into the sea every day. For example, in the Sevastopol Bay the concentration of petroleum products is 180 times higher than the maximum permissible concentration.

All these problems need to be solved.

Fortunately, in the Crimean forests there are many trees that improve the health of the air: oak, hornbeam, pine, beech, and juniper. The close proximity of the sea coast also makes a positive contribution to the improvement of coastal areas.

Sources: http://www.ukstech.com and http://environments.land-ecology.com.ua

At the moment, Simferopol is the largest city on the Crimean peninsula, which, as you know, recently became part of the Russian Federation as a result of a referendum. Today, according to statistics, it has about 380,000 residents who are mainly concerned about their future and how their “small homeland” will develop as part of another state. As for the environmental problems that exist in it, now, of course, they have faded somewhat into the background, although this has not lost their relevance.

on this topic

As for such an indicator as air pollution, it is now at a completely acceptable level in the Crimean capital, and this situation is likely to continue over the next few months. In any case, there are no plans yet to launch enterprises that could negatively affect it. Investors are not yet in a hurry to invest in the development of the city’s economy, waiting to see how the political and economic situation will develop in it and in Crimea as a whole in the future.

Government agency

"Crimean State

medical university

named after S.I. Georgievsky",

Department of General Hygiene and

ecology

Ecological state of air pollution

in Crimea and its consequences

Atmospheric air is the most important part of the life-supporting system of the natural environment and is a mixture of gases and aerosols of the surface layer of the atmosphere, which developed during the evolution of the Earth, human activity and is located outside of residential, industrial and other premises. The results of environmental studies, both in Ukraine and abroad, clearly indicate that ground-level atmospheric pollution is the most powerful, constantly acting factor affecting humans, the food chain and everything that surrounds it. Atmospheric air plays the role of the most mobile, chemically aggressive and pervasive agent of interaction near the surface of the components of the earth and the components of the biosphere.

In recent years, data have been obtained on the significant role of the ozone layer of the atmosphere in preserving the biosphere, which absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, which is harmful to living organisms, and forms a thermal barrier at altitudes of about 40 km, preventing the cooling of the earth's surface.

The main natural sources of pollution include: volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest fires, dust of cosmic origin, sea salt particles, products of plant, animal and microbiological origin.

Anthropogenic sources of pollution are caused by human economic activities and can be divided into groups:

1. Combustion of fossil fuels, which is accompanied by the release of 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year. As a result, over several decades, the CO 2 content increased by 18% (from 0.027 to 0.032%). Over the past three decades, the rate of these emissions has increased significantly. At this rate, by 2015. the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can be at least 0.055%.

2. Operation of thermal power plants, when the combustion of high-sulfur coals results in the formation of acid rain as a result of the release of sulfur dioxide and fuel oil.

3. Exhausts from modern turbojet aircraft contain nitrogen oxides and gaseous fluorocarbons from aerosols, which can lead to damage to the ozone layer of the atmosphere (ozonosphere).

4. Pollution with suspended particles (during grinding, packaging and loading, from boiler houses, power plants, mine shafts, quarries when burning waste).

5. Emissions of various gases by enterprises.

6. Combustion of fuel in flare furnaces, resulting in the formation of the most widespread pollutant - carbon monoxide.

7. Combustion of fuel in boilers and vehicle engines, accompanied by the formation of nitrogen oxides, which cause smog.

8. Ventilation emissions (mine shafts).

9. Ventilation emissions with excessive ozone concentrations from premises with high-energy installations (accelerators, ultraviolet sources and nuclear reactors) with a maximum permissible concentration in working premises of 0.1 mg/m 3. In large quantities, ozone is a highly toxic gas.

During fuel combustion processes, the most intense pollution of the surface layer of the atmosphere occurs in megalopolises and large cities, industrial centers due to the widespread use of vehicles, thermal power plants, boiler houses and other power plants operating on coal, fuel oil, diesel fuel, natural gas and gasoline. The contribution of motor transport to total air pollution here reaches 40-50%. In Crimea, during the summer (resort) season, the total number of vehicles doubles, which increases air pollution in the resort and recreational area. The high danger of chemical and biochemical production lies in the potential for emergency emissions into the atmosphere of extremely toxic substances, as well as microbes and viruses that can cause epidemics among the population and animals, which is also associated with an increase in the number of vacationers in the coastal zone of the Black and Azov Seas.

Currently, there are many tens of thousands of pollutants of anthropogenic origin in the surface atmosphere. Due to the continued growth of industrial and agricultural production, new chemical compounds are emerging, including highly toxic ones. The main anthropogenic pollutants of atmospheric air, in addition to large-scale oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, dust and soot, are complex organic, organochlorine and nitro compounds, man-made radionuclides, viruses and microbes. The most dangerous are those widely distributed in the air basin of Ukraine and Crimea, including dioxin, benzo(a)pyrene, phenols, formaldehyde, and carbon disulfide. Solid suspended particles are represented mainly by soot, calcite, quartz, hydromica, kaolinite, feldspar, and less often by sulfates and chlorides. Oxides, sulfates and sulfites, sulfides of heavy metals, as well as alloys and metals in native form were discovered in snow dust using specially developed methods.

In Western Europe, priority is given to 28 particularly dangerous chemical elements, compounds and their groups. The group of organic substances includes acrylic, nitrile, benzene, formaldehyde, styrene, toluene, vinyl chloride, anorganic - heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, V), gases (carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides and sulfur, radon, ozone), asbestos. Lead and cadmium have a predominantly toxic effect. Carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, styrene, tetrachloroethane, and toluene have an intense unpleasant odor. The above 28 air pollutants are included in the international register of potentially toxic chemicals.

Under air pollution it is necessary to understand the change in its composition when impurities of natural or anthropogenic origin enter. Pollutants come in three types: gases, dusts and aerosols. The latter include dispersed solid particles emitted into the atmosphere and suspended in it for a long time.

The average size of aerosol particles is 1-5 microns. About 1 thousand cubic meters enter the Earth's atmosphere annually. km of dust particles of artificial origin. A large number of dust particles are also formed during human production activities. Information about some sources of industrial dust is given in Table 1.

Table 1

Sources of technogenic dust

The main technogenic sources of pollution in Crimea are the Bakhchisarai Industrial Complex "Stroyindustry" - up to 2 thousand tons per year; OJSC "Crimean Soda Plant" - 7.5-8.2 thousand tons per year; Kamysh-Burunskaya CHPP - 7.2-8.1 thousand tons per year; Simferopol CHPP - 0.5-1.1 thousand tons per year; Crimean brick factory - 1.2-1.6 thousand tons per year.

An even greater variety is characteristic of organic dust, including aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and acid salts. It is formed during the combustion of residual petroleum products, in the process of pyrolysis at oil refining, petrochemical and other similar enterprises of the Crimea - Oil depots in the cities of Simferopol, Bakhchisaray, Feodosia, "TES" - Terminal in Kerch.

As of 2010, the total volume of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere of Crimea amounted to 109.1 thousand tons only from emissions from vehicles, and from other industrial enterprises - 32.3 thousand tons.

The concentration of aerosols varies over a very wide range: from 10 mg/m 3 in a clean atmosphere to 2.10 mg/m 3 in industrial areas. The concentration of aerosols in industrial areas and large cities with heavy traffic is hundreds of times higher than in rural areas; in Crimea, during the holiday season, the number of vehicles increases by 2-2.5 times. Among aerosols of anthropogenic origin, lead is of particular danger to the biosphere, the concentration of which varies from 0.000001 mg/m 3 for uninhabited areas to 0.0001 mg/m 3 for residential areas. In cities, the concentration of lead is much higher - from 0.001 to 0.03 mg/m3.

A large share of air pollution comes from emissions of harmful substances from cars. Currently, there are about 520 million cars in use on Earth, and by 2015. their number is expected to increase to 760 million. In 2010 In Crimea, 59,830 thousand cars were used, with a standard of 30 thousand cars on existing roads.

Currently, road transport accounts for more than half of all harmful emissions into the environment, which are the main source of air pollution, especially in large cities and resorts. On average, with a mileage of 15 thousand km per year, each car burns 2 tons of fuel and about 26 - 30 tons of air, including 4.5 tons of oxygen, which is 50 times more than human needs. At the same time, the car emits into the atmosphere (kg/year): carbon monoxide - 700, nitrogen dioxide - 40, unburned hydrocarbons - 230 and solids - 2 -5. In addition, many lead compounds are emitted due to the use of mostly leaded gasoline.

Observations have shown that in houses located next to a large road (up to 30 m), residents suffer from cancer 3-4 times more often than in houses located at a distance of 50 m or more from the road. Emissions from vehicles also pollute water bodies, soil and plants.

Toxic emissions from internal combustion engines (ICEs) are exhaust and crankcase gases, fuel vapors from the carburetor and fuel tank. The main share of toxic impurities enters the atmosphere with exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. Approximately 45% of the total hydrocarbon emissions enter the atmosphere with crankcase gases and fuel vapors.

The amount of harmful substances entering the atmosphere as part of exhaust gases depends on the general technical condition of the vehicles and, especially, on the engine - the source of the greatest pollution. Thus, if the carburetor adjustment is violated, carbon monoxide emissions increase 4-5 times. The use of leaded gasoline, which contains lead compounds, causes atmospheric air pollution with highly toxic lead compounds - tetraethyl lead. About 70% of lead added to gasoline with ethyl liquid enters the atmosphere in the form of compounds with exhaust gases, of which 30% settles on the ground immediately after the cut of the car's exhaust pipe, 40% remains in the atmosphere. One medium-duty truck emits 2.5-3 kg of lead per year. The concentration of lead in the air depends on the lead content in gasoline.

Day-to-day control of vehicles is of great importance. All vehicle fleets are required to monitor the serviceability of the vehicles produced on the line. When the engine is running well, the exhaust gases of carbon monoxide should contain no more than the permissible limit.

According to the Regulations on the State Automobile Inspectorate, it is entrusted with monitoring the implementation of measures to protect the environment from the harmful effects of road transport.

The adopted toxicity standard provides for further tightening of the norm, although today in Ukraine and Russia they are stricter than European standards: for carbon monoxide—by 35%, for hydrocarbons—by 12%, and for nitrogen oxides—by 21%.

Highways have been built and continue to be built in Crimea, bypassing cities, which received the entire flow of transit transport, which previously stretched like an endless ribbon along city streets. The intensity of traffic has sharply decreased, the noise has decreased, and the air has become cleaner.

One of the options for reducing pollution from motor vehicles is to switch vehicles to diesel engines to reduce the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Diesel exhaust contains almost no toxic carbon monoxide, since diesel fuel is burned almost completely. In addition, diesel fuel is free of lead tetraethyl, an additive used to increase the octane number of gasoline burned in modern high-burning carbureted engines.

Diesel is 20-30% more economical than a carburetor engine. Moreover, producing 1 liter of diesel fuel requires 2.5 times less energy than producing the same amount of gasoline. Thus, it turns out that there is a double saving of energy resources. This explains the rapid growth in the number of cars running on diesel fuel.

Also, great attention is paid to the development of toxicity reduction devices - neutralizers, which can be equipped with modern cars. The method of catalytic conversion of combustion products is that the exhaust gases are purified by coming into contact with the catalyst. At the same time, incomplete combustion products contained in vehicle exhaust are burned. The neutralizer is attached to the exhaust pipe, and the gases that pass through it are released into the atmosphere purified. At the same time, the device can serve as a noise suppressor. The effect of using neutralizers is impressive: under optimal conditions, the emission of carbon monoxide into the atmosphere is reduced by 70-80%, and hydrocarbons by 50-70%.

The composition of exhaust gases can be significantly improved using various fuel additives. Scientists have developed an additive that reduces the soot content in exhaust gases by 60-90% and carcinogenic substances by 40%.

Recently, the process of catalytic reforming of low-octane gasoline has been widely introduced at the country's oil refineries. As a result, it is possible to produce unleaded, low-toxic gasoline. Their use reduces air pollution, increases the service life of automobile engines, and reduces fuel consumption.

Nowadays, when a gasoline-powered car has become one of the significant factors leading to environmental pollution, experts are increasingly turning to the idea of ​​​​creating a “clean” car. As a rule, we are talking about an electric car. So, in the resort cities of Alushta and Yalta, such cars ply along the embankments, which is one of the ways to transport passengers and, on the other hand, to protect the atmospheric air.

Air pollution control in Crimea is carried out in large cities and towns at 24 points. Atmospheric protection means must limit the presence of harmful substances in the air of the human environment at a level not exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. In all cases the following condition must be met:

C+C f< ПДК (f.1)

for each harmful substance (Cf - background concentration).

Compliance with this requirement is achieved by localizing harmful substances at the point of their formation, removing them from the premises or from equipment and dispersing them into the atmosphere. If the concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere exceeds the maximum permissible concentration, then emissions are purified from harmful substances in cleaning devices installed in the exhaust system.

Assessment and forecast of the chemical state of the surface atmosphere associated with the natural processes of its pollution also affects it, but humans play the main role in this. In most cases, anthropogenic processes of air pollution can be controlled by man himself, and thus ensure the future for himself and subsequent generations.

Environmental control in Ukraine and Crimea has shown that its failures are associated with incomplete consideration of negative impacts, the inability to select and evaluate the main factors and consequences, the low efficiency of using the results of field and theoretical environmental studies in decision-making, and the insufficient development of methods for quantitative assessment of the consequences of ground-level atmospheric pollution and other life-supporting natural environments.

It is easy to formulate a formula for quality of life in such protracted environmental crisis: hygienically clean air, clean water, high-quality agricultural products, recreational provision of the population's needs. It is more difficult to realize this quality of life in the presence of an economic crisis and limited financial resources. In this formulation of the question, research and practical measures are necessary, which form the basis for protecting the atmosphere from social production.

Environmental protection is the task of our century, a problem that has become social. Time and again we hear about the dangers threatening the environment, but many of us still consider them an unpleasant but inevitable product of civilization and believe that we will still have time to cope with all the difficulties that have arisen. However, human impact on the environment has reached alarming proportions. To fundamentally improve the situation, targeted and thoughtful actions will be needed. A responsible and effective policy towards the environment will be possible only if we accumulate reliable data on the current state of the environment, reasonable knowledge about the interaction of important environmental factors, if new methods are developed and old methods are improved to reduce and prevent harm to the environment around us.

It is necessary for every inhabitant of our planet to realize that the environmental threat comes not from nameless humanity in general, but from each individual person, that is, from you and me. The main role in solving this problem is played by environmental education of all layers and all age categories of society.

The environmental component of secondary, specialized and higher education should become an integral part of the training of any specialist in the field of technology, natural sciences, medicine, economics and even the humanities. The environmental crisis is the greatest danger facing man today. The analysis shows that other global crises - energy, raw materials, demographic - are basically reduced to problems of environmental protection. The inhabitants of our planet have no alternative: either they will cope with the pollution, or the pollution will affect people and subsequent generations in the world.

Crimean State Medical University them. S.I.Georgievsky, Simferopol

MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF CRIMEA

Despite the ongoing environmental measures, the overall environmental situation in the Autonomous Republic of Crimea remains unfavorable. The main factors of negative impact on environmental quality in Crimea are anthropogenic pollution of atmospheric air, surface and groundwater, resort resources, accumulation of toxic and household waste, and unsatisfactory condition of sewage treatment facilities. Significant sanitary and hygienic problems in Crimea are associated with a shortage of drinking water and its pollution due to the poor sanitary and technical condition of water supply networks. Water supply problems sharply worsen during the holiday season due to the influx of vacationers, especially unorganized ones, while the shortage of drinking water in resort areas reaches 70-80%. The lack of sufficient water supply and sanitation limits the development of new promising resort areas for the purpose of recreational relief and improving the environmental condition of traditional resorts in Crimea.

An analysis of the dynamics of emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere of Crimea shows that since 1998, an increase in emissions into the atmosphere has begun, mainly due to emissions from motor vehicles. In the cities of Yalta, Simferopol and Yevpatoria, motor transport accounts for 70-80% of emissions of harmful substances into the atmospheric air, the amount of which increases significantly during the holiday season due to the influx of non-resident vehicles.

Crimea is a region with extremely difficult water supply conditions; its own water sources can only satisfy 28% of the demand. At the same time, at 100 underground water intakes, increased mineralization is observed, exceeding GOST by 3-4 times (Razdolnensky, Chernomorsky, Saki and other areas), which is a risk factor for the population to become ill with cholelithiasis and urolithiasis. In many regions of Crimea, there is significant contamination of groundwater with nitrogenous compounds, including nitrates, which is associated with the large use of fertilizers in agriculture, as well as with organic soil pollution.

The problems of water disposal are relevant for Crimea. Along with the lack of centralized sewerage systems in many areas, which creates an epidemiological danger for the population and leads to large pollution of water bodies and soils, significant difficulties are caused by the ineffective operation of existing sewage treatment facilities.

A particular environmental problem for Crimea is the accumulation of waste. On the territory of Crimea, 10.6 million tons of toxic waste have been accumulated, including 866.9 tons of unusable, prohibited and unidentified pesticides. In Crimea there are 28 officially registered landfills (landfills) for solid household waste, where 18.3 million tons of waste have accumulated. Most of the landfills have exhausted their sanitary, technical and territorial capabilities. This problem has not been solved for many years due to lack of funding and shortage of available land.

In addition to general environmental problems that are also characteristic of other regions of Ukraine, it is necessary to take into account that Crimea is a unique combination of the most important resort resources, while their quality largely determines the therapeutic and health potential and the importance of resorts in general. In Crimea, there is noticeable anthropogenic pollution of resort resources - pathogenic microbes, pesticides, heavy metals, petroleum products, surfactants, phenols, radionuclides, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and biphenyls have been found in coastal sea waters, therapeutic mud and mineral water sources. Due to microbial pollution of coastal sea waters in Crimea, 11 beaches are constantly closed by the sanitary and epidemiological service, and many other coastal beaches are periodically closed.

An urgent problem in studying and assessing the degree of pollution of resort resources is the lack of a monitoring system for such pollution, since constant monitoring of the content of pollutants in mineral waters, therapeutic mud and beach substrates is not carried out. Despite the numerous departments that control pollution of coastal sea waters, it is very difficult to obtain a holistic picture of the current situation due to the lack of a unified plan and research system, and the use of various analytical techniques and equipment.

Thus, currently the priority environmental problems of Crimea are the following:

Significant anthropogenic pollution of atmospheric air, surface and ground waters and soil,

Ensuring efficient water supply and sanitation in many areas,

Accumulation of large amounts of toxic industrial, agricultural and household waste in populated areas and recreational areas,

Chemical and microbial pollution of resort and recreational resources in the absence of a reliable monitoring system for such pollution,

Significant recreational and environmental overload of traditional resorts against the backdrop of significant problems in the development of new promising resort areas.