Test work on the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. Main activities of the partisan movement

100 RUR bonus for first order

Select the type of work Diploma work Course work Abstract Master's thesis Report on practice Article Report Review Test work Monograph Problem solving Business plan Answers to questions Creative work Essay Drawing Essays Translation Presentations Typing Other Increasing the uniqueness of the text Master's thesis Laboratory work On-line help

Find out the price

The partisan movement (partisan war 1941 - 1945) is one of the sides of the USSR’s resistance to the fascist troops of Germany and the allies during the Great Patriotic War.

The partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War was very large-scale and, most importantly, well organized. It differed from other popular uprisings in that it had a clear command system, was legalized and subordinated to Soviet power. The partisans were controlled by special bodies, their activities were prescribed in several legislative acts and had goals described personally by Stalin. The number of partisans during the Great Patriotic War numbered about a million people; more than six thousand different underground detachments were formed, which included all categories of citizens.

The purpose of the guerrilla war of 1941-1945. - destruction of the infrastructure of the German army, disruption of food and weapons supplies, destabilization of the entire fascist machine.

The beginning of the guerrilla war and the formation of partisan detachments

Guerrilla warfare is an integral part of any protracted military conflict, and quite often the order to start a guerrilla movement comes directly from the country's leadership. This was the case with the USSR. Immediately after the start of the war, two directives were issued, “To Party and Soviet organizations in the front-line regions” and “On the organization of the struggle in the rear of German troops,” which spoke of the need to create popular resistance to help the regular army. In fact, the state gave the go-ahead for the formation of partisan detachments. A year later, when the partisan movement was in full swing, Stalin issued an order “On the tasks of the partisan movement,” which described the main directions of the underground’s work.

An important factor for the emergence of partisan resistance was the formation of the 4th Directorate of the NKVD, in whose ranks special groups were created that were engaged in subversive work and reconnaissance.

On May 30, 1942, the partisan movement was legalized - the Central Headquarters of the partisan movement was created, to which local headquarters in the regions, headed, for the most part, by the heads of the Central Committee of the Communist Party were subordinate. The creation of a single administrative body gave impetus to the development of large-scale guerrilla warfare, which was well organized, had a clear structure and system of subordination. All this significantly increased the efficiency of the partisan detachments.

Main activities of the partisan movement

Sabotage activities. The partisans tried with all their might to destroy the supply of food, weapons and manpower to the headquarters of the German army; very often pogroms were carried out in the camps in order to deprive the Germans of sources of fresh water and drive them out of the area.
Intelligence. An equally important part of underground activity was intelligence, both on the territory of the USSR and in Germany. The partisans tried to steal or learn the Germans' secret attack plans and transfer them to headquarters so that the Soviet army would be prepared for the attack.
Bolshevik propaganda. An effective fight against the enemy is impossible if the people do not believe in the state and do not follow common goals, so the partisans actively worked with the population, especially in the occupied territories.
Fighting. Armed clashes occurred quite rarely, but still partisan detachments entered into open confrontation with the German army.
Control of the entire partisan movement.
Restoration of USSR power in the occupied territories. The partisans tried to raise an uprising among Soviet citizens who found themselves under the yoke of the Germans.

Partisan units

By the middle of the war, large and small partisan detachments existed almost throughout the entire territory of the USSR, including the occupied lands of Ukraine and the Baltic states. However, it should be noted that in some territories the partisans did not support the Bolsheviks; they tried to defend the independence of their region, both from the Germans and from the Soviet Union.

An ordinary partisan detachment consisted of several dozen people, but with the growth of the partisan movement, the detachments began to consist of several hundred, although this happened infrequently. On average, one detachment included about 100-150 people. In some cases, units were united into brigades in order to provide serious resistance to the Germans. The partisans were usually armed with light rifles, grenades and carbines, but sometimes large brigades had mortars and artillery weapons. The equipment depended on the region and the purpose of the detachment. All members of the partisan detachment took the oath.

In 1942, the post of Commander-in-Chief of the partisan movement was created, which was occupied by Marshal Voroshilov, but the post was soon abolished and the partisans were subordinate to the military Commander-in-Chief.

There were also special Jewish partisan detachments, which consisted of Jews who remained in the USSR. The main purpose of such units was to protect the Jewish population, which was subjected to special persecution by the Germans. Unfortunately, very often Jewish partisans faced serious problems, since anti-Semitic sentiments reigned in many Soviet detachments and they rarely came to the aid of Jewish detachments. By the end of the war, Jewish troops mixed with Soviet ones.

Results and significance of guerrilla warfare

Soviet partisans became one of the main forces resisting the Germans and largely helped decide the outcome of the war in favor of the USSR. Good management of the partisan movement made it highly effective and disciplined, allowing the partisans to fight on par with the regular army.

Partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

Completed by: 9th grade student

Razyapov Salavat

The interaction of the partisans with units of the regular army was important. In 1941, during the defensive battles of the Red Army, the partisans mainly conducted reconnaissance. However, in the spring of 1943, the systematic development of plans using partisan forces began. The most striking example of effective interaction between partisans and units of the Soviet Army was the Belarusian operation of 1944, codenamed “Bagration”. In it, a powerful group of Belarusian partisans was essentially one of the fronts, coordinating its actions with the four advancing fronts of the regular army. The activities of the partisans during the Great Patriotic War were highly appreciated. More than 127 thousand of them were awarded the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War” of the 1st and 2nd degrees; over 184 thousand were awarded other medals and orders, and 249 people became Heroes of the Soviet Union, and S.A. Kovpak and A.F. Fedorov - twice.

Hello, dear readers!

Ivan Nekrasov is with you. Today we will try to highlight a sensitive topic that reveals the patriotism and popular mobilization that the citizens of the USSR faced during the occupation period. How developed did the partisan movement become during the Second World War and what fruits did it bring in the common cause of victory? How were the units formed and were they spontaneous? We will reveal to you the secret facts of the organization and management of the large-scale and unprecedented partisan movement of 1941-1945.

Few people know that the underground movement was founded from the first days of the German occupation and had a clear structure and leadership. It is generally accepted that the detachments were formed spontaneously, from local residents hiding in forests and quarries, citizens not drafted into the army and teenagers for whom the road to the front was closed due to their age. But what do we know about the organization and structure of the movement itself, which inflicted significant damage on the enemy? We will try to briefly present the publicly available facts.

Principles of the partisan movement

By a directive issued on June 29, 1941 on behalf of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks under the patronage of the Council of People's Commissars and the Supreme High Command, the Headquarters of the partisan movement was founded, headed by P.K. Ponomarenko, 1st Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Belarus. The directive recommended organizing detachments and sabotage groups in territories occupied by the enemy, whose task was subversive activities and preventing enemy actions.

The directive issued on July 18, 1941 developed the direction of the underground movement and the basic principles of subversive activities. Thus, the partisans were charged with disrupting the supply of weapons to the German army, breaking any connection between the detachments and the General Staff, preventing food supplies for the army and destabilizing the situation at the fronts.

On the periphery, command of the movement was entrusted to the chairmen of regional and district committees. In order to correct the underground members, district committees were also involved in management, and by 1942 the scale and community of partisan detachments increased a hundredfold. The partisan resistance provided an example of national unity against the German army; a striking example of the organization of the movement can be seen in the table:

The partisans in 1942 had a clear direction for action, a powerful administrative apparatus throughout the country and a morally strong composition, the basis of which were soldiers who were surrounded, subsequently supplemented by commanders specially trained in partisan schools and citizens joining the ranks of the resistance from civilians.

The total number of detachments during the Second World War was more than 6 thousand on the territory of the USSR, as well as several hundred sabotage groups conducting subversive activities abroad. The approximate number of underground fighters and partisans during the war years exceeded one million people.

Types of activities of partisan detachments

Sabotage. The basis of the resistance was underground activities to destabilize the enemy, disrupt the supply of weapons and food, and destroy communication structures and communications.
Intelligence. The support and assistance of the army in combat operations was the study and recording for further sending to the Headquarters of the enemy's deployment, its number, equipment with weapons and, if possible, the seizure of documents.
Propaganda. An important component in the fight against fascism was propaganda activities carried out by distributing leaflets, creating underground meetings in occupied territories and recruiting new members into the partisans.
Fighting. Direct participation of the underground movement in the battles was not required, but if necessary, partisan detachments actively assisted the army in liberating territories.
Identification of saboteurs. One of the tasks of the underground movement was to identify false partisans and saboteurs, capture them and transfer them to Headquarters.
Internal work to establish Soviet power. In the territories captured by the Germans, active propaganda and an internal war were carried out to restore power, mobilize the civilian population, and attract resistance to activities.

Achievements of the Popular Front

Through the efforts of partisan detachments during the Second World War, more than a million Wehrmacht soldiers and saboteurs were captured, wounded and destroyed, more than 1,100 aircraft, 4 thousand armored vehicles and tanks, and 65 thousand motor vehicles were blown up. The underground movement organized the undermining and damage of 1,600 railway crossings and bridges and more than 2 thousand kilometers of single-track rails; more than 20 thousand German trains were derailed.

The activities of the underground movement were characterized by a clear organization, thanks to which a number of organized operations were carried out to destabilize enemy forces, such as “Rail War” and “Concert”.

Through the efforts of national formations, the location of 165 enemy divisions, the concentration of 177 regiments and more than 130 individual battalions were established. Partisan reconnaissance:

identified data on 33 headquarters, including the names of command personnel and strength,
discovered 30 airfields,
70 food and weapons warehouses,
900 garrisons,
240 enemy units,
1642 trains, with information about the nature of the goods transported and the direction of movement.

It is worth noting that to fight the underground, the Nazis abandoned more than 50 divisions, which is approximately 20% of the enemy troops located in the occupied territory of the USSR. On other fronts, only 6% of the Wehrmacht troops took part in hostilities.

The unity and heroism of the underground fighters and partisans became the decisive factor in the victory. The partisan formations had their own heroes and outstanding commanders. Photos of underground detachments can still be seen in museums and on the pages of documentary books about the Second World War.

The Unified State Examination will not ask for more. Re-read the post again and take notes on the main points. Subscribe and share the article on social networks. I’ll end here, see you in the next posts

The partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War was massive. Thousands of residents of the occupied territories joined the partisans in order to fight the invader. Their courage and coordinated actions against the enemy made it possible to significantly weaken him, which influenced the course of the war and brought the Soviet Union a great victory.

The partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War was a mass phenomenon in the territory of the USSR occupied by Nazi Germany, which was characterized by the struggle of people living in the occupied lands against the forces of the Wehrmacht.

Partisans are the main part of the anti-fascist movement, the Resistance of the Soviet People. Their actions, contrary to many opinions, were not chaotic - large partisan detachments were subordinate to the governing bodies of the Red Army.

The main tasks of the partisans were to disrupt the enemy's road, air and railway communications, as well as to undermine the operation of communication lines.

Interesting! As of 1944, over one million partisans were operating in the occupied lands.

During the Soviet offensive, partisans joined the regular troops of the Red Army.

Beginning of the guerrilla war

It is now well known what role the partisans played in the Great Patriotic War. Partisan brigades began to be organized in the first weeks of hostilities, when the Red Army was retreating with huge losses.

The main goals of the Resistance movement were set out in documents dating from June 29 of the first year of the war. On September 5, they developed a wide list that formulated the main tasks for the fight in the rear of German troops.

In 1941, a special motorized rifle brigade was created, which played a vital role in the development of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War. Separate sabotage groups (usually several dozen people) were specially sent behind enemy lines in order to replenish the ranks of partisan groups.

The formation of partisan detachments was caused by the brutal Nazi regime, as well as the removal of civilians from enemy-occupied territory to Germany for hard work.

In the first months of the war, there were very few partisan detachments, since most of the people took a wait-and-see attitude. Initially, no one supplied the partisan detachments with weapons and ammunition, and therefore their role at the beginning of the war was extremely small.

In the early autumn of 1941, communication with the partisans in the deep rear improved significantly - the movement of partisan detachments intensified significantly and began to be more organized. At the same time, the interaction of the partisans with the regular troops of the Soviet Union (USSR) improved - they took part in battles together.

Often, the leaders of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War were ordinary peasants who had no military training. Later, the Headquarters sent its own officers to command the detachments.

In the first months of the war, the partisans gathered in small detachments of up to several dozen people. After less than six months, the fighters in the detachments began to number hundreds of fighters. When the Red Army went on the offensive, the detachments turned into entire brigades with thousands of defenders of the Soviet Union.

The largest detachments arose in the regions of Ukraine and Belarus, where German oppression was especially severe.

Main activities of the partisan movement

An important role in organizing the work of resistance units was the creation of the Headquarters of the Partisan Movement (TsSHPD). Stalin appointed Marshal Voroshilov to the post of commander of the Resistance, who believed that their support was the key strategic goal of the spacecraft.

In the small partisan detachments there were no heavy weapons - light weapons predominated: rifles;

rifles;
pistols;
machine guns;
grenades;
light machine guns.

Large brigades had mortars and other heavy weapons, which allowed them to fight against enemy tanks.

The partisan and underground movement during the Great Patriotic War seriously undermined the work of the German rear, reducing the combat effectiveness of the Wehrmacht in the lands of Ukraine and the Belarusian SSR.

Partisan detachment in destroyed Minsk, photo 1944

Partisan brigades were mainly engaged in blowing up railways, bridges and trains, making the rapid transfer of troops, ammunition and provisions over long distances unproductive.

The groups that were engaged in subversive work were armed with powerful explosives; such operations were led by officers from specialized units of the Red Army.

The main task of the partisans during the fighting was to prevent the Germans from preparing a defense, undermine morale and inflict such damage on their rear from which it is difficult to recover. Undermining communications - mainly railways, bridges, killing officers, depriving communications and much more - seriously helped in the fight against the enemy. The confused enemy could not resist, and the Red Army was victorious.

Initially, small (about 30 people) units of partisan detachments took part in large-scale offensive operations of the Soviet troops. Then entire brigades joined the ranks of the spacecraft, replenishing the reserves of the troops weakened by the battles.

As a conclusion, we can briefly highlight the main methods of struggle of the Resistance brigades:

Sabotage work (pogroms were carried out in the rear of the German army) in any form - especially in relation to enemy trains.
Intelligence and counterintelligence.
Propaganda for the benefit of the Communist Party.
Combat assistance by the Red Army.
Elimination of traitors to the motherland - called collaborators.
Destruction of enemy combat personnel and officers.
Mobilization of civilians.
Maintaining Soviet power in the occupied areas.

Legalization of the partisan movement

The formation of partisan detachments was controlled by the command of the Red Army - the Headquarters understood that sabotage work behind enemy lines and other actions would seriously ruin the life of the German army. The headquarters contributed to the armed struggle of the partisans against the Nazi invaders, and assistance increased significantly after the victory at Stalingrad.

If before 1942 the mortality rate in partisan detachments reached 100%, then by 1944 it had dropped to 10%.

Individual partisan brigades were controlled directly by senior leadership. The ranks of such brigades also included specially trained specialists in sabotage activities, whose task was to train and organize less trained fighters.

The support of the party significantly strengthened the power of the detachments, and therefore the actions of the partisans were directed to help the Red Army. During any offensive operation of the spacecraft, the enemy had to expect an attack from the rear.

Sign operations

The Resistance forces have carried out hundreds, if not thousands, of operations in order to undermine the enemy's combat capability. The most notable of them was the military operation “Concert”.

More than one hundred thousand soldiers took part in this operation and it took place over a vast territory: in Belarus, Crimea, the Baltic states, the Leningrad region, and so on.

The main goal is to destroy the enemy's railway communication so that he cannot replenish reserves and supplies during the battle for the Dnieper.

As a result, the efficiency of railways decreased by a catastrophic 40% for the enemy. The operation stopped due to a lack of explosives - with more ammunition, the partisans could have caused much more significant damage.

After the victory over the enemy on the Dnieper River, partisans began to participate en masse in major operations, starting in 1944.

Geography and scale of movement

Resistance units gathered in areas where there were dense forests, gullies and swamps. In the steppe regions, the Germans easily found the partisans and destroyed them. In difficult areas they were protected from the German numerical advantage.

One of the large centers of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War was in Belarus.

Belarusian partisans in the forests terrified the enemy, attacking suddenly when the Germans could not repulse the attack, and then also disappearing unnoticed.

Initially, the situation of the partisans on the territory of Belarus was extremely deplorable. However, the victory near Moscow, and then the winter offensive of the spacecraft, significantly raised their morale. After the liberation of the capital of Belarus, a partisan parade took place.

No less large-scale is the Resistance movement on the territory of Ukraine, especially in Crimea.

The cruel attitude of the Germans towards the Ukrainian people forced people en masse to join the ranks of the Resistance. However, here partisan resistance had its own characteristic features.

Very often the movement was aimed not only at fighting against the fascists, but also against the Soviet regime. This was especially evident in the territory of Western Ukraine; the local population saw the German invasion as liberation from the Bolshevik regime, and en masse went over to the side of Germany.

Participants in the partisan movement became national heroes, for example, Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, who died at the age of 18 in German captivity, becoming the Soviet Joan of Arc.

The struggle of the population against Nazi Germany took place in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Karelia and other regions.

The most ambitious operation carried out by the Resistance fighters was the so-called “Rail War”. In August 1943, large sabotage formations were transported behind enemy lines, and on the first night they blew up tens of thousands of rails. In total, more than two hundred thousand rails were blown up during the operation - Hitler seriously underestimated the resistance of the Soviet people.

As mentioned above, Operation Concert, which followed the Rail War and was associated with the offensive of the spacecraft forces, played an important role.

The partisan attacks became massive (warring groups were present on all fronts); the enemy could not react objectively and quickly - the German troops were in panic.

In turn, this caused executions of the population who assisted the partisans - the Nazis destroyed entire villages. Such actions encouraged even more people to join the Resistance.

Results and significance of guerrilla warfare

It is very difficult to fully assess the contribution of the partisans to the victory over the enemy, but all historians agree that it was extremely significant. Never before in history has the Resistance movement gained such a massive scale - millions of civilians began to stand up for their Motherland and brought it victory.

Resistance fighters not only blew up railways, warehouses and bridges - they captured Germans and handed them over to Soviet intelligence so that they would learn the enemy's plans.

At the hands of the Resistance, the defensive capacity of the Wehrmacht forces on the territory of Ukraine and Belarus was seriously undermined, which simplified the offensive and reduced losses in the ranks of the spacecraft.

Children-partisans

The phenomenon of child partisans deserves special attention. School-age boys wanted to fight the invader. Among these heroes it is worth highlighting:

Valentin Kotik;
Marat Kazei;
Vanya Kazachenko;
Vitya Sitnitsa;
Olya Demesh;
Alyosha Vyalov;
Zina Portnova;
Pavlik Titov and others.

Boys and girls were engaged in reconnaissance, supplied brigades with supplies and water, fought in battle against the enemy, blew up tanks - did everything to drive away the Nazis. Children partisans of the Great Patriotic War did no less than adults. Many of them died and received the title of “Hero of the Soviet Union.”

Heroes of the partisan movement during the Great Patriotic War

Hundreds of members of the Resistance movement became “Heroes of the Soviet Union” - some twice. Among such figures, I would like to highlight Sidor Kovpak, the commander of a partisan detachment who fought on the territory of Ukraine.

Sidor Kovpak was the man who inspired the people to resist the enemy. He was the military leader of the largest partisan unit in Ukraine and thousands of Germans were killed under his command. In 1943, for his effective actions against the enemy, Kovpak was given the rank of major general.

Next to him it is worth placing Alexey Fedorov, who also commanded a large formation. Fedorov operated on the territory of Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. He was one of the most wanted partisans. Fedorov made a huge contribution to the development of guerrilla warfare tactics, which were used in subsequent years.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, one of the most famous female partisans, also became the first woman to receive the title of “Hero of the Soviet Union.” During one of the operations, she was captured and hanged, but she showed courage to the end and did not betray the plans of the Soviet command to the enemy. The girl became a saboteur despite the commander’s words that 95% of the entire personnel would die during operations. She was assigned the task of burning down ten settlements in which German soldiers were based. The heroine was unable to fully carry out the order, since during the next arson she was noticed by a village resident who handed the girl over to the Germans.

Zoya became a symbol of resistance to fascism - her image was used not only in Soviet propaganda. The news of the Soviet partisan even reached Burma, where she also became a national hero.

Awards for members of partisan detachments

Since the Resistance played an important role in the victory over the Germans, a special award was established - the medal “Partisan of the Patriotic War”.

First class awards were often given to fighters posthumously. This applies, first of all, to those partisans who were not afraid to act in the first year of the war, being in the rear without any support from the spacecraft forces.

As war heroes, partisans appeared in many Soviet films devoted to military themes. Among the key films are the following:

"Rising" (1976).
"Konstantin Zaslonov" (1949).
The trilogy “The Thought of Kovpak”, published from 1973 to 1976.
“Partisans in the steppes of Ukraine” (1943).
“In the woods near Kovel” (1984) and many others.
The above-mentioned sources say that films about partisans began to be made during military operations - this was necessary so that people would support this movement and join the ranks of the Resistance fighters.

In addition to films, the partisans became heroes of many songs and ballads that highlighted their exploits and carried the news about them among the people.

Now streets and parks are named after famous partisans, thousands of monuments have been erected throughout the CIS countries and beyond. A striking example is Burma, where the feat of Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is honored.

In June 1943, the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus put forward a plan for the simultaneous massive destruction of sections of railways in the occupied territory of the republic. The operation was planned in three stages, each lasting 24 hours. They wanted to start the operation on August 1-5, 1943 with a sudden first massive strike, simultaneously blowing up the rails.

The operation was carried out on the territory of Belarus, Karelia, Leningrad and Kalinin regions, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Crimea occupied by fascist German troops, covering a front of about 900 km. Having defeated the enemy guards and seized the railway sections, they began massive destruction and mining of the railway track .

Hero of the Soviet Union (), secretary of the Gomel underground city party committee, chief of staff of the Gomel partisan unit, colonel. Awards: - “Gold Star” of Hero of the Soviet Union (3207) Order of Lenin Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1949) Gold Star. Order of Lenin Order of the Red Banner of Labor (1949) and other awards Emelyan Ignatievich Barykin

Soviet intelligence officer, during the Great Patriotic War, one of the organizers of the partisan movement in Belarus, commander of a partisan unit. Hero of the Soviet Union, Major General (1969). Awards: Ivan Nikolaevich Banov Order of the Red Star Order “For Service to the Motherland in the Armed Forces of the USSR” III degree Order of the Red Banner Order of Lenin (two) And other awards

In the second period of the Second World War (autumn 1942 - end of 1943), the partisan movement expanded deep behind enemy lines. The actions of the partisans turned out to be so effective that the fascist German command sent against them in the summer and autumn of 1942 144 police battalions, 27 police regiments, 8 infantry regiments, 10 SS security police and punitive divisions, 2 security corps, 72 special units, up to 15 German infantry divisions and 5 infantry divisions of their satellites, thereby weakening their forces at the front.