Mikhail Yurievich Lermontov is a famous Russian poet. More than 170 years have passed since his death. And the works still find a response in the hearts of people. His work lives on in performances, films, and books. At school, students read the immortal novel “A Hero of Our Time.” Even though teachers read this work every year, they still discover something new for themselves. The life of Mikhail Lermontov made a great contribution to the development of Russian literature.

Birth and childhood

The poet came from a wealthy family. His maternal grandfather, Mikhail Vasilyevich Arsenyev, a retired lieutenant of the guard, married Elizaveta from the powerful and wealthy Stolypin family. During their marriage they acquired the village of Tarkhany. Elizaveta Stolypina's father was elected Penza provincial leader of the nobility for several years.

But the father of the famous poet, Yuri Petrovich Lermontov, could not boast of origin; he did not really have money or influence in society. He retired with the rank of infantry captain. Maria Mikhailovna Arsenyeva, the writer’s mother, married against the will of her parents, out of love. But the husband did not live up to expectations, drank and spent the dowry on women of easy virtue, so the couple’s life together did not work out. The writer was born in Moscow in 1814. His birth did not improve the tense situation in the family. Already at the age of four the boy experienced great grief. His mother died. Mikhail was raised by his grandmother, Elizaveta Arsenyeva. The child spent his entire childhood in the Penza province in the village of Tarkhany. The father received a generous compensation and did not interfere in the child's upbringing at the request of the mother-in-law. The boy was very sick and frail, so the elderly woman constantly took care of his health, limiting her grandson’s activity and keeping a watchful eye on him.

Youth and education

In 1828, the young man entered the Noble boarding house at Moscow University. Later he studied there at the moral and political faculty, but did not graduate. Mikhail Yuryevich had a desire to go to study at St. Petersburg University. But he couldn't get in.

As a result, the poet studied at the school of guard cadets and warrant officers, where life introduced him to his future executioner, Nikolai Martynov. In 1834, Mikhail was sent to serve in the Hussar Regiment.

Success story

First works

The poet's early work is based on the works of Alexander Pushkin: the poems "Circassians" and "Prisoner of the Caucasus."

Mikhail Yuryevich considered 1828 to be the beginning of his journey. That year the poems “Autumn”, “Cupid’s Delusion”, and “Poet” were written. The author began with a description of nature, then became interested in love and rebellious lyrics, and at the end of his life he paid more attention to philosophical themes and civic motives.

Confession

Lermontov was very interested in the work of Alexander Sergeevich. He never thought that he would take a piece of the great poet’s fate for himself. Lermontov even became famous when people heard the poem “On the Death of a Poet,” dedicated to the sun of Russian poetry. This work shocked secular society. We described details from this period of his life .

Lermontov, like a warrior, came to Russian literature. Therefore, his creative world teaches readers to reject any obstacles and be strict with themselves. The poet's lyrical hero stands at a crossroads between the real and ideal world. His rebellious nature often subsides into daydreams.

The story of the poet Lermontov began not only with recognition, but also with punishment: he was sent into exile for freethinking lines.

Personal life

Varvara Lopukhina

Throughout his life, the poet was accompanied by an unhappy love for Varvara Lopukhina. Varya came from an old family. The writer met a girl on the way to the Simonov Monastery for the all-night vigil. Lopukhina was the sister of his friend Alexei. Lermontov fell in love with her character. Varvara was a cheerful, sociable and smiling girl, a wonderful muse. Mutual feeling gave the young poet inspiration, but, unfortunately, the lovers’ paths did not merge into one.

Rumors shattered the crystal and pure love of the young. In 1832, Mikhail went to St. Petersburg to study at the school of cadets. The new life eclipsed the image dear to Varvara’s heart. The girl heard stories about Lermontov’s stormy and passionate romance with Sushkova. Lopukhina decided to take a desperate step - she married, at the request of her parents, the not young, but rich Bekhmetov. The parents were sure that their daughter had drawn a lottery ticket to life - a happy marriage. But they were wrong. Their daughter never learned what family happiness is, which all ladies dream of. Bekhmetov's jealousy knew no bounds, so Lopukhina was like a bird in a cage.

The poet regarded his beloved’s wedding as a betrayal. Mikhail was jealous of Varvara, but could not do anything. I suffered, but time could not be turned back. The pain of the soul remained only on paper. Life's tragedy changed the young man's disposition. In the Caucasus, he dedicated poems to Lopukhina-Bekhmetova and painted her portraits. Over time, Lermontov's zealous, egoistic love was replaced by merciful love. The poet was happy to know such a beautiful girl. He did not blame her, but only wished her well.

Ekaterina Sushkova

The author's heart belonged to Lopukhina, but there were other women in his life too. Mikhail really liked Sushkova. She was an orphan, so her aunt raised her. Ekaterina had a friend, Alexandra Vereshchagina. In her house, a young lady met the writer.

Lermontov dedicated the “Sushkov cycle” of eleven poems to his beloved. Catherine mockingly treated the bright youthful feelings. Four years later, their paths crossed in St. Petersburg. Even then, Mikhail became an officer in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment. And the beautiful Ekaterina flirted with men, but was going to marry Alexei Lopukhin. The poet's love for Sushkova grew into resentment and a desire for revenge. The poet fell in love with an almost married lady and disrupted her wedding. He inspired her with hope for a happy future together, and then broke up with her.

Lermontov's other women did not leave such a deep mark on his life and work, so we will only say that his love story did not end with a happy ending: he was not married, he died young. He had no children.

1. In 1840, the only lifetime edition of Lermontov's works was published. Censorship prohibited the publication of many of his works.
2. The midwife looked at the newborn Misha and said that he would not die a natural death.
3. People learned about the duel between Martynov and Lermontov. They thought that Nikolai would be killed because he had a scythe and was a poor shot. But it was in a duel with a famous poet that he did not miss. It’s not surprising, because Mikhail Yuryevich constantly ridiculed him in society, and his friend harbored a grudge for a long time.
4. Lermontov was an interesting poet, an excellent artist and knew mathematics well.
5. Mikhail is the second cousin of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin, the famous reformer.
6. Mikhail Yuryevich had a terrible character: he was a bilious joker, a cynic and a reserved person. He hated the service, but he couldn’t find anything else to do.
7. Lermontov was very offended by his grandmother because she forbade him and his father to see each other.

Creation

The image of Lermontov in lyrics

The image of the poet in the lyrics is tragic. He lost faith in the feasibility of his dream of an ideal. Mikhail Yuryevich in his poems seems to be trying to break through the wall of misunderstanding between himself and the world.

His lyrical hero is a rebellious and underestimated person. He most often complains to women, because in his life the man lacked their attention. He associates himself with a beggar, a hermit, a wanderer, etc. In each main character of Lermontov's works we see the features of the author himself. Mtsyri's unhappy childhood echoes the fate of Mikhail Yuryevich himself, separated from his father. In Pechorin’s character we see the same uncertainty of goals and objectives, the same disdain for women, the same fatal wit as the writer himself.

Main topics

The poet touches on various topics in his work: loneliness, homeland, relationships between the crowd and the poet, love, etc. The first two topics occur frequently. The poet raises the theme of loneliness in the poems: “Sail”, “Prisoner”, “Loneliness”, “Both Bored and Sad” and many others. Lermontov always considered himself a stranger in any company. Society did not understand or accept him.

The theme of the homeland is found in the works: “Farewell, unwashed Russia”, “Borodino”, “I ran through the countries of Russia”. The poet revealed this theme through the struggle for freedom against the slave chains of autocracy or through confrontation with the real invader of his native land.

Death

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov could not even imagine that he had known his executioner for a very long time. Nikolai Martynov is a close friend and a killer. The death of the poet is a mystery because there are many versions. One of the reasons for death is the poet's very caustic language. He knew the weaknesses of his surroundings. One day Lermontov decided to play a joke on Martynov. He called him “the man with the dagger”, “highlander”, drew caricatures, people laughed for a long time. But Mikhail did not even mean that the cruel joke would be the beginning of the end of his life. Martynov asked not to joke in front of the ladies, but Lermontov continued. After this, Nikolai set a date for the fight, but none of those around him took this statement seriously. Mikhail could have made peace with his old friend, but for some reason he did not dare to take this step. They tried to dissuade Nikolai Solomovich from the duel, but the mood was decisive. Lermontov's friends thought that the duel would end in reconciliation. Even the conditions were violated: there was no doctor, there were no allocated seconds, there were spectators. Martynov was afraid of society's ridicule, so he shot in the chest, once and for all.

The famous poet died instantly after being wounded. He was buried on July 17 at the Pyatigorsk cemetery. The grandmother argued with the authorities to give permission to bury the body in Tarkhany. He was buried there 250 days later.

Glinka 1856, shortly before his death

When talking about the Russian national school of composition, one cannot fail to mention Mikhail Ivanovich Glinka. At one time, he had a considerable influence on the members of the Mighty Handful, who at that time formed the stronghold of the art of composition in Russia. He also had a significant influence on Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.

Childhood of Mikhail Ivanovich

Mikhail Ivanovich was born in 1804, on his father’s estate, in the village of Novospasskoye, in the Smolensk province. He had prominent ancestors. For example, the composer’s great-grandfather was a Polish nobleman, Victorin Vladislavovich Glinka, from whom his grandson inherited family history and a coat of arms. When the Smolensk region came under Russian rule as a result of the war, Glinka changed his citizenship and became a Russian Orthodox. He was able to maintain his power thanks to the power of the church.

Glinka Jr. was raised by his grandmother, Fekla Alexandrovna. The mother practically did not participate in raising her son. So Mikhail Ivanovich grew up to be such a nervous, touchy person. He himself remembers these times as if he were growing up in a kind of “mimosa.”

After the death of his grandmother, he came under the wing of his mother, who put a lot of effort into completely re-educating her beloved son.

The little boy learned to play the violin and piano from about the age of ten.

Life and creativity

Initially, Glinka was taught music by a governess. Later, his parents sent him to a noble boarding school in St. Petersburg. There he met Pushkin. He came there to visit his younger brother, Mikhail’s classmate.

1822-1835

In 1822, the young man completed his studies at the boarding school, but did not give up his music studies. He continues to play music in noble salons, and also sometimes leads his uncle's orchestra. Around this time, Glinka became a composer: he wrote a lot, while intensively experimenting in a variety of genres. At the same time, he wrote some songs and romances that are well known today.

Among such songs are “Don’t tempt me unnecessarily”, “Don’t sing, beauty, in front of me”.

In addition, he intensively gets acquainted with other composers. All this time, we are working to improve our style. The young composer remained dissatisfied with his work.

At the end of April 1830, the young man moved to Italy. At the same time, he makes a long trip around Germany, which stretches throughout the summer months. At this time he tried his hand at the genre of Italian opera.

It is worth noting that at this time his compositions no longer became youthfully mature.

In 1833 he worked in Berlin. When news of his father's death arrives, he immediately returns to Russia. And at the same time, a plan to create a Russian opera is born in his head. For the plot, he chose legends about Ivan Susanin. And soon after marrying his distant relative, he returns to Novospasskoye. There he, with fresh strength, sets to work on the opera.

1836-1844

Around 1836, he completed work on the opera “A Life for the Tsar.” But it was much more difficult to install it. The fact is that the director of the imperial theaters prevented this. But he gave the opera to Katerino Cavos for judgment, and he left the most flattering review about it.

The opera was received with extraordinary enthusiasm. As a result, Glinka wrote the following lines to his mother:

“Yesterday evening my wishes were finally fulfilled, and my long labor was crowned with the most brilliant success. The public received my opera with extraordinary enthusiasm, the actors went wild with zeal... the Emperor... thanked me and talked with me for a long time..."

After the opera, Glinka was appointed conductor of the Court Singing Chapel. He subsequently led it for two years.

Exactly six years after the premiere of Ivan Susanin, Glinka presented Ruslan and Lyudmila to the public. He began work on it during the poet’s lifetime, but he managed to finish it only with the help of minor poets.

1844-1857

The new opera experienced great criticism. Glinka was very upset by this fact, and decided to go on a long trip abroad. Now he decided to go to France, and then to Spain, where he continues to work. So he traveled until the summer of 1947. At this time he is working on the genre of symphonic music.

He traveled for a long time, lived for two years in Paris, where he took a break from constant travel on stagecoaches and by rail. From time to time he returns to Russia. But in 1856 he left for Berlin, where he died on February 15.

Brief biography of M. Gandhi

Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand is an Indian politician, public figure, ideologist and one of the leaders of the movement for national independence. Born on October 2, 1869 in the north of the country, in the principality of Porbander, where his father served as chief minister. The family was very religious, lived an intense spiritual life, strictly adhered to traditions, practiced strict vegetarianism, and the worldview of the future “father of the nation” was formed under the influence of the ethical and religious tenets of Hinduism. As a thirteen-year-old teenager, Mohandas married a girl his age, whose marriage gave birth to four sons.

At the age of 19, Gandhi left for London to study as a lawyer in the English capital. In 1891, he returned to his homeland with a lawyer's diploma, but his professional activities did not give the results he expected, so the young lawyer went to South Africa in 1893 and got a job in an Indian trading company as a legal adviser. Abroad, he gradually became involved in the Indian rights movement.

After returning to his homeland in 1915, a new stage began in the life of Mohandas Gandhi, which connected his entire subsequent biography with the struggle against discrimination against his compatriots and violence in its various manifestations. Gandhi joined the INC party - the Indian National Congress, fighting for the independence of India from Great Britain. With the light hand of Rabindranath Tagore, a famous Indian writer, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature, Gandhi began to be called Mahatma (translated as “great soul”). His compatriots had great respect for this modest man in dress and needs, who considered himself unworthy of such a flattering title and devoted much effort to the struggle for their better life. In 1921, Mohandas Gandhi became the leader of the INC.

The principles of struggle (both tactical and ideological) proclaimed by Gandhi became widely known as “Gandhism” and were based on the concept of “satyagraha”, “persistence in truth” - resistance based on non-violent action. A noticeable influence on its formation was exerted, in particular, by the teaching of Leo Tolstoy on non-resistance to evil through violence. It was in this way that Gandhi and his like-minded people resisted the dictates of Great Britain - for example, by ignoring products produced by British manufacturers. Gandhi made a serious contribution to the elimination of caste inequality.

The consistent implementation of the principle of non-violence was repeatedly subjected to serious tests and pitted Gandhi against the Congress, which did not consider it necessary to extend such a strategy to foreign policy. Fundamental differences on this issue and compromise solutions in the summer of 1940 and winter of 1941 were given to Gandhi, according to eyewitnesses, at the cost of great mental suffering.

One of Gandhi's priorities was the fight against national-religious strife between Hindus and Muslims, which had torn India apart for centuries. In 1947, the former British colony was divided into the Republic of India, where the majority of the population was Hindu, and Pakistan, with a predominance of Muslims, and this event served as a reason for a new aggravation of relations.

Mahatma Gandhi made calls to stop the senseless violence, but all attempts were in vain, and then in January 1948 he went on a hunger strike. Since Gandhi was a great authority for both warring parties, they entered into a compromise agreement. But an extremist Hindu group decided to remove from the political horizon the bright, charismatic personality of the Mahatma, who was hindering their fight against the Muslims, and organized a major anti-government conspiracy. On January 20, 1948, there was an assassination attempt on Gandhi: a homemade bomb exploded near him, causing no harm to anyone. 78-year-old Gandhi categorically refused enhanced security, and already on January 30, 1948, his life was cut short by three bullets fired by a terrorist. With his last gestures, Mohandas Gandhi made it known that he would grant forgiveness to his killer.

2. Collapse of Yugoslavia. Civil war and its consequences.

An independent state of the South Slavic peoples was formed in Europe in 1918. Since 1929 it began to be called Yugoslavia, in 1945, after the liberation of the country from fascist occupation, it was proclaimed the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia, and in 1963 it received the name Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). It included the union republics of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro. In addition, two autonomous regions were allocated within Serbia - Vojvodina (with a significant Hungarian population) and Kosovo and Metohija (with a predominance of the Albanian population).

Despite the kinship of all South Slavic peoples, significant religious and ethnolinguistic differences remained between them. Thus, Serbs, Montenegrins and Macedonians profess the Orthodox religion, Croats and Slovenes – Catholic, and Albanians and Muslim Slavs – Islam. Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins and Muslim Slavs speak Serbo-Croatian, Slovenes speak Slovenian, and Macedonians speak Macedonian. In the SFRY, two scripts were used - based on the Cyrillic alphabet (Serbia, Montenegro and Macedonia) and the Latin alphabet (Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina). It is important to emphasize that to these ethnolinguistic features were added very significant differences of a socio-economic nature, primarily between the more developed Croatia and Slovenia and the less developed other parts of the SFRY, which aggravated many social contradictions. For example, Orthodox and Catholics believed that one of the main reasons for the country's high unemployment rate was the high population growth in its Muslim areas.

For the time being, the authorities of the SFRY managed to prevent extreme manifestations of nationalism and separatism. However, in 1991–1992. Ethnic intolerance, aggravated by the fact that many borders between the union republics were initially drawn without due consideration of the national-ethnic composition of the population, acquired a very large scale, and many political parties began to speak out under openly nationalist slogans. As a result, it was during these years that the SFRY collapsed: in 1991, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia separated from it, and in 1992, a new Yugoslav federation was formed - the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), which included Serbia and Montenegro (Fig. 10). This rapid disintegration of the SFRY occurred in various forms - both relatively peaceful (Slovenia, Macedonia) and extremely violent (Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina).

The separation was of the most peaceful nature Slovenia, during which, although it was not possible to avoid a small armed conflict, it turned out to be only an episode in this rather calm “divorce” process. And in the future, no serious political, let alone military-political complications arose here.

Separation from the SFRY Macedonia was accompanied not by military, but by diplomatic conflict. After the declaration of independence of this state, neighboring Greece refused to recognize it. The point here is that until 1912 Macedonia was part of the Ottoman Empire, and after liberation from Turkish rule its territory was divided between Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria and Albania. Consequently, independent Macedonia, which separated from the SFRY, covered only one of the four parts of this historical region, and Greece feared that the new state would lay claim to its Greek part as well. Therefore, Macedonia was ultimately admitted to the UN with the wording “Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia”.

Comparing the creative baggage of Mikhail Lermontov with the number of years he has lived, it becomes clear that we have before us a genius. At 10 he wrote plays for the home theater, read French, German and English classics in the original, drew beautifully, at 15 he wrote the first edition of the poem “Demon”, at 20 - the drama in verse “Masquerade”, at 24 - the novel “A Hero of Our Time” " And at the age of 26, Lermontov died.

Childhood and youth

Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was born on the night of October 15, 1814 in Moscow. The poet’s grandmother Elizaveta Alekseevna Arsenyeva is a noblewoman from the noble Stolypin family. The minister is the poet's second cousin.

Powerful and wealthy Elizaveta Arsenyeva did not want her only daughter to marry Yuri Lermontov, a handsome military man from an impoverished family. His dubious origins from the Scotsman George Learmont did not inspire confidence in her. Later, the British company Oxford Ancestors denied the poet’s relationship with the Lermonts using DNA analysis, confirming Arsenyeva’s doubts.

As the woman predicted, the personal life of her daughter Masha, who “jumped out” to marry the red tape Yuri Lermontov at the age of 16, turned out to be unhappy. The husband began to cheat on his young wife almost immediately after the wedding. He started an affair with the German nanny of Misha’s son, and chased courtyard girls. And when the wife reproached her husband for cheating, she received a punch in the face. 21-year-old Maria Arsenyeva-Lermontova died of transient consumption, leaving 2-year-old Misha half-orphaned.

Elizaveta Alekseevna, who was 44 years old at the time of her daughter’s death, took her grandson away from her son-in-law by issuing a promissory note to Lermontov for 25 thousand rubles. Yuri left the Stolypin family estate, and Misha’s grandmother took up raising him. The woman adored her grandson and spared no expense on his education and health. Mikhail Lermontov grew up as a sickly scrofulous boy, and his grandmother hired the French doctor Anselm Levy for his grandson.

The domineering mother-in-law occasionally allowed the father to meet with his son, which caused both of them to suffer.

“I became a prey torn apart,” Mikhail Lermontov later complained.

The future classic's childhood and adolescence were spent on the Tarkhany estate in the Penza province. Elizaveta Alekseevna hired teachers for his education. A former officer in the Napoleonic army, Frenchman Capet, taught the boy French. After the death of the teacher, his place was taken by the emigrant Shandro, whom Mikhail Lermontov later described in the poem “Sashka”, calling him the Marquis de Tess and the “Parisian Adonis”. Shandro was replaced by the Englishman Vindson, who introduced the young man to English literature. Lermontov's love for creativity comes from a British teacher.

Mikhail Lermontov grew up watching village life on his family estate, listening to folk songs and legends about and from peasants.

A trip with his grandmother to the Caucasus left a deep imprint on the life and creative biography of Mikhail Lermontov. In Goryachevodsk, a 10-year-old boy fell in love for the first time and 2 years later dedicated the poem “To the Genius” to his first muse.

Poetry

In September 1828, Mikhail Lermontov was enrolled in the 4th grade of the capital's university boarding school. In December, the boy was transferred to the fifth grade, given a painting and a book for his diligence. This year is significant in that Lermontov counted the beginning of his creativity from it.

At the boarding school, the teenager began to compile handwritten journals. In one of them, called “Morning Dawn,” the young poet became the main collaborator and published the first poem “Indian Woman”. But two years after the boarding school was transformed into a gymnasium, Misha left his studies.

16-year-old Mikhail Lermontov spent the summer in the Moscow region, on the Stolypins’ Serednikovo estate. Vereshchagina's relatives lived nearby. Lermontov was friends with Alexandra Vereshchagina. The girl introduced Mikhail to her friend, the “black-eyed beauty” Ekaterina Sushkova, with whom the young man fell in love. The young poet’s feelings remained unanswered; he suffered unbearably. Katya chuckled at the lovelorn, clumsy and homely boy. Later, Sushkova will understand that she made a fatal mistake by mocking the unfortunate young man.

In the fall of 1830, Mikhail Lermontov entered Moscow University, choosing the moral and political department. For two years he studied with Vissarion Belinsky, Alexander Herzen and Nikolai Ogarev. During his student years, Lermontov wrote the drama “The Strange Man,” which condemned serfdom. Mikhail showed an impudent disposition and discourtesy, for which the teachers took revenge on him during the exams: the young man “failed” the exams.

Lermontov refused to stay for a second year and left the university, moving with his grandmother to St. Petersburg. An attempt to enroll in the second year was unsuccessful: Mikhail was offered to start from the first. On the advice of friends and grandmother, the young man entered the school of guards ensigns and cavalry cadets, where he studied for two years, calling them “scary” because of the military drill.

In St. Petersburg, the previously clumsy and gloomy Mikhail Lermontov was transformed: the young man became the life of the party, caroused and drove beauties crazy. The young man's sharp mind, erudition, and sarcasm were noted by friends and high society ladies.

In 1835, the poet's works first appeared in print. Lermontov’s comrade, without his knowledge, gave the story “Hadzhi-Abrek” to print.

Since the second half of the 30s, Mikhail Lermontov's poems have been readily published. Critics and readers warmly received the poem “Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich...”. In the poems “Dagger” (“My Iron Friend”), “Poet” and “Duma,” Lermontov proclaimed the ideals of civic poetry. The folk theme and Russian character are outlined in the poems “Borodino” and “Motherland”.

A striking example of romanticism is the verse “Sail,” first published in Otechestvennye zapiski. Reading the lines, the emotional impulses of the 18-year-old poet become clear.

During the years of his life in St. Petersburg, Mikhail Lermontov observed the morals of the aristocracy - observations form the basis of the drama “Masquerade,” which the poet rewrote several times, but never broke through the censorship wall.

The turning point from Lermontov's early to mature work occurred in 1837, after the publication of an angry response to death. The poem “The Death of a Poet,” condemning the murderer and the court nobility, named by Lermontov as the culprit of the tragedy, was read throughout Russia. Pushkin's friends and admirers of his talent greeted the poem with admiration, and his enemies, including society ladies who sided with the handsome Dantes, were indignant.

Having learned about the negative reaction of the light, Mikhail Lermontov added spice. The first poem ended with the line: “And on his lips is a seal.” The continuation became a challenge to the “arrogant descendants”: the poems were seen as an appeal to the revolution.

Links

After the poem appeared, a trial and arrest followed. The emperor watched the process. Lermontov's grandmother and Pushkin's friends, including, tried to soften the fate of Mikhail Lermontov. The rebel was sent into exile in the Caucasus, as an ensign in a dragoon regiment.

The first exile lasted six months, but greatly changed Lermontov. The picturesque nature of the Caucasus, the life of the highlanders, and local folklore were reflected in the works of the “Caucasian” period. But the poet’s youthful gaiety melted away, giving way to “black melancholy.”

After returning to the St. Petersburg high society, Mikhail Lermontov is in the center of attention: he is admired by some and hated by others. The Caucasus inspired the poet to write poems, conceived and begun in Moscow: “Demon” and “Mtsyri” appeared, works that complement each other.

After his exile, Mikhail Lermontov brought new works to St. Petersburg, which are published in every issue of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. Mikhail Yuryevich entered the circle of close friends of Pushkin and is at the peak of his popularity. He is still cocky and sarcastic. A quarrel with the son of the French ambassador, Ernest de Barent, in February 1840 ends in a duel. Lermontov and de Barant met across the Black River, not far from the site of Pushkin’s duel with Dantes. Ernest de Barant missed, and Mikhail Lermontov shot to the side.

The authorities found out about the duel, the poet was arrested and handed over to a military court. The emperor ordered the duelist to be exiled to the Caucasus for the second time, but now to an army regiment that fought on the front line. Lermontov distinguished himself by showing courage, but by order of Nicholas I did not receive any awards.

One of the poet’s last poems, “I Go Out Alone on the Road,” appeared at the end of May 1841. Critics saw in it the “lyrical result of the quest” to which Mikhail Lermontov turned at the end of his earthly journey. A few weeks before the murder, the poet composed the poem “The Cliff,” which was published 2 years after his death.

Novels

In St. Petersburg, during breaks between drills, Mikhail Lermontov composed the novel “Vadim,” in which he described the events of the Pugachev uprising.

But the apotheosis of Lermontov’s realism is the novel “A Hero of Our Time,” written in 1840, shortly before his death. The image of Pechorin is shown against the contrasting background of the life of Russian society. The contradiction between the depth of Pechorin’s nature and the futility of his actions is autobiographical. The innovation of the novel is in its subtle psychologism and revelation of the spiritual life of the characters, which none of the Russian writers had done before.

Personal life

Mikhail Lermontov wrote:

“I loved three times - three times hopelessly.”

The poet, according to the description of a contemporary young lady, was not distinguished by beauty. He is short, stocky, has a gloomy look in his black eyes, an unkind smile, a nervous young man who looks like a spoiled and spiteful child.

Lermontov's three main loves got married: Ekaterina Sushkova, with whom Mikhail fell in love at the age of 16, Natalya Ivanova, to whom he dedicated the “Ivanovo Cycle,” Varvara Lopukhina, whom the poet loved until the end of his life.

Mikhail Lermontov took brutal revenge on Sushkova 5 years later. Having learned that the girl was going to get married, he upset the wedding, playing out passion and making Catherine fall in love with him. The bride, compromised in the eyes of the world, suffered for a long time. The story of the tragic relationship is reminiscent of the love line of the novel “A Hero of Our Time.”

The poet took the news of Varenka Lopukhina’s marriage painfully. When Varvara got married, Lermontov never called her by her husband’s last name - Bakhmeteva: his beloved remained Lopukhina for him.

Death

The winter of 1840-41 turned out to be Lermontov's last. He came to St. Petersburg on vacation, dreaming of retirement and literary work. The grandmother, who dreamed of a military career for her grandson and did not share his passion for literature, dissuaded Mikhail from submitting his resignation. Lermontov returned to the Caucasus with an anxious heart.

In Pyatigorsk, a fatal quarrel occurred between Mikhail Lermontov and retired major Nikolai Martynov, whom he met in Moscow and even visited his parents’ house. Martynov later said that in Pyatigorsk Lermontov did not miss a single opportunity to make barbs at him.

The duel took place on July 27, 1841. The opponents agreed to shoot until the end. Mikhail Lermontov fired upward, and Martynov fired point-blank into the enemy’s chest, killing him outright. A thunderstorm and heavy rain prevented the doctor from arriving at the scene, and the murdered poet lay on the ground for a long time.

At Lermontov's funeral, despite the efforts of his friends, there was no church ceremony. In St. Petersburg, the news of the poet’s death was greeted with the words: “That’s where he belongs.” According to the memoirs of Pavel Vyazemsky, the emperor dropped: “A dog is a dog’s death,” but after the Grand Duchess’s reproach, he came out to those present and proclaimed that “the one who could replace Pushkin for us has been killed.”

Lermontov was buried on July 29, 1841 at the old cemetery in Pyatigorsk. But after 250 days, Mikhail Yuryevich’s grandmother obtained permission from the emperor to transport the body to Tarkhany.

In April 1842, the body in a lead coffin was buried in the family chapel-burial vault, next to his grandfather and mother.

Memory

Lermontov's books have undergone dozens of reprints. The latest one was in 2014: a collection of works in 4 volumes was published by the Pushkin House Publishing House in 300 copies.

Streets, squares, and libraries in Russia and post-Soviet republics bear the name of Mikhail Yuryevich. In Odessa, city library No. 16 and a clinical sanatorium are named after the poet.

The minor planet number 2222, discovered in March 1981, is named “Lermontov”.

A monument to Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov was erected in Grozny on Prospekt, next to the Drama Theater named after M. Yu. Lermontov. On the pedestal are the poet's lines:

“Like the sweet song of my Fatherland, I love the Caucasus!”

Bibliography

• "Hadji Abrek"
• "Demon"
• "Mtsyri"
• "Borodino"
• "Song about Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich"
• "Thought"
• "Bela"
• "Fatalist"
• "Taman"
• "Sail"
• "Izmail-Bey"
• "Death of a Poet"
• "Hero of Our Time"

In 1830, Mikhail Yuryevich entered Moscow University. According to one version, the Lermontov family originates from the Scottish Lermontov family, the most prominent representative of which was Thomas Lermont, who lived in the 13th century and is better known as Honest Thomas. She was never shy in her statements characterizing the child’s father. Prose becomes the main thing in his work.

The biography of Mikhail Lermontov continued with grandmother Arsenyeva, who took her grandson for upbringing, forbidding his father to see him. Mikhail Yuryevich’s father was a retired military man and had the rank of captain.

Lermontov entered the moral and political department of Moscow University in 1830. The talent of the huge number of works created in such a short life allows him to rightfully stand on a par with the classics of Russian and world literature. The poem in its original form ended with the words: “and the seal is on his lips.”

Many of Lermontov's drawings and paintings depict specific places in the Caucasus, undoubtedly drawn from life, since they are very accurate in detail. After he wrote and published the poem “The Death of a Poet” on Pushkin’s death, he was arrested and sent into exile in the Caucasus, where most residents show great interest in maintaining the site. No matter how small Lermontov was at that time, no matter how much of the discord between his father and grandmother was hidden from him, this difficult family drama made him think early about relationships between people and feel lonely.

The turning point in Lermontov’s biography was a poem written for the death of A.S. Pushkin in 1837. The writer explained that he was writing about “how Russian history and literature tried to complete Gogol’s novel Dead Souls.” From him came the Lermontovs, already in the second generation, who converted to Orthodoxy.

Lermontov in the eyes of society looks like an innocent victim, but for the poet himself, his stay in the Caucasus has a positive and beneficial effect. According to the recollections of one of his contemporaries, under arrest Lermontov continued to write, and he did it on the paper in which the valet brought him lunch, using ink made from wine and soot. A hitherto unknown outstanding literary talent was revealed to the public, and the accusatory pathos of the work was perceived as an appeal to revolution. After thinking, the poet refused - he did not want to waste two years. In his next exile, the poet goes to the Caucasus, after a duel with Barant, but this time on the battlefield. The poems "Sashka" and "Boyar Orsha" are published, he begins to write the novel "Princess Ligovskaya", and is working on his most significant dramatic work, "Masquerade". In the same company was retired Major Martynov, who loved to be original and show off, for which he was often ridiculed by Lermontov. Mr Jarrard accused his rival of fraud, saying he was not a resident at his Winchester address in the way required by law. Here, not without the secret intrigues of the gendarmerie officials, he had a quarrel with Martynov, which ended on July 15, 1841 with a duel in which the poet was killed.

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