Sights of Orenburg: photos with descriptions. Temple of Our Lady of Loreto

Orenburg is a beautiful, well-kept city with many attractions and interesting places. Many famous personalities lived and worked here: T.G. Shevchenko, Ivan Krylov, Yuri Gagarin, M. Rostropovich and others.

1. St. Nicholas Cathedral of the late 19th century attracts pilgrims and tourists from all over the world. Not only does it shine with external beauty and interior decoration, it houses the Tabyn Icon of the Mother of God.

2. The caravanserai in Orenburg was built in the 19th century for the Bashkirs. This complex of buildings, led by a mosque, is very popular among travelers.

3. The Museum of the History of Orenburg is interesting not only for its wonderful exhibits from the history and culture of the region, but also for the building in which it is located.

4. The Museum of Cosmonautics is dedicated not only to space in general, but also to Yuri Gagarin in particular. The great first cosmonaut trained in Orenburg and met his fate here.

5. The monument to pilot Chkalov was erected on the embankment in 1954.

6. The monument to the Orenburg Cossacks is one of the main attractions of Orenburg. Symbolizes the gratitude of the residents to the Cossacks who defended their world.

7. Belovka is a district in the historical part of Orenburg, a favorite vacation spot for citizens and guests of the city. Here you can ride a cable car, walk along the Ural embankment, and relax in the park area.

8. Victory Park in Orenburg has many species of trees and shrubs, including rare ones. A great place to relax in nature. The park has 4 fountains and picturesque alleys.

9. The children's railway is a real delight for the kids! It has its own schedule and stops. The length of the road is 5.8 km.

Russia is a country of cities. They are located throughout the country, somewhere close to each other, and somewhere not so close. And each of them has its own unique history, sometimes dating back thousands of years. And, of course, every city has its own attractions, by visiting which you can learn something new or just enjoy your vacation. In this article we will talk about Orenburg - the city of down scarves, but not only. This city is famous for its multinationality: more than 100 peoples live here friendly side by side. In addition, it was originally located on the border of Europe and Asia (until 1959), which is also reflected in historical and cultural monuments. Read below about what attractions you can see in the city of Orenburg.

Cultural complex "National Village"

The idea of ​​building this complex originated in 2004. In a short time, national farmsteads were erected, which housed museums that introduced citizens and guests to the traditions and customs of different nations. In 2007, the first Ukrainian farmstead was inaugurated. And behind it are Bashkir, Russian, Kazakh, Mordovian, Belarusian, Armenian, German, Chuvash and others. Thus, quite recently, but quite deservedly, the complex was included in the list, which includes all the attractions of Orenburg. The national village has become the peoples and their unity. The fountain that decorates the village is called “Friendship of Peoples”. In the evenings it shimmers with bright colors, decorating the houses of the farmsteads. It is here that townspeople come to relax with their families, and newlyweds to take memorable photographs. For tourists visiting the sights of Orenburg, the “National Village”, whose address is Gagarin Avenue, Park named after. Yu. Gagarin is perhaps one of the most interesting and memorable places in the city.

Museums of Orenburg

One of the oldest museums in the city is the History and Local Lore Museum. It was opened in 1830 at the military school. V. I. Dal stood at its origins, and then the museum was more of an educational one. In 1881, when funding stopped, the collections were distributed to educational institutions as visual aids. But in 1987 they were returned to the museum, now under the Archives Commission. A little later, the Museum of History and Local Lore was replenished with exhibits from the zoological museum and archaeological artifacts. Now it is located at: st. Sovetskaya, 28.

Another museum that tops the attractions of the city of Orenburg is the Museum of the City History. It was opened in 1983, on the 240th anniversary of its founding. The museum includes 9 exhibitions dedicated to different eras, among them: the ancient past, the years of the founding of Orenburg, A.S. Pushkin’s stay in Orenburg, as well as exhibitions showing the decoration of a room at the beginning of the 20th century and revealing details of the city’s architecture. The museum is located at: st. Embankment, 29.

Planetarium

For science lovers, the city has a planetarium. This is a whole complex dedicated to natural science knowledge. Here you can listen to lectures on astronomy and cosmonautics, visit the observatory, and also organize a great holiday for children. The planetarium is located on Shevchenko Street, 28. Unforgettable pictures of the starry sky, the Sun, the Moon, and planets are remembered for a long time by everyone who comes here.

Sights of the city of Orenburg for children. Where to go with your child?

An amazing place that is definitely worth visiting is the petting zoo. Here children can pet various animals, as well as feed and play with them. For a child, this form of communication with animals is very useful and interesting. Of course, there are no tigers or lions in this zoo, but there are friendly piglets, rabbits, guinea pigs, hedgehogs, raccoons, turtles, peacocks and other pets and birds. They are kept clean and specially trained to interact with small children. The petting zoo is located in the Sever shopping center, on Dzerzhinsky Avenue, and in Poplar Park.

In addition to the zoo, Topol Park offers plenty of entertainment for children. These are the attractions: “Mars”, “Swans”, “Water Balloons”, “Ferris Wheel”, “Railway” and others. There are cars for little car enthusiasts. Shooting range and paintball will give a lot of fun not only to children, but also to parents. The park has a free playground, numerous cafes and a stage. It is located on Postnikova Street, 30.

Puppet theater

Another place you can go with your children is to the puppet theater. It is located on Sovetskaya Street, 23. The first performance was staged in 1935, and since then the theater has been constantly developing, expanding its repertoire and participating in various programs and festivals. Since 2007, the theater has been hosting a “Puppet Therapy” program for children with hearing impairments, visual impairments, cerebral palsy and other diseases. If you want to organize an unforgettable cultural leisure time for your child, then visiting a puppet theater is something you should definitely do when traveling to Orenburg.

The city's attractions are accessible to all ages. If for children this is a puppet theater, then adults can visit others, where performances will also delight older audiences.

Theaters of Orenburg

In 1934, the State Regional Theater of Musical Comedy opened its doors. For the first year it was located in Orsk, and then moved to Orenburg. V. Rubinstein and V. Nikitin began their careers with him. The productions still delight with their brightness and fiery intensity. The theater is always happy to offer the viewer positive emotions. It is located at: st. Tereshkova, 13.

On Sovetskaya Street, house 26, is located named after A. M. Gorky, and a little further, in the 52nd building, is the Tatar Drama Theater named after Mirkhaidar Fayzi. Thus, every viewer will find a performance to their liking.

Suspension bridge and stele

In the 17th century, the border between Europe and Asia followed the Ural River. Only in 1959 it was moved to But the memory of bygone times is still alive and preserved thanks to interesting architectural solutions. In 1982, a pedestrian suspension bridge was built that connected the banks of the Urals. It seems very light, although it has impressive parameters. In the middle of the bridge there is a stele that marks the symbolic border of the parts of the world. Residents of Orenburg began to call it a bridge connecting Europe and Asia. This bridge tops the attractions of the city of Orenburg in terms of the frequency of its depiction on souvenirs.

Supporting the idea of ​​a border city, architect G. Naumkin erected the “Europe-Asia” stele. 15 meters high, it is also one of the symbols of the city. This stele can be seen from afar; next to it there is an observation deck.

Sights of Orenburg and the region: Guberlinskie Mountains

One of the most beautiful places in the Orenburg region is the Guberlinsky Mountains. The western slope against the backdrop of the steppes is the most picturesque: numerous ravines, ravines, gorges, and here and there small rocks give the area a real mountain flavor. Photographs from space clearly show the curves of the lines of ravines and gorges, reminiscent of the convolutions of the human brain.

Iriklinskoye Reservoir

Another pearl that cannot be missed when describing the sights of the city of Orenburg and the Orenburg region is the coastline of the reservoir, which is about 500 km long. Beautiful shores, an abundance of recreational and fishing spots attract many tourists. Orsk and Novotroitsk are supplied with water from the Iriklinsky reservoir. The hydroelectric power station located on the reservoir provides electricity to the largest factories. For its construction, 22 settlements had to be moved, and filling the reservoir with water took as long as 8 years!

red mountain

Sights of the city of Orenburg and its region include the most interesting place - Red Mountain. There is a real Russian fortress here. The name of the mountain was given by its unusual color, which is due to the presence of a large amount of red clay and sandstone, and the wooden fortress, built specifically for the film “Russian Revolt,” blended organically into the landscape. It was built life-size according to the description of the Belogorsk fortress in the works of A. Pushkin. At the moment, it is an open-air museum that anyone can visit.

Saraktash

Near the red mountain there is a village - Saraktash. Its main attraction is the Holy Trinity Convent of Mercy. This is a huge architectural ensemble that began construction in 1990. On its territory there is a religious school, a gymnasium, a house of mercy and a bakery. You can visit a small museum with ancient coins and household items. Sometimes this complex is called the “Saraktash Vatican”. The largest bell in the Orenburg region is located here. It weighs 2.7 tons. Believers consider this place sacred, since it was here that the self-renewal of the icon of the Kazan Most Holy Theotokos took place.

In the village of Saraktash you can also visit a small local history museum, where the famous down scarves and items of peasant life are displayed. Its creator - M. Chumakov - was a rural teacher, collecting exhibits, he carefully tried to preserve each thing so that descendants could clearly see the history of the region.

Archangel Michael

There are many places for pilgrims that Orenburg is famous for. Sights of the city that are interesting for Orthodox travelers are the Temple of the Archangel Michael, the Church of St. John the Evangelist and the Church of Demetrius of Thessalonica.

The Church of the Archangel Michael is known throughout the region, since it is here that prayer services are held in front of the miraculous icon of the Mother of God “Quick to Hear.” Built in 1880, it now opens its doors to everyone. The temple is located on Oktyabrskaya Street, 12.

Church of John the Evangelist and Demetrius of Thessalonica

Church on the street Grigorievskaya, 10, was built in 1902. Then, in the 30s, the temple was closed. Restoration began only in 1996, and until 2009 the lost frescoes were restored. Now this is a very beautiful place with unique wall paintings, which the residents of Orenburg are rightfully proud of.

In the Church of Demetrius of Thessaloniki, as in most churches, in the 30s all the walls with images of saints were painted over. During Soviet times there was a cinema here. Now, after long restoration work, which was completed only in 2012, the temple has opened to visitors. The ancient frescoes have been restored and can be viewed during regular services. The church is located at: st. Popova, 98.

Conclusion

In one article it is difficult to tell about everything that is interesting about the city, but the main attractions of the city of Orenburg are briefly covered. For a more detailed acquaintance with the city and region, you can use special guidebooks that can be purchased directly at the station. Almost all museums have guides who will be happy to share their knowledge and talk about what Orenburg is famous for. The sights of the city, photos of which are in the review, will bring a lot of positive emotions. And perhaps soon you will want to return to your favorite places again. Welcome to Orenburg!

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Cultural complex "National Village"

Located at the junction of Europe and Asia, Orenburg simply cannot be considered an ordinary, boring and uninteresting city. This is a truly unique place, whose history contains many fascinating pages. And a couple of dozen volumes are filled with heroic, fateful stories.

October 10, 1731 became an important milestone in the history of Orenburg. Moreover, this date is directly related to the appearance of such a geographical name on the map of Russia. On that day, the elders of the local Kazakhs decided to voluntarily join the Empire. The new subjects pledged to pay yasak, protect Russian merchant caravans, and in return asked for the right of eternal succession to the throne and a promise to build a fortress on the Ori River, which became the first sign of the appearance of this city. However, the place chosen for the fortress turned out to be unsuitable; as a result, construction began further down the river, but it turned out that the bald mountain far from the reservoir was of little use for construction. And finally, in April 1743, the future Orenburg was founded for the third time. Now this place at the confluence of Yaik and Sakmara has become the historical center of the city.

Initially, Orenburg was destined to become one of the key fortresses in Russia, which, in general, happened. It is not surprising that today this city is a real crossroads of West and East, European and Asian cultures. Therefore, one of the main attractions and symbols of Orenburg is a unique bridge on the main embankment, on which there is an imaginary border between two parts of the world, which is quite eloquently conveyed by the border pillars with the inscriptions “Europe” and “Asia”.

Orenburg is a city at the crossroads of cultures and civilization, a borderland between Europe and Asia, the birthplace of the famous down shawl, glorified in musical works, a Cossack region where many famous people have been...

Another well-known symbol of the Ural city, its “calling card”, is a wonderful-looking tower with a clock-chime, which is a light, soaring, red-brick structure, reminiscent in appearance of a medieval town hall or church. The chimes have a unique feature: several times a day, during their chime, which is often replaced by various melodies, one-and-a-half-meter allegorical figures, representing symbols of the city and its inhabitants, look out of the windows. For example, a Cossack or a craftswoman who makes the famous Orenburg scarves.

It is impossible not to mention such a beautiful building as the snow-white golden-domed St. Nicholas Cathedral. There are many amazing and even miraculous things associated with this cathedral. For example, during the years of Bolshevik power, at a time when churches were closed and destroyed throughout the country, St. Nicholas Cathedral was the only one of 40 churches in Orenburg that was never destroyed.

This city is rich in all kinds of architectural delights of various styles, times and movements. Especially in Orenburg, a small, neat red-brick castle stands out, very reminiscent of the strongholds of the Middle Ages in Western Europe. This amazing structure was erected according to the design of a self-taught architect, peasant Ivan Skalochkin. Once it was intended for warehouses, later it served as a guardhouse, today it houses the Orenburg Historical Museum. Which, by the way, is definitely worth a visit to get to know the fascinating and original history of the city.

Orenburg has always been a city at the intersection of different cultures and traditions, and therefore it was quite logical for the emergence of a unique architectural and historical complex here called the National Village. It is a street along which traditional dwellings of Russians, Bashkirs, Kazakhs and other representatives of the Orenburg region are lined up next to each other. Each farmstead has a museum and even a restaurant where you can taste excellent national cuisine.

Finally, another noteworthy attraction of Orenburg is the Children's Railway, which runs from the city center to the most picturesque surroundings. Almost along its entire length it runs along the Ural River. This, by the way, is one of the longest children's railways in Russia.

A city at the crossroads of cultures and civilization, a borderland between Europe and Asia, the birthplace of the famous down shawl, sung in musical works, a Cossack region where many famous people have visited - all this is wonderful Orenburg.

Posted Tue, 08/07/2014 - 08:01 by Cap

After Kirillov’s death from tuberculosis, V.N. was appointed head of the Orenburg expedition. Tatishchev. Tatishchev did not like the place where the Orenburg fortress was located. Moreover, in the spring it was flooded.
Tatishchev chose another location for Orenburg (Red Mountain), where construction soon began. However, they did not have time to build it - I.I., appointed instead of Tatishchev. Neplyuev chose another place that was more suitable in his opinion. And I was right. In 1743, Orenburg was moved to the place where the historical center of modern Orenburg is located. 1743 is considered the year the city was born.
Few cities can boast that they were born three times.

Footbridge
Orenburg is located entirely in Europe. On the pedestrian bridge over the Ural River stands a symbolic historical sign of the border between Europe and Asia. However, this border has not been recognized by the International Geographical Union since 1959, when the opinion of Soviet scientists was accepted on drawing the Europe-Asia border along the Ural Mountains, Mugodzhary and the Emba River. According to this definition, the Ural River is a natural water border between Asia and Europe only in its upper reaches on the territory of Russia. Further, geographically, the border between Europe and Asia runs from the Ural River south from Orsk along the Ori River, along the Mugodzhary ridge and the Embe River before its confluence with the Caspian Sea, therefore the Ural River is a 100% internal European river, only in the Russian upper reaches its left bank belongs to Asia . With such a border, Orenburg can be considered a completely European city.

Caravanserai
Caravanserai is a unique architectural monument that reflects the stylistic and national characteristics of the Orenburg region of the first half of the 19th century. As in the 19th century, today the Caravanserai is the most important architectural dominant of the historical center of the city. The architectural monument has great historical and memorial value, because it preserves the memory of outstanding figures who received recognition in their Fatherland and abroad, the most important events and memorable dates in the history of our region.
This original monument, which arose at the junction of two architectural eras, on the border of Europe and Asia, can rightfully be considered a worthy representative of both European and Eastern artistic traditions.
History of construction

Despite some temporary changes, the Caravanserai generally retained its original appearance.
The Caravanserai is a remarkable architectural monument of the 19th century, arouses the admiration of residents and guests of our city, and is the subject of study by local historians and scientists.

Gostiny Dvor
Gostiny Dvor is a characteristic monument of commercial origin. Located in the very center of Orenburg - between Sovetskaya, Kirov, 9 January and Pushkinskaya streets.
Gostiny Dvor is the traditional name for long shopping arcades, usually two or three stories high, in Russia. It was founded simultaneously with other wooden buildings of the Orenburg fortress in 1743 - 1747. Its length was 104 fathoms and its width was 94. The main architect and builder was Johann Werner Müller.

Menovaya and Gostiny Dvors became the center of barter trade: goods were exchanged here for goods, and not for money. Livestock served as a measure of value. This was beneficial to Russian merchants: due to the imperfection of the measure of value, they could receive more Central Asian goods and products in exchange for industrial goods.
In 1900, after significant reconstruction and changes, Gostiny Dvor acquired its modern appearance. Its appearance did not change until the 30s of the 20th century, when the Ascension Church was demolished, as well as the entire south-eastern side along Pushkinskaya Street (Orskaya Street). On the site of the demolished buildings, a hotel building (now the building of the Volgouralnipigaz Institute) and a dormitory building (now the building of the Pedagogical University, where the philological faculty is located) were built. In the 40s of the 20th century, Gostiny Dvor was converted into buildings for the Orenburg Silk Factory. Over the past few years, the restoration of the historical and architectural complex Gostiny Dvor has been underway in Orenburg. Currently there is a shopping complex here.

Exchange yard
The barter yard was founded in 1744, 3 km southwest of the city of Orenburg. The foundation of the stone wall enclosing the courtyard has been partially preserved to this day. There were 344 shops and 140 barns, apartments for merchants, a mosque and a church. It was possible to enter the Exchange Yard through two gates: Russian, facing the city, and Asian - from the side of the Kazakh steppes.

The barter yard at that time resembled a fortress: in the corners it had 4 bastions with cannons, which were served by a special garrison of soldiers. Russian merchants were advised to come here armed with firearms or knives just in case.
A.V., who visited the Exchange Yard in 1929 Lunacharsky wrote: “Very close to Orenburg there is the so-called Exchange Yard, the walls of which are still preserved, albeit in the form of ruins. There was a permanent bazaar here, the exchange of European goods for Asian raw materials and livestock. This “permanent state fair” at the same time had the character of a fortress, and, say, school excursions here, to clarify the nature of such an exchange economy in cities, in the proper sense of the word, i.e. burgs, stone fences, which kept garrisons and a quiet place for the exchange of goods in their depths, are, of course, very instructive.”
Although by this time there was already money, goods were mainly exchanged for goods. This is where the name of the courtyard came from - Menova.
From Khiva, Bukhara, Khorezm, Tashkent, Samarkand and other places in Central Asia, caravans of camels loaded with oriental goods pulled here. Merchants from Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov, Kyiv and other cities came to trade with them.

Sovetskaya Street (historical pedestrian street)
The central street of the city - Sovetskaya Street - starts from the monument to V.P. Chkalov. Almost every house located on this street is of historical and architectural value. Some were visited by famous writers, others were where important historical events took place.

Sovetskaya street, building 1
In the corner building, which overlooks a wide expanse beyond the Urals, there was located one of the buildings of the Orenburg Higher Military Aviation Red Banner School of Pilots named after Major General of Aviation I.S. Half a bin. It was here that the world's first cosmonaut, Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin, graduated with honors.
Yuri Gagarin was one of the best cadets of the school. Here on January 8, 1956, he took the oath. “Orenburg gave me a lot - family and power over the plane,” the cosmonaut said with special pride and warmth.
The building of the Orenburg Higher Military Aviation School of the Red Banner has a rich history. It was built in 1882 for the second Orenburg cadet corps and is the first five-story building in the city. The Orenburg residents affectionately called him “Our flight.”

The memorial plaque reports that in 1919 the headquarters of the 217th (2nd worker) regiment, which led the defense of the city, was located here; since 1920, there was a school for red commanders of the KIR TsIK. In 1927, the Serpukhov School of Air Combat and Bombing was relocated here, and later the Leningrad Higher School of Observer Pilots. They were united, and the school became known as the Third Military School of Pilots and Observer Pilots named after K.E. Voroshilov. In February 1939, by order of the People's Commissar of Defense, it was divided into two independent schools, which became the basis of the Higher Military Aviation Educational Institution created in 1960.
The school has trained thousands of brave pilots. More than 200 of them became Heroes of the Soviet Union, 12 were awarded this title twice. The first twice Hero of the Soviet Union S.I. studied here. Gritsevets, parachute master V.G. Romanyuk, first jet aircraft tester, Hero of the Soviet Union G.Ya. Bakhchivandzhi and many others. In the fall of 1971, the school was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
Since 1963, the school for young cosmonauts named after Yu.A. Gagarin. In 1967, the school was awarded the Honorary Banner of the CPSU Central Committee, the Presidium of the Supreme Council and the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
In 1993, the flight school was disbanded. On its basis, the Orenburg Cadet Corps was created, which not only continues the traditions of the legendary “flight”, but has its own history. From an Air Force school, the cadet corps gradually turned into a multidisciplinary educational institution, providing initial training in flight, helicopter, aviation engineering, missile, anti-aircraft missile, and firefighting.

Sovetskaya street, building 2
At the intersection of Sovetskaya and Naberezhnaya streets there is a building that was intended for Orenburg military governors. Many famous people who glorified not only the Orenburg region, but also Russia, visited its walls. This is where the heart of historical Orenburg “beats”.
On the Embankment above Yaik on April 19 (30 - new style) 1743, the foundation ceremony of the fortress city took place. It was here that in 1743-1758 the residence of the first Orenburg governor I.I. was located. Neplyuev - Provincial Chancellery, which was headed by P.I. Rychkov is a famous historian and researcher of the Orenburg region, academician. On the Embankment there were two of the most ancient cathedrals - Preobrazhensky and Vvedensky. The main street of the city began from here.
Under the military governor P.P. In Sukhtelene in 1832, a design was drawn up for the new house of the military governor, designed by the architect Heinrich Gopius. Under the military governor V.A. Perovsky, this project was slightly changed, and after the Highest approval, construction of the main building began. Construction ended in 1841.

a complex of buildings with a small garden and stable yard. The architectural composition is distinguished by splendor, solemnity and strict decorative decoration. In addition to the main building, this complex included: a service building, or outbuilding (a house with a mezzanine has been preserved at 18 Naberezhnaya Street), another service building (another house with a mezzanine has been preserved in a highly distorted view along Naberezhnaya Street, building 18 a) and a stable for 20 horses.
On the ground floor of the main building there was a grand entrance vestibule with a main staircase. A highly artistic cast iron grate for it was cast according to the drawings of St. Petersburg artists. There were two more career ladders. On both sides of the lobby there were “living quarters”, connected to each other by an enfilade layout along the street facades according to the fashion of that time. The second floor housed the most important rooms: a hall with six windows and a door with access to a large balcony, a living room with three windows, a dining room with a buffet and dinnerware. From the living room one could enter a large office with six windows and a nice bay window, located in the southwest corner of the building. The “mezzanine” premises were skillfully arranged in an enfilade along the street facades. The interiors of the main building were distinguished by their sophistication. In all rooms of the mezzanine the floors were made of stacked oak parquet, the walls of the large hall were trimmed with walnut wood panels.
On the ground floor of the courtyard wing there was a main kitchen with a cook's room, a laundry room and a bathhouse, and a mezzanine for servants. In another service building there is a carriage house, glaciers and barns. On its mezzanine there is a drying room. In the northern part of the stable yard there was another service building - a one-story stone “stable for 20 stalls” with 3 entrances.

Since the 1840s, the main building housed the administration, office and apartment of the Orenburg military governors. Famous Orenburg governors-general lived and worked in this building at different times: V.A. Obruchev, V.A. Perovsky, N.A. Kryzhanovsky. T.G. visited here Shevchenko, A.N. Pleshcheev, A.A. Grigoriev, L.N. Tolstoy.

As the legend tells, from the upper platform of the belvedere Count V.A. Perovsky shot steppe eagles. The balcony area above the main entrance was his favorite place to relax. Balls were held in the governor's house, described by contemporaries in various literary narratives.
In 1881, in connection with the abolition of the Orenburg General Government, the main building housed the Treasury Chamber and the provincial treasury. In 1920-1925, the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were located here. Then the building housed the Orenburg Komsomol committee, where in 1926-1927 the future Hero of the Soviet Union and Lenin Prize laureate Musa Zalilov, the Tatar poet Musa Jalil, worked as an instructor.
Subsequently, the main building of the former governor's house was adapted for a medical institute. Then the Institute for Advanced Training of Teachers was located in this building (currently the Institute for Retraining of Teaching Personnel of the Orenburg State Pedagogical University).

Sovetskaya street, building 4
The house is one of the oldest buildings in our city - it was built in 1753.
In this house in 1753-1767. lived a researcher of the Orenburg region, the first corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, a famous natural scientist, historian, economist “Orenburg Columbus” - Pyotr Ivanovich Rychkov. He left behind a large number of scientific works on ethnography, history and archeology of the Caspian region, the Volga region and the Urals.

At 22 years old P.I. Rychkov was invited to the Orenburg expedition as an accountant. Then he became I.K.’s personal secretary. Kirilova.
Work on the expedition and close acquaintance with I.K. Kirilov and V.N. Tatishchev had a decisive influence on the scientific activity of P.I. Rychkova. His main works, which brought wide fame, are “Orenburg History” and “Orenburg Topography”. They contain rich material drawn from various sources on the history of the peoples of the Southern Urals and the adjacent regions; The activities of the Orenburg expedition are covered in detail. “Orenburg Topography” is the main work of P.I. Rychkov, who received high praise from M.V. Lomonosov, Russian scientists, academicians P.S. Pallas, G.F. Miller.
In another of his famous works, “Description of the six-month siege of Orenburg,” which A.S. Pushkin called “the chronicle of Rychkov” (he used the materials presented by P.I. Rychkov in this work, in his stories “The Captain’s Daughter” and “The History of Pugachev”), Rychkov depicted the siege of our city by Pugachev’s troops in 1773-1774.
Pyotr Ivanovich participated in three foundings of the city. During the reign of the first Orenburg governor I.I. Neplyuev was in charge of the Provincial Chancellery in 1744-1758.
On the property adjacent to the place of work, P.I. Rychkov built his own house, which we now call “Rychkov’s house.” Its western part faced the main street, and its southern part faced the courtyard of the complex of buildings of the Provincial Chancellery.
It is known that in 1760 (under the Orenburg governor A.R. Davydov, who replaced I.I. Neplyuev in 1758) Rychkov resigned from service for health reasons and moved to his estate in the village of Spasskoye, Bugulminsky district, then lived on the estate for some time General N.I. Panina in the village of Mikhailovka near Moscow. In 1767, hoping to return to public service, he achieved a meeting with Empress Catherine II, and in 1770 he was again appointed to Orenburg as head of the board of Orenburg salt affairs.
In his Orenburg house, Pyotr Ivanovich survived the terrible siege of Pugachev’s troops. He was one of the 12 participants in the famous military council on October 7, 1773, held in Orenburg under Governor I.A. Reinsdorp, where the fate of the besieged city was decided.
Governor Reinsdorp caused a lot of trouble to Rychkov. Pyotr Ivanovich wrote about him: “It is not enough for them that in Orenburg I have already lost my dearly beloved wife and five children and am subjected to the daily insidious machinations of our local man-hater Mr. R., now my suffering has resumed again on the occasion of the death of my thirteen-year-old son, who great hopes. I'm falling silent."
Rychkov was appointed to the position of head of the Yekaterinburg factory board. Ivan Ukhanov wrote in the book “Rychkov”: “It was necessary to leave the habitable house in Orenburg and the estate in Spassky with all the copper-smelting furnaces-laboratories, the graves of children - in general, land that had been trodden a hundred times, traveled over forty-three years of service and creativity.”
Before he could start work in his new position, Pyotr Ivanovich became seriously ill and died. He was buried on his estate in the village of Spassky.
In our time, Rychkov's house has changed beyond recognition. At the time when an outstanding explorer and statesman lived there, it was a city estate with outbuildings, a stable, and a garden. After Rychkov, the house began to live a completely different life. In the northern part of the house there was a government pharmacy. After the revolution, the former “Rychkov house” became a residential communal building. Apartments in the building passed from hand to hand. Each of the new owners changed and rebuilt something. The former halls began to look like “cages”. The territory of the former city estate was built up with sheds and garages, and the former outbuilding was turned into a two-story barracks-type house.
In the 1950s, the building was managed by the KECh of the Orenburg Higher Military Aviation School of Pilots, and is currently in municipal ownership.
In the center of the main facade there is a memorial plaque cast from bronze and made in the form of an unfolded scroll with a bas-relief of P.I. Rychkov and the text: “The first corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an outstanding researcher of the Orenburg region, Pyotr Ivanovich Rychkov, lived and worked in this building. 1712-1777."

Sovetskaya street, building 7
The building was built in the Moorish style of the mid-19th century. In 1889, the Russian-Kyrgyz school, founded by the famous educator of the Kazakh people Ibrai Altynsarin, was transferred here from Orsk. Later, the building was occupied by the offices of the Turgai governor. Currently, this building houses the Municipal Educational Institution “Basic Secondary School No. 3”.

Sovetskaya street, building 9
The Border Commission was located here, which was approved to resolve matters related to the steppe and its population. With the abolition of this commission, the Office of the Turgai Region was formed.

After the formation of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Labor and Defense Council of this republic was located here. Later, various organizations were located. Currently, this building houses the Department of Culture and Art of the Orenburg Region.

Sovetskaya street, building 10
In this one-story house, inconspicuous in appearance, a man of amazing destiny was born - Axel Ivanovich Berg. Berg, the son of a general, chief of staff of the Orenburg brigade, went over to the side of the revolution during the Civil War, became a scientist in the field of radio engineering, academician, engineer-admiral, Hero of Socialist Labor. With his active participation, radar developed in our country. At the age of 66, he begins research in the field of young science - cybernetics and makes outstanding discoveries.

Sovetskaya street, house 17
An architectural monument of the 19th century, built according to the design of architect K.A. Tones. There was a meeting of the nobility here, a kind of club for the city nobility.

In the 50s of the 19th century, amateur performances were staged on its stage for the first time in the city, and in the autumn of 1856 a professional troupe began performing. The foundation of the city theater dates back to this time.
In 1919, the building housed a club named after Ya.M. Sverdlov, where in 1920 the Founding Congress of Soviets of the Kirghiz Territory took place, which created the Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (the original name of the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). The city of Orenburg became the capital of the republic.

Sovetskaya street, building 28
The house located at this address belongs to an architectural monument of the 30s of the 19th century. At first it was a merchant's mansion, then the governor general's office, and later the control chamber of state control and audit.
After the October Revolution, it housed various party institutions. Since 1946, the building has been occupied by the regional museum of local lore.

Sovetskaya street, building 32
Therefore, the cultural heritage site “Timashev House” was located. This two-story building with a mezzanine was built in 1779 in the style of provincial classicism and for 100 years belonged to the Timashev family, famous in the region. Representatives of this family for seven generations held the most prominent positions in military and civil service and lived in the region from its formation to the October Revolution.
Egor Nikolaevich Timashev was an Orenburg landowner, a representative of a large noble family, from 1818 - captain of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment, from 1823 - colonel. In 1823-1830 - ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army, later major general. In 1833-1844 - leader of the nobility of the Orenburg province.

The Timashev House has a unique literary biography associated with the names of N.I. Timashev - the first poet of the Orenburg region and E.A. Timasheva - poetess of the Pushkin circle. In 1817, the house was purchased for an apartment and office by the Orenburg Governor-General P.K. Essen. Famous personalities in the history of Russian culture visited it: lexicographer, writer-ethnographer V.I. Dal, great-grandfather of A. Blok, explorer and traveler G.S. Karelin, composer A.A. Alyabyev, musicians V.A. Verstovsky and I.P. Stellich et al.
In June 1837, the outstanding Russian poet V. A. Zhukovsky stayed here, accompanying Alexander II traveling around Russia. This trip was not reflected in the poet’s artistic works, but in the diary he kept at that time, brief notes about Orenburg were preserved: “...Orenburg. Steep descent when leaving. The steppe is flat, but more fertile, there is a variety of grasses... A beautiful road along the steep bank of the Urals. Arrival in Orenburg at three o'clock in the afternoon. Immediately go ashore with Dahl. Grove beyond the Urals..."
For about 8 years, Vladimir Ivanovich Dal lived in this house. The interests and talents of this remarkable man were wide and varied: a doctor by training, an outstanding naturalist, a major ethnographer, and a popular writer in his time. But the main work of Dahl’s life was the creation of the monumental “Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language.”
“All my life I have been looking for an opportunity to travel around Rus',” wrote Dahl. He liked his eight-year service in Orenburg in the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as it involved travel throughout the vast region. It was in Orenburg that Dahl made “the most important replenishment of supplies for the dictionary.” Here the very idea of ​​​​creating a dictionary matured in him, as a result of which the collection of words and sayings acquired a definite purpose and became more systematic.

This period of life also saw the creation of a large number of fictional works: the stories “Serenkaya”, “Bikey and Maulana”, “Maina”, the story “A Shard of Ice”, the essay “Wolf Hunt”, fairy tales.
While traveling around the Orenburg province, V.I. Dahl collected works of oral folk art.
One of the officials, who lived in Orenburg in 1833-1836, recalls V.I. Dale: “He was unusually active: from the desk to the workbench, to the plumbing and other brought tools... he built a floating bridge across the river for pedestrians. The Urals, connecting the city with the countryside grove on the opposite bank.”
To the cultural and social activities of V.I. Dahl in Orenburg includes his participation in the organization of the zoological museum.
The famous poet A. N. Pleshcheev visited Timashev’s house. He was exiled here in 1850 for participating in Petrashevsky's revolutionary circle. Here he endured all the hardships of the royal barracks and drill. He actively participated in the military expedition undertaken by General Perovsky to capture the Kokand fortress of Ak-Mosque (now Kzyl-Orda). In 1856, Pleshcheev retired from military service and became a civilian for the post of chief of the Orenburg Border Commission. In the last years of the poet’s stay in Orenburg, his literary activity resumed: A.N. Pleshcheev wrote a sharply satirical story “Pashintsev”, where Orenburg with its public appeared under the name Ukhabinsk - local bribe-takers, sycophants, hypocrites. A.N. Pleshcheev also wrote about Orenburg as a publicist. Returning to Moscow, he published a note about the Orenburg Provincial Gazette in the Moskovsky Vestnik newspaper. He writes that they “begin to at least somewhat breathe new life, in which routine descriptions of illumination are rarely, rarely found, and from which police pathos is completely expelled.”
From 1920 to 1925, the People's Commissariat of Labor of the Kirghiz (Kazakh) Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the provincial department of labor and the trade union organization worked in the building on Sovetskaya, house 32.

Museum of the History of the City of Orenburg
The Museum of the History of Orenburg is one of the main, oldest and original architectural monuments of the city. It is located in a building built in 1856 in the romantic “neo-Gothic” (or “pseudo-Gothic”) style of Russian eclecticism of the second half of the 19th century. The architectural building, small in size, resembles a medieval fortress.
The building was built during the second reign of Orenburg Governor-General V.A. Perovsky (1851-1857). Orenburg historiographer P.P. Stolpyansky wrote in the 19th century: “The city of Orenburg owes Perovsky the construction of almost three-quarters of its real buildings: the Caravanserai, the Control Chamber, the Public Assembly, the house of the Treasury Chamber, the barracks - everything was built under Perovsky. Under Perovsky, serious attention was paid to the improvement of the city.” All this was explained by the fact that Vasily Alekseevich sought to give provincial Orenburg the appearance of a capital city. During his reign, public buildings and institutions appeared, stone houses were built, balls and city festivities became fashionable.
In 1853, Mr. Minister of Internal Affairs received a request from the Governor-General of Orenburg to build a new storeroom for the Orenburg Treasury, since the former storerooms, which were located in private houses, had fallen into disrepair. This relationship was sent to the Projects and Estimates Review Department. In 1854, in an explanation of the relationship, it was written: “I consider it my duty to add that Adjutant General Perovsky does not have in mind any other source for covering the necessary costs for this, except for a special collection for the construction of public places and prisons.” Further from the correspondence it follows that the Department of Projects and Estimates was asked to consider the “Project of a stone storeroom with a non-commissioned officer’s guardhouse.” Here the word “guardhouse” appears for the first time. Funds for the construction of a new treasury storehouse building were collected from the townspeople through a special collection “for the construction of public places and prisons.” The site for the new building was allocated on the banks of the Urals, next to the Governor General's house. This is the background to the appearance of a prison building on the picturesque embankment of the Urals, completely unsuitable for this location.
From archival sources it is known that the contract for construction work was carried out by Ivan Petrovich Skalochkin, a talented self-taught serf architect from the peasantry of Countess Kutaisova, landowner of the village of Vakhrusheva, Yaroslavl district, Yaroslavl province. For a long time, it was he who was considered in Orenburg to be the author of the guardhouse building.
In 1856, construction of the building was completed. A “customs department” clock, previously located at Gostiny Dvor in Orenburg, was installed on its tower.
Under Governor General A.A. Katenin, who ruled the Orenburg region in 1857-1860, the building was adapted as the main guardhouse. A guard service was located in its western part, and cells for prisoners in the eastern part.
By order of the authorities, in the 1930s, the chiming clock from the guardhouse tower was transported to Samara for the building of the district House of Officers under construction. It was only in the early 1980s that the chiming clock on the tower of the City History Museum was restored. On the initiative of the Chairman of the Orenburg City Executive Committee Yu.D. Garankin and according to the drawings of the Orenburg watchmaker Nikolai Stepanovich Kuznetsov, new pendulum clocks with bell chimes were manufactured at the city's enterprises.
In the 1970s, a front garden with retaining walls made of shell rock slabs and small architectural forms in the form of metal balls with chains was built in front of the main entrance, and a monument to A.S., which became familiar to the townspeople, was installed. Pushkin.
In 1978, the building was transferred to the Museum of the History of the City of Orenburg. From this time on, a new history of this wonderful architectural monument of the 19th century begins.

URAL RIVER EMBANKMENT
It is curious that the historical place on the Ural embankment is depicted in the painting “City Landscape” by the famous pre-revolutionary artist - academician of painting Lukian Vasilyevich Popov, which is kept in the collection of the Orenburg Regional Museum of Fine Arts. Upon careful examination of the picture, you can recognize the upper part of the Guardhouse, enclosed by a simple fence made of blackened boards. On the right you can see the lower part of the Transfiguration Cathedral (not preserved) with a stone platform around it. The setting sun softly illuminates the red brick building of the Guardhouse. The lonely figure of a woman with a black umbrella brings tragic dissonance into the light coloring of the picture. Bright and sad, joy and sorrow - everything is like in life.

Transural Grove
As V.V. describes Dorofeev, the Transural Grove at the beginning of the 19th century “was very small and only reached the oxbow, it could not recover after the construction of the city, when the forest around them was cut down for construction.”
Since the beginning of the 19th century, the Transural Grove has become a recreation area for townspeople. “In Orenburg there is an excellent walking area in the summer. This is an old grove that shades the low bank opposite the city just below the city. Three straight alleys, going in different directions from one point and interconnected by many English paths, dividing it into four parts across its entire latitude, two other alleys, protected from the sun by the most shady trees, are located towards the shore; they all converge on a beautiful platform, from which a wonderful view of the city and the river opens. Anyone walking in the grove encounters something pleasant at every step: here is a native pond, over which two beautiful bridges bend; there, in different places, under the shade of old willows, sedges and elms, intricate gazebos, wooden benches and turf canapés for relaxation; Finally, everywhere is cool, fresh and clean. The city owes the task of putting this grove in order to Mr. Engineer-Major General Bikbulatov, who, at the direction of the military governor, at little expense, put together everything that was needed for a pleasant public walk. Here on Sundays in the summer, regimental music plays and it becomes crowded with people walking. Ferry and boats constantly transport them across the Urals and into the city, and the red rocky shore is enlivened by groups scattered along it” (P.P. Svinin, Painting of Orenburg).

From the “Notes of Major General Ivan Vasilyevich Chernov”: “In the summer, there was a Trans-Ural Grove for public festivities, opposite the city between the Urals and Staritsa. Essen was the first of the bosses to pay attention to its improvement: he built gazebos for walkers, laid paths both along the Urals and Staritsa, and transverse ones, they went out to one of the gazebos: the paths were compacted and strewn with sand and the grove was always kept in a neat form... There was a free move on a ferry across the river from the city to the grove and back, but the common people were not transported, and those who wished were not forbidden to walk in the grove, but had to walk across the bridge, where one still exists, and those walking were located further than the middle of the grove, opposite the alley of the current gardening society. Before Essen left, a stone gazebo was built on the square behind the Staritsa arm, where it remained for a long time and only in the 1890s. transported to the park opposite the City Duma (now the Lenin Garden near the Drama Theater). Essen left this gazebo after farewell hospitality.”
Inside the rotunda there was a fountain with a beautiful sculpture. It has been an integral part of the rotunda since its construction in 1830.
Beginning of the 20th century. “The grove beyond the Ural River is a favorite place for Orenburg residents, a kind of Moscow Sokolniki, there, in the depths of the forest thicket and on the banks of the Urals, on the sides of the dacha. On the site, in the center of the country buildings, there is a small but beautiful country church in the name of St. Panteleimon, in which on holidays, in the summer, a choir of amateur summer residents sings. Due to its proximity to the city center, in the summer on holidays the grove is filled with townspeople looking for a break from the city bustle, dust and scorching heat in the coolness of the forest. The grove comes to life, resounding with the sounds of Russian and Tatar songs, harmonicas and mixing into one common hum with the harmonious sounds of summer residents' pianos; a mournful Bashkir or Kyrgyz song is sometimes replaced by the sounds of fashionable romances and cries of “Guard!” - these are hooligans acting. Everywhere on the holiday there are groups of people with boiling samovars, you can hear the clapping and cheerful chatter of vacationers in the lap of nature. In the grove there are tea pavilions, shops with dairy products, a bakery, etc.” (Illustrated guidebook to the city of Orenburg and the Tashkent railway. 1908).

Transural Grove
It is known that before the revolution, 150 dachas were built in the Trans-Ural Grove, including 60 of them belonged to wealthy Orenburg residents: Yurov, Khusainov, Furman, Putolov. At that time the city was small, and the Transural Grove seemed huge to the townspeople. Now it's the other way around.

Since 1940, Transural Grove - park named after. V.P. Chkalova. “...Located opposite the city on the left bank of the Urals on an area of ​​239 hectares. In spring, summer and autumn, especially on Sundays and holidays, tens of thousands of workers flock here.” (Borisov A.Ya. Orenburg. Directory.)
In 1965, a lot of work was planned to develop the park, transforming it into the modern Central Park of Culture and Culture of Orenburg, but this transformation did not happen.
Attention was again paid to the Transural Grove in the early 1980s. In the article “So that the city becomes a garden” A.I. Agafonov, then the chief architect of Orenburg, reported: “In the central planning area, on the basis of the Transural Grove, the city park of culture and recreation named after V.P. will expand. Chkalova. Picturesque sandy beaches, groves and rugged terrain seem made for ponds and boat stations. Of the 310 hectares of its area, covered with maple, birch, elm, oak, and larch, only 50 hectares are used in its central and coastal parts. According to the detailed planning project for the center, the park expects complete improvement and reconstruction, construction of planned approaches on the western and eastern sides. The banks of the Urals will be connected by a cable-stayed bridge under construction. A project is being developed for a children's “Fortress Town” with a fortress wall and fairy-tale towers, as well as a “Meadow of Fairy Tales” with sculptural characters from Russian folk tales. With their construction, the park will become even more attractive for young, and not only young, Orenburg residents. The liquidation of small sports centers on the left bank of the Urals and the establishment of a unified sports training and recreation complex will help put the park’s territory in order. Now it is not decorated with illegally multiplied individual residential buildings. The executive committee of the Orenburg City Council of People's Deputies raises the issue of demolition of individual housing within the boundaries of the park. As a result of landscaping and reconstruction, areas for sports, public events, and attractions will be connected with the children's sector. Their territories will become a kind of filter on the way to a quiet recreation area. The improvement of the bank edge of the Ural River will be added to the current structure of green spaces in this planning area” (“South Ural”, November 25, 1981).

Bank of the Ural River
And indeed, the plans began to turn into reality: firstly, the demolition of individual housing within the park was carried out; secondly, a cable-stayed bridge was built; thirdly, the construction of a single sports zone began - the assembly of a metal frame of an impressively sized, expensive foreign-made pavilion; extension to the pavilion of the capital building; construction of a boiler house nearby; fourthly, a platform was built with the installation of a TU-104 aircraft on it, etc.
But construction in the grove stopped. The symbol of the old times - the TU-104 aircraft was removed. A monument to the victims of Stalin's repressions appears in the grove. The former name is being returned - the Transural Grove cultural and recreation park.

Cultural complex "National Village" - a model of peace and harmony
Open-air museum "National Village"
The Orenburg region is one of the multinational regions of Russia. Representatives of more than 100 nationalities live in our region, and it, in turn, has become their “native” home.
The idea of ​​building a cultural complex was proposed by the ex-governor of the Orenburg region A.A. Chernyshev in October 2004, and then, literally in a relatively short time, the cultural complex “National Village” grew up on Gagarin Avenue, which became a favorite vacation spot for residents and guests of the city, a center for various cultural events, and a platform for performances of national creative groups. Parents and children walk along the “village streets” and near the wonderful Fountain of Friendship, which shimmers with all the colors of the rainbow in the evenings, lovers make dates, and friends meet. Newlyweds come here to lay flowers and take memorable photographs.
In national farmsteads, guests get acquainted with the historical and cultural traditions of different peoples, their national characteristics, way of life and national costumes.
The cultural complex “National Village” is a kind of open-air museum that has become a symbol of friendship, love and unity of the peoples of the Orenburg region.
A unique project was created and implemented so that residents of the Orenburg region know more about the history, culture and national traditions of each nation, treat them with respect, help preserve the spirit of the nation and pass it on to the younger generation.
The cultural complex “National Village” is a model of peace and harmony.
Ten national cultural associations were invited to participate in this cultural project. This number was determined taking into account the number of ethnic groups in the multinational Orenburg region. The share of Russians in the region's population is 73.9%, Tatars - 7.6%, Kazakhs - 5.8%, Ukrainians - 3.5%, Bashkirs - 2.4%, Mordovians - 2.4%, Germans - 0.8%, Belarusians - 0.4% and Armenians - about 0.5%.
Construction of the complex began in 2005 on an unkempt area.
The location of the cultural heritage (on Gagarin Avenue, behind the monument to the first Russian cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin), in our opinion, is symbolic. Just as once upon a time, back in 1961, Yuri Gagarin united all the nationalities living on the territory of Russia with his flight into space, and today behind “his shoulders” are united 119 nationalities living in the Orenburg Territory.
In July 2007, the first Ukrainian courtyard opened widely and festively. After it, with songs, dances, national celebrations and traditional dishes of folk cuisine, Bashkir, Kazakh, Russian, Tatar, Mordovian, Belarusian, German, Armenian and Chuvash houses opened their doors. The opening of each farmstead was remembered by Orenburg residents as a colorful event in the cultural life of our region, because these were real celebrations! Folk songs were sung, bright, fiery, sparkling dances by artists in national costumes were performed, and fun competitions were held.
In all ten farmsteads there are museums of history, culture and life, libraries with literature in the native language, cafes or restaurants of national cuisine, newspaper editorial offices in native languages, offices of national cultural centers. On their territory there are exhibitions and ethnographic objects reflecting the life and culture of ethnic communities.
Bright, solemn and colorful opening ceremonies of all ten farmsteads were headed by the ex-governor of the Orenburg region Alexey Andreevich Chernyshev. The opening of the Ukrainian house was attended by Chargé d'Affaires of Ukraine in the Russian Federation Leonid Osavolyuk, and the Bashkir house by the President of the Republic of Bashkortostan Murtaza Rakhimov. Also in 2007, the Kazakh farmstead opened its doors.
In 2008, the opening of four more farmsteads took place - Mordovian, Belarusian, German and Russian. The festive celebrations were attended by the President of the Republic of Mordovia Nikolai Merkushkin, Advisor - Envoy of the Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Russian Federation Vladimir Pavlovich, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Germany to Russia Mr. Jurgen Schmidt, Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation Alexander Avdeev.
In June 2009, a delegation of the Republic of Tatarstan headed by the Chairman of the State Council Farid Mukhametshin arrived to celebrate the opening of the Tatar farmstead, and in August the ribbon of the Armenian house was cut by the President of the Republic of Armenia, Mr. Serzh Sargsyan.
The unique cultural complex “National Village” helps strengthen friendship and interethnic harmony in the region, spiritual mutual enrichment of people, and fostering respect for each other.

Russian courtyard
"Russian House" is a spiritual and cultural center.

The appearance of the Russian courtyard traces the traditions of Russian architecture, when a house or church was built without a single nail.
The central building is made in the form of a large tower with characteristic pillars, a balcony, and a gable roof. The house-museum is a five-wall log house. On the territory of the courtyard there is a bathhouse, a well, and a stylized mill.
The decoration of all buildings uses wood carving - a method of decorating the exterior by cutting out various figures and ornaments on external wooden elements. The choice of this design is explained by the ancient Russian traditions of wooden architecture.
As for the interior decoration of the museum, it is designed in the style of a traditional Russian hut of the 18th-19th centuries: a separate room is reserved for recreating elements of the down-knitting craft and an exhibition of the famous Orenburg cobwebs.

Kazakh courtyard
At the end of August 2007, as part of the days of the Aktobe region, the opening ceremony of the Kazakh farmstead took place in the Orenburg region. This celebration was attended by a delegation from Kazakhstan led by Akim Eleusin Sagindikov, which included Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation Nurtai Abykaev, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to the Republic of Kazakhstan Mikhail Bocharnikov.
Representatives of 119 nationalities have lived in our region for many years. The Kazakh population ranks third in size, accounting for almost 6% of the population.
Our region is united with the Kazakh people by a common historical destiny and decades-tested friendship. In addition, the creative activities of famous Kazakh poets, writers, educators and statesmen are closely connected with the Orenburg region.
The Kazakh people have their own ancient and moral culture, traditions and customs, which live in symbolism, rituals, and national cuisine.
Great importance is attached to the issues of ethnocultural development of Kazakhs living in our region. The Kazakh language is taught in 39 educational institutions. There are 38 Kazakh creative groups working in the Houses of Culture, whose performances city residents can see at national cultural festivals. The regional Kazakh newspaper “Zhana Aykap” is published.
The Kazakh farmstead is a magnificent combination of past and present. Several yurts for various purposes are located against the backdrop of a modern oriental-style building. In one of them there is a museum of Kazakh culture and life, in the other - a summer cafe, in the third - modern communications. In front of the yurts lies a camel - a symbol of the nomadic life of the Kazakh people. Traditional Kazakh swings attract special attention from visitors.
The museum has dozens of exhibits. It presents samples of national clothing, weapons, musical instruments, and household items. Some of them were brought from the ethnographic museum of Aktyubinsk, and some were carefully kept in private collections and were donated to the museum.
Restaurant "Shanyrak" is a restaurant with exotic rooms, design, furniture, dishes and an assortment of dishes. The central hall is decorated with Kazakh ornaments and carpets in the national style. The waiters are dressed in national costumes. The menu is unique and piquant: beshbarmak, kaurdak, kazy, chak-chak, chuzhuk, baurskaki and much more.

Bashkir courtyard
The opening of the Bashkir farmstead in the cultural complex “National Village” took place as part of the Days of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Orenburg region, timed to coincide with the 450th anniversary of the voluntary entry of Bashkiria into Russia.
Over 5 thousand people, both Orenburg residents and guests of our region, took part in the celebrations. The right to open a farmstead was granted to the governor of the Orenburg region A.A. Chernyshev and President of the Republic of Bashkortostan M.G. Rakhimov. Nowadays, great importance is attached to the issues of preserving their native language and the ethnocultural development of the Bashkirs living in the Orenburg region. For many of them, the Orenburg region is their historical homeland.
Let's turn to history. Since ancient times, the basis of the Bashkir economy was herd cattle breeding; the preparation of horse meat, kumiss, and cheese was developed.
The main dwelling of the Bashkirs is the yurt-tolar. Its main decoration was multi-colored felts, and for the more prosperous Bashkirs - carpets. Most of the dishes were made by chiseling wood (bowls, bowls, spoons, ladles), there were also dishes with an inserted bottom (tubs of different sizes), and leather vessels for kumis were made. One of the main decorations of the yurt was men's and women's clothing in bright colors, hung on poles.
On the territory of the Bashkir farmstead, a unique architectural and landscape ensemble was created, reflecting the peculiarities of everyday life and the way of life of the Bashkirs of the Orenburg region. This is a house with a hip roof, a platform for Sabantui, and a horse yard.
The original trade of the Bashkirs is beekeeping, which is reflected in the architecture of the buildings of the Bashkir farmstead, which are made in the form of honeycombs. Also, beehives were installed on the territory of the farmstead, and the traditional method of extracting honey was reproduced, since it is called the “gold” of Bashkortostan.
The Bashkir house-museum displays household items, national costumes, books, and a documentary exhibition dedicated to the ethnogenesis and ethnography of Bashkir clans.
A center for studying the Bashkir language and culture has been opened on the territory of the compound. There is a restaurant serving Bashkir cuisine.

Mordovian courtyard
The owners of the Mordovian farmstead talk about their brainchild like this: “At the very beginning of the journey, thinking about what our farmstead would be like, we decided that we wanted to tell everyone about the original culture, customs, and rich traditions of the Mordovian people, to show how our ancestors lived and what modern life breathes. Mordovians."
The main building of the farmstead - "Kudo" - was built from the most modern building materials, and visually replicates the ancient Mordovian women's headdress - pango.
The museum building is a good old log house, decorated with traditional carvings. It has everything necessary for life - from a stove and a baby's cradle in the house to a cart and a well in the yard. Exhibits for the historical and ethnographic museum were painstakingly collected - ancient utensils, tools for agricultural work, traditional textiles and much more. The museum contains stuffed animals: wild boar, elk, bear, fox. This is due to the fact that one of the main occupations of the Mordovian people was hunting and beekeeping. About 70% of the exhibits were donated to the museum by residents of the Northern and Ponomarevsky districts, which are areas densely populated by Mordovians.
The names of famous people of Mordovian nationality will forever remain in the history of the Orenburg region. The main place in this list is occupied by Heroes of the Soviet Union Kirill Romanovich Vertyakov, Andrei Emelyanovich Lukyanov, Vasily Stepanovich Kuzmin, Sergei Trofimovich Kuznetsov. The biographies of writers and poets Dmitry Morsky (Malyshev), Ksenia Petrova, Timofey Raptanov, Vasily Radaev, Alexey Dunyashin are closely connected with the Orenburg region. These people made a huge contribution to the development of literature and art. And, of course, no one can remain indifferent to the songs performed by the Honored Artist of Russia, People's Artist of the Republic of Mordovia, soloist of the Orenburg Regional Philharmonic, Yulia Uchvatova.

Tatar courtyard

The first Tatar settlements in the Orenburg region were formed in 1744 with the appearance of Kazan merchants here. They actively engaged in trade and agriculture and were able to “merge” into the general way of life. The further history of the development of our region could no longer be imagined without this nation. The Tatars are truly an indigenous population, whose number now amounts to more than 160 thousand people.

In the Orenburg region there are 88 Tatar and 63 mixed settlements; 34 Tatar preschool institutions, 87 schools with the study of the Tatar language, the Tatar department at the Orenburg Pedagogical College No. 3, 76 mosques. In the region there are 7 Tatar public and cultural centers, the Namus Foundation, the Muslim Society, the People's Center for the Revival of Language and Culture, 69 Tatar art groups, and the Orenburg Tatar Drama Theater. The Tatar press is represented by the newspapers “Bolgar Ile” and “Yana Vakyt”, the radio program “Good Evening” and the television program “Countrymen”.
For many residents, the appearance of the Tatar courtyard has become a welcome event, because now it is a place of unity and spiritual rapprochement of people of different cultures and traditions.

On the territory of the Tatar courtyard there are:
- historical and ethnographic museum - a typical Tatar house of the late 19th - early 20th centuries (it resembles the houses of Tatar merchants who lived in the village of Tatarskaya Kargala in the 18th-19th centuries);
- editorial office of the Tatar newspaper “Yana Vakyt”;
- restaurant and hotel complex - a two-story building with elements of oriental architecture, crowned by a roof in the form of two “skull caps”;
- a trading house, lined with shell stone.

Boulevard named after Ya.M. Sverdlova
The builders of the Orenburg fortress erected a redoubt on the high bank of the Yaik - an open area without a rampart or ditch, protected from the enemy only by a coastal cliff.
In 1857, the redoubt was turned into a boulevard, the first trees were planted, and a pavilion for a buffet was erected. The so-called Alexander Column, erected in 1822 in honor of the liberation of the city from military posts, was also moved here from Alexanderplatz (now the square named after V.I. Lenin). Subsequently, the boulevard was transformed - flower beds, fountains, and new trees appeared. The local merchant Belov built a light building called the Station, where music was played in the evenings. The boulevard began to be called “Belovka”.
On November 7, 1953, on the day of the 36th anniversary of the October Revolution, a monument to the outstanding Soviet pilot Valery Pavlovich Chkalov was unveiled in Orenburg on the high bank of the Urals.
At the end of the 19th century, the first city power station was built on the banks of the Urals, which in 1892 supplied electricity to 19 subscribers. Subsequently, it was adapted for electrical repair shops. In 1944, an electromechanical plant was located on this site.
The center of the boulevard turns into a descent to the Ural River. A staircase with columns and gazebos leads to a pedestrian bridge connecting the city with the largest recreation area - the Transural Grove and the park named after V.P. Chkalov.
A miniature railway station is nestled under the steep right bank of the Urals. The paths go off into the distance. Trains depart exactly on schedule. It’s a real railway, only everything around seems to be understated: little drivers sit in small diesel locomotives, because this is a children’s road, and children drive along it and service it. It was opened on July 25, 1953.
The children's railway leads to the zone of children's health camps "Dubki". The seven-kilometer railway track ran along the beautiful banks of the Urals.
Once again climbing the stairs to the boulevard, you will see in its eastern part a building of unusual architecture, reminiscent of a medieval castle. Until 1929, the chimes on the tower were the main street clock of the city.
The building was built in 1856 according to the design of I.P. Skalochkin, a serf of Countess Kutaisova. Initially it was intended for the archive and provincial museum. However, when the construction work was completed, by order of the Governor General, a guardhouse was placed here.

Berdy village
The village of Berdy is notable for the fact that the headquarters of the leader of the peasant uprising, Emelyan Pugachev, was located here. From here he was in 1773-1774. led the siege of Orenburg.
In September 1833, the great Russian poet Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin visited Berdy. Here he collected materials for “The History of Pugachev” and the story “The Captain's Daughter”. Pushkin talked with many residents of the settlement. Among them was the old Cossack woman Buntova, who remembered Pugachev.
Talking with the poet, she told him about the capture of Nizhneozernaya, about Pugachev’s stay in the Berdsk fortress, took the Sitnikov Cossacks to the hut - the “sovereign palace”, pointed to the ridges, where, according to legend, lies Pugachev’s huge treasure, sewn into a shirt, covered with earth and covered with a corpse human to ward off any suspicion. Pushkin was greatly impressed by the poetic legend he heard from Buntova about the old Cossack woman Razina, who had been looking for her son Stepan (Andreevich) Razin for a long time among the dead Pugachevites, whose corpses quietly floated along the spring Yaik. She also shared other legends about the events of that time and sang several Cossack songs.
Pushkin included what he heard from Buntova’s words on the pages of the “Orenburg Records,” marking them with remarks: “In Berda from an old woman” and “Old woman in Berda.” In a letter to his wife dated October 2, 1833, sharing his impressions of a trip to the Orenburg region, he said: “In the village of Berde, where Pugachev stayed for 6 months, I had une bonne fortune (great success) - I found a 75-year-old Cossack woman who remembers this time, as you and I remember, 1830. I didn’t lag behind her...” Leaving Berdskaya Sloboda and saying goodbye to Buntova, Pushkin gave her a gold piece of gold in gratitude for her stories.
Berdsk Cossacks and Cossack women, who were eyewitnesses of Buntova’s conversation with the poet, began to reproach her for singing and talking about Pugachev to an obviously suspicious person, and frightened her with threatening penalties from her superiors. V.I. Dahl, who accompanied A.S. Pushkin on a trip to the Berdskaya village, recalled that the Berdsk “women and old men could not understand why a stranger, a visiting person, would ask with such fervor about a robber and impostor, whose name was associated in this region so many terrible memories.” In order to avoid responsibility for this “misdemeanor” of the old village woman and “so as not to live to see such a sin and misfortune,” the Cossacks the next day sent a cart to Orenburg, brought there both the old woman and the fatal chervonets and reported: “Yesterday some then a strange master, with signs: small in appearance, black curly hair, dark complexion, and incited him to match the “Pugachevism”, and gave him gold: there must be an Antichrist, because instead of nails there are claws on the fingers.” Pushkin laughed a lot about this. Everything ended quite well for Buntova; she was sent home in peace and with Pushkin’s chervonets. This episode became widely known in Orenburg.

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Source of information and photos:
Team Nomads
http://orenburg.ru
Head of the city of Orenburg. Official portal of the city of Orenburg.
Orenburg: guidebook-reference book. Authors' team S.A. Chekasin, Yu.D. Garankin, F.P. Polishchuk, I.Ya. Skutin. - South Ural Book Publishing House, 1977
Dal V.I. Memories of Pushkin // Pushkin in the memoirs of his contemporaries. M., 1974. T.2.
Ovchinnikov R.V. Above Pugachev's pages of Pushkin. M., 1981.

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