Due to its location, as well as its cultural heritage, the Oryol province was considered not only the center, but also the heart of Russia. The creation of its main city, Oryol, is associated with the reign of Ivan the Terrible, and the formation of the province around it took place during the time of Catherine the Great.
What the province and its main city were like can be found out from the article.
Location
The Oryol province was part of the Russian Empire, and later Soviet Russia. It existed from 1796 to 1928. It was located in the European part of the country, bordering on the following provinces:
- Kaluga, Tula, Kursk (north).
- Kurskaya (south).
- Voronezhskaya (east).
- Smolenskaya, Chernigovskaya (west).
The area was more than forty-six square kilometers, and the population reached two million people. The main city was Oryol.
History of the earth
The Oryol province was created in the eighteenth century, but even before that the Slavs lived on these lands. The most ancient inhabitants are considered to be the Vyatichi. In the eleventh century, they created the first cities for protection from the hostile tribes of the Cumans and Pechenegs.
Until the sixteenth century, the lands were subject to numerous attacks and devastation due to the Mongol-Tatar invasion, and later the rule of Lithuania and Poland. One of the significant ones during this period was the Bryansk principality, located on the lands of the future province.
The history of the Oryol province is connected with the emergence of the city of Oryol. The year of its origin is considered to be 1566. From this time on, the Oryol district was formed. By the eighteenth century, the Oryol province was part of the Kyiv province, and later belonged to the Belgorod province, until over time it became an administrative-territorial unit of the empire.
History of the province
In 1778, Empress Catherine II issued a Decree, as a result of which the Oryol province was established. It was originally divided into thirteen counties, although their number has varied throughout history. The city of Orel became a political, religious, and cultural center.
After 1917, the province existed for another eleven years until it was abolished. By 1937, the Oryol region was created, which included part of the former province. Orel again became the main city in the formed region.
Orel city
The Oryol province, the photo of which is presented in the form, has always been connected with its central city. It was founded in 1566 (as mentioned in At this time, by decree of Ivan the Fourth the Terrible, the Orel fortress was founded in order to protect the southern borders of the kingdom.
Since 1577, a Cossack settlement was located here. Urban Cossacks lived in it. The settlement had its own wooden church, which was called Pokrovskaya.
In 1605, the city was occupied by False Dmitry the First with his army. And two years later it became the residence of False Dmitry II. A few years later the city was completely destroyed by the Poles led by A. Lisovsky. It was restored only in 1636, since it was of particular importance in protecting Russian lands from Tatar raids.
Gradually, the border of the kingdom moved south. Therefore, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, the fortress in Orel was abolished, losing its defensive significance. The city began to specialize in grain trade, and also became the center of the created Oryol province, which was later transformed into a province, and in modern times is a region of the Russian Federation.
The city began to develop in the nineteenth century. During this period, the road surface was laid, the city's professional fire department was created, telegraph communication was established, banking developed, and water supply appeared. The laid railway and highway pavement connected Orel with the lands of Ukraine, the Volga region, the Baltic states and, of course, Moscow. This allowed it to become a major transport center.
Famous people of the province
A description of the Oryol province would not be complete without mentioning the outstanding personalities of the region. There were many estates of famous noble families in Russia located on the lands. The names of such writers as Turgenev I.S., Fet A.A., Prishvin M.M., Pisarev D.I. are associated with the Oryol region.
The appearance of a large number of writers, philosophers, and historians on these lands is associated with its beautiful nature, primordial folk culture and wise peasant traditions.
Administrative division of the Oryol region. Formation of the province.
At the beginning of the 18th century. During Peter's reforms, the process of strengthening state power in Russia was continued. There is an urgent need to improve the administrative management system. In connection with this decree of Peter I of December 18, 1708, the territory of Russia was divided into 8 provinces headed by governors general. In 1719 there were already 11 of them.
The provinces were divided into provinces, headed by governors, who, in turn, were divided into districts under the command of zemstvo commissars, often called governors in the old fashion. Oryol province until 1727 was part of the Kyiv province, and then into the Belgorod province. It consisted of Oryol, Bolkhov, Mtsensk, Novosilsky, Chern and Belevsky districts. Kromsky district was part of the Sevsky province, and Livensky - of the Eletsk province. This administrative structure of the Oryol region remained without significant changes until 1778, when the Oryol province was created.
The economic development of Russia in the second half of the 18th century, the strengthening and growth of the all-Russian market, the growth of the anti-serfdom struggle of the peasants under the leadership of Emelyan Pugachev, and the territorial growth of the empire required an improvement in the management system and strengthening the power of the nobility, especially locally. In this regard, Russia was divided into 50 provinces, including Oryol.
On February 28, 1778, by decree of Catherine II, the Oryol province was formed as part of 13 counties: Orlovsky, Bolkhovsky, Bryansky, Yeletsk, Karachevsky, Kromsky, Livensky, Maloarkhangelsk, Mtsensky, Sevsky, Trubchevsky, Lugansk and Deshkinsky. In 1782, in connection with the transformation of the village of Dmitrovskoye, named after its first owner - the Moldavian ruler Dmitry Cantemir, the district center was moved here from Lugan to the city of Dmitrovsk, and the district was renamed Dmitrovsky. Deshkinsky district was abolished. When the province was created, Novosilsky district was included in the Tula province. Its territory also included the lands of the eastern part of the modern Oryol region.
A few months after the formation of the Oryol province, on September 5, 1778, a decree of Catherine II on the creation of the Oryol governorship was published. In addition to the Oryol province, it included Smolensk and Belgorod. Thus, Orel became the center of both the province and the governorship and existed in this capacity until 1796.
The outstanding commander and diplomat Prince N.V. Repnin was appointed the first governor-general of the viceroyalty. In the first year of his tenure in this post, a provincial government, a treasury chamber in charge of collecting taxes, chambers of criminal and civil courts, an upper zemstvo court (for nobles) and an upper zemstvo justice (for state peasants) were formed in Orel. The affairs of merchants, artisans and other inhabitants were in charge of the City Magistrate, who appeared in Orel back in 1721. The management of public education and health care was carried out by the order of public charity.
Advancement to the beginning of the 18th century. the borders of Russia far to the south and west led to a change in the functions of Orel and other cities of the region as defensive fortresses. By this time, it had lost its position as a service town, which affected its appearance and composition of residents. Priest Ivan Lukyanov, who visited Orel in 1711, wrote: “The city is wooden, already dilapidated, not crowded with housing.” He noted that by this time the fortress walls had rotted and collapsed, the towers had opened up, and the annual floods of the Oka had caused the embankment along the walls to become sagging. By the end of the 20s, the remains of the Oryol fortress burned down and the city completely lost its military purpose.
In the historical part of Orel there was a voivodeship courtyard with a provincial office, a hut where interrogations of those suspected of crimes were filmed and reprisals were carried out against criminals and the guilty. The Church of the Epiphany was also located here, as well as the houses of service people, merchants and artisans. Most of them were squat and covered with straw or shingles. The streets of Orel were crooked and dirty. Only one of them, in the city center, had plank sidewalks flanked by stinking ditches.
In the southern part of the city, behind the Resurrection Church (now the lane of the same name), the gardens of ordinary people began, which stretched to the swamp on modern Komsomolskaya Square. Adjacent to the city were Streletskaya and Pushkarnaya settlements, inhabited, according to a local historian of the 19th century. G. M. Pyasetsky, archers and gunners expelled by Peter I from Moscow after the famous riot. By the beginning of the 18th century. They were engaged in trade and crafts and completely merged with the local townspeople.
The gardens of Oryol residents stretched up the left bank of the Oka, from the modern Central Market. And then there was the Cherkasy settlement, inhabited by immigrants from Ukraine. The origin of the name of this place is still preserved in the name of the street of the same name. In addition to the indicated settlements, there were also Monastyrskaya, Pokrovskaya, Afanasyevskaya settlements, which received their names from the churches located here. With the transformation of Orel into a provincial center, the historical territory between Oka and Orlik began to be called its first part. Across the Oka on its right bank was the second part of the city, known as Ilyinki. Here at the beginning of the 18th century. there were several dozen houses, shops and workshops. In the square itself, on Fridays and Sundays, agricultural goods were traded from carts. In the square there was a gallows on which criminals were hanged, and a scaffold where punishment was carried out by whipping and pulling out nostrils.
In the second part of Orel, on the right bank of the Oka, there was a grain pier, from where caravans of barges headed to Moscow, the cities of the Baltic states, and the Russian north. There were 215 bulk barns on the pier, where grain was delivered not only from the Oryol region, but also from neighboring territories, even in winter. By the end of the 18th century. The annual turnover of the grain trade at the Oryol pier reached 3 million rubles.
On the left bank of Orlik and further on the Oka there was a third part of Orel. At the beginning of the 18th century. there were several dozen houses here, and monastic fields and groves stretched along the road to Volkhov. On the steep bank of the Oka River stood the Assumption Monastery, which at that time was the highest point of Orel. In addition to it, in the third part of the city there was then another stone structure - St. George’s Church, on the site modern cinema "Pobeda".
Thus, Orel in the first half of the 18th century. remained a small city, which completely lost its military purpose and gradually turned into a trade and craft center. In terms of the number of inhabitants, it was noticeably inferior to Bryansk and Sevsk, whose population increased greatly at the beginning of the century due to their role as rear cities during the Swedish invasion of Charles XII. According to data provided by G. M. Pyasetsky, in Orel at the beginning of the 18th century. there were only 500 households. The territory and population of the city gradually increased due to the annexation of settlements.
Orel's noticeable growth began in the mid-18th century. According to the census of 1755, there were already 1,500 households here. The city's population grew due to the influx of "serfs, those released on quitrent, and working people in connection with the emergence of manufactories. In 1759, the merchant Kuznetsov received permission to establish a spinning factory in Orel, producing ropes and cords. Soon another representative of this family founded a cloth factory in the city manufactory, and the entrepreneur Boastful created a sailing manufactory on the right bank of the Oka, opposite the Assumption Monastery. In 1768, the merchant Podshivalov built a manufactory for the production of soap on the lands of Pyatnitskaya and Cherkasy settlements.
In connection with this process, the territory of the city expanded. In the middle of the 18th century. settlement of Kursk, Staromoskovskaya and Pryadilnaya streets begins. The border of the second part of the city stretches in a northern direction to the Lenivets stream. Spinning workshops grew up in this area, where yarn was produced and sold to urban and rural artisans.
Having become rich in the trade of bread and hemp, the Oryol merchants represented a significant social force. In 1767, Oryol merchants expressed their claims to the Legislative Commission, demanding expansion of their rights to acquire land, protection from competition from the nobles and arbitrariness of the authorities. There was no unity among the Oryol merchants. In the 60s, the city was shaken by the struggle of the merchant families Kuznetsov and Dubrovin over the receipt of a wine ransom, which sometimes took bloody forms, its echoes even reached St. Petersburg, causing a special decision of the Senate.
By the time Orel became a provincial center, there were already 2,872 houses with 7,762 residents. Most of them were represented by artisans, united in workshops according to the profile of production, and small traders, as well as working people.
However, before Orel became a provincial center, the appearance of the city changed slowly. Almost all the buildings were wooden, and only the new churches that appeared in the 18th century were stone. Academician Vasily Zuev, who visited Oryol on his way to Kherson in 1781, noted that many of the city’s streets were crooked and dirty, and only a few of them had recently been paved with stone.
With the appointment of Repnin as governor-general of the Oryol governorship, the reconstruction of the city began. The plan for the development of the provincial center he presented was approved by Catherine II on November 16, 1779, and soon the construction of 54 stone buildings began in the 3rd part of the city, among which were the governor’s house, government offices and other administrative buildings. At the same time, Repnin personally delved into construction issues, demanding the construction of buildings in the shortest possible time. The governor's house was built in 1787, shopping arcades - in 1780, government offices - in 1783. In 1795, a two-story stone house was built in the 1st part of Orel for the Main Public School. This building has survived to this day. And in 1799-1800. The building of the Oryol City Duma was erected - a typical architectural monument of the Classical era; the Free Space Theater is now located here.
In 1779, the “Regular” plan of the city of Orel was approved, according to which at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. its construction was carried out. It was based on the formation of three squares, from which the streets fanned out, forming a regular triangle in space. At the corners of this triangle were Volkhovskaya, Kromskaya, and Ilyinskaya squares.
Governor S.A. Neplyuev, who held this position from 1782 to 1792, played a major role in the improvement of Orel. Under him, the paving of central streets with stone and the construction of stone buildings for a number of institutions began. Neplyuev took an active part in the construction of the Moscow Gate - a triumphal arch in honor of Catherine II, who returned in 1787 via Orel from Crimea to St. Petersburg. At the Moscow Gate, at the mouth of the Lenivets stream, the Empress was met by Oryol townsfolk. In the Assembly of the Nobility, a ball was organized in her honor by the Oryol nobility. Catherine II was very pleased with the reception in the Oryol province, expressing gratitude in a personal rescript addressed to the governor.
The process of improvement of Orel was continued under A. A. Bekleshov, who headed the governorship from 1790 to 1796, and governor S. A. Brianchaninov. During the years of their leadership of the province, Oryol was divided into quarters, quarterly books were introduced, where lists of residents were entered, Polesskaya Square was paved, and the illumination of the city center with lanterns began. Governor-General Bekleshov also paid attention to the planning and restructuring of the centers of county towns in the Oryol region.
If in the first half of the 18th century. nobles made up a small percentage of the population of Orel, then after its transformation into the center of the province, their resettlement here and the construction of city estates began. At the end of the 18th century. began building the Noble Streets, where the later famous “noble nests” began to appear.
County towns Oryol region in the 18th century. By the beginning of the 18th century. Bolkhov, Mtsensk, Novosil, Yelets, Livny, Kromy, as well as Orel, lost their position as border fortresses and turned into urban-type trade and craft settlements. The bulk of the population consisted of artisans and small traders. At different times the population numbered from 3 to 5 thousand people. Most of these cities had from 800 to 1.5 thousand houses. Almost all of them were wooden, which is why city fires often occurred. Thus, in 1748, almost the entire wooden Bolkhov burned out, and in 1774, Livny was severely damaged by a fire. More than once a fire burned over Yelets. Therefore, from buildings of the 17th-18th centuries. Only stone churches survived, among which the St. Sergius Church in Livny stands out. It towered over the city, being its highest building point. In Bolkhov, the wondrously beautiful Trinity Church has been preserved, erected in 1708 by masters of the Moscow-Yaroslavl school and having elements of the “Moscow Baroque” architectural style. It rose on a high hill, from where the entire Bolkhov of that time and the floodplain of the Nugr River along a significant extent were visible.
The restructuring of district towns began with the formation of the Oryol province, when in March 1780 plans for the urban development of Sevsk, Mtsensk, Bolkhov, Karacheva, Krom, Liven, etc. were approved. The Governor-General ordered that the plans be kept in the viceroyal board, and copies from them were sent to the mayor with instructions “that they try to bring the philistine building into the position designated by those plans.” According to the new layout, cities were divided into blocks and squares. The supporting points of the latter were to be churches. It was also planned to open shops and shopping arcades here - the main place of trade in the county town. Thus, the development plan for Bryansk provided for the creation of three squares - Shchepnaya, Khlebnaya and Krasnaya. The latter was designed to be square in order to arrange shops for trading “red goods” along its perimeter. The reconstruction of Liven provided for the construction of three parallel streets running from south to north, and two crossing them at right angles.
The main buildings of the county towns consisted of wooden houses. The mansions of the nobles who moved to the district towns were made of stone. Many merchant houses were characterized by a combined type of construction - a stone bottom, where the shop and storage rooms were located, and a wooden top, where the living quarters were located.
Most of the district towns of the Oryol region were associated with the grain trade. In Mtsensk, as in Orel, on the banks of the Zushi there were bulk barns, from where grain was floated on barges to Serpukhov, Kolomna, and Moscow. The grain trade also flourished in Yelets and Livny. Where grains were exported by water, barges were built at the same time, spinning factories were created for the production of ropes, and the number of forges grew, fulfilling orders from grain traders and shipowners. For many residents of Oryol district towns, the grain trade provided a source of income. In addition, artisans and small traders fed themselves from vegetable gardens outside the city limits and personal plots.
The reconstruction of county towns, which began in the last two decades of the 18th century, contributed to the growth of brick production. In Bolkhov, Mtsensk, Yelets, Livny, etc., mansions of local nobles and merchants, new churches, buildings of lower public schools, and premises of district administrative authorities were built. By this time, the population of the district towns of the Oryol region had also increased noticeably due to the influx of serfs, released on quitrent, who moved from the estates of the nobles along with their courtyard servants, and bankrupt single-lords.
Population of the Oryol region in the 18th century. The bulk of the population of the Oryol region consisted of peasants. Its growth was slow and was carried out mainly due to the development of new lands, where peasants moved from the old estates of landowners located in more northern territories. Population growth due to the birth rate due to significant infant mortality and low life expectancy was small. According to the 4th revision in 1782, the taxable population of the Oryol province was 482.5 thousand people, and according to the fifth revision in 1795 it slightly exceeded 500 thousand. In general, according to individual historians, in the territory of the province at the end of the 18th century. There were over 900 thousand inhabitants.
Oryol province from the second half of the 18th century. was distinguished by a high percentage of serfs. According to the 4th revision, there were 302,444 serfs, and according to the 5th - 313,090. Serfs made up 63% of the total mass of peasants in the province. Such a large number of serfs can be explained by the distribution of land to the noble aristocracy during the reign of Catherine II.
The percentage of landowner peasants in different districts of the province fluctuated noticeably. In Mtsensk district, where the process of distributing land to service people has been going on since ancient times, as well as in Dmitrov district, where in the 18th century. Huge lands with villages were claimed by eminent nobility; serfs made up up to 90 percent of the peasant population. In Oryol, Kromsky and Maloarkhangelsk districts, serfs made up about 70 percent of the peasants. In Livensky, Yeletsk and western districts there were even fewer serfs due to the high percentage of the population of odnodvortsy - descendants of small service people according to the device. In the western districts there lived many palace and state black-growing peasants who managed to avoid enslavement.
In the Oryol province, according to the 4th revision, there were 82,162 single-palace dwellers. By the middle of the 18th century. due to the loss of their former functions of protecting the borders, they are reduced to the position of state peasants, although a small part of them continued to hold in their hands much larger land plots than the peasants and even in some cases owned a small number of serfs.
On the territory of the Oryol province by the mid-70s of the 18th century. there were 5062 noble estates. Together with the nobles - city residents, from 25 to 30 thousand people of both sexes lived in the Oryol region. In the Oryol province, nobles in the last quarter of the 18th century owned 2018 thousand acres of land, which amounted to 67% of its land fund. The most common was small and medium-sized noble land ownership, when one estate accounted for from 100 to 500 dessiatines. There were a majority of such estates. However, as a result of land grants in the 18th century. Huge latifundia were formed in the Oryol province. Yes, Count M. F. Kamensky in the village of Saburovo and its villages, 7,498 dessiatines of land belonged, Count I. G. Chernyshev in the village of Tagin - over 10 thousand, Prince A. B. Kurakin in Maloarkhangelsk district - about 16 thousand dessiatines. Huge land wealth in Dmitrovsky and Sevsky districts was owned by Princess N.P. Golitsyna, who served as the prototype of the “Queen of Spades” for A.S. Pushkin, and her son-in-law Count S.S. Apraksin. They owned 63 villages and hamlets, and employed 12,429 male serfs. However, there were few such nobles in the Oryol region. The vast majority of them - 73.4% - owned an average of 60 serfs or less per estate.
The percentage of the urban population of the Oryol province was small. 2 merchants of the first guild lived in Orel, 43 - of the second and 1807 - of the third. A similar picture was observed in Yelets, where 5,797 people were assigned to the third guild, including members of their families. In Mtsensk there were 1827 merchants of the third guild. These were mostly small traders who combined their craft activities with gardening for personal needs. In addition, with the formation of the province, the population of Orel was replenished with officials, most of whom were nobles.
Thus, in the 18th century. The overwhelming majority of the population of the Oryol Territory, like other regions of Russia, was associated with agriculture.
Culture of the Oryol region in the 18th century.
Education in the Oryol province. Education in the provinces was at a low level for a long time, although in the second half of the 18th century. In Russia, a public school system began to take shape. In the Oryol region, monasteries continued to be the main pedagogical centers.
In August 1778, a theological seminary was established in the Oryol province (until 1817 it was located in the district town of Sevsk). Its opening took place on October 16, 1778.
The Theological Seminary (bishop's school) was one of the few educational institutions in the province. It trained priests for the parishes of the Oryol diocese. The seminary educated mainly the children of clergy. In general, it played a positive role in the development of education. Not all of its graduates became priests; some of them continued their studies in other secular educational institutions. Teachers for the public schools of the province were recruited from the students of the theological seminary.
Soon after the opening of the seminary, several theological schools were established. In particular, on September 15, 1779, the Oryol Theological School began its activities, which was located in the Assumption Monastery (previously, in the 1720s, there was a theological school here). The school was assigned to the seminary, which partially financed the construction of premises for the school. The remaining funds were collected in the form of contributions from the newly formed school district.
In 1780, the Oryol School had 285 students from Oryol, Mtsensk, Karachev and Krom. Here they taught Latin, Greek and French, sacred history, arithmetic, grammar, and catechism. Later, a poetry class was opened, and the teaching of German language and philosophy was introduced. Among the students of the Oryol School was Fyodor Amfitheatrov, later Metropolitan of Kiev and Galicia - a prominent church figure. By 1790, the number of students was already 382 people, and in terms of their number, the theological school was more than twice as large as the Main Public School. However, in 1798, theological schools in Orel, Bryansk and Karachev were closed, and their students were transferred to Sevsk Seminary.
A school at the Sergius Monastery for teaching Russian literacy and singing to the children of the clergy was opened in Livny in the last quarter of the century. There were three classes: verbal, written and music. Pupils aged from seven to 15 years old mastered the alphabet, writing, reading church books, learned the catechism, and the commandments. A special wooden building was built for the school at the expense of church officials and parishioners. The number of students, initially 50, soon increased to two hundred.
In the last quarter of a century in Russia, the social and pedagogical movement of urban commoners and patriotic intelligentsia for the organization of public schools and the democratization of the education system gained strength. For example, the Russian educator N.I. Novikov proposed laying a firm “foundation for public education at the initiative of society and using public funds.”
The persistent demands of the population caused a positive reaction from the government. In 1775, according to the Decree “Establishment of the Governorates”, Orders of public charity headed by the governor were created in each of them. The orders were entrusted with the “care and supervision of the establishment of public schools.” This decree was the first official document in the history of Russia, which outlined in sufficient detail the range of organizational issues in the creation of schools. In paragraph 384, which was called “On public schools,” the Orders of Public Charity were ordered to establish schools “in all cities, and then in populous villages..., for all those who voluntarily wish to study in them (in which, however, do not force anyone, but leave it to the will of the parents to send their children to school or leave them at home).”
In general terms, the objectives and training program were defined: “Teaching in public schools primarily consists of teaching youth literacy, drawing, writing, and arithmetic; children of the Greco-Roman confession should be taught catechism to learn the foundations of the Orthodox faith, the interpretation of the Ten Commandments of God, to inculcate universal moral teaching.” It was recommended to conduct classes daily, but no more than two hours in a row in the morning and two hours in the afternoon in one subject. On Saturdays, classes were scheduled only until lunch, and on Sundays and holidays a day off was declared.
Requirements for teachers were also outlined. They were “forbidden to punish children with corporal punishment... Negligent and faulty teachers, after considering complaints, are replaced (by the Order of Public Charity) and replaced by diligent and efficient ones.” It was recommended to clean and ventilate classrooms every day, “so that children would not suffer damage to their health from the stuffiness in the upper rooms.” In September 1782, a Commission was created on the establishment of public schools in the Russian Empire. It was entrusted with all the main activities of developing school charters, curricula, publishing textbooks and manuals, and training teachers. Professors and teachers from the Academy of Sciences and Moscow University took an active part in this work.
In April 1786, the empress ordered the opening of the Main Public Schools in the provinces that she herself had designated. Among them was the Oryol province. On September 22, 1786, the Main Public School was opened in Orel (before that, since 1780, the first civil public school for children of the lower classes existed in the city). The main public school had four classes with a five-year period of study. Writing, reading, history, catechism, physics, geography, geometry, and architecture were taught here.
For those who wished, an optional study of the Latin language was established, and in addition a foreign language, “which in the neighborhood of each governorship, where the Main School is located, may be more useful for its use in the hostel.”
Church officials as teachers of the Law of God were removed from the school; teaching prayers, catechism, and sacred history was entrusted to civilian teachers.
The “Charter of Public Schools of the Russian Empire” stated that “enlightenment with the minds of knowledge” must begin from an early age. For this purpose, along with the Main Schools, small public schools were established in district towns. In August 1789, small public schools were opened in Volkhov, Bryansk, Karachev, etc. The small public school consisted of two classes. Here they taught subjects taught in the 1st and 2nd grades of the Main School, except for foreign languages. According to the charter, small schools were supposed to have two teachers, one in each class, but “if the number of students is small, then one. He teaches drawing.”
The Main Public Schools were entrusted with the task of training teachers for small schools; students could study the new “Way of Teaching” in them and then take an exam for a teacher’s certificate. As for the teaching methods, the charter clearly stated: “Teach exactly according to the rules contained in the book entitled “Manual for teachers of grades 1 and 2.”
In the 1st grade of the small school they studied civil letters and forms, a primer, rules for students, an abbreviated catechism and sacred history, church letters and forms, in the 2nd grade - a lengthy catechism and sacred history, reading manuscripts, arithmetic, writing, dictation, drawing. Work with visual aids for learning letters, reading, and spelling was also provided. At the teacher's choice, a book was read aloud to the children. In district towns, small schools were subordinate to a superintendent, who was their trustee: “The position of the superintendent is to ensure that all the regulations and rules prescribed in this charter that concern small public schools are carried out.” But, of course, the condition of the schools largely depended on the disposition of the local mayors, who during this period were the main authorities in small towns. Mayors controlled voluntary donations from citizens - the main source of funding for small schools.
In the 18th century Home schooling occupied a significant place in education. It was especially developed in noble families, where children, under the guidance of teachers and tutors, among whom there were many foreigners, studied foreign languages along with Russian, giving preference to French. Considerable attention was paid to the education of noble manners, dancing, and obtaining practical knowledge. Having received home education in families, noble children then entered the cadet corps, the Noble boarding school at Moscow University or private boarding schools in capital cities, and the gymnasium at the Academy of Sciences. This is how personnel for the army and the bureaucracy were formed.
The state of medicine in the Oryol region. Until the middle of the 18th century. Peasant Russia did not know about medical care. However, this concerned both the urban bourgeoisie and the merchant class. Medicine on Oryol soil was only taking its first steps. There were no appropriate educational institutions for teaching the art of medicine. In villages and provincial towns, the main healers for a long time remained healers, who treated with spells and all kinds of folk remedies.
The need for evidence-based medical care was enormous, as diseases sometimes claimed hundreds or thousands of people for unknown reasons. In 1780, a strait house was founded at the provincial prison; in 1782, a provincial hospital was created, which was first located in an apartment, and then in the 1790s. A stone house was purchased for her at the expense of public charity funds; there was also a garden and a vegetable garden. The hospital had forty places for patients, including 5 for poor civil servants, 15 for poor people of various ranks, 5 for military personnel and 10 paid places (10 rubles in banknotes per month). Treatment in the hospital was carried out by two doctors. The staff consisted of ten nursing ministers, a caretaker, an accountant, and a copyist. Later, other premises were used for the hospital - a two-story stone building at the Baptist Cemetery, the house of the landowner Matsnev.
In 1794, a home for the disabled was founded in Orel. During these same years, small hospitals appeared in the districts. A typical example: Count E.F. Komarovsky, who received the village of Gorodishche, Oryol district, as his wife’s dowry, drew attention to the extremely high mortality rate among serfs. Soon he opened a hospital for them at his own expense. In general, the state of medicine in the Oryol region, as throughout Russia, remained at a low level.
Life and customs of the Oryol nobility. As one of the first historians of Orel, Dmitry Basov, wrote, “the nobles wore long uniforms and slanted hats; the heads and braids were covered with powder; and the boots were large, above the knees, they were waxed and varnished daily; and the trousers were mostly yellow elk. There were canes in their hands. And the ladies were wearing caps. There were no hats in those days. The dress is mostly white; a long tail, about 3 arshins, which the girl carried behind her; in hot weather the ladies had mahals.”
A curiosity in the history of the reign of Governor General A. A. Prozorovsky remains the episode with the introduction of “kaftans” - uniforms for officials of the Oryol and Kursk governorships. A detailed circular on this matter was signed in December 1782. Prozorovsky regulated the wearing of caftans to the smallest detail. For Oryol residents, he prescribed: blue caftans, white camisoles, black collars and cuffs, velvet or corduroy, blue lining, gold braid on hats. The governor was supposed to have lapels and two flat epaulettes, the vice-governor - one flat epaulette, the provincial magistrate and the chief justice - split cuffs with three buttons, the court assessors had to fasten the cuffs with two buttons, but not have buttons on the sleeves. Even doctors were required to have round collars, doctors and pharmacists - buttons on both sexes, and doctors and medical students - blue cuffs.
Gold buttons were introduced in Orel, and silver buttons in Kursk. However, Prozorovsky’s innovation did not last long, less than a year and a half. Since April 1784, a single uniform was adopted in the Oryol province: a red caftan with blue lapels, a white camisole, and buttons of the same color.
Among the black earth landowners there were many tyrants, hunters, horse lovers, and card game lovers. In the Livensky voivodeship office at the end of the 18th century. The case of the Little Arkhangelsk landowner of the Life Guards, captain-lieutenant Pyotr Lutovinov, was being investigated. His litigation with his fellow nobles over the disputed land continued for a long time, until, in a drunken stupor, Lutovinov and his “associates” set off to argue with the unyielding peasants. As a result, there was a shootout with pistols; there were up to a dozen dead on both sides. According to the recollections of contemporaries, Lutovinov was “put on bail” and since then has been in his village without a break for more than 15 years. The appearance of the serf theater. Performances by artists in booths, at holidays, and at fairs were a common occurrence in Russia. But professional theater appeared only under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, and gained real popularity after Peter’s reforms in the second half of the 18th century. Serf theaters became widespread. Troupes of serf actors were maintained by large landowners. Actors performed tragedies and comedies on specially arranged stages and took part in opera and ballet performances. The quantitative composition of the troupe depended on the wealth of the owner.
On July 17, 1787, on the occasion of Catherine II’s passage through Orel, the “noble troupe” gave a big performance at the residence of the Governor General. In the presence of the Empress, the actors played the comedy “Soliman II, or the Three Sultanas” by the French playwright Charles Favard. This was the first theatrical performance recorded in the history of Orel.
Serf theaters also appeared in the “nests of the nobility.” These were the Spassko-Lutovinovsky Theater, the theater of the landowner Matsnev (his house was located in the area of the modern railway hospital in Orel), the Yurasovsky serf ballet troupe in the village of Suryanin, Volkhov district, the serf theaters of Prince A. B. Kurakin in the village of Kurakine, Maloarkhangelsk district, Count E. F. Komarovsky in the village of Gorodishche, Oryol district, landowner A. A. Pleshcheev in the village of Chern, Bolkhov district.
An expert on the history of serf theaters, Prince A. L. Golitsyn wrote at the end of the 19th century: “The Oryol province has been famous for its theaters since the beginning of this century, although serf theaters existed here much earlier. Many of the Oryol landowners had their own drama, ballet and even opera troupes, orchestras and singing choirs, which came with their owners to Oryol during the noble elections.”
Architecture. Mid-18th century in the architecture of the Oryol region is characterized by the development of the Baroque style. Intensive construction of civil and religious buildings continued. However, there are few monuments of industrial and civil architecture of that time left. Monuments of religious architecture have been much more fully preserved. The main type of temple building at that time was a simplified version of the composition of octagons on quadrangles, continuing the line of development of the “Naryshkin” baroque. A typical example of Baroque is the Church of St. Michael the Archangel in the village of Saburovo, built in 1755.
Classicism discovered in the last quarter of the 18th century. a new stage in the architectural development of the Oryol region influenced the formation of a new look for the cities, villages and estates of the region. A new type of temple with a domed rotunda appeared in various versions. Classicism was characterized by a fascination with porticos and colonnades. The interior decoration of religious buildings was more austere.
Success in architectural solutions was greatly facilitated by the orientation of city construction plans towards church buildings - they, placed in the perspective of streets, at intersections and squares, visually united the blocks into an urban ensemble. The silhouettes of temples acquired special significance given the relative “horizontal” panoramas of ordinary urban development, which consisted of buildings of approximately equal height and had almost no high-rise accents of their own.
Stone and wooden houses of middle-class noble estates were erected with the intention of being like famous examples. Often this intention came down to decorating the house with a portico. The skillfully chosen location turned these modest buildings into genuine works of architectural art.
The most common type of public building was relatively small buildings with a simple layout. At the end of the 18th century. Due to the need to combine residential development with commercial premises, a fundamentally new type of residential building arose. “All merchants should have shops in their houses and trade in them,” said the decree of 1769. The combination of functions was due to the densification of buildings in city centers. The plans of that period turned out to be amazingly viable: as a rule, they have been preserved as the basis for the development of cities to this day.
Music. The dance melodies “Kamarinskaya” and “Barynya”, which became widespread throughout the country, arose in the Oryol region at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. These tunes have survived to this day without undergoing significant changes. A number of sources contain information about the musical life of Oryol residents in the 18th century. During public festivities on Trinity and Peter's Day, ordinary people everywhere “started loud songs.” In Orel, polyphonic choral song has long been held in high esteem. G. M. Pyasetsky wrote about our vociferous ancestors in “Historical Sketches of the City of Orel”: “They harness three horses and sit down, 10 people and 15 songwriters each, and ride around the city. There’s shouting and singing at the top of your lungs, and some with cymbals.”
In the second half of the 18th century. Professional music also began to develop - at this time the Oryol Music Chapel was created in Oryol. The nobles often organized concerts, musical performances and evenings, and were enthusiastically involved in playing music at home. Oryol landowner Academician G. N. Teplov (1717 - 1779) was the author of the first Russian collection of vocal lyrics “Between things, idleness, or a collection of various songs with attached tones for three voices, music by G. T.” (published in 1759, it was only 36 pages). It is no coincidence that the famous researcher of the culture of the past L. B. Modzalevsky wrote: “As for the arts, and in particular music, it is well known that it was Teplov who had enormous theoretical and practical knowledge in music in Russia in the 18th century. His name has gone down in the history of Russian musical culture.”
Writers and poets are natives of the Oryol region
Antioch Dmitrievich Kantemir(1708 - 1744) was born into the family of the hospodar (ruler) of Moldavia, who went over to the side of Peter I during the Russian-Turkish War of 1711 and, after the unsuccessful Prut campaign, moved with his family to Russia.
The future satirist received an excellent education at home and attended lectures by professors at the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1725 he entered military service, at the end of 1731 he was appointed “resident” (diplomatic representative) in London. For 12 years (six in England and the same in France), Kantemir worthily defended the interests of Russia, proving himself to be a talented diplomat.
Cantemir's literary activity began with translations; he also wrote a number of epigrams and fables. The most significant in the creative heritage are the satires (there were nine of them in total), which brought the author wide literary fame and public recognition. Cantemir's satires were closely connected with the Russian national satirical tradition and with the genre form of poetic satire, developed by the poetics of European classicism based on ancient models. Cantemir filled the works with domestic content and advanced ideas of his time. He not only ridiculed, in the spirit of classicism, abstract universal human vices (bigotry, stinginess, hypocrisy, wastefulness, laziness, talkativeness, etc.), but, what is especially valuable, he exposed the vices of contemporary Russian reality. A passionate advocate of education, Kantemir primarily attacked those who, after the death of Peter, tried to return Russia to pre-reform orders. Kantemir caustically ridiculed the “evil-minded” nobles who demanded ranks and villages for themselves only for the “nobility” of their “breed,” and defended the right of personal merit for people from other classes in the spirit of Peter the Great’s “Table of Ranks.”
Cantemir's satires were never published during the poet's lifetime, but became widespread in Russia in numerous copies. The first Russian edition of Cantemir's works appeared only in 1762, when his name gained European fame thanks to his prose translation of satires into French.
Cantemir's satires are characterized by the widespread use of vernacular, proverbs and sayings, closeness to the folk language of that time and at the same time excessive complexity and sometimes confusion of syntactic structures. The work of the satirist had a great influence on the development of the accusatory trend in Russian literature: according to V. G. Belinsky, he “was the first to bring poetry to life.”
Journalist, poet and playwright Alexander Ivanovich Klushin(1763 - 1804) was born in Livny into the family of an official.
He served in Orel in the newly opened viceroyalty. Recalling that time, he wrote:
When I was sixteen years old
The ranks and splendor seduced me,
Bewitched by an empty dream, -
Without them, there seemed to be no happiness...
Soon A.I. Klushin entered military service, and in 1788 he settled in St. Petersburg. Here he met many famous people of the literary and theatrical world, in particular I. A. Krylov. Together they published the magazine "Spectator". Here Klushin published a series of satirical “Portraits” and “Walks”.
“The gifted Klushin,” wrote one of the literary critics, had a beneficial influence both on Krylov himself and on the direction of the magazine, which chose as the subject of its denunciations the ugly phenomena of serfdom, the base passions of contemporary society and the predilection of contemporaries for everything foreign.”
In 1793, Klushin and Krylov began publishing the magazine “St. Petersburg Mercury”. Klushin’s plays “Laughter and Grief” and “The Alchemist” were performed with great success on the capital’s stage. In the mid-1790s, being a popular writer, Klushin lived for a long time in Orel and Livny. A number of his works contain colorful sketches of the life of these cities.
Life and folk culture of the Oryol province in the 18th century.
Peasant dwelling in the Oryol region. The Oryol village usually consisted of one street. But to the south of Moscow there was also free development: there were no traces of planning. In the “Historical Description of Churches, Parishes and Monasteries of the Oryol Diocese,” for example, it says: “And from the outside the village of Stolbishche is unattractive. Heaps of scattered, blackened, thatched huts are visible without any plan; on the edge of the village there is a cemetery not lined with trees with lopsided and broken crosses; The green church is only pleasing to the eye...”
Huts and outbuildings in rural areas were built almost right next to each other. In the Oryol region, the predominant type was the so-called “round yard”, when all the structures were a closed connection. Peasant houses were also built in Kursk, Kaluga, Smolensk, Ryazan and a number of other central provinces of Russia.
The cramped conditions and imperfection of the heating system led to frequent fires. Building stone was a scarce material. For a long time, wood remained its only alternative. Since ancient times, it has been customary to build peasant houses from upland pine or spruce. The hut was built from large, up to three fathoms long (more than six meters) round logs, which were connected in fours to form a quadrangle - a crown. The hut had a wooden floor made of half-logs or hewn thick boards. As a rule, 8-10 people lived here in cramped conditions. The conditions were quite unfavorable, especially for children: cold during the day, hot at night, and the constant presence of unpleasant odors. Perhaps the only saving grace was the weekly bath, which was mandatory for everyone.
In the second half of the 18th century. a ceiling appeared in the peasant hut. Previously, it did not exist, and the space in the interior of the hut went right under the roof. Traditionally, the house was heated “black”, that is, the smoke from the mouth of the stove went directly into the room and only then through the holes in the roof - out. This made it possible to heat the hut relatively quickly with minimal wood consumption, but the walls quickly became covered with a thick layer of soot. It was especially dirty where, due to the lack of firewood, the stove was heated with straw: cleaning the walls was almost an everyday concern of the housewife. The lack of forests led to the fact that peasants built small, unsightly huts: there was no material for construction, no firewood to heat a large room.
The construction of huts with ceilings began primarily with single-yard peasants, peasant artisans, and in general those who were not subject to serfdom. “Little red windows” began to appear more and more often instead of the old type (“volokova”) windows. “Volokovy” windows were simple holes cut in the logs of the log house. “Red” windows were frames with glass.
Usually the stove stood in the right corner from the entrance. Accordingly, the space in front of the mouth of the hut up to the front wall of the hut was called the “cooking room” or “cookhouse”. The stove was built on a separate foundation so that it would not distort the hut. The material was brick or especially durable clay. A bed was placed at a height of about two meters. In the ovens they not only cooked food, baked bread, but also took steam. Ovens were also used for drying grain, clothes, shoes, etc. A small nook was attached to the side of the oven, where calves and lambs were usually kept. On the lid of the nook there was a sleeping place, perhaps the most comfortable in the house: not cold, like on a bench, and not hot, like on a stove. Adult family members usually slept on benches and counters, and old people and children slept on the stove. Near the ceiling there were floorings - floors on which teenagers slept, and things were also stored here. A “cradle”, a baby’s cradle, was hung from the ceiling beam.
At the entrance to the hut, on the right side of the door, at the “holy angle” there was a dining table. In the “holy corner” there were icons on a shelf. They kept various family heirlooms, sometimes money. Under the “goddess” there was a wide bench where guests were seated, and in the event of the death of one of the family members, the deceased was laid here. During lunch, the head of the family traditionally sat on the bench. Along the side wall with windows there was another bench, from it towards the stove there was a short but fairly wide bench on which food was prepared, there were buckets of water, dishes: wooden dishes, cups, spoons, knives, bowls, mugs, pots and etc.
Peasant clothes. The peasant family made almost all their clothes with their own hands. Both near the trading village and on the outskirts of the provincial village there were hemp fields, which provided raw materials for the manufacture of homespun peasant clothing. Hemp was born to be a homebody, a neighbor to human habitation. There are several reasons for this. Firstly, hemp required a huge amount of fertilizer - what would a peasant use to transport manure to a distant field? Secondly, hemp does not like wind, its fiber loses quality because of this - that is why the hemp plant was covered with a barn, a threshing floor and, in addition, a special fence. Thirdly, in order to protect the ripening seed from bird attacks, the hemp plant had to be kept in sight and guarded: this was usually done by decrepit old people. And finally, harvesting and processing hemp required a lot of work, and near the house it was easier to find time for the task. But hemp was also famous for its extraordinary responsiveness to labor. Poskon (fiber of male plants) served as the basis for thinner, smoother fabric; it was used to make holiday clothes, towels (for all occasions: from weddings to funerals, for icons, etc.), curtains, sheets, baby diapers, blankets, scarves, foot wraps, tablecloths and even lace. In fact, hemp fabrics performed the same role as flax, only hemp fabrics were considered stronger than linen fabrics.
The peasant washed himself in the bathhouse with a hemp sponge, and the cross on his chest was held on by a hemp thread. There was a custom of placing the baby after baptism on a one and a half meter piece of canvas, which became a kind of talisman. This fabric was used in different ways. In some villages it was customary to sew clothes from it for a child - and it was necessary to wear it out to holes. In other villages, when a child grew up, the fabric was used for his wedding towels. Thirdly, a pillowcase was sewn from saved canvas for a girl (so that she would have a good married life), and for a guy - a bag and an onuchi (so that he would return home after serving in the army). From the mat (it is coarser) they made fabric for bags (chuvals, sacks, etc. - all types of bags for different loads are simply impossible to name), aprons, blankets for horses, bags. And although the best, most durable ropes were considered to be those made from the bones, many types of similar products were also made from mother cloth. These are threads for fishing nets, seines, and vents. These include all kinds of ropes: from very thin (twine, twine) to the most powerful (reins, ropes). Weaving began early in the morning, before sunrise, with a ritual. The master weaver, in complete solitude, knelt in front of the “holy corner” and asked the Mother of God to help her safely complete the work that was very necessary for her family. Women spun and weaved only in their free time from working in the fields and around the house. In such difficult conditions, a quick peasant weaver could weave on average 11 to 15 arshins of plain and smooth canvas per day, without patterns. Calculations show that a peasant woman had to spend 5 to 8 hours every day making clothes for her family.
With the onset of spring, canvases woven in winter were bleached: first, they were steamed in homemade wood ash lye, then, in sunny weather, they were spread on the grass.
This technique was done up to 5-6 times a day during the week. Then the canvases were soaked in river, rain, and less often well water and spread on the grass of a wet meadow or swamp. Under the hot rays of the sun, after about a month the harshness of the canvases disappeared, and they became completely white and soft.
Loose, moderately wide, sewn from durable fabric, the clothes of the Oryol peasants were well adapted to performing field work and household chores. The men's clothes were tailored blue and white shirts of the simplest cut, trousers made of coarse cloth (trousers, trousers, and also underpants in winter), and boys under twelve had only shirts. The poor peasant usually had a couple of shirts and one caftan. Shirts were worn untucked so that they would not interfere with work; they were tied at the waist with a cord. In the summer, men wore not only caftans, but also so-called robes (half-caftans, ponitki, sermyags) - they served as work clothes. Men's winter clothing was short fur coats. Tulupas - wide, long-skirted fur coats that could be worn by both men and women - were extremely necessary for long trips. Oryol men wore felt hats, which they themselves felted at home from dark-colored wool - treshneviki (grecheviki). Sheepskin hats were also common. In everyday life, girls wore nothing but tailored or linen shirts (“A tailored jacket and a cloth skirt are a dowry,” the saying went), and wore sundresses made of homemade blue dye, trimmed in red and embroidered with a pattern of “zapons” (aprons). The multi-wedge blind sundress was sewn from thin home-made woolen fabric - from 6-7 wedges located at the back, and one straight through fabric at the front. The openings for the head and hands were decorated with stripes of red and embroidery. The sundress was purely Russian clothing; it was completely absent in Belarus and Ukraine.
Married women and widows were required to wear a special type of skirt called a “poneva.” Women's clothing consisted of a sundress (or feryaz), a shirt, a jacket, a typical dark blue woolen blanket, and a canvas apron was worn over it. The sleeves of a married woman's shirt were decorated richer and brighter than the sleeves of a girl's shirt. Each woman in her chest had a set of shirts for any occasion: everyday, holiday, Sunday, for a wedding, for the throne day, for a wedding, “for grief” - mourning. The sleeves of festive shirts were decorated with great artistic taste.
Outerwear was usually a shushun - wide, like a robe, made of white woolen, also home-woven, material. Zipun was also a common women's clothing. It was made of coarse woolen cloth, decorated with embroidery, flared at the bottom, and had two belt fasteners. The side of the right floor and the belt were trimmed with strips of black chintz. In winter, women wore fur coats.
The women's headdress was the kichka - it was shaped like horns and, unlike the Northern Russian kokoshnik, consisted of several parts. In the western and central regions of the province, a ubiquitous headdress was a kichka combined with a “magpie.” The “magpie” was a specially cut and sewn piece of fabric with an embroidered headband, which served as part of the headdress. A beaded “back of the head” was worn over the “magpie.” “Magpies” were decorated with gold embroidery, beads, beads, and fringe. The bright holiday dresses of peasant women in Dmitrovsky district were called “golden-domed.”
Young women wore kichka constantly until the birth of their first child, then they wore it only on Sundays and other holidays, and in old age they stopped wearing it altogether, wearing only scarves, shawls and shawls. The chest necessarily contained a set of scarves intended for different occasions: haymaking, Sunday, weddings, funerals, gatherings, etc.
Few people had leather shoes; only wealthy peasants had them, and even those wore them on holidays. In the summer they usually walked barefoot; the most common shoes were bast shoes, which were woven from the bark of young linden trees, as well as chuni (they were woven from ropes). For holidays, women were made with “written” bast shoes, which differed from ordinary ones in the more intricate weaving of the toe part. The legs were wrapped in large homespun foot wraps - “onuchi”. For warmth and softness, straw was placed in the bast shoes. The bast shoes were attached to the foot with strings - “frills”. For a year, a peasant needed at least 50 pairs of bast shoes. In winter, villagers wore felt boots. Peasant everyday culture. A characteristic feature of the family life of peasants was the existence of a special “big family” - a union of married couples of several generations, united by common property and household (parents and married sons). There were often cases when even strangers were admitted here. At the head of a large family was the eldest man in terms of age and position in the family - the bolshak, the largest. The main event in peasant life was the wedding. The wedding ceremony was the most significant in all folk rituals. Everyone who took part in it looked emphatically festive and wore their best outfits to the wedding. The best horses were chosen for the wedding train, multi-colored ribbons were woven into their manes, and bells were tied to the arches. People specially went outside to admire the wedding train. Many came to the wedding not as guests, but simply to enjoy the festive decorations and fun. The ceremony was accompanied by numerous wedding songs.
Part of peasant culture and life were folk festivities (primarily during the Maslenitsa period), often accompanied by fist fights, round dances, and dances. Calendar ritual songs were important, that is, songs that were performed in connection with national holidays: carols, Maslenitsa, Trinity, etc.
A now forgotten game called “Kostroma” (the name of the stuffed animal made of straw and matting comes from the word “bonfire”) was very common. This is how Vladimir Dal describes this ritual, which had its origins in pagan rites:
“At the meeting of suffering works, saying goodbye to round dances (on All Saints, on Sunday, before the Fast of Peter, in the Rusal prayer), Kostroma is buried, drowned in the Oka, and where it is not, in a river or lake. Some of the mourners cry and lament, feeling sorry for Kostroma and not allowing her to be offended, others, with rude witticisms, continue their way; Having left Kostroma, they drink and have fun for the last time until the fall, before the grain harvest.”
The peasants were convinced that with the help of special rituals they could get rid of illnesses, increase the fertility of the land and overcome evil spirits. Rituals and rituals were aimed at ensuring a good harvest, increasing the offspring of livestock, and protecting them from diseases.
Among the supernatural creatures that folk fantasy settled in the surrounding world were the devil, the mermaid, the goblin, his wife the woodswoman, the children of the goblin, water, swamp, their wives and children, field demons (field, boundary, meadow), brownie, yard, well , guilty.
According to popular beliefs, a brownie lived in every house, and in appearance he looked like a person, he lived under the stove, behind the stove, under the threshold. It was believed that the brownie looked after the household, patronized hardworking owners, and punished the lazy and careless. Every peasant tried to fulfill the whims of the brownie, so as not to incur his wrath. For example, when buying a cow for himself, a peasant took into account what kind of wool the patron of the house had in the yard. It should be similar to the fur of the brownie itself. Animals outside the yard are usually skinny and frail, the brownie chases them and beats them, steals their food and gives it to his favorite animal. The image of a brownie seemed to personify the well-being and ill-being of the family and household.
People who knew conspiracies were called healers or conspirators by the peasants. Belief in conspiracies was widespread and held strong among the people. Various signs of disease were personified in the form of special evil creatures that could be expelled from the human body with the help of spell words. In the Oryol province, smallpox was imagined by people of previous centuries as an ugly-looking woman with poison on her tongue: whoever she licks gets sick. There were stories about Vorogukha fever, which in the form of a white night moth, landing on the lips of a sleeping person, brings illness. Excessive tearfulness of children was associated with the pathogenic influence of a special female demon “crybaby” (“crybaby crybaby”).
Chronology of events:
1703- drawing up the latest list of the combat status of the Oryol fortress. Laying the stone foundation for the Cathedral of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary with the chapel of Sts. Athanasius and Cyril of Alexandria in the Vvedensky nunnery.
1708- Peter I visited Orel. Consecration of the Vvedensky Cathedral of the nunnery. Oryol and the district are included in the Kyiv province.
1710, January 6-11 - pilgrim Moscow priest Ivan Lukyanov visited Orel, leaving a description of the city in his diary.
1715- in Orel, recruits were recruited into the Russian army to participate in the Northern War. Among them, the names of residents of Oryol Posad Pyotr Kormazinov, Vasily Golikov, Pyotr Stupin are known.
1718, May 16 - for the settlement of St. Petersburg, the new capital of Russia, by decree of Peter I, the Oryol merchants of the first article, Karp Kuznetsov with children, and the middle article, Dmitry Tarakanov and Anisim Rusanov with their brothers, were selected from the Oryol merchants as people of good living and large families.
1719- Orel becomes the center of the Oryol province in the Kyiv province, which included the cities of Mtsensk, Bolkhov, Belev, Novosil and Chern with counties.
1720- establishment of a city self-government body in Orel - a city magistrate consisting of 2 burgomasters and 4 ratmans (judges).
>1721 - the Oryol provincial governor Otyaev received an order to repair the Oryol fortress, which was ordered “to be repaired annually without further oppression of the subjects.” The procurement of materials for the construction of a stone rentery building - a chamber for storing government money - has begun (not implemented).
1722- a spinning workshop was formed in Orel, uniting 29 artisans - hemp spinners.
1723, September 27 - “great fire” on Trade Square. Mosquito, fish and meat aisles, “and many other barns and farm yards” burned down. The Oryol Kremlin “barely survived with the help of God.”
1723-1724- the first audit (census) of the tax-paying population of Russia. According to it, the population of Orel was 2773 male souls.
1724- according to the Decree of Peter I, provincial governors were ordered to submit to the Senate the history and geographical description of their cities. The compilation and sending to Moscow by the Oryol voivode of “Vedomosti to the city of Oryol” is an attempt at the first historical and geographical description of the city.
1725- consecration of the stone Sretenskaya (St. George) Church, built at the expense of secretary Olovennikov.
1726- the first educational institution was opened in Orel - a religious school at the Assumption Monastery.
1727- The Oryol province with the city of Oryol entered the Belgorod province, separated from the Kyiv
February 16 - The Kyiv garrison regiments Ober-Komendantsky, Komendantsky and Kosheleva, formed from former city riflemen and people from Reitar and infantry regiments who were not capable of field service, were renamed the 1st and 2nd Oryol and 1st Sevsky garrison regiments. On November 11, 1727, they were again renamed according to their location into the Kiev, Chernigov and Poltava garrison regiments.
1728, May 4 - the conductor of the engineering corps, Mikhail Buzovlev, and the engineering company, student Pyotr Batvinyev, removed the drawings of the city of Orel from the earlier original of the first. Thursday XVII century
1730- consecration of the stone church of St. Archangel Michael, built at the expense of the merchant Kalashnikov.
1731, January 25 - inspection of the wooden Nativity of the Theotokos Cathedral, following a petition from the cathedral clergy, by representatives of the city administration and elected “ray” people, which revealed its complete dilapidation. Dismantling the old and laying the new stone cathedral.
1734- according to the Gazette of Churches in Orel there were 8 parish churches (without the Assumption Monastery and the Nativity of the Virgin Cathedral, which was under construction). In the Oryol district there were 85 churches and 6274 courtyards.
1738- in connection with the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war, by decree of Empress Anna Ioannovna in the Voronezh, Belgorod and Kazan provinces, fortifications were ordered in the border cities “for better precautions from the enemy in the future as possible to correct and repair those places by the inhabitants...” From the Oryol Provincial Office in Belgorod reported that “according to Her Imperial Majesty’s decree... the execution of the chinitsa.”
1741, winter - in January and February, 7073 carts of rye, rye and wheat flour, buckwheat, hemp and hemp oil were transported from Orel to the Novogzhatskaya pier, and then by water to St. Petersburg. In connection with the delimitation of lands, a drawing of the Posadskaya Sloboda in the city of Oryol was drawn up.
1742- consecration of the stone Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord.
1744- on the way to a pilgrimage to Kyiv, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna passed through Orel with her heir Pyotr Fedorovich. The autocrat visited the Vvedensky nunnery and donated 500 rubles to Abbess Anfisa, which was used for the construction of a new wooden monastery fence to replace the dilapidated one. Among the Empress's retinue was the playwright Alexander Sumarokov.
1745- consecration of the stone Church of the Sign of the Mother of God, built at the expense of the merchant Dmitry Kochenov.
1748, May - a fire during which 16 residential households burned down.
1751- consecration of the stone Church of the Life-Giving Trinity with the chapels of St. Basil the Great and Great Martyr Nikita.
1752- consecration of a stone church in the name of the Intercession of the Virgin Mary.
1755- according to the list of churches in Orel there were 10 parish churches (without the Assumption Monastery) and 1741 courtyards. In the Oryol district there are 84 villages, 86 parish churches and 10,838 households.
1759- Orel merchant Kuznetsov received permission to set up a spinning factory in Orel, producing ropes and cords. The landowner Tolubeeva established a cloth factory on the state land of the Pyatnitskaya Sloboda in the city of Orel on the right of possession.
1760- on the site of the dilapidated wooden road gates in the Oryol Kremlin, construction began on a church-bell tower for early lunches with a road gate in the first tier, but with the change of governor, collegiate assessor Cherkasov, it was stopped, “and only one floor was erected above the gate, in which the dilapidated papers are now stored.” .
1764- Lieutenant of the Siberian Infantry Regiment E. Odoevtsev compiles inventories of the Assumption Monastery and Vvedensky Convent. In the same year, both monasteries were classified as third-class monasteries at their own expense.
1768- consecration of the stone Smolensk Church. On the lands of the Cherkasy and Pyatnitskaya settlements, the merchant Podshivalov established a saw manufactory on possession rights. Dismantling the dilapidated bell tower of the cathedral of the Vvedensky nunnery. The beginning of the construction of a new bell tower “in a special place” “with the help of donors” and the diligence of the merchant and investor Gerasim Kuznetsov.
1769- the collapse of a built bell tower, burying one of the nuns under the rubble. The construction began in its place on another one, above the Holy Gate, with a chapel and an almshouse in the lower tier at the expense of the same Kuznetsov.
1770- new collapse of the bell tower. In its place, another was started - with the gate church of the Tikhvin Mother of God by assessor Alexei Zhitkov “with a decrease in the previous size and height according to a different plan and facade of the Doric order” (not consecrated). Completion of the construction of the parish Borisoglebskaya church, built at the expense of captain Zhilin and registrar Fedorov (also not consecrated). A big fire in the city, during which shopping arcades burned down. Liquidation, by decree of Catherine II, of the Freemasons sect, which included some representatives of the city administration.
1771- in the refectory of the Vvedensky Cathedral of the nunnery, a new altar was laid in the name of St. Maron the Wonderworker. Pestilence epidemic in Orel. 22 people died. Between 1771 and 1775 there was a strong flood. “The water was great. In the Church of the Epiphany and the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary and in the Church of St. St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, in the fish rows, and in the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord there was water up to the knees, and there was no service in these churches. Around the Resurrection, churches floated on boats. When the water came, the people were suffocating in the cellars, which were climbing for kvass, or for cabbage, or for cucumbers; and up to twenty people died.”
1772, February 12 - the throne of St. is consecrated. Maron the Wonderworker in the Vvedensky Cathedral. A provincial hospital was established in Orel.
1773- construction of a stone fence with towers began around the Vvedensky nunnery, which lasted until the end of the 80s.
1775, March 17 - the petty bourgeoisie was separated from the urban population of Orel. It includes all insolvent townspeople whose source of livelihood was crafts or hired work.
1776- consecration of stone churches: the Exaltation of the Honest and Life-Giving Cross of the Lord; Prophet Elijah with the chapel of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, built at the expense of the one-palace Lugovoi; John the Baptist, built by the Oryol merchant Kuznetsov “and his comrades.” A fire during which the magistrate burned down with all his files.
1777- A.P. Ermolov, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, was born. The Governor General's House was built in Orel. The dilapidated and leaning bell tower of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary Cathedral was demolished.
1778, February 28 - a decree was issued on the formation of the Oryol province. On September 5, the Oryol governorship was formed, uniting the Smolensk and Oryol provinces under the authority of a single governor-general. In Orel, a provincial government and a treasury chamber, chambers of criminal and civil courts, an upper zemstvo court (for the nobility), a provincial magistrate (for urban classes) and an upper zemstvo justice (for state peasants) were established. Public education and health care were in charge of the order of public charity. Land surveyor F. Trapeznikov, second-major M. Malyshev compiled a “Plan of the city of Orel with settlements settled near it,” as well as with the participation of state councilor I. Sonkov, assessor F. Popovtsev and lieutenant N. Babkov, a plan of the city of Orel during the “general survey” .
1779, January 10 - the establishment of the Oryol province was marked by celebrations in Oryol that lasted until late at night. The regular development plan for Orel was approved, confirmed by Empress Catherine II on November 16. September 15 - a seminary was opened at the Assumption Monastery “for the education of priestly and clergy children, a considerable number of whom are already studying.”
Appendix 1.
Material on the topic “History of the Oryol region”
In ancient times, our region was covered with dense forests. Only near the rivers were clearings and meadows. In that distant time, the lands of the modern Oryol region were inhabited by one of the Slavic tribes. The elder of this tribe was called Vyatko. By his name the tribe called themselves Vyatichi.
In the second half of the 11th century, the Vyatichi were subordinated to the Kyiv prince. Time passed. Large settlements began to turn into cities. After a long struggle between the princes, the lands of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov principality.
The hordes of Batu Khan, who invaded the Russian lands in 1237, devastated most of our region. Residents of our region took part in the battle with the Mongol-Tatars. After the overthrow of the Mongol-Tatar yoke in 1480, the Russian state grew and became stronger. But he had new enemies - the Crimean Tatars. In order to block the Tatars’ path to Moscow, it was decided to strengthen the southern borders of our state, which ran along our edge. Frequent raids by the Crimean Tatars required strengthening and construction of fortresses. The chronicle of the 16th century tells how one day Tsar Ivan 4 ordered the construction of a new fortress in the place where Orlik flows into the Oka. This was in 1566. This date is considered to be the year the city of Orel was founded.
In the 16th century there was a lot of free land in our region. They were settled by runaway peasants from other places fleeing serfdom. A peasant uprising led by Ivan Bolotnikov began in the country. The Tsar and the landowners brutally dealt with the rebels.
On the night of June 24, 1812, the French army invaded Russia. The people rose up to defend the Fatherland. Only 11 thousand people from our region stood up in a short time. In the cities and villages of the Oryol province, the collection of food, warm clothes and shoes for the army began. Many Oryol residents showed courage in the fight against the French conquerors.
2) The struggle of the peasants against serfdom forced the tsar and landowners to abolish serfdom. According to the law of 1861, peasants were freed from the power of landowners, but they were given negligible land. At this time, plants and factories began to appear, and a railway was laid.
On February 28, 1917, a message was received in Oryol about the overthrow of the Tsar. The overthrown landowners and capitalists wanted to restore their power. A civil war began, in which many Oryol residents showed themselves to be true heroes of the Red Army.
After the civil war, it was necessary to defeat an equally formidable enemy - devastation. Power plants, factories, factories were built in the Oryol region, and collective farms were created.
On June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany attacked our Motherland. Like all Soviet people, the Orlovites fought heroically for their Motherland and defeated a very strong enemy.
The Oryol land presented a terrible picture after the expulsion of the Nazi hordes. With the labor of workers and peasants, cities were rebuilt, factories, railways and hospitals were restored.
Now the Oryol region is a subject of the Russian Federation. Many sights and memorable places have been preserved in the region. The Oryol region is known as the birthplace of many masters of artistic expression.
Material on the topic “The surface of our region. Flora and fauna"
1) Surface The Oryol region is a hilly plain heavily indented by ravines and ravines, not very high above sea level.
The highest point is located in the Novoderevenkovsky district - 282 meters.
The climate of our region is moderately warm and humid.
Soils are one of the main resources of the region. They are not the same in their properties and fertility in different places in our region. Well-cultivated and fertilized soil rewards the labor expended with a rich harvest.
2) The Oryol region is located in the forest-steppe zone, however forests there are few left in our region. They occupy only 9% of its area. They are distributed unevenly, more in the western regions. The forests of our region consist of deciduous and coniferous trees.
The forest provides timber, furs, mushrooms, and berries for the national economy.
Steppes of our region are almost entirely plowed up and turned into cultivated fields. Steppe vegetation has been preserved only on the slopes of ravines and ravines, near steep banks.
The fauna of the region is diverse. It is home to 65 species of mammals, 11 species of amphibians, 7 species of reptiles, 150 species of birds and about a thousand invertebrates.
Material on the topic “Reservoirs of our region. Life of fresh water"
1) 265 rivers and streams flow in the Oryol region. The largest of them is the Oka, which flows into the Volga. The length of the Oka is about 1,500 kilometers, of which 211 kilometers are within our region.
There are sources that write that the name of the Oka River comes from the Finnish “joki”, which means “water”.
Rivers are filled with water in the spring from melting snow, in the summer - with heavy rains, and at all times of the year - with groundwater.
33 species of fish live in the Oryol region.
2) River waters are widely used in the national economy. Hydroelectric power stations have been built on large rivers. Oryol factories cannot operate without water, which is provided by Oka and Sosna Zusha. Agriculture also cannot do without water. Groundwater provides drinking water to all cities, towns and villages. In addition to rivers, there are many ponds in our region - artificial reservoirs. The water from the ponds is used for irrigation; in some ponds fish and waterfowl are bred. Ponds feed groundwater.
As a result of people’s influence on the condition of rivers, they become silted, garbage dumps are formed along river banks, and plowing of river banks entails the washing away of fertilizers from fields and the death of aquatic organisms. Cutting down near-water vegetation reduces the water content of rivers; washing cars on the river contributes to the release of oil products into the water.
Material on the topic “What does our region give to the country?”
1) Our region is rich in a variety of minerals. For construction you need building materials - stone, sand, clay. Limestones and dolomites - yellow and white stones - are used for burning lime and producing cement. Limestone outcrops are clearly visible along the valleys of the Oka, Zushi, Sosna rivers and their tributaries.
Sand is used to produce sand-lime bricks, asphalt and concrete. A large sand deposit, Kaznacheevskoye, is located 20 km north of Orel.
The Oryol region is rich in plastic and colored clays. Clays are available in all areas.
There are iron ore deposits on the territory of the Oryol region.
2) The Oryol region is part of the regional economic association “Chernozemye” (9 regions). Its economy is represented by large industrial and agro-industrial complexes.
In the industrial structure, the leading place is occupied by: ferrous metallurgy (Oryol steel rolling plant), non-ferrous metallurgy (Mtsensk non-ferrous metals and alloys plant, Mtsensk aluminum casting plant), mechanical engineering
(enterprises produce technological equipment). Mechanical engineering enterprises are located in Orel, Bolkhov, Livny, Mtsensk. The food industry is developing. There are thermal power plants in Orel and Livny.
3) Agriculture predominates in the agro-industrial complex. The region occupies one of the first places in Russia in grain production per capita. (1.5 t.) In livestock farming, the leading role belongs to cattle breeding, pig farming and poultry farming.
Material on the topic “Environmental protection in the Oryol region”
1) In nature, everything is interconnected - inanimate and living nature, plants and animals and humans.
There is a proverb: “What comes around, comes around.” If, through the fault of people, the balance in nature is disturbed, it turns against the people themselves. After all, nature and people are one whole.
Environmental work is being carried out in the region. The Oryol Polesye National Park was created here, 23 reserves, 31 hunting grounds were created, and 131 natural monuments were taken under protection. The total area of Oryol Polesie is 84,205 hectares.
2) The Oryol region has its own Red Book. The publication includes 120 species of rare plants and animals found in the Oryol region.
Red Book of the Oryol Region - 250 pages of full-color edition. A description of each species is accompanied by a map of its habitat and two illustrations.
The location of the Oryol region in the center of the Central Russian Upland, in the watershed of three river basins and at a considerable distance from the centers of Russian statehood, influenced the historical development of our region.
The Vyatichi Slavs appeared in the Oryol region in the 8th-9th centuries and until the 11th century they lived separately from other Slavic tribes, did not obey the Russian princes, and retained their ancient customs. Vyatichi settlements were located near rivers. The basis of the Vyatichi economy was arable farming. They were also engaged in cattle breeding, hunting, fishing, beekeeping, and trade. International trade was facilitated by the Oka Route, which passed through the region. In the upper reaches of the Oka there was a “volok”, i.e. a place for dragging light rooks from the Oka basin to the Snova and Svapa basins - tributaries of the Seim. Evidence of this are numerous treasures and individual finds of oriental coins in the Oka basin.
Since 858, the Vyatichi paid tribute to the Khazars. However, they were independent enough to take part in Oleg’s campaign against Byzantium in 907. After the defeat of the Khazar Kaganate in 964 by Prince Svyatoslav in 965-966, they were conquered by him. Svyatoslav imposed tribute on the Vyatichi in his favor. However, they repeatedly rebelled and refused to pay tribute. In 981-982, Vladimir Svyatoslavich organized campaigns against the Vyatichi. In the second half of the 11th century, in 1078 and 1097, Vladimir Monomakh had to make two winters of campaigns in their lands to Khodota near Kordno, but he was unable to finally annex the land of the Vyatichi to his possessions.
In the 12th century, the territory of the present Oryol region came under the rule of the Chernigov princes. Numerous fortified estates appeared here. Mtsensk, Novosil, and Kromy are mentioned for the first time in the chronicles.
In 1237 and 1285 The Mongol-Tatars, led by Khan Batu, ravaged the largest cities of the region. For several centuries, the Oryol land became the border region of the Moscow and Lithuanian principalities, through which Tatar detachments passed, raiding Russian lands.
Starting from the 15th century, the territory of the region came under the authority of Moscow. Since the 16th century, the lands of the region finally became part of the Russian centralized state (1503).
The Oryol region continues to serve as a border until the middle of the 17th century and becomes the scene of skirmishes between Russian and Tatar troops, receiving the name “Wild Field”. To protect against raids south of the Oka, at the behest of Tsar Ivan IV, a “notch” line was established - a series of fortresses on the southern outskirts of the Moscow state. Then a number of fortified cities were founded, including Bolkhov (1556), Orel (1566), Livny (1586).
At the beginning of the 17th century, the Oryol region was one of the centers of the popular uprising against the governments of Boris Godunov and Vasily Shuisky.
After the borders were pushed to the southeast and the political situation in the region stabilized in the 16th - early 17th centuries, the Oryol region became the center of noble culture, and a large number of “noble nests” appeared on its territory. Craft production is being established, commercial grain growing is being formed. In some years, up to 300 thousand poods of grain were exported from Orel by water. The transport infrastructure of land roads and river piers is being developed.
By decree of Peter I of December 18, 1708, the current territory of the region was assigned to the Kyiv province and named its Oryol province. Orel became the center of the province, which included the cities of Bolkhov, Mtsensk and Novosil. The city of Livny was assigned to the Yelets province of the Azov province.
In 1727, the Kyiv province was disaggregated, as a result of which Orel acquired the position of the provincial center of the Belgorod province. In the first half of the 18th century, manufacturing industries in the metallurgical, textile, leather and glass industries developed. The leading crops were rye, buckwheat, millet, oats and hemp.
The increase in the administrative-territorial status of the Oryol region is associated with the formation of the Oryol governorship on February 28, 1778, and since 1796 - the province. Initially, it included 13 counties: Arkhangelsk, Bolkhov, Bryansk, Deshkinsky, Yeletsky, Karachevsky, Kromsky, Livensky, Lugansky, Mtsensky, Orlovsky, Sevsky, Trubchevsky.
In 1798, the territory of the Deshkinsky district was divided between the Bolkhov and Mtsensk districts, and in 1802 the Dmitrovsky district was created with its center in the city of Dmitrovsk.
During the Patriotic War of 1812, Orel was one of the main rear bases of the Russian army.
The 19th century saw significant progress in agriculture. Multi-field crop rotations were introduced, and mechanization of production began in leading farms. Cultivation of potatoes and sugar beets was added to agricultural specialization. Brick factories were built in the province, large foundries were launched, and large capitalist enterprises arose.
The post-revolutionary period of development of the Oryol region was marked by numerous administrative and territorial transformations.
In July 1919, the Bryansk province was formed, into which Bryansk, Karachevsky, Sevsky, Trubchevsky districts were separated from Oryol. On March 7, 1924, the administrative commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee liquidated the Kromsky district, and its territory became part of the Oryol and Maloarkhangelsk districts. On May 19, 1924, Mtsensk district was included in Oryol district. In 1925, Novosilsky district was transferred from Tula province to Oryol province.
By 1928, the Oryol province included 7 counties: Bolkhovsky, Eletsky, Maloarkhangelsky, Dmitrovsky, Livensky, Oryol, Novosilsky.
As a result of large-scale administrative-territorial reform, a transition was made to regional, district and district divisions. By decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated July 16, 1928, the Central Black Earth Region (CChO) was formed with its center in Voronezh. It included Voronezh, Tambov, Kursk and Oryol provinces.
In 1930, the district division was abolished, and the districts of the Central Black Sea Region became directly subordinate to the regions. In 1934, the Central Black Earth Region was divided into the Voronezh and Kursk regions, which included the territory of the Oryol region.
During the Great Patriotic War, the territory of the Oryol region was occupied by Nazi troops. The occupation caused significant damage to the economy of the city and region. Most residential buildings, structures, agricultural and industrial enterprises and organizations were destroyed.
For every Orlov resident, the days of the summer of 1943 are especially memorable, when an unprecedented battle in the history of mankind took place on the territory of the region - the Battle of Oryol-Kursk.
The Oryol offensive operation was carried out by troops of the left wing of the Western Front, as well as the Bryansk and Central Fronts from July 12 to August 18, 1943. As a result of the operation, the Oryol region was liberated within its modern borders, the “dagger aimed at the heart of Russia,” as the fascists called the Oryol ledge, was eliminated, considering it as the starting area for striking Moscow.
The Battle of Orel went down in the history of the Great Patriotic War as one of the largest battles that had no equal in the simultaneous concentration of huge masses of troops and military equipment on narrow sectors of the front. Many military formations fought on Oryol soil, glorifying themselves in the battles of Moscow and Stalingrad. The military glory of other units was born here.
In the skies above Orel, the French pilots of the first Normandie-Niemen fighter aviation regiment bravely fought the enemy. Thousands of soldiers showed examples of military valor in the battles near Orel, among them Heroes of the Soviet Union fighter pilot Alexei Maresyev, who increased the number of downed German aircraft here, and submachine gunner Lieutenant Nikolai Marinchenko. By the summer of 1943, 166 partisan detachments numbering more than 60 thousand people operated in the pre-war region.
The victory on the Arc of Fire, of which the Oryol offensive operation was part, and the advance of Soviet troops to the Dnieper completed a radical turning point in the course of the war, predetermining the catastrophe of the Nazi army.
In honor of the liberation of Orel and Belgorod, the first artillery salute in the history of the Great Patriotic War was fired in Moscow with 12 salvoes from 120 guns. The 5th, 129th and 380th rifle divisions that most distinguished themselves in the battles for Oryol, as well as other military formations, received the honorary name Oryol.
The highest award of the Motherland - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union - was awarded to 167 natives of the Oryol region during the war years. 29 of our fellow countrymen were awarded the Order of Glory of three degrees.
The heroic struggle of the residents of the Oryol region against the fascist invaders, their courage and fortitude shown in defending the Motherland, were noted with state awards: in 1967, the Oryol region was awarded the Order of Lenin; in 1980, the city of Orel was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War, 1st degree, and in 2007, the city of Orel was awarded the honorary title of the Russian Federation “City of Military Glory.”
In the battles on the Oryol-Kursk Bulge, the military leadership talent of military leaders G. K. Zhukov, A. M. Vasilevsky, K. K. Rokossovsky, I. S. Konev, A. V. Gorbatov was revealed. In this gigantic battle, victory came at the cost of heavy losses. According to state registration data provided by the military commissariat of the Oryol region, as of January 1, 2010, 758 military graves were registered in the Oryol region, in which more than 400 thousand soldiers were buried.
Immediately after the liberation of the region, the Oryol residents began to restore the economy destroyed by the war.
The period 1947-1954 was characterized by the stability of the administrative-territorial structure of the Oryol region. At this time, the region included 40 districts.
In connection with the formation of the Lipetsk region in January 1954, 9 districts of the Oryol region were transferred to its subordination. The year 1963 was marked by the consolidation of the administrative-territorial division, as a result of which 29 districts became part of 10 larger ones. In 1964, the Shablykinsky rural district was additionally formed. In 1965, 11 rural districts were transformed into 7 unified administrative districts: Verkhovsky, Glazunovsky, Dmitrovsky, Dolzhansky, Novosilsky, Pokrovsky and Khotynetsky. Subsequent administrative and territorial changes are associated with the formation of the Maloarkhangelsk region (1966); Znamensky, Krasnozorensky, Soskovsky, Trosnyansky districts (1985); Korsakovsky district (1989).
2013 marks the 400th anniversary of the House of Romanov.
Since ancient times, the territory of the Oryol province and the regions adjacent to it have been closely connected by their historical roots with representatives of the princely, grand-ducal and royal families who became famous and glorified the lands in the upper reaches of the Oka. Many cities and towns received their names from the Vyatichi princes Khotynets, Korac, Radko, Khodota, Boryat, Gordeya, Zhdan, Skryab, Teshan, Khota, Dobrodeya, etc. And some settlements that existed from ancient times gave their names to a number of famous families: the city. Novosil - to the princes of Novosilsky, the city of Vorotynsk-old (now the village of Vorotyntsevo on the Zusha River, a few kilometers from Novosil) - to the princes of Vorotynsky, the city of Zvenigorod, according to V. M. Nedelina, once located near Orel on the river. Nepolod, - to the princes of Zvenigorod, the ancient cities of the Vyatichi Karachev and Bryansk gave the name to the princes of Karachev and Bryansk. During the devastation of Chernigov by the Tatars, the capital of the Chernigov-Bryansk principality was movedVgreatTOPrince Roman of Bryansk, father of the Holy Prince Oleg of Bryansk, to Bryansk, to lands that suffered less from the Horde. The Principality at that moment laid claim to the role of one of the centers of consolidation of Rus'.
The city of Trubchevsk marked the beginning of the families of princes Trubchevsky and Trubetskoy. Their ancestor is considered to be the Grand Duke of Trubchevsky, Bryansk and Novgorod-Seversky Koribut Olgerdovich, in holy baptism Demetrius, - son of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Olgerd and cousin of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Vytautas.
Grand Duke Dmitry joined Moscow and took part in the Battle of Kulikovo, and also owned the city of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky. From his marriage to the daughter of the Grand Duke of Ryazan, Oleg had six sons. This union laid the foundation for many famous not only Russian, but Lithuanian and Polish families of the Voronetsky, Zbarozhsky, Poretsky and Vishnevetsky. At the end of the 16th century, the Vishnevetsky princes were related to the Gospodars of Moldavia and Wallachia Graves. The son of the Lord of Moldova Simeon, Metropolitan of Kiev Peter Mogila, became a famous church figure in the 17th century. Ivan Vishnevetsky was the first hetman of the Zaporozhye Cossacks in the 16th century. Prince Dmitry Vishnevetsky owned lands near Belev from 1557 to 1562. One of the Vishnevetskys, Prince Jeremiah, became the worst enemy of the Cossacks in the struggle for the independence of Ukraine. In 1667, Mikhail Korybut Wisniewiecki was elected king of Poland.
From the marriage of the daughter of the Grand Duke Trubchevsky, Maria Koributovna, with the prince of Novosilsky and Odoevsky Fyodor in 1442, a branch of the princes of Vorotyn and Przemysl descended. Prince Fyodor's grandfather Simeon and his uncle Stefan - the Novosilsky princes - were heroes of the Battle of Kulikovo. By the way, the mother of St. Prince Dmitry Donskoy was born Princess Bryansk. The hero of the Battle of Kulikovo, monk Alexander Peresvet, came from the Bryansk boyars.
By the end of the 14th - beginning of the 15th century, after the collapse of the Chernigov-Bryansk principality, the Novosilsky princes became the eldest in the family of the Chernigov princes, and therefore were the eldest princely branch among all the Rurikovichs.
Most of the princes who had appanages on the territory of the Verkhovsky principalities of Novosilsky, Karachevsky and Tarussky houses came from 12-16 tribes from the legendary Rurik, being descendants of the prince of Kyiv and Chernigov Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, the son of Yaroslav the Wise, known for inflicting the first serious defeat at Slavsk in 1068 to the Polovtsians and laid the foundation of the main temple of the Kiev Pechersk Monastery - the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary under Abbot Theodosius in 1075.
The great-great-great-grandson of Prince Svyatoslav Yaroslavich, Holy Prince Mikhail of Chernigov, died at the headquarters of Batu Khan in the Horde on September 20, 1246, refusing to accept pagan rites and worship idols. He became the founder of the senior branch of the Rurik root princes, whose seniority was inherited by his five sons. The eldest son Rostislav settled in Hungary and married the daughter of King Bela Anna.
The second son, Roman Bryansky, the founder of the powerful Chernigov-Bryansk principality, through two sons who settled in Poland, laid the foundation for the family of the Osovetsky princes.
From the third son, Prince Simeon of Novosilsky and Glukhovsky, came the families of the princes Novosilsky, Belevsky, Odoevsky, Vorotynsky and Przemysl.
From the fourth son, Prince Mstislav Karachevsky, came the families of the princes Mosalsky, Khotetovsky, Zvenigorodsky, Kozelsky, Bolkhovsky, Yeletsky and Gorchakov.
The fifth son, Yuri Mikhailovich Torussky, became the founder of the families of the princes of Torus, Mezetsky, Baryatinsky, Volkonsky and other noble families.
Many representatives and descendants of these families left their mark in the following centuries on Oryol land.
On the territory of the Oryol province, in addition to the princes of Novosilsky and Vorotynsky, Bryansky and Trubchevsky, the princes of the Karachevsky house had appanages. Princes Ivan Mstislavovich, nicknamed Khotet, in the 16th generation from Rurik, gave the name to the Khotetovsky princes. Prince of Zvenigorod Titus Mstislavovich, from 1339 Prince of Kozelsky, had sons: Svyatoslav Karachevsky, who was married to the daughter of the Grand Duke of Lithuania Theodora Olgerdovna; Ivan Kozelsky, whose son Fedor, having married the daughter of Prince Oleg of Ryazan, received the city of Yelets as an inheritance and laid the foundation for the family of princes Yelets, participated in the Battle of Kulikovo, died during the defense of the city of Yelets from the troops of Tamerlane; Prince Adrian Titovich of Zvenigorod, married to the daughter of the Lithuanian prince Gamant (according to other sources, Heydemin), who gave Zvenigorod to his eldest son Fedor, who defeated the Tatars in 1377, and to the younger Ivan, nicknamed Bolkh, the city of Bolkhov, who, in turn, gave his surname to the princes of Bolkhov.
In 1408, the princes of Zvenigorod, Khotetovsky, Belevsky, Seversky, led by Prince Svidrigailo, left their lands and went to Moscow.
In the service of the Moscow Grand Dukes and Tsars, the princes of Zvenigorod, Khotetov and Bolkhov served as governors, okolnichy, steward, and ambassadors. From the princes of Zvenigorod came the Moscow nobles Ryumin, Tokmakov, and prince Nozdrevaty. Princess Maria Vasilievna Nozdrevataya, after the death of her first husband, Prince Dmitry Petrovich Yeletsky, married Prince Vladimir Timofeevich Dolgorukov, from whom she gave birth to a daughter, who became the Tsarina, the first wife of Tsar Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov. The branches of the princes of Zvenigorod, Khotetovsky, Novosilsky, Vorotynsky, Yeletsky and Bolkhovsky were cut short in the 17th and 18th centuries.
INAndhistory of the families of the Russian nobility for 1886 in the first volume, among the 339 nicknames of princes and nobles in the section of the families of princes, considered to this day to be descended from Rurik, among the five surnames the Bolkhovsky family is mentioned, about which it is said: “That there are persons called the Bolkhov princes, in particular nobles Bologovskys, but unable to document their origin. However, in previous generations no one doubted the continuation of this family.”
One of the last representatives of the family was the abbess of the Kazan Mother of God Monastery, Princess Sofya Borisovna Bolkhovskaya.
A well-known figure from the era of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the governor, Prince Semyon Dmitrievich Bolkhovskoy, by royal decree, went to Siberia at the head of a detachment of archers together with Ermak Timofeevich’s associate Ivan Koltso for its final conquest. Leaving Moscow in 1582, he reached the Stroganovs and sailed from them along the Chusovaya River. I reached Psker only towards the end of 1583. Having united with the Cossacks, he repelled attacks from local tribes. In 1584 he died of hunger and scurvy.
In 1869, Prince Vladimir Fedorovich Odoevsky died (he ended the line of the Odoevsky princes, descended from the Novosilsky princes), the last descendant in the male line.
In addition to the natural princes, the Oryol region owes its very history and emergence as a territorial unit of the Russian state to the will of the Russian sovereigns, who often visited these lands and actively took part in their improvement. The Oryol province was formed in fact almost entirely within the boundaries of the Zvenigorod, Bolkhov, Khotetovsky, Bryansk, Trubchevsky, Karachevsky, Eletsk principalities of the previously existing appanage principalities. (The Novosilsk principality lasted the longest. According to various sources, it was abolished in the period from 1562 to 1578.)
A new stage in the history of the Oryol province began under Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible and his son Tsar Theodore Ioannovich. In 1566, Tsar John Vasilyevich visited the city of Bolkhov, rewarding the governors Ivan the Golden and Vasily Kashin, who repelled the 12-day siege of the city by the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey. In the same year, the Oryol fortress was founded.
In the book V. M. Nedelin “The Original Eagle” mentions the boyar Ivan Ivanovich Godunov, who was one of the few boyars in Orel under the governor Sheremetyev who did not take the oath to the impostor.
On the one hand, how could it be that close relatives of Tsar Boris found themselves at that time on the very outskirts of the Moscow state? This can be explained by the fact that Ivan Ivanovich Godunov, the son of boyar Fyodor Ivanovich, was married to the daughter of boyar Nikita Romanov, Irina. After the accession of Boris Godunov, most of the Romanovs, except for Irina Godunova and the boyar Ivan Nikitich (Kashi), were exiled or imprisoned in different parts of Russia, where most of them died or were killed. The disgrace apparently affected the Godunov branch, who became related to the Romanovs.
Irina Nikitichna Godunova, who is the niece of the last Tsar from the Rurikovich family, Fyodor Ivanovich, the son of Tsar John IV, the sister of Patriarch Philaret and the aunt of the first Tsar from the Romanov family, Mikhail Feodorovich, outlived all her relatives. Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich named his first daughter Irina in honor of his aunt Irina Nikitichna Godunova, and at the wedding of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich on January 16, 1648, she was the matron.
The bride of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich was Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya, the daughter of a poor nobleman Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky, who owned the village of Ilinskoye near Bolkhov, whose ancestors came from Veliky Novgorod.ToDuchy of Lithuania. In 1390, Vyacheslav Sigismundovich, as part of the retinue of Sofia Vitovtovna, the bride of Grand Duke Vasily I, arrived in Moscow, his grandson Fyodor Terentyevich took the name Miloslavsky. Ilya Danilovich himself began his service as a steward, helmsmannOsolsky order, then was ambassador to Constantinople and Holland. After his daughter’s wedding, he was made a boyar. 10 days after the royal wedding, his second daughter Anna married the Tsar’s tutor, boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov.
The Tsar's father-in-law and many of his relatives, the Miloslavskys, Pleshcheevs, Trakhonitovs, and Sakovnins, were close to the throne and were participants in many events of that time: the Salt and Copper riots, numerous wars, the Church schism, the suppression of the uprising of Stepan Razin, the mutinies of the Streltsy, and intra-dynastic struggle.
A year after the marriage of boyar B. AND. Morozova on A. AND. Miloslavskaya, his younger brother Gleb Ivanovich married a relative of the Miloslavskys, Feodosia Prokopyevna Sakovnina, daughter of the Tsarina’s butler Prokopiy Fedorovich Sakovnin. Subsequently, the noblewoman Morozova, in the nuns of Theodora, became one of the main opponents of the church reforms of Patriarch Nikon. To this day, she and her sister, Princess Urusova, are revered by Old Believers as martyrs. For a long time they were saved from repression by the intercession of Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna until her death in 1669.
However, the Queen, due to her natural kindness, was the intercessor of many, including Patriarch Nikon, who was deposed in 1666 by the Church Council.
The marriage of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich with Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna lasted 31 years, was distinguished by modesty and kindness, and turned out to be happy. The couple had 13 children, five died in childhood, and three more did not live to adulthood.
A year earlier, in 1668, the boyar Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky died, buried on the territory of the Bolkhov Optina Monastery, in the crypt-tomb of the Miloslavskys, which he had built earlier, where the coffins with the remains of all the Miloslavskys were transferred.
The death of the Tsarina was used to his advantage by Stepan Razin. At the Cossack circle, he blamed the sovereign's enemies for the death of Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna and Tsarevichs Alexei and Simeon, who died in 1670 and 1669. The uprising took place under the monarchist flag of Tsarevich Alexei, who allegedly escaped from Moscow. The role of impostors was played alternately by Prince Andrei Cherkassky, who was captured by the Razins during the capture of Astrakhan, and the Don Cossack Maxim Osipov. The first city that Razin’s troops could not take on the Volga was Simbirsk; it was defended by the governor Ivan Miloslavsky for a month, until the arrival of the tsarist troops of Prince Baryatinsky. After the execution of Stepan Razin on June 6, 1670, boyar Miloslavsky and his army were sent to Astrakhan to pacify the remaining rebels. When the city was surrendered on November 27, 1670, no one was executed for a year.
After the second marriage of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich to Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina in 1671, new favorites at courtmThe close boyar Artamon Matveev, uncle and educator of the new Tsarina, and her relatives the Naryshkins became the Tsar of Oskov. Many Miloslavskys were sent by governors to distant cities. In the book V. M. Nedelin “The Original Eagle” is a description of the Oryol courtyards of the boyars Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky and Bogdan Matveevich Khitrovo - Matveev’s worst enemies. And near Bolkhov, Ivan Mikhailovich after the death of his uncle I. D. Miloslavsky crossed the village of Ilyinskoye, where he was farming at that time.
Unlike the Miloslavskys and numerous royal relatives, who were distinguished by their adherence to the old Russian and Moscow foundations, monastic views and piety, Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna and her teacher, boyar A. WITH. Matveev, who became the Tsar’s closest friend and adviser, were admirers of Western European fashion and traditions.
The hostility of the older branch of the Romanov-Miloslavskys towards the younger - from the Naryshkins - largely influenced the course of events and history. The struggle between the two clans lasted for almost a hundred years and ended with the victory of the younger branch.
After the death of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich in 1675, his 14-year-old son Feodor Alekseevich became Tsar. His cousin, boyar Ivan Mikhailovich Miloslavsky, was called in as his teacher.
After some time, Artamon Sergeevich Matveev was accused of witchcraft and a passion for cabalism, deprived of all titles, all estates and estates and exiled to Pustozersk. The investigation was led by boyar Ivan Bogdanovich Miloslavsky. The Tsarina's two brothers, Ivan and Afanasy Naryshkin, were exiled to Ryazhsk. The Tsarina herself, together with her son Tsarevich Peter, was removed to the village of Preobrazhenskoye.
Under Tsar Feodor Alekseevich, during the short 6-year period of his reign, a number of transformations were carried out: localism was abolished, councils of church and military people were convened, and church reforms continued. In 1681, Archbishoprics were established, the center of one of which should have been the city of Bolkhov. According to the decree, it included the cities of Mtsensk, Novosil, Orel, Kromy, Karachev.
The death of the Tsar in 1681 did not allow his plans to create the Bolkhov diocese in the homeland of his maternal relatives to be realized. The Tsar named his only son, who lived only a few days from his marriage to Agafia Semyonovna Grushetskaya, Ilya in memory of his grandfather Ilya Danilovich Miloslavsky, who was buried in Bolkhov.
For his second marriage, the Tsar married his goddaughter A. WITH. Matveeva Marfa Matveevna Apraksina. A few months after the wedding, the Matveevs and Naryshkins were returned from exile. Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich treated his godson Tsarevich Peter with love. A small pond was dug in Izmailovo, where the five-year-old future Tsar had the opportunity to sail on a small boat. On April 27, 1682, Tsar Fedor Alekseevich died. Under pressure from the Naryshkins, the Zemsky Sobor, with Patriarch Jokim presiding over it, elected Peter I Alekseevich Tsar. But soon the Miloslavskys, boyar Ivan Mikhailovich, Tsarevna Sofya Alekseevna, with the support of the archers led by Prince Khovansky, restored the birthright of Tsarevich John. As a result of the coup in Moscow, boyar Matveev, the Naryshkin brothers and many of their supporters were killed. I.’s nephew and adjutant played an active role in these events. M. Miloslavsky Pyotr Andreevich Tolstoy, founder of the line of Count Tolstoys. (Later, already under Emperor Peter I, he made a successful career as a diplomat and senator, being one of the people closest to Peter, despite his previous orientation towards the Miloslavskys. He led the search and trial of Tsarevich Alexei. Under Catherine I, he was a member of the Supreme Privy Council .)
On May 26, 1682, the coronation of two Tsars took place simultaneously - John V and Peter I under the regent Princess Sofya Alekseevna. Tsar John V Alekseevich was crowned king as the last of the Russian Tsars with the famous Monomakh hat, Tsar Peter I Alekseevich was sewn with the hat of the second outfit. When Tsar Peter came of age and his marriage in 1689 to Evdokia Lopukhina, Princess Sophia tried to organize a coup with the help of the archers, which failed, and she herself was sent to the Novodevichy Convent. In 1696, Tsar John V died, and Tsar Peter I began to rule alone.
After the Streltsy riot of 1698, many Miloslavskys fell into disgrace and imprisonment: Princesses Sophia, Martha, Maria.
The persecution did not affect only Princess Feodosia Alekseevna, who died in 1713 and was buried in the Assumption Monastery next to her sister Martha.
Tsar Peter treated the family of his late brother and co-ruler Tsar John V most favorably, with whom he maintained warm relations, despite the clan war between the Naryshkins and Miloslavskys. The three orphaned daughters of Tsar John - Catherine, Anna and Praskovya - lived in the village. Izmailovo together with his mother Tsarina Praskovya Feodorovna (nee Saltykova). In 1708, they moved to the new capital of Emperor Peter, they revered him not only as an uncle, but also as a father, calling him father-uncle.
In 1705, Peter I and Tsarevich Alexei visited the Miloslavsky estate - the city of Bolkhov. According to the Tsar's decree, there was an Archimandria in the Trinity Optina Monastery.
In 1710, Peter married the middle daughter of Tsar John Alekseevich, Anna, to the nephew of the Prussian king Frederick I, Duke of Courland Friedrich-Wilhelm. Anna's older sister Ekaterina was extradited to 1716 yearfor the Duke of Meglenburg-Schwerin Karl-Leopold from a family descended from the leader of the Baltic Slavs Nekloth.
Just two months after the wedding, the Duchess of Courland Anna was widowed, and Catherine returned to Russia six years later with her four-year-old daughter, who in Orthodoxy took the name Anna, named after her aunt Anna Ioannovna. After the unexpected death of Emperor Peter II, the Duchess of Courland Anna Ioannovna received an offer from the Supreme Privy Council to take the Russian throne. Largely under pressure from her sister Catherine, Anna was crowned king on April 28, 1730. Empress Anna Ioannovna was the last purebred Russian Empress, although it is generally accepted that during her reign Russia suffered from German domination. This established stereotype is not entirely true, since the majority of the Germans who then served the Russian state appeared in previous years, even under Tsars Alexei Mikhailovich and Peter I. News of the birth of a son, John, to his niece Anna Leopoldovna (daughter of Catherine Ioannovna) from Prince Anton Ulrich of Brunswick Empress Anna Ioannovna was greeted with relief: the throne remained with her closest relatives - the senior line of the Romanov-Miloslavskys. Four months after the birth of the heir to the throne, on January 23, 1740, she died. The infant John VI Antonovich, named after his great-grandfather Tsar John V Alekseevich, was proclaimed Emperor of All Russia under two regents - Biron and mother Anna Leopoldovna. He remained on the throne for only one year, and spent the rest of his life in prison. After the coup carried out by Peter I's daughter Elizabeth, the baby and his parents were exiled. In fact, Elizabeth usurped the throne, since Ivan Antonovich received the throne according to the will of Empress Anna Ioannovna in accordance with Peter’s Charter on succession to the throne. Emperor John VI is one of the tragic figures of Russian history.
In 1764, during an attempt to free the Emperor, lieutenant of the Smolensk regiment V. I. Mirovich in the Shlisselburg fortress Ioann Antonovich was stabbed to death by the guards guarding him. For a long time, in the eyes of the people, he was revered as a martyr for a just cause. His parents, mother Anna Leopoldovna and father Anton Ulrich, died in exile in Kholmogory. The brothers and sisters of Emperor John VI - Peter, Alexei, Elizabeth, Catherine - were released by Empress Catherine II at the beginning of 1780 and sent to Denmark to their aunt, Queen Juliana-Marianna. The small town of Horens was chosen as their place of residence, where they lived until their death and where they were buried in the local Lutheran church, but according to the Orthodox rite. The last to die was the eldest of the sisters, Ekaterina Antonovna, in 1807. She was the last representative of the Royal branch of the Romanovs through the female line of the Miloslavskys. In Bolkhov itself, places associated with the history of the Royal family have been preserved: the tomb of the Miloslavskys, the Trinity Optin Monastery, the Trinity Cathedral, built at the expense of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna, the Transfiguration Cathedral, donations for which were made by Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, Tsarevna Sophia, Kings John V and Peter I.
Cathedral BuilderbOlkhovsky governor Ivan Ivanovich Rzhevsky (ancestor of A. WITH. Pushkin), a descendant of the princes of Smolensk, who died during the defense of Chigirin from the Turks in 1678, married to S.A. Miloslavskaya, tonsured a nun with the name Solomonia, had sons Timofey, Alexei and Ivan Ivanovich, married to Daria Gavrilovna Sakovnina, who had a daughter Evdokia Ivanovna, whose husband was the orderly of Peter I, and later the first governor-general of Moscow, one of the chicks of Petrov’s nest , a large Oryol landowner, a native of the village of Krasnoye in the current Oryol region, Count Grigory Petrovich Chernyshev. Tsar Peter I treated Evdokia Ivanovna with respect, honored her with special attention, jokingly calling Avdotya a boy-woman. Their son Peter was a prominent diplomat and senator; Grigory - foreman; Zakhar Grigorievich - Field Marshal General Shalom, an outstanding military leader of the Elizabethan and Catherine eras in the Seven Years' War, who occupied Berlin; Ivan Grigorievich - Field Marshal General from the fleet, was the First Present and President of the Admiralty College under Emperor Paul I, his son Grigory Ivanovich, a participant in the capture of Izmail, chamberlain and diplomat, is buried on the territory of the Assumption Monastery in Orel.
One of the closest associates of Peter I was the Lord of Moldova Dmitry Cantemir, who, during Peter’s unsuccessful campaign within the principality, joined the Russian troops with his convoy after the conclusion of the Prut Peace. In Russia, he received large funds from the royal treasury, land and estates for the settlement of his people and retinue within the borders of the modern Dmitrovsky district of the Oryol region, the district and the city of Dmitrovsk were named after him. The former Gospodar Peter was given the title of Lordship, the rank of Privy Councilor and the rank of Senator. In 1723, he received the title of Prince of the Holy Roman Empire from the Austrian Emperor.
The ancestor of the Oryol landowners from the family of princes Kurakin in the region was Prince Boris Ivanovich Kurakin, a relative of Tsar Peter I, married to the sister of Tsarina Evdokia Fedorovna, Anna Fedorovna Lopukhina.
The ruler of the Oryol viceroyalty, its first governor-general, became in 1778 the great-nephew of Queen Eudokia, Abraham Stepanovich Lopukhin. His father - vice-admiral and chamberlain under Empresses Anna Ioannovna and Elizaveta Petrovna - Stepan Vasilyevich in 1748, following a denunciation by the life physician Lestocq, was exiled to Siberia with his tongue cut for expressing doubts about the rights to the throne of Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, as a premarital the daughter of Tsar Peter I, and hopes for the accession to the throne of the deposed Emperor - the infant Ivan Antonovich, with whose parents the Lopukhins were close. In the Oryol province they owned the village of Sergievskoye. Numerous representatives of this family had extensive possessions and estates throughout the province. The Oryol viceroyalty was under the authority of the governor-general of Prince Nikolai Vasilyevich Repnin, who descended from the Obolensky princes, direct descendants of St. Prince Michael of Chernigov, who in the 13-16th centuries reigned together with other Olgovichs in the upper reaches of the Oka, on the lands of modern Oryol, Tula, Bryansk, Kursk, Kaluga, Lipetsk regions. Under Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the relics of St. Michael of Chernigov were transferred from Chernigov to the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin, symbolizing by this act the consolidation and unification of the clans of old Rus' into a new powerful Moscow state by the successors of the work of St. Prince Vladimir.
Many Oryol landowners and landowners were close to the Imperial family. Among them we can especially highlight: Princess Ekaterina Romanovna Dashkova, the first president of the Academy of Sciences, friend and enemy of Empress Catherine II; prominent statesmen - Prince Alexei Borisovich Kurakin and Count Alexander Andreevich Bezborodko; the favorite of Emperor Paul I, a native of Livensky district, Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin, in 1812 governor-general of Moscow; maid of honor of Empress Maria Feodorovna, wife of the murdered Emperor Paul I, Anna Alekseevna Orlova-Chesmenskaya, daughter of the famous adjutant general Count Alexei Grigorievich, former bride of Count General N. M. Kamensky (son of Field Marshal M. F. Kamensky), after the death of her groom, she rejected all proposals for marriage and took monastic vows in the world, and then monasticism.
A friend of Emperor Alexander II was the huntsman Vladimir Yakovlevich Skaryatin. The outstanding poet Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev had the rank of chamberlain and served as Chairman of the Committee for Foreign Censorship.
The Oryol landowner was the younger brother of Emperor Alexander III, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, who owned the village of Dolbenkino, Dmitrov district, whose wife, Grand Duchess Elizaveta Feodorovna, was the chief of the 51st Chernigov Dragoon Regiment, stationed in Oryol from the end of the 19th century until the First World War. After the death of her husband, the regimental priest Fr. became the confessor of Grand Duchess Elizabeth. Mitrofan Srebryansky.
The younger brother of Tsar Nicholas II, beloved son of Emperor Alexander III, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich was an Oryol landowner, and from 1909 to 1911 he lived in Oryol, commanding the 17th Chernigov Hussar Regiment. His secret marriage with Natalya Wulfert did not receive the Tsar’s blessing for a long timeWithfamily In 1915, Sovereign Nicholas II granted Natalya Sergeevna the title of Countess Brasova after the name of the estate of Grand Duke Michael - Brasovo, Oryol province.
One of the few servants who followed the Tsar'sWithwent into exile in 1917, was the latter’s sisterORlovsky Governor A. IN. Gendrikova's maid of honor Anastasia Vasilievna, who died shortly after the execution of the Royal Martyrs. Trying to alleviate the fate of the prisoners were two close friends, ladies-in-waiting of the court - a native of the village of Petrushkovo, Oryol district, Margarita Sergeevna Khitrovo, and the daughter of an Yelets landowner from the village of Lipovka, Yelets district, Ekaterina Sergeevna Bekhteeva, married to Tolstaya, who were in constant contact and correspondence with the Empress. Her brother Sergei Sergeevich Bekhteev is a poet, officer, prominent figure in the monarchist movement, who devoted his entire life and work to serving the Tsar.Withemie.
It is impossible in one article to list all the representatives of the Oryol families close to the Throne: the Bekhteevs, Khvostovs, Kamenskys, Komarovskys, Sheremetyevs, Kushelevs, Golitsyns, Shenshins, Lobanov-Rostovskys, Korfs, Ermolovs, Davydovs, Yurasovskys, Osten-Sackens, Shcherbachevs, Brusilovs, Rimsky-Korsakov and many others who for centuries faithfully served God, the Tsars and the Fatherland. In the Oryol region, despite all the hard times, there are still many places and monuments associated with the TsarWitheat. This is described in more detail in the article by V. M. Nedelin "Monarchical monuments of the Oryol region." Surprisingly, three temples built directly with royal funds have survived. This is the already mentioned Trinity Cathedral of the Bolkhov Trinity Optina Monastery, erected at the expense of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Queen Maria Ilyinichna.
The Temple of the Iveron Icon of the Mother of God in Orel and the Church of the Archangel Michael in the village of Ploskoye were built in memory of the accession to the throne and coronation of Emperor Nicholas II and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna.
At the moment, all three temples are being restored, and on their domes, as before, the symbols of Imperial power - double-headed eagles - will shine in gold.
