Form of adjectives in Russian. Full and short forms of qualitative adjectives

Qualitative adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a full and short form: good - excellent, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, sweet - sweet.

The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expressiveness in artistic speech.

Let's give an example: These are the same strings. They look like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.

Change by case retain only some adjectives in folklore expressions.

Let's give an example: on bare feet.

In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He's cheerful.

Relative adjectives have only full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in"/"yn", "ov"/"ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case they usually have only a short form.
For example: Dad, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.

In indirect cases such adjectives have:
or a short form: father's, wolf's;
or the full form: father's, wolf's.

The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy's.

Qualitative adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, handsome - handsome.

Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and change by gender, singular and numbers.
Let's give an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.

Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular case, adjectives have a gender difference: the case endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender are different. In the plural, adjectives have no gender differences, and the case endings for all three genders are the same.

In modern Russian there are three types of declension of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives such as red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as bratnin, tetin, fathers, friends.
3. Declension of adjectives starting with “ii” such as wolf, bear.

The most productive is the first type of declension, which, according to the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard version of the declension (rich, stone), a soft version of the declension (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a base on sibilant, b) with a base on g , k, x and v) with a base on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).

For adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant, the stress during declension is either only on the stem (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, dumb).

For adjectives with a stem on a soft consonant and adjectives with a stem on c, when inflected, the stress always falls only on the stem (short, autumn, blue).

Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant in the instrumental case of the feminine singular have a double ending: “oy” (“ey”) and “oy” (“ey”). Their use depends on the style of speech: in poetic language the ending -oy ("ee") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: I pass through a field along a narrow boundary, overgrown with porridge and tenacious quinoa.

Possessive adjectives ending in "in", "ov" ("ev") have a mixed type of declension: part of the case endings of these adjectives coincides with the endings of the hard declension of qualitative-relative adjectives, in separate cases the endings of nouns are used (in the nominative and accusative cases of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases, masculine and neuter singular).

Possessive adjectives with the suffix “in” in modern Russian are increasingly declined like full adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).

Possessive adjectives ending in “rank” (bratnin, muzhnin) are inflected in the same way as adjectives ending in “in”.

Possessive adjectives in -niy (filial, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft variant of declension (for example, neighbor).

Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.

Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to the general rules for declension of adjectives.

Spelling case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the question word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants the vowels s, o, u are written, and after soft consonants the vowels are written - i, e, yu.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after sibilants and c at the end of adjectives always depends on stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, big garden - handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the masculine singular, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -ой, in the unstressed case - “й”, “и”.
nightmare - blue ocean, early reception.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix “ii”, except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, a soft sign is written.
Wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing ones.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.

Qualitative adjectives have a constant feature - they have full and short forms. This article describes in detail the types of relationships between the two forms and provides illustrative examples for securing the material.

What are the forms of adjectives?

In the Russian language, there are full and short forms of adjectives. This grammatical feature is constant and is characteristic only of qualitative adjectives:

• Full adjectives– attributive, inflected forms (change according to gender, number, cases), neutral in meaning. In sentences they are most often used as a definition. Examples of full adjectives: dry, cold, red, neat.
• Short adjectives– predicative, indeclinable forms (change only by gender and number, not indeclinable by cases), differ in book meaning. In sentences, as a rule, a nominal predicate appears. Examples of short adjectives: distant, young, white, meek.

Full and short adjectives are studied at school in the 5th grade.

Types of relationships between full and short forms of adjectives

Not all words of a given part of speech have full and short forms of adjectives. Based on the presence (or absence) of this grammatical feature, adjectives are divided into three groups:

• Adjectives that have both full and short forms (good - good, cheerful - cheerful, fresh - fresh, smart - smart). Short forms are formed by adding endings to the adjective stem -a (s), -o (s), -s (s) And zero (cute - sweet, strong - strong).
• Adjectives that have only the full form. These include – adjectives with evaluation suffixes (tall, green), qualitative adjectives formed from relative (coffee, brown, milk) naming the colors of animals (bay, brown) and non-derivative adjectives (alien, former).
• Adjectives that have only a short form (too small, necessary, much, dear).

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It's an adjective we've known since elementary school. But how it is written in some cases has already been forgotten. Let us remember this, and at the same time the semantic, morphological and syntactic principles of writing.

Adjective as part of speech

An adjective is not a simple part of speech: it indicates the properties of an object, its qualities, and describes what events and states may be. Moreover, the text, if present, becomes bright and rich.

The change occurs in gender, number and case, depending on the noun to which it refers. For example, “big table”: in this case, the noun “table” is masculine, used in the nominative case and singular; "big" has the same characteristics.

Varieties

There is a full and short form of the adjective. A possessive adjective has only its full form. A short adjective answers the question: what? what? what? what are they? A qualitative adjective has both forms. It is noteworthy that since ancient times only short ones were used in Slavic languages. It is from them that the full, modern forms of parts of speech originate. Currently, in the Russian language, the use of the full form of the word is neutral. And short is mainly used in literary vocabulary.

The short form of the adjective changes in the singular according to gender and number. Take for example the word “beautiful”. In the masculine gender it has a zero ending. With a certain change, the following words are obtained:

• beautiful - feminine singular;
• beautiful - neuter singular;
• beautiful - plural.

The short form of the adjective does not change by case. Only some words in this form have changes in cases in phraseological units. An example of such a change is such expressions as “bare feet”; lines from songs: “I ordered green wine to be poured.” From the point of view of syntactic function in sentences, the short adjective is included in the compound nominal predicate and is its nominal part. For example: he is slender, he is kind.

In this case, we are talking only about a qualitative adjective. Relative ones do not appear in a short form. You can try making relative words like “copper” or “washing” shorter. Nothing will work out.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in-, -yn-, -iy are usually in a short form in the singular nominative case (papin, papa vesna). In these cases, the ending coincides with a similar part of the word in nouns (spring is a noun, it has the ending -a; daddy is a possessive adjective also with the ending -a).

In order to accurately know where it is necessary or not at all necessary to put a soft sign, you only need to determine the form of the adjective. But in the short form, after a hissing consonant, a soft sign is not written: “burning - burning, hot - hot.”

The short form of an adjective is often confused with an adverb. In such cases, it is necessary to determine what the word agrees with. If it agrees with a noun, then it is an adjective. And if it refers to a verb, in this case there is an adverb. For example: “heavily burdened” and “breathed heavily.” The question of which adjective has a short form can be answered as follows: qualitative with a zero ending, if it is masculine singular, the same words that have the endings -a/-я and -о/-е in the feminine and neuter gender in singular.

Use in text

They are used in the text in cases where the author needs a certain amount of categoricalness, since this is precisely the connotation that adjectives have in short form. This quality is not characteristic of full adjectives, since they significantly soften any quality of the subject. For example, they say about a person that “he is brave.” This sounds affirming, but very soft. But the phrase “the guy is brave” does not tolerate any objections.

Short forms of adjectives are formed from the full form. In the masculine gender, a zero ending is added, for example, in the word “deaf” only the stem should be left, the result is the masculine gender - “deaf” (“When I eat, I am deaf and dumb”).

Shades

The full and short forms of adjectives are different from each other: shades of meaning, emotional connotation, methods of formation. Some of them have a fluent vowel sound o-e. You can compare “low” and the “low” derived from it. A similar example: “formidable” - “formidable”.

Which adjective “characteristic” (short form) refers to was discussed above, but which of them do not have this form is worth considering. So, there are no short forms for adjectives denoting the color of animals (black, bay, gray) and colors (blue, brown, orange, etc.); verbal words with the suffix -l- (outdated - obsolete), with the suffixes -sk- and -ov- (soldier, combat).

The short form of the adjective “peculiar” will have the following types. Singular: characteristic, characteristic, characteristic; plural: characteristic.

Signs

Adjectives have a number of differences and characteristics. The full form determines constancy in the attribute, and the short form expresses only the attribute that manifests itself at a particular moment; moreover, they lack case and declension. You can compare two phrases: sick child, child is sick.

The full and short forms of adjectives have significant differences in the function they perform in a sentence.

• Complete - agreed definitions.
• Short - part of the predicate.

The adjective is one of the main ones used by its speakers constantly. It has a number of indicators, so before answering the question of how an adjective changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly should be understood by this part of speech.

The term “adjective” appeared in the Russian language quite a long time ago, and it was derived from the Latin word adjectivum, which translated means “adding.” That is why the lexical meaning of the word “adjective” should be considered “a name that is attached to a noun.”

In general, an adjective denotes a lexico-grammatical class of word forms denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object. Lexical meaning in this case is expressed using inflectional categories. Adjectives in a sentence have their own syntactic function - definition; in particularly complex cases they are a compound nominal predicate.

Adjective: three in one

Speaking about the adjective, it is worth noting three understandings of this term. According to the first, this part of speech should include adjectives themselves, adjective pronouns, participles and ordinal numbers. The lexical meaning of these words (a feature of the subject) is supplemented with new shades. This point of view is called a broad understanding of the adjective.

There is a formal position of the moderate type, in which only adjectives themselves and ordinal numbers are included under adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60-70s of the 20th century, until it gave way to a broad understanding, actively lobbied by Russian Grammar-80.

With a narrow understanding of the adjective name, only adjectives themselves are included in it. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this particular approach, since only it takes into account all the features with the help of which a particular part of speech is distinguished. It is on the basis of this point of view that the adjective is analyzed today.

How does an adjective change?

The adjective has a number of morphological categories with the help of which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech; the ending of an adjective is a universal morpheme that can indicate inflectional categories.

Adjectives change according to gender, number and case, and when the word becomes plural, the gender disappears as unnecessary. Most often, the inflectional categories of an adjective can be clarified using its ending in combination with the ending of a noun. Sometimes it happens that an adjective is used with and at the end it is not possible to obtain complete information about the word. In this case, the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun will depend on the ending of the adjective. The number of the adjective plays an important role here, since it affects all indicators at once.

Short and long forms of adjectives

Most adjectives have a short and a long form. During the existence of the Old Church Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms had priority, but now the situation has changed exactly the opposite.

Adjectives in their full form are most often placed before a noun, in which case they play the role of a determiner in a sentence. If the full adjective appears after a noun, it is most often a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If there is no verb in the sentence, the adjective takes on the role of the predicate.

Most often they are located after the noun, in this case they play the role of the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If a sentence has a predicate expressed by a verb, a short adjective can play the function of a separate agreed definition.

Short forms of adjectives (qualitative)

Some qualitative adjectives have retained their short form; these are remnants of the active use of this phenomenon in the Old Russian language. These forms usually denote temporary features that may be applicable to a particular situation, in addition, they can convey a softened categorical assessment of a particular feature.

The short form is formed using the stems of full adjectives, to which gender endings should be added. When forming short masculine adjectives, an alternation of the letters “o” and “e” with a zero sound may appear; this phenomenon is a consequence of the fall of the reduced ones.

It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncated adjectives, which are actively used in folklore and fiction. Short adjectives can only be qualitative and change only in gender and number; they are most often used in postposition in relation to a noun.

Adjective categories

To understand how an adjective changes, it is necessary to touch upon its lexical and grammatical categories. Qualitative adjectives can denote the qualities of people, objects and animals, color characteristics, and also give a general assessment of any phenomenon discussed in the sentence.

Relative adjectives are distinguished by the fact that they express the attribute of an object indirectly, through their relationship to an object or some action. They are used to indicate attitudes toward persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers. Lexical meaning is conveyed using special suffixes.

Possessive adjectives are the most difficult category. In the broad sense of the word, it includes adjectives with possessive suffixes, in a narrow sense - a part of speech must simultaneously have two characteristics - a suffix and an individual affiliation with a person or object.

How to analyze an adjective?

Morphological analysis of an adjective is a fairly simple procedure that can be completed in a few minutes. The analysis scheme works the same for both school and university levels, so it will not cause any difficulties or additional hassle. If necessary, you can consult linguistic reference books.

In the analysis, it is necessary to indicate: the word form, whether the word form belongs to the part of speech, the categorical meaning, the initial form + a question to it, and a semantic question. Next, you need to indicate all lexical and grammatical indicators and the type of declension (with indicators). For qualitative adjectives, you will need to indicate comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Next, it is necessary to note by what nominal indicators the adjective agrees with number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.

Unstressed endings of adjectives

Quite often a situation arises when it is very difficult to check, since it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use a whole series of questions (which one? which one? which one? which one? which ones?). You should also remember about exceptions - adjectives ending in “-y”, “-e”, “-ya”, “-iy”, in most forms they have a soft sign before the ending: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.

The exception is the nominative and accusative singular masculine forms. If the adjective was formed from the name of a month, the soft sign will be preserved: July - July.

How is an adjective learned?

Previously, the deadline for learning the adjective (3rd grade) did not suit everyone, which is why children today learn about parts of speech much earlier than previous generations. An adjective is much easier to learn because it is closely related to another part of speech - a noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.

To learn how an adjective changes, you need to make every effort in class and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed a lesson and it is now very difficult for him to catch up, he can open any reference book from a large amount of scientific literature and find the answer to the question that interests him. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be taken into account when searching.

In the university format, the adjective is studied much more deeply, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which will help the student repeat only a basic understanding of this part of speech. However, university students have access to libraries and can easily and quickly find the information they need.

Most qualitative adjectives form a short form. Short adjectives answer the questions “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what are?”.

*Pay attention!
After hissing short masculine adjectives, b is not written: the day is good, the wind is fresh, the flower is fragrant

Some adjectives in the short form have a vowel o or e (е) in the root. This makes it easier to pronounce the word:

Some adjectives form two short forms at once (enen and -en):
immoral - immoral, immoral
courageous - courageous, courageous
responsible – responsible, responsible
characteristic - characteristic, characteristic

Short adjectives do not change by case (they can only be in the I.p. form), but they change by gender (singular) and number. Sometimes in set expressions you can find short adjectives not in the nominative case:
on bare feet, in broad daylight

Meaning

Some qualitative adjectives do not form a short form:

• names of derived colors: brown, lilac, orange
• animal colors: bay (horse), brown (bear)
• verbal adjectives with the suffix -l-: past, tired, outdated
• adjectives with suffixes -sk-, -esk-: brotherly, friendly, enemy, hellish, comic
• adjectives with the suffix -ov-: advanced, business, combat (about character), circular
• adjectives of subjective assessment: hefty, skinny, tiny, enormous, very unpleasant