How is the present tense formed in German? Present (Present)

In German grammar we observe some structural analogies with the Russian language. Specifically, in both languages, the verb (verb) indicates actions at a real point in time, past or future events, that is, it is used in Gegenwart, Zukunft and to express actions in Vergangenheit. This is where the similarities with Russian grammar end, because German has its own nuances that need to be thoroughly understood.

Das Präsens is a simple, uncomplicated tense form consisting of verbs only. in Infinitiv and describing an event or action taking place at a given time. Das Präsens is formed by adding personal endings to the root of the word.

Let's look at personal inflections of verbs.

Person (P.) Singular P. Plural

1.P. ich -e 1.P. wir-en

2.P. du —(e)st 2.P. ihr—(e)t

3.P. er, sie, es —(e)t 3.P. sie—en

The endings of German verbs. for the polite form you (Sie) coincide with 3.P. Plural.

Conjugation in Gegenwart.

Infinitiv: schweigen – to remain silent, verb stem. schweig plus personal endings.

Ich schweig-e wir schweig-en

du schweig-st ihr schweig-t

er,sie,es schweig-t sie schweig-en

Sie schweig-en

Schwache Verben (Verb of weak conjugation), the stems of which contain the consonants t, d, m, n in their ending, receive a connecting vowel – (e) after the stem before the personal ending in 2.P., 3.P. Singular and 2.P. Plural, which is shown in the table.

Weak verbs containing the vowels a, o, diphthong au in their roots receive Umlaut in the structure 2.P., 3.P. Singular.

tragen (to wear) laufen (to run)

Ich trage eine Tasche. Ich laufe nicht schnell.

Du trä gst eine Tasche. Du läu fst schnell.

Er(sie,es) trä gt eine Tasche Er(sie,es) läu ft sehr schnell

Many forms of strong verbs. get when changing in the present tense the features of writing. You just need to remember these forms.

Particular attention should be paid to the modal (expressing attitudes towards action) plus wissen/know/, which have their own nuances of conjugation:

a) Changing the vowel letter in the root of the verb (1.P., 2.P., 3.P., in Singular). The exception is sollen.

b) Lack of inflections in 1.P., 3.P. in Singular.

For verb. haben, tun, sein, werden, there are rules. The special feature is the different bases in Präsens. Let's take a closer look at the change in verbs. sein/be/ in sentences:

Ich bin fleißig. Wir sind fleißig.

Du bist faul. Ihr seid faul.

Er(sie,es) ist lustig Sie sind ordentlich.

Sie sind traurig.

A group of reflexive verbs. with sich has a number of the following significant features:

a) sich is saved only for 3.Person Singular and Plural;

b) in other cases, Akkusativ (accusative case) of personal pronouns is used.

Example: sich erholen (to rest)

Ich erhole mich jeden Sommer am Meer. /Every summer I relax by the sea./

Du erholst dich jeden Sommer am Meer. /Every summer you relax by the sea./

Er(sie,es) erholt sich jeden Sommer am Meer. /He (she, it) relaxes by the sea every summer./

Wir erholen uns jeden Sommer am Meer. /Every summer we relax by the sea./

Ihr erholt euch jeden Sommer am Meer. /Every summer you relax by the sea./

Sie erholen sich jeden Sommer am Meer. /Every summer they relax by the sea./

Sie erholen sich jeden Sommer am Meer. /Every summer you relax by the sea./

So, in German Präsens is used in different cases.

1. An action taking place in the current period of time. Der Student antwortet schnell und richtig. /The student answers correctly and quickly./

2. An action that is constantly repeated. Jedes Jahr findet in unserer Stadt Festival der Kammermusik statt. /Every year our city hosts a chamber music festival./

3. To denote Zukunft when it is clear from the context. Bald beginnt die Show. Instead of: Die Show wird in Kürze beginnen.

Of all the tense forms of the verb. German grammar we considered only Präsens.

One of the six tenses of the German language. It serves to convey the action at the present moment in time, both in the absolute and in the relative use of the tense forms of the German verb. Präsens exists in two voices: Aktiv and Passiv.

Präsens functions

The tense Präsens in German has the following main functions, that is, it is used in the following cases:

• Current action:

• Time-constant action:

• The action is repeated over time:

• Conveying the future of an event (usually indicating it in the form of an adverb):

• As part of phraseological units:

Education Präsens

In Indikativ

In the active indicative mood, Präsens is formed by simply adding the personal ending to the stem of the infinitive. Most verbs have the following system of personal endings: ich - e, du- (e)st, er (sie, es) - (e)t, wir- en,ihr- (e)t, sie- en. The exception is verbs sein, werden and preterite present verbs. The presence of an additional vowel in endings (e)t And (e)st- this is a way to prevent consonants from joining in verbs whose stems end in t(leiten), d(reden), ffn(öffnen), tm(atmen), etc. Root vowels in strong verbs can take an umlaut ( a goes into ä : fahren → fährt) or ablaut ( e goes into i: helfen → hilft).

In the passive voice, Präsens refers to the verb werden, which does not obey general rules. The voice tense itself is formed by combining the verb werden with Partizip II of the semantic verb within one construction. For example: Dieses Buch wird jetzt gelesen. When using a modal verb in a passive sentence, the auxiliary verb remains infinitive and goes into last place, and in Präsens the modal verb itself becomes: Der Verletzte muss sofort operiert werden. In the stative (passive state) in Präsens the verb becomes sein, playing the role of an auxiliary.

In Konjunktiv

The present tense subjunctive has a simple formation scheme: a suffix is ​​added to the base of the infinitive -e- and an appropriate personal ending. There is no personal ending for the first and second person singular. In this case, the root vowel remains unchanged. Präsens Konjunktiv Aktiv often plays the role of an imperative, although more often it expresses a real wish.

The passive voice of the subjunctive mood is formed using the verb werden in Präsens Konjunktiv and Partizip II of the semantic verb.

See also

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Literature

• Mikhalenko A. O. Deutsche Sprache // Morphology. - Zheleznogorsk, 2010.
• Myshkova I. B. German verb tenses. - St. Petersburg. , 2007. - 96 p. - ISBN 978-5-91281-007-7.

Links

• (inaccessible link - ). Retrieved July 10, 2011. .
• . Retrieved July 10, 2011. .
• . Retrieved July 10, 2011. .
• . Retrieved July 10, 2011. .

Excerpt characterizing Present (German)

– No, my friend, Esclarmonde was already one of the “new” Cathars. I will explain to you... Forgive me, I did not reveal to you the true reason for the death of this wonderful people. But I never opened it to anyone. Again, apparently, the “truth” of the old Meteora is telling... It has settled too deeply in me...
Yes, Isidora, Magdalene taught Faith in Goodness, taught Love and Light. But she also taught FIGHT, for the same goodness and light! Like Radomir, she taught perseverance and courage. After all, it was to her that after the death of Radomir, knights from all over Europe of that time strove, since it was in her that they felt Radomir’s brave heart. Do you remember, Isidora, from the very beginning of his life, when he was very young, Radomir called for a fight? Called to fight for the future, for children, for Life?
That is why, the first Knights of the Temple, obeying the will of Magdalene, over the years recruited faithful and reliable help - Occitan warrior knights, and they, in turn, helped them teach ordinary villagers the art of war in case of special need or unexpected disaster. The ranks of the Templars grew rapidly, accepting the willing and worthy into their family. Soon almost all the men from the aristocratic Occitan families belonged to the Temple of Radomir. Those who left for distant countries, at the behest of their families, returned to replenish the brotherhood of the Templars.

Despite their great busyness, the first six Knights of the Temple who came with Magdalene remained her most beloved and most faithful students. Either because they knew Radomir, or for the simple reason that they all lived together for so many years and seemed to have grown into a powerful friendly force, but it was these Templars who were closest to Magdalene’s heart. She shared with them the Knowledge that she did not trust to anyone else.
They were the real Warriors of Radomir...
And they once became the first Perfect Mage of the Valley...
The Perfect ones were excellent warriors and the strongest magicians, Isidora, which made them much stronger than everyone else alive (except for some Magi, of course). Maria trusted them with the lives of her children, trusted herself. And then one day, feeling something was wrong, in order to avoid any trouble, she decided to entrust them with the secret of the Key of the Gods... Which, as it turned out later, was a cruel and irreparable mistake that destroyed the Great Empire of Knowledge and Light a century later... Pure and wonderful Empire of Qatar.
A terrible betrayal (with the help of the church) of one of his close friends, after the brutal death of Magdalene, gradually transformed Qatar, turning strong and proud warriors into defenseless and helpless... Making the Empire of the Sun and Light easily vulnerable and accessible. Well, the church, as usually happened at that time, quietly and calmly continued its dirty work, sending dozens of “new” Cathars to Occitania, “confidingly” whispering to others how wonderful their life would be without murder, how pure they would be without shedding blood their bright souls. And the Cathars listened to the beautiful sounding words, completely forgetting what the Golden Mary once taught them...
After all, for a calm, loving people, such as the Occitans, teaching without bloodshed was much more pleasant. Therefore, after some time, it seemed to them that this was exactly what Magdalene taught. That this would be much more correct. But for some reason, none of them even thought for a minute to think: WHY did they start teaching this openly only after the cruel death of Golden Maria?..
So, over the years, the teaching of Radomir and Magdalena turned into a helpless Great Knowledge, which there was no one to preserve and protect... And the “new” Cathars surrendered, giving themselves, their children, their wives, to the mercy of fire and the church... And they burned Children of Magdalene by the thousands, without resisting, without cursing their executioners. They burned, dreaming of a high and starry world where they would meet their Mary...

Introduction

Present is the most commonly used form in German. This tense form is used to express present and future tenses.

Beispiel

Das ist Felix. Jeden Dienstag geht er zum Fußballtraining. Er spielt

Nächsten Sonntag um 14 Uhr hat

Use

• A fact or state at a given moment in time.
  For example: Das ist Felix. This is Felix.
• An action that occurs in the present once or several times, or never occurs.
  For example: Jeden Dienstag geht er zum Fußballtraining. On Tuesdays he goes to football training.
• An action that expresses how long something has been going on.
  For example: Er spielt schon seit fünf Jahren Fußball. He has been playing football for five years.
• A pre-planned action in the future.
  For example: Nächsten Sonntag hat seine Mannschaft ein wichtiges Spiel. His team has an important game next Sunday.

Education

Infinitive ending en is omitted and the following endings are added instead:

Verbs sein And haben belong to irregular (irregular):

Features of education

• In verbs whose stems end in d/t, an additional vowel appears e before endings st And t. The exception is when the root vowel changes.
  For example: warten – du wart e st, er wart e t,ihr wart e t but: laden – du lädst, er lädt, ihr lad e t (Vowel change a on ä ) halten – du hältst, er hält, ihr halt e t
• s/ß/x/z, the letter s in the ending in the 2nd person singular. numbers are omitted.
  For example: tanzen – du tanzt (not: tanzst)
• If the stem of a word ends in ie, the letter e is omitted at the end.
  For example: knien – ich knie, wir knie n, sie knie n(not: kniee, knieen)
• In some strong verbs the stem of the word changes.
  For example: lesen – ich lese, du l ie st, er l ie st, wir lesen, ihr lest, sie lesen
• If the infinitive ends in eln/ern, the letter e is omitted at the end. In words with endings eln in 1st person unit numbers can also omit the letter e of the word stem.
  For example: lächeln – ich läch( e)le, wir lächel n, this is lächel n wandern – ich wandere, wir wander n, sie wander n

One of the six tenses of the German language. It serves to convey the action at the present moment in time, both in the absolute and in the relative use of the tense forms of the German verb. Präsens exists in two voices: Aktiv and Passiv.

Präsens functions [ | ]

The tense Präsens in German has the following main functions, that is, it is used in the following cases:

• Current action:

• Time-constant action:

• The action is repeated over time:

Education Präsens[ | ]

In Indikativ [ | ]

In the active indicative mood, Präsens is formed by simply adding the personal ending to the stem of the infinitive. Most verbs have the following system of personal endings: ich - e, du- (e)st, er (sie, es) - (e)t, wir- en,ihr- (e)t, sie- en. The exception is verbs sein, werden and preterite present verbs. The presence of an additional vowel in endings (e)t And (e)st- this is a way to prevent consonants from joining in verbs whose stems end in t(leiten), d(reden), ffn(öffnen), tm(atmen), etc. Root vowels in strong verbs can take an umlaut ( a goes into ä : fahren → fährt) or ablaut ( e goes into i: helfen → hilft).

In the passive voice, Präsens refers to the verb werden, which does not obey general rules. The voice tense itself is formed by combining the verb werden with Partizip II of the semantic verb within one construction. For example: Dieses Buch wird jetzt gelesen. When using a modal verb in a passive sentence, the auxiliary verb remains infinitive and goes into last place, and in Präsens the modal verb itself becomes: Der Verletzte muss sofort operiert werden. In the stative (passive state) in Präsens the verb becomes sein, playing the role of an auxiliary.

In Konjunktiv [ | ]

The present tense subjunctive has a simple formation scheme: a suffix is ​​added to the base of the infinitive -e- and an appropriate personal ending. There is no personal ending for the first and second person singular. In this case, the root vowel remains unchanged. Präsens Konjunktiv Aktiv often plays the role of an imperative, although more often it expresses a real wish.

The passive voice of the subjunctive mood is formed using the verb werden in Präsens Konjunktiv and Partizip II of the semantic verb.

Present tense Präsens used to describe actions or events occurring at the present moment or in the future (if there is a time adverb).

Read more about the present tense in German

Wir gehen zusammen ins Kino. – We are all going to the cinema together.
Nächste Woche gehen wir zusammen ins Kino. – Next week we are all going to the cinema together.

All personal and tense forms of verbs are formed from the stem, which, in turn, is formed from the initial form of the verb - the infinitive.

In the infinitive, German verbs end in -en(sehen, machen, schreiben).

Of course, Russian verbs also have an infinitive; it ends in -(i)t, -(a)t, -(o)t, -(e)t, -(i)t, eg: speak, give, weed, sit, apply. The stem (root) of a verb is a verb without an ending, i.e.: sehen - seh, machen - mach, schreiben - schrei b, etc.

In German there is a distinction strong and weak verbs. Weak verbs are conjugated and form tense forms according to the rules; strong verbs have certain features. Whether the verb is strong or weak, you should remember it. Strong verbs in the dictionary are indicated by an asterisk, and their features in the formation of tense forms are usually indicated in the table at the end of the dictionary.

Weak verbs include verbs such as: sagen, machen, warten, erzählen.

In the present tense (present), such verbs are conjugated by adding the following personal endings to the stem:

Many strong verbs are conjugated using the same rule:

Most strong verbs in the 2nd and 3rd person singular undergo root changes.

Verbs with the root vowel -e change it in the 2nd and 3rd person singular. numbers on -(i)e .

Please note that verbs whose stem ends in s, -ss, -x, -z, -tz have singular endings in the second person. number s falls out and therefore coincides with the third person form singular. h.

→ Lesen – liest (not liesst!)
→ Beißen – beißt (not beißst!)
→ Boxen – boxt (not boxst!)

Verbs whose stem ends in -d, -t, as well as in -m, -n with a preceding consonant (-ffn, -gn, -chn, -dm, -tm), add units in the 2nd and 3rd person. including the endings -est and -et, respectively.

The German language has verbs with separable and inseparable prefixes. Detachable attachments include: -ab, -an, -auf, -aus, -bei, -ein, -mit, -zu, -vor, -wieder, -her.

The peculiarity of these prefixes is that in certain grammatical forms they are separated from the verb. For example, in the present tense (Präsens) they are separated and placed in last place:

→ Wo kommst du her? (herkommen).
→ Der Zug kommt um 12.30 in München an. (ankommen).
→ Heute ziehe ich was Schönes an, ich habe Besuch (anziehen).
→ Kommt Herr Bauer zum Abendessen mit? (mitkommen).

Inseparable prefixes include: -be, -ge, -er, -ver, -zer, -ent, -emp, -miss, -wider. They are never separated from the verb:

→ Gefällt dir dieses Kleid?
→ Verstehst du, was der Schaffner sagt?
→ Mein Opa erzählt oft von dem Krieg.

Exercises/ ÜBUNGEN

1. Read the following descriptions and determine which room they are talking about:

1. Klaus ist wieder zu Hause und ruht sich nach der Arbeit aus. Vor ihm auf dem Tisch liegteine Zeitung, steht eine Tasse Kaffee, in der Ecke läuft der Fernseher. Klaus sitzt gerne nach der Arbeit im…
2. Du kommst nach Hause, du hast Hunger. Auf dem Tisch findest du eine Obstschale, aberdas kann deinen Hunger nicht stillen. Du hast keine Lust, musst aber noch selber was kochen. Du gehst in…
3. Die Kinder sind müde. Sie haben den ganzen Tag getobt und wollen ins Bett. Aber erstsollen sie noch Zähne putzen. Sie gehen in…
4. Ich habe heute Besuch. Die ganze Familie kommt zum Frühstück. Ich backe Brötchen,packe den Aufschnitt aus, mache Kaffee. Den Tisch für 12 Personen im … habe ich schon gedeckt.
5. Es ist so schön warm heute! Viel zu schade, um drin zu sitzen! Wollen wir heute draußen auf der…frühstücken?
6. Willst du gleich die Wohnung sauber machen? Wir helfen dir. Ich räume im Wohnzimmerauf, Anna kann staub saugen und Peter…wo ist er eigentlich? Noch nicht wach?! Er ist doch nicht noch im...?!

Make 3 similar riddles from 1st person unit. h.; 1st person plural h.; 2 faces unit

2. Read the following text, translate it, write down all the verbs, determine their person and number and conjugate them in writing (the verb werden has a special conjugation).

Ich heiße Tanja. Ich bin Betreuerin und warte auf die Studenten, die gleich mit dem Zug in Berlin ankommen. Wenn alle da sind, gehen wir zusammen zum Bus und er bringt uns in die Orte, wo die Studenten ihr Praktikum machen werden. Ihre Gastfamilien warten schon auf sie. Einige Studenten sprechen sehr schlecht deutsch und brauchen besondere Unterstützung. Heute kommen sechs Studenten. Ein Mädchen, Anja, spricht deutsch nicht besonders gut, versteht aber alles. Andere Studenten sagen, dass sie etwas schüchtern ist und überhaupt nicht viel spricht, die schriftliche Prüfung hat sie aber gut bestanden! Na ja, in einem halben Jahr wird sich das ändern! Nach einem Jahr Praktikum können die meisten Studenten Deutsch viel besser! Man muss nur fleißig sein.