An adjective is most often used in a sentence. Adjective

Whether you study at school or at a higher educational institution, one way or another, the Russian language is a compulsory subject everywhere. Studying the Russian language also includes studying morphology. The adjective refers specifically to this area. In general, an adjective is a very pleasant part of speech, because it is with the help of adjectives that we have the opportunity to specifically describe our feelings and attitude towards something or someone, with the help of them we make compliments and hear praise addressed to us. An adjective adds concreteness, precision, imagery to the main idea.

What does an adjective mean?

One day the teacher decides to ask you what an adjective is, but you don’t even know what an adjective is. And then a graceful “swan” will appear in the school magazine. Since we don’t need swans in the magazine, we suggest you take a closer look at this part of speech.

An adjective is a significant part of speech that denotes the attribute of an object, answers the questions: which?, which?, whose? All these questions can be presented in masculine, feminine and neuter gender, singular and plural. Examples: white elephant, handsome man, mother's skirt.

In a sentence, an adjective functions as a determiner, predicate or subject. Example: “There was a big dog lying on the floor.” Here "big" is the definition. Example: “A beautiful woman entered the hall.” Here "beautiful" is the subject. Example: "He was weak." Here “weak” is the predicate.

Adjectives are divided into 3 categories:

1. qualitative - independent adjectives that answer the questions what?, what?, what?, what? They have a full and short form, combined with the word “very”: very smart. They can be repeated: smart-smart. They can form words with the same root with the prefix “not”: stupid. They have comparative and superlative degrees: smarter, smartest, etc.
2. relative adjectives express an attitude to material, time, space - wooden, do not have degrees of comparison, are rarely combined with the word "very", do not have antonyms.
3. Possessive adjectives indicate belonging to someone or something and answer the questions: whose?, whose?, whose?, whose?

But sometimes the boundaries of categories can move: fish tail (possessive), fish soup (relative), etc.

Adjectives have case, gender, number, short form and degrees of comparison.

Example of case declension

I.p. evil eye,

R.p. evil eye,

D.p. evil eye,

V.p. evil eye,

etc. evil eye

P.p. about the evil eye.

Example of declension by gender

M.R. evil eye (which one?),

Zh.r. evil grandmother (which one?),

Wed. evil word (what?).

Example of declination by numbers

Units - evil person

Pl. - evil people.

Short form of adjectives

Now let's talk a little more about what a short adjective is. The short form of the adjective answers the questions: what? what? what? what are they? and in a sentence they perform the function of a predicate. For example: “The jacket he was wearing was (what?) rather dirty.”

• Not all quality adjectives can have a short form, for example: skillful, advanced, brown, etc.
• Some adjectives have a double form of brevity: natural - natural, characteristic - characteristic.

Degrees of comparison of adjectives

• Positive degree (example)
  • Green
  • Brave
• Simple comparative degree
  • Greener
  • Bolder (to her)
• Comparative degree composite
  • More green
  • Less bold
• Superlative
  • Greenest
  • The greenest
  • Bravest
  • The most daring
  • Least brave

So, we learned that adjectives have five degrees:

1. positive degree
2. comparative degree: comparative simple and comparative compound.
3. superlative degree: superlative simple and superlative compound.

Use adjectives more often, they make our speech brighter and more interesting.

Adjective

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that

1) indicate a non-procedural feature of the subject and answer questions Which?, whose?;

2) they change according to gender, number and cases, and some - according to completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison;

3) in a sentence they are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Classes of adjectives by meaning

There are three categories of adjectives according to their meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.

Quality adjectives denote quality, property of an object: its size ( big), shape ( round), color ( blue), physical characteristics ( cold), as well as the propensity of the subject to perform an action ( talkative).

Relative adjectives denote the attribute of an object through the relationship of this object to another object ( book), action ( reading) or another sign ( yesterday's). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs; The most common suffixes for relative adjectives are the suffixes - n- (forest), -ov- (hedgehog), -in- (poplar-in-y), -sk- (warehouse), -l- (fluent).

Possessives adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and are formed from nouns by suffixes - in- (mom-in), -ov- (father-ov), -th- (fox). These suffixes come at the end of the adjective stem (cf. possessive adjective fathers and relative adjective paternal).

Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all linguistic levels:

1) only qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;

2) qualitative adjectives can have antonyms ( deep - shallow);

3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;

4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute ( strictness) and adverbs ending in - O(strictly), as well as adjectives with a subjective assessment suffix ( blue, angry);

5) only qualitative adjectives have a full/short form and degrees of comparison;

6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree ( very big, but not * very readable).

Thus, we see that qualitative adjectives are grammatically opposed to relative and possessive adjectives, which, in turn, are grammatically very similar. The difference between relative and possessive adjectives is manifested only in the type of their declension (see declension of adjectives), which gives grounds for many researchers to combine them into one group of relative adjectives, into which, with the consistent grammatical separation of parts of speech, also ordinal numerals and pronominal adjectives fall.

Declension of adjectives

Adjectives of all categories have inconstant features sort of(singular) numbers And case, in which they agree with the noun. Adjectives also agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the V. plural form, and for the masculine gender - singular (cf.: I see beautiful shoes And I see beautiful girls) - see animate noun.

Changing an adjective by gender, number and case is called declension of adjectives.

Quality And relative adjectives are declined equally. This type of declension is called adjectival.

In the Russian language there are indeclinable adjectives that mean:

1) colors: beige, khaki, marengo, electric;

2) nationalities and languages: Khanty, Mansi, Urdu;

3) clothing styles: pleated, corrugated, flared, mini.

Fixed adjectives are also words (weight) gross, net, (hour) peak.

Degrees of comparison adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have an inconsistent morphological feature of degrees of comparison.

School grammar indicates that there are two degrees of comparison - comparative and superlative. It is more correct to distinguish three degrees of comparison - positive, comparative and superlative. The positive degree of comparison is the initial form of the adjective, in relation to which we recognize other forms as expressing greater/lesser or greatest/smallest degrees of the attribute.

Comparative degree adjective indicates that the characteristic is manifested to a greater / lesser extent in this object compared to another object ( Petya is taller than Vasya; This river is deeper than the other) or the same item in other circumstances ( Petya is taller than he was last year; The river is deeper in this place than in that one).

The comparative degree can be simple or compound.

Simple comparative degree denotes a greater degree of manifestation of the characteristic and is formed as follows:

positive degree stem + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe (faster, higher, earlier, deeper).

If at the end of a stem of a positive degree there is an element To /OK, this segment is often truncated: deep - deep.

Some adjectives have suppletive forms, that is, formed from another base: bad is worse, good is better.

When forming a simple comparative degree, a prefix can be added By- (newer). Simple comparative degree with prefix By- is used if the adjective takes the position of an inconsistent definition ( Give me a newer newspaper) and does not require introducing into the sentence what this feature is being compared with. If there is in a sentence both what is being compared and what is being compared with, the prefix By- adds a conversational tone ( These boots are newer than those).

The morphological features of the simple comparative degree are uncharacteristic of an adjective. This

1) immutability,

2) the ability to control a noun,

3) use primarily as a predicate ( He is taller than his father). A simple comparative degree can occupy a position of definition only in a separate position ( Much taller than the other students, he seemed almost an adult) or in a non-separated position with an attachment By- in position after a noun ( Buy me some fresh newspapers).

Compound comparative degree denotes both a greater and lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed as follows:

element more/less + positive degree ( more/less high).

The difference between a compound comparative degree and a simple one is as follows:

1) the compound comparative degree is broader in meaning, since it denotes not only a greater, but also a lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic;

2) the compound comparative degree changes in the same way as the positive degree of comparison (original form), i.e. according to gender, number and cases, and can also appear in a short form ( more beautiful);

3) a compound comparative degree can be either a predicate or a non-isolated and isolated definition ( A less interesting article was presented in this journal. This article is less interesting than the previous one.)

Superlative comparison indicates the greatest/smallest degree of manifestation of the trait ( highest mountain) or to a very large/small degree of manifestation of the trait ( kindest person).

The superlative degree of comparison, like the comparative, can be simple or compound.

Simple superlative The adjective of comparison denotes the greatest degree of manifestation of the attribute and is formed as follows:

positive degree basis + formative suffixes -eysh- / -aysh-(after k, g, x, causing alternation): good, high aish

When forming a simple superlative degree of comparison, the prefix can be used nai-: kindest.

The morphological features of the simple superlative degree of comparison of adjectives are the same as those of the positive degree, i.e., variability by gender, number, case, use of the attribute and predicate in the syntactic function. Unlike the positive degree, the simple superlative degree of comparison of an adjective does not have a short form.

Compound superlative comparison of adjectives denotes both the greatest and the least degree of manifestation of a characteristic and is formed in three ways:

1) element the most + positive degree ( the smartest);

2) element most/least+ positive degree ( most/least smart);

3) simple comparative degree + element total/everyone (He was smarter than everyone).

The forms of the compound superlative degree, formed by the first and second methods, have morphological features characteristic of the positive degree, i.e. they vary by gender, number and case, and can have a short form ( most convenient), act both as a definition and as a nominal part of the predicate. Forms of the compound superlative degree, formed in the third way, are unchangeable and act primarily as the nominal part of the predicate.

Not all qualitative adjectives have forms of degrees of comparison, and the absence of simple forms of degrees of comparison is observed more often than the absence of compound forms.

The absence of simple comparative and superlative degrees may be due to

1) with the formal structure of the adjective: if the adjective contains a suffix that matches the suffixes of relative adjectives, it may not have a simple comparative degree ( emaciated - * emaciated, * emaciated, advanced - * more advanced);

2) with the lexical meaning of the adjective: the meaning of the degree of manifestation of the attribute can already be expressed in the basis of the adjective - in its root ( barefoot - *barefoot) or in the suffix ( fat-en-y - *thicker, angrier-y - *angry, whitish-y - *whitish, blue-yush-y - *blue).

Compound forms of degrees of comparison are not formed only for words with a semantic limitation, i.e. in the second case. Yes, no forms *more feisty, *less whitish, but there are forms less emaciated, more advanced.

Completeness/brevity of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have a full and a short form

The short form is formed by adding positive degree endings to the stem: for the masculine gender, - A for women, - o/e for average, - s/s for plural ( deep-, deep-a, deep-o, deep-i).

A short form is not formed from qualitative adjectives, which

1) have suffixes characteristic of relative adjectives - sk-, -ov-/-ev-, -n-: brown, coffee, brotherly;

2) indicate the colors of animals: brown, black;

3) have suffixes of subjective assessment: tall, blue.

The short form has grammatical differences from the full form: it does not change by case, in a sentence it appears primarily as a nominal part of the predicate (cases like beautiful girl, white flammable stone are phraseologically archaic); the short form acts as a definition only in a separate syntactic position ( Angry at the whole world, he almost stopped leaving the house).

In the position of the predicate, the meaning of the full and short forms usually coincides, but for some adjectives the following semantic differences are possible between them:

1) the short form denotes excessive manifestation of a trait with a negative assessment, cf.: short skirt - short skirt;

2) the short form denotes a temporary sign, the long form - permanent, cf.: the child is sick - the child is sick.

There are such qualitative adjectives that have only a short form: glad, much, obliged.

Transition of adjectives from category to category

It is possible for an adjective to have several meanings belonging to different categories. In school grammar this is called “the transition of an adjective from category to category.” Thus, a relative adjective can develop a meaning characteristic of qualitative ones (for example: iron part(relative) - iron will(qual.) - metaphorical transfer). Possessives may have meanings characteristic of relative and qualitative (for example: foxhole(possessive) - fox hat(relative) - foxiness(quality). Qualitative adjectives, used terminologically, function as relative ( voiceless consonants). In this case, the adjective retains the type of its declension, but the morphological features often change: qualitative ones lose degrees of comparison and short form (for example, it is impossible to say * This consonant is deaf), and relative ones, on the contrary, can acquire these characteristics ( With every word his voice became more and more honeyed, and his habits became more and more foxy.).

Morphological analysis of the adjective

Morphological analysis of the adjective is carried out as follows: scheme:

1. Adjective. Initial form.

2. Morphological characteristics:

a) constant:

Rank by value

Degree of comparison (for quality ones, for which this feature is constant),

Full/short form (for quality ones, for which this sign is constant);

b) non-permanent:

Degree of comparison (for quality ones, for which this sign is not constant),

Full/short form (for quality ones, for which this sign is not constant),

Genus (singular number),

Case (for complete ones).

Pronoun as part of speech

A pronoun is an independent non-nominal part of speech that indicates objects, signs or quantities, but does not name them.

The grammatical features of pronouns are different and depend on which part of speech the pronoun is a substitute for in the text.

Pronouns are classified according to meaning and grammatical characteristics.

Classes of pronouns by meaning

There are 9 categories of pronouns according to their meaning:

1. Personal: . Personal pronouns indicate participants in the dialogue ( me, you, we, you), persons not participating in the conversation, and objects ( he, she, it, they).

2. Returnable: myself. This pronoun indicates the identity of the person or thing named by the subject with the person or thing named by the word myself (He won't hurt himself. Hopes were not justified).

3. Possessives: my, yours, yours, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to a person or another object ( This is my briefcase. Its size is very convenient).

4. Index fingers: this, that, such, such, so much, this(obsolete), this one(obsolete). These pronouns indicate the attribute or quantity of objects.

5. Definitive: himself, most, all, every, every, any, other, different, everyone(obsolete), all kinds(obsolete). Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object.

6. Interrogative: who, what, which, which, whose, how many. Interrogative pronouns serve as special question words and indicate persons, objects, characteristics and quantity.

7. Relative: the same as interrogatives, in the function of connecting parts of a complex sentence (conjunctive words).

8. Negative: no one, nothing, no one, nothing, none, no one's. Negative pronouns express the absence of an object or attribute.

9. Undefined: someone, something, some, some, several, as well as all pronouns formed from interrogative pronouns with the prefix some- or suffixes - That, -or, -someday.

Classifications of pronouns according to grammatical features

According to their grammatical features, pronouns correlate with nouns, adjectives and numerals. Pronominal nouns indicate a person or object, pronominal adjectives indicate the attribute of an object, pronominal numerals indicate quantity.

TO pronouns-nouns include: all personal pronouns, reflexive myself Who And Whatnobody, nothing, nobody, nothing, somebody, something, someone etc.).

TO pronouns-adjectives include all possessives, all attributives, demonstratives this, that, such, such, this, that, interrogative-relative which, which, whose and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( no, no one's, some, some, some etc.).

TO numeral pronouns pronouns include so many, How many and those formed from them ( a few, some etc.).

Pronouns also include pronouns-adverbs, i.e. words that indicate a sign of action ( where, when, there, for some reason etc.). These pronouns complement the categories of attributives ( everywhere, always), index ( So, there), interrogative, relative ( where, why), undefined ( somewhere, ever) and negative ( nowhere, never) pronouns.

On the one hand, there is a basis for such a unification of all pronominal words: indeed, the pronoun as a part of speech does not have grammatical unity and is isolated on the basis of its referential function: pronominal words do not name objects, signs, quantities, circumstances, but point to them, referring us or to extra-linguistic reality, speech situation (pronoun I names the one who is currently speaking, phrase Give methat book can be understood by pointing with the hand at a specific book), or to the preceding or subsequent text ( Here's the table.He (=table) wooden. Human,which (=person) I need, he didn’t come- reference to previous context . I want to talk aboutvolume that I won't come- reference to subsequent context).

On the other hand, there is an established linguistic tradition to classify as a pronoun as a part of speech only those pronominal words that are used “instead of a name,” that is, instead of a noun, adjective or numeral. It is this tradition that we adhere to in our description. We describe pronominal adverbs as a non-nominal category of adverbs (see adverb).

Grammatical features of pronouns-nouns

Pronominal nouns include the following pronouns: personal I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they, return myself, interrogative-relative Who And What and the negative and indefinite ones formed from them ( no one, nothing, no one, nothing, no one, something, someone, something, anything etc.).

These pronouns have grammatical features similar to the grammatical features of nouns, but they also have certain differences from significant nouns. You can ask them questions Who? or What?, in a sentence these words act primarily as subjects or objects.

Let's consider the morphological features of pronouns-nouns.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature faces:

1st person: me, we;

2nd person: you, you;

3rd person: he, she, it, they.

The morphological feature of the person of pronouns is expressed extra-verbally - by the personal endings of the verb in the present or future tense of the indicative mood and forms of the imperative mood of the verb, i.e. those verbal forms that have the morphological feature of the person:

1st person: I'm going, we're going;

2nd person: you go-eat, go-e-, you go, go;

3rd person: he, she, it goes, let it go, they go, let it go.

For other pronouns-nouns, as well as for all significant nouns, it is not customary to determine the person.

Personal pronouns have a morphological feature numbers. There are only one personal pronoun ( me, you, he, she, it) and plural ( we, you, they) numbers. When listing personal pronouns, all three complexes result in these eight words, from which we can conclude that each of the eight personal pronouns is an independent word. However, there are disagreements regarding the interpretation of the sign of number in complexes. In complex 1, nothing is said about the change of personal pronouns by number, however, in terms of morphological analysis of the pronoun, number is placed in non-constant features. Complex 2 says that personal pronouns “are singular. and many more numbers." Complex 3 states that 1st and 2nd person pronouns do not change by number (i.e. I And We- different words), and 3rd person pronouns change (i.e. He And They- these are forms of one word).

In linguistics, it is usually believed that number is a constant feature of pronouns-nouns, i.e. pronouns I And We, You And You, He, she, it And They- different words. This is due to the fact that between the words I And We, You And You there is no normal ratio for changes in number “one object - many objects, each of which is called a singular form”, i.e. it cannot be said that We- that's a lot I, because We- This I(speaker) and someone else.

Thus, we will describe personal pronouns as words with a constant singular or plural sign.

Pronouns-nouns have a constant feature sort of. This question, like the question of number, is poorly covered in school textbooks. On the one hand, as already mentioned, the list of personal pronouns contains 8 words, i.e. the words He, she And it are considered different words. On the other hand, 3rd person pronouns change according to gender. The gender of the remaining personal pronouns is not stated.

We will proceed from the following provisions. All personal pronouns have a constant gender marker, which, like significant nouns, is expressed non-verbally.

Pronouns I And You general kind: I, you came- - I, you came.

Pronoun He masculine: he came-.

Pronoun she feminine: she came.

Pronoun it neuter: it came.

Plural pronouns We, You, They not characterized by genus.

We can talk about the animation of personal pronouns, since their V. p. coincides with R. p. ( no you - I see you).

All personal pronouns change according to cases, i.e. bow down. Personal pronouns are declined in a special way, and the forms of their indirect cases are formed from another stem (so-called suppletivism):

In indirect cases with a preposition, 3rd person is added to pronouns n: from him, to them, from her. Addition does not occur with derivative prepositions during, thanks to, according to, despite etc.: thanks to her, according to him.

Returnable pronoun-noun myself has no gender or number. It is inflected in the same way as a personal pronoun You, except that the pronoun myself does not have the form I. p.

Interrogative-relative pronouns Who And What in school textbooks are not characterized in terms of gender and number, however it can be noted that the pronoun Who masculine singular ( who came- , but not * who came or * who came), and the pronoun What- neuter singular ( what happened).

Derived from pronouns Who And What negative And uncertain pronouns have the same characteristics as pronouns Who And What. Features of indefinite pronouns someone And something is that someone has the form only I. p., and something- I. p. and V. p. A negative pronouns no one And nothing, on the contrary, do not have the form I. p.

Instructions

The most common role of an adjective in a sentence is . The adjective itself performs a defining function in relation to the noun, describing:
- shape and position: triangular;
- size: large;
- physical properties: gaseous;
- human qualities: resourceful;
- space: Ural;
- time: ;
- material: knitted;
- : weaving;
- affiliation: wolf;
- quantity: triple.
It can also serve as a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. An adjective is rare, but can be a subject.

The main role of the adjective as a member of a sentence is that of a consonant. Relative and possessive adjectives and qualitative adjectives in full are used as definitions. If an adjective in a complex comparative degree is found in a sentence, then, without a doubt, the adjective is an agreed definition. For example, in the sentence “I have never met a more intelligent person,” the complex comparative adjective “more intelligent” is an agreed definition. The same role is played by the adjective “tallest” in the sentence “At the intersection of Vernadsky and Zhdanov, the tallest building in the city.”

The nominal part of the compound predicate is formed by adjectives in the nominative case (“The water near the shore is clean”) and the instrumental case if the copula verb “to be” is present (“The morning was sunny”). This role is also played by possessive adjectives (“This is my mother’s”), as well as short qualitative adjectives (“He was joyless”). Short predicative adjectives can act as auxiliary parts of a compound verb or nominal predicate, for example: “I must open up to you.”

An adjective can act as a subject when it replaces a noun in meaning. This, however, is quite rare. For example, in the sentence “During the children’s matinee they stood in the doorway,” the adjective “adults” serves as the subject.

Useful advice

If, during the syntactic analysis of a sentence, a phraseological phrase or a syntactically related phrase is encountered, then it does not need to be parsed into individual members of the sentence, for example: “In his class, he was always the black sheep.”

Sources:

• What is an adjective?

Qualitative adjectives name properties of objects that can be manifested to a greater or lesser extent. These are physical and chemical characteristics or character traits, as well as mental and intellectual characteristics. These meanings of qualitative adjectives are expressed using grammatical categories such as gender, number and case.

Instructions

Qualitative adjectives are characterized by a number of grammatical features. They usually have a full and short form, and also form a degree of comparison.

Qualitative adjectives vary according to number, and in the singular also according to gender. But it should be taken into account that all these grammatical categories (gender, case and number) of adjectives are syntactic categories: they directly depend on the gender, number and case of the nouns that qualify the qualitative adjectives. For example: “new house” is masculine, “new dacha” is feminine, singular, “new building” is neuter, singular, and “new buildings” is .

Qualitative adjectives with inflections into “-iy, -oy, -aya, -oe” (singular) and “-ih” (plural), when in full form, are modified or declined. The initial form is nominative, singular, masculine.

For example:

Nominative case – “day (what?)”;
- – “a (what?) merry day”;
- – “to (what?) merry day”;
- case – “a (what?) merry day”;
- instrumental case – “on (what?) merry day”;
- case – “about a (what) merry day.”

Short forms of qualitative adjectives do not change by case and in a sentence, as a rule, they are the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. For example: “The meaning of this word was elusive” - in this sentence the word “meaning” is the subject, and “it was elusive” is a compound nominal predicate.

Case forms as traces of the old grammar were preserved only in folklore and in stable combinations: “on a white field”, “on a good horse”, “a red maiden”, “on bare feet”.

Video on the topic

Please note

When declining, the endings of full qualitative adjectives in the masculine and neuter gender coincide in all cases except the nominative and accusative.

Useful advice

The second type of declension includes possessive adjectives with zero inflection.

Sources:

• How do singular adjectives change?

Declension of adjectives is carried out by cases, gender and numbers. There are also indeclinable adjectives in the Russian language, but they are a minority.

Instructions

There are two types of declension: adjective and mixed. Most adjectives are declined according to the first type. The adjective declension is divided into the declension of adjectives with the ending –ой and adjectives with the endings –й and –й.

The declension of adjectives ending in –ой is also divided into subtypes based on the final sound of the stem. This sound can be velar, hard hissing or paired.

The declension of adjectives with endings –й and –й has more varieties according to the final sound of the stem. The ending can appear after iota, after ts, after hard sibilants, after velar, after soft paired consonants, after hard paired consonants.

The mixed type of declension is divided into the first pronominal, second pronominal and possessive. Possessive adjectives with bases ending in –iy and –in, as well as the countable adjective third, are inflected according to the first pronominal. All other possessive adjectives are inflected according to the possessive subtype.

The declension of adjectives with a stem to a paired-hard consonant occurs as follows. In the masculine gender and singular, the case endings are as follows: -й/-ой in the nominative and accusative, -ого in the genitive, -ом in the dative, -ом in the instrumental, -ом in the prepositional. In the neuter gender and singular the endings are similar, except for the ending –о in the nominative and accusative cases.

In the feminine gender and singular the endings are as follows: -aya in the nominative, -ой in the genitive and dative, -уу in the accusative, -о/-оу in the instrumental, -ой in the prepositional. The plural of adjectives with a base on a paired hard consonant is declined as follows: -y in the nominative and accusative, -y in the genitive and prepositional, -y in the dative, -y in the instrumental.

Based on a soft-paired consonant, the masculine gender in the singular has the following endings: -й in the nominative and accusative, -ee in the genitive, -im in the dative and accusative, -im in the instrumental, -em in the prepositional. The singular number is neuter: -ee in the nominative and accusative, -ee in the genitive, -im in the dative, -im in the instrumental, -em in the prepositional. Feminine singular: -yaya in the nominative, -ey in the genitive and dative, -yuyu in the accusative, -ey/-ey in the instrumental, -ey in the prepositional.

The plural of this type of adjective is declined as follows: -ie in the nominative and accusative, -i in the genitive and prepositional, -im in the dative and instrumental.

Adjectives with a sibilant stem in the masculine gender and singular change by case as follows: -й/-ой in the nominative, -его in the genitive, -ем in the dative, -й/-ой and –и/-ой in the accusative, - im in the instrumental, -em in the prepositional. In the neuter singular: -ee/-oe in the nominative and accusative, -ogo in the genitive, -om in the dative, -im in the instrumental, -om in the accusative. Feminine singular: -aya in the nominative, -е/-ой in the genitive and dative, -уу in the accusative, -е/-ей and –ой/-ою in the instrumental, -е/-оь in the prepositional.

Adjectives with a sibilant stem in the plural are declined according to the following scheme: -ie in the nominative, -ikh in the genitive and prepositional, -im in the dative, -ie/-ikh in the accusative, -imi in the instrumental.

If an adjective has the stem with the sound g/k/x, in the masculine gender and singular it has the following endings. In the nominative case –й/-ой, in the genitive –ого, in the dative–ом, in the accusative –й/-ох/-ом, in the instrumental –im, in the prepositional –ом. In the neuter gender singular: -oe in the nominative and accusative, the rest as in the masculine gender.

Feminine singular: -aya in the nominative, -ой in the genitive and dative, -уу in the accusative, -о/-оу in the instrumental, -оу in the prepositional. Plural: -ie in the nominative, -ikh in the genitive and instrumental, -im in the dative, -ie/-ikh in the accusative, -imi in the instrumental.

Video on the topic

Sources:

• Declension of adjectives in Russian
• Declension of adjectives

The subject, as the main member of a sentence, denotes an object, person, phenomenon or event and, together with the predicate, forms the grammatical basis of the sentence. "Who?" So what?" - questions asked to this member of the proposal. The ways of expressing the subject can be very different.

Instructions

The most common and simplest way to express the subject in a sentence is to use the nominative case of the common noun and proper

An adjective is an independent significant part of speech that combines words that

1) indicate a non-procedural attribute of the subject and answer the questions which?, whose?;

2) they change according to gender, number and cases, and some - according to completeness/brevity and degrees of comparison;

3) in a sentence they are definitions or the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.

Classes of adjectives by meaning

There are three categories of adjectives according to their meaning: qualitative, relative, possessive.

Qualitative adjectives denote the quality, property of an object: its size (large), shape (round), color (blue), physical characteristics (cold), as well as the tendency of the object to perform an action (chatty).

Relative adjectives denote the attribute of an object through the relationship of this object to another object (book), action (reading) or another attribute (yesterday). Relative adjectives are formed from nouns, verbs and adverbs; the most common suffixes of relative adjectives are the suffixes -n- (forest-n-oy), -ov- (ezh-ov-y), -in- (topol-in-y), -sk- (warehouse-sk-oh) , -l- (run-l-y).

Possessive adjectives denote that an object belongs to a person or animal and is formed from nouns with the suffixes -in- (mam-in), -ov- (otts-ov), -iy- (fox-iy). These suffixes appear at the end of the adjective stem (cf. the possessive adjective fathers-ov and the relative adjective fathers-ov-sk-ii).

Qualitative adjectives differ from relative and possessive adjectives at all linguistic levels:

1) only qualitative adjectives denote a characteristic that can manifest itself to a greater or lesser extent;

2) qualitative adjectives can have antonyms (deep - shallow);

3) only qualitative adjectives can be non-derivative, relative and possessive are always derived from nouns, adjectives, verbs;

4) qualitative adjectives form nouns with the meaning of an abstract attribute (strict-ness) and adverbs ending in -o (strict-o), as well as adjectives with a suffix of subjective assessment (sin-enk-y, evil-yush-y);

5) only qualitative adjectives have a full/short form and degrees of comparison;

6) qualitative adjectives are combined with adverbs of measure and degree (very large, but not *very reading).

Thus, we see that qualitative adjectives are grammatically opposed to relative and possessive adjectives, which, in turn, are grammatically very similar. The difference between relative and possessive adjectives is manifested only in the type of their declension (see declension of adjectives), which gives grounds for many researchers to combine them into one group of relative adjectives, which, with the consistent grammatical separation of parts of speech, also includes ordinal numerals and pronominal adjectives.

Surely all schoolchildren know what an adjective is. But many adults will most likely find it difficult to answer such a question. Over time, even basic things are forgotten. In which school classes are adjectives studied in detail? 4th grade, 5th, 6th... How long ago it was! We invite you to go back to the distant years and refresh your memory.

Independent part of speech

In Russian, it answers the questions “what”, “which”, “which”, “what”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denotes the attribute of an object. It changes according to numbers, genders, cases, and can have a short form. Most often in sentences it acts as a definition, but it can also act as a predicate.

Rank

The adjective like has only one constant morphological feature - it is a category. There are qualitative, possessive, relative linguistic units. Let's talk about each category in more detail.

Qualitative adjectives

Words of this category answer the questions “what”, “which”, “which”, “which” and denote a characteristic that can be present to a lesser or greater extent. Qualitative adjectives, as a rule, go well with the adverbs “too”, “very” and their synonyms, for example, too beautiful, very big, extremely smart.

From such words, by repetition, you can form a complex adjective, for example, big-big, tasty-delicious. You can also attach the prefix non- to the word and get a single-root adjective as a result, for example, ugly, not stupid. Typically, high-quality structural linguistic units have antonyms (high - low), and in some cases also hypernyms (big - huge). It should be noted that not all words meet the listed characteristics; there are also those that do not meet these criteria.

Word forms

The peculiarity of qualitative adjectives is that many of them have full and short forms, for example, smart - smart, tasty - tasty. At the same time, the short form is not declined at all, but the full form is declined according to cases, genders, and numbers. Often in sentences, short adjectives serve as predicates, and long adjectives serve as modifiers. Some words do not have a short form at all, for example, amiable, friendly, while others do not have a full form, for example, much, necessary, must, glad.

Degrees of comparison

The story about what an adjective is would not be complete without touching upon such a characteristic of this part of speech as the degree of comparison. The sign is inherent only in high-quality linguistic units. There are three degrees of comparison:

1) positive, indicating that an object or group of objects has some characteristic, for example, a beautiful flower;

2) comparative, meaning that one or another characteristic of one object or group of objects is expressed more significantly than another (others), for example, a wolf is larger than a hare, or the same object (the same objects), but already in other times, for example, in the future I will be smarter;

3) excellent, meaning that an object or set of objects has some attribute to a greater extent than all other objects from the same group, for example, the best doctor in the hospital, the strongest player on the team.

You can form an adjective in the comparative degree by using additional words, for example: the most beautiful, taller. In this case, the part of speech takes on a composite, or, as they also say, analytical form. When expressed in only one word, the form is called simple, or synthetic. It should be emphasized that not all adjectives can have comparative and superlative degrees. Words that are not qualitative in nature do not have such characteristics.

Relative adjectives

These are linguistic units that answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose” and denote a characteristic that cannot be possessed to a lesser or greater extent. They express the relationship of an object to another object, to a property (washing powder), to a material (glass vase), to a place (Moscow courtyard), to time (October day), to a unit of measurement (a three-story house, a seven-year-old child, a kilogram bag), and so on. further. Such adjectives cannot be combined with the adverbs “too”, “very” and their synonyms, and do not have a short form or degrees of comparison. They also have no antonyms.

Possessive adjectives

These words answer the questions “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, “whose”, and indicate that a certain object belongs to a person or living creature, for example, sister, father, fox. These linguistic units, as in the previous case, do not have degrees of comparison, antonyms, short forms, and are not combined with the adverbs “too”, “very” and their synonyms.

Digit boundaries

Talking about what an adjective is, it is worth noting one feature. The fact is that the lexical and grammatical boundaries of words in this part of speech are very flexible, so it is sometimes difficult to correctly determine the category. Thus, possessive, relative adjectives can easily take on a qualitative meaning. For example, in the phrase “dog's paw” the word “dog” will be a possessive adjective, in the phrase “pack of dogs” it will be a relative adjective, and in the phrase “a dog’s life” it will be a qualitative adjective.

Declension types

Words related to the part of speech we are considering can be inflected by cases, numbers, and in the singular also by gender. This does not apply to comparative adjectives and short adjectives that are not inflected. There are also a certain number of undecidable words, for example, beige jackets.

The case, number, and gender of adjectives depend on the same characteristics of the nouns with which they agree. Depending on the stem, there are three declension options:

• solid: ;
• soft: winter, winter, winter;
• mixed: bad, bad, bad.

Word formation

An adjective as a part of speech can be formed in different ways:

• prefix: joyful - joyless;
• suffixal: swamp - marshy;
• prefix-suffixal: earth - underground;
• by combining two bases: three colors - tricolor, pale and pink - pale pink;
• complex suffix: flax + seed + cleaning - flax seed cleaning.

Morphological analysis

At school, during Russian language lessons, teachers quite often give children tasks to make related to one or another part of speech. How to parse an adjective? To do this, you need to determine the following characteristics of the language unit:

Transition to other parts of speech

Participles and pronouns often become adjectives. For example, he is not much of a musician. In turn, adjectives can be substantivized into the category of nouns, for example, military, Russian.

Features of this part of speech in other languages

We hope that thanks to the article you were able to remember what an adjective is. It is worth saying that not all the characteristics inherent in this part of speech in the Russian language will occur in other linguistic systems. For example, adjectives in English do not change according to numbers and cases; in French, they do not change according to cases, but they change according to numbers. In Japanese, adjectives are generally unchangeable; they have tenses and determine politeness of speech. In Portuguese and Spanish, many adjectives have a common form for both masculine and feminine genders, while others vary according to gender and number. Everything is so difficult with this part of speech!

Now you can tell everything about the adjective. Of course, we did not consider all the characteristics of this part of speech, but touched only on the main features. But for general development this is quite enough.