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Presentation on the topic: Mineral resources of the world
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Classification of mineral resources Fuel and energy raw materials (oil, natural gas, hard and brown coal, oil shale and nuclear fuel) Ferrous metals (iron and iron alloys) Non-ferrous metals (copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, titanium, chromium, nickel, cobalt , magnesium, tin) Noble metals (platinum, gold, silver, palladium, iridium, rhodium, ruthenium, osmium) Rare and rare earth metals (yttrium, lanthanum and lanthanides) Chemical and agrochemical raw materials (sulfur, salts, phosphorites and apatites, fluorspar ) Technical and fire-resistant raw materials (graphite, piezoquartz, asbestos, magnesite, mica, industrial diamonds, clays, etc.) Construction metals (diamond, graphite, etc.) Precious and ornamental stones (ruby, emerald, sapphire, etc.) Groundwater (geothermal and mineralized) Mineral mud (
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Patterns of distribution of mineral resources. The distribution of mineral resources is subject to geological laws. Minerals of sedimentary origin are found within the sedimentary cover of platforms, in foothills and marginal troughs. Igneous minerals - in folded areas, where the crystalline basement of ancient platforms exposed (or was close to the surface). Fuel are of sedimentary origin, forming coal and oil and gas basins (the cover of ancient platforms, their internal and marginal troughs). The largest coal basins are located in Russia, the USA, Germany and other countries. Oil and gas are intensively produced in the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Mexico, and Western Siberia. Ore minerals include metal ores; they are confined to the foundations and shields of ancient platforms; they also occur in folded areas. Countries that stand out in terms of iron ore reserves are Russia, Brazil, Canada, the USA, Australia, etc. Often the presence of ore minerals determines the specialization of regions and countries. Non-metallic minerals are widespread. These include: apatites, sulfur, potassium salts, limestones, dolomites, etc. For economic development, the most advantageous are territorial combinations of minerals, which facilitate the complex processing of raw materials and the formation of large territorial production complexes.
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Security of the countries of the world. Main export flows of raw materials. The production and consumption of mineral resources has become global, covering all countries through the international division of labor. Mineral resources have played a significant role in the economies of many countries, being one of the sources of wealth and income. The uneven distribution of mineral resources in the bowels of the Earth, as well as the varying provision of countries with land and forest resources contribute to the development of the international division of labor and, on this basis, international economic relations. In the early 90s. % of extraction or production was sold through export channels: tin - 97, iron ore - about 70, manganese ore - over 60, oil - more than 50, aluminum - about 50, coal and natural gas - 11, lumber - 34, coffee - 83 , grain - 11. In the 90s, the position of Western TNCs in the world's mining industry strengthened: under the influence of the debt crisis, the role of state-owned companies in developing countries decreased. In the non-fuel sector, the ten largest companies control 30% of mineral production, excluding Eastern Europe. The largest Western or Western-controlled mining companies dominate exports, and they also control the main processing capacities. In the 80-90s, three to six TNCs controlled 75% of the supply of crude oil, 80-85% of copper, 90-95% of iron ore, 75-80% of tin, 50-60% of phosphates, 80-85% of bauxite. Thus, in the second half of the 90s, 3 companies dominated the copper market, and in the aluminum industry, 2 companies controlled almost 4/5 of the production capacity of Western countries.
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The world market environment has changed as a result of increased metal exports from the former Soviet Union. While production changes in Eastern European countries have typically played a relatively minor role in price movements, they have become increasingly important in the 1990s. The noted changes caused shifts in the functional structure of international mineral markets. In particular, in the oil market, only 10-15% of supplies are carried out at official prices on a contract basis, and 30-35% of supplies are sold on a cash basis. Oil continues to occupy a leading position in the global fuel market. In the mid-90s. the average annual oil production was 3.3-3.4 billion tons (including in 1996 by country, million tons: Saudi Arabia - 410, USA - 325, Russia - 290, Iran - 185, Norway - 155 , China - 155, Venezuela - 150, Mexico - 145). OPEC member countries account for 43% of total world production (1995). About half of all oil produced in the world is exported. The share of OPEC member countries in world oil exports is about 65%. The fall in oil prices in the mid-80s. forced these countries to reduce its production, introduce maximum production quotas in order to maintain and, if possible, increase prices. However, in 1998, there was a new decline in oil prices under the influence of the global financial crisis, which led to a reduction in demand for energy, primarily in the developing countries of East and Southeast Asia. The dependence of industrialized countries on oil imports, including from OPEC member countries, remains high: almost 100% for Japan, 95% for France and Germany, 40% for the USA.
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Causes of depletion of mineral resources Every year, 100 billion tons of mineral resources, including fuel, are extracted from the bowels of the earth, of which 90 billion tons turn into waste. Therefore, resource conservation and reduction of environmental pollution are two sides of the same coin. For example, when producing 1 ton of copper, 110 tons of waste remains, the production of one gold wedding ring - 1.5 - 3 tons of waste, etc. If at the beginning of the 20th century 20 chemical elements of the periodic table were used in the human economy, now there are more than 90. Over the past 40 years, global consumption of mineral resources has increased 25 times, and production waste has increased 10-100 times.
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In most chemical industries, in addition to the target product, substances are also formed that are not used and go to waste. The reasons for this are varied: from impurities in the raw materials and low selectivity of complex reactions, to the multicomponent nature of the raw materials. Waste also includes used auxiliary materials (catalysts, solvents, extractants, etc.).
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Processing enterprises are forced to adapt to frequent changes in the content of target components and the type of impurities in raw materials. This situation is typical for many main types of chemical raw materials: oil, polymetallic ores, phosphorites, etc. The production of coal, gas, and oil is already in the regions of Siberia, which is associated with large capital investments in the development of deposits and high costs for transporting raw materials. All this, of course, leads to an increase in the cost of the raw materials themselves (gas, oil, coal) and the cost of the products obtained from them (gasoline, diesel fuel, plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubbers). For example, the average cost of production of one cubic meter of natural gas has increased over 2 decades by 8-10 times, and the costs associated with its transportation by 2-4 times. In general, capital investments per unit of production growth in the mining industry are 3 times higher than in the processing industry. Further development of the chemical industry will be carried out under conditions in which raw materials and energy resources can no longer and will not be considered inexhaustible. Therefore, at each new stage of development of chemistry, other ways must be found to save raw materials and energy through the search and implementation of fundamentally new technological solutions, as well as the creation of high-performance equipment and more advanced production systems. All this makes us reconsider existing views and re-evaluate the problems of careful integrated use of raw materials, secondary material and energy resources, and production waste.
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Rational use of mineral resources. Due to imperfect technology for the extraction and processing of mineral resources, destruction of biocenoses, environmental pollution, disruption of climate and biogeochemical cycles are observed. Rational approaches to the extraction and processing of natural mineral resources include: - the most complete and comprehensive extraction of all useful components from the deposit; - reclamation (restoration) of lands after the use of deposits; - economical and waste-free use of raw materials in production; - deep cleaning and technological use of production waste; - reuse of materials after products are no longer in use; - the use of technologies that allow the concentration and extraction of dispersed minerals; - use of natural and artificial substitutes for deficient mineral compounds; - development and widespread implementation of closed production cycles; - the use of energy-saving technologies, etc. Some of the modern industries and technologies meet many of these requirements, but at the same time, they have often not yet become the norm in the production sector and environmental management on a global scale. For example, industrial waste is an unused substance, the creation of which took some labor. Hence, it is more profitable to use waste as a feedstock for other purposes than to simply decompose it
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Ways and methods of rational use. Environmental protection. Protection of rock masses as a source of natural underground space resources and the creation of artificial underground reservoirs and premises; protection and improvement of natural and anthropogenic soils as bases for the placement of ground-based structures and components of natural-technical systems; forecasting and dealing with natural disasters. Goals of protecting the geological environment as a source of non-renewable minerals: ensuring scientifically based, rational use of natural mineral and energy resources, the greatest technically possible and economically feasible completeness of their extraction from the subsoil, integrated use of deposits and extracted mineral raw materials at all stages of processing; rational use of mineral raw materials in the economy and recycling of production waste, eliminating unjustified losses of mineral raw materials and fuel. Increasing the efficiency of protecting the geological environment is facilitated by an increase in the use of alternative methods for obtaining mineral raw materials (for example, mining of minerals from sea water), replacement of natural materials with synthetic ones, etc.
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What is mineral water? Mineral waters are waters that contain mineral salts, gases, organic substances, radioactive substances and other chemical compounds. Mineral waters can be natural or artificially prepared. Artificial mineral waters are close in composition to natural ones. They are made from chemically pure salts, using lake or sea salt. Natural mineral waters are very popular among the population. On the surface of the Earth, natural mineral waters appear in the form of sources (springs), and are also removed from the depths by boreholes, the depths of which can reach several kilometers.
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Origin of mineral waters. How is mineral water formed in nature? There are different opinions about this. The most widespread is the assumption of geologist Eduard Suess that gases released from the hot lava located in the bowels of the earth, passing through the earth’s crust, gradually cool, condense and turn into liquid - this is mineral water. Mineral waters of this origin are called juvenile, i.e. “virgin”. This opinion gradually lost its adherents. Nowadays, the water theory is more recognized, according to which it is generally accepted that mineral waters are formed from atmospheric precipitation and other surface waters that penetrate into various layers of the earth's crust. When circulating in the layers of the earth's crust, various chemical substances contained in various rocks dissolve in water. The formation of mineral water occurs under conditions of a certain pressure and temperature without light influence. Its chemical composition and mineralization depend on what rocks and layers of the earth’s crust it passes through. As for the temperature of the water, it depends on the depth from which it comes. Geologists have found that in the depths of the earth, every 33 meters the temperature is 1 C higher, i.e. By the temperature of the water you can determine at what depth the source is located.
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Mineral water deposits. On the territory of Russia and neighboring countries, provinces of mineral waters are distinguished, each of which differs in hydrogeological conditions, features of geological development, origin and physical and chemical characteristics of mineral waters. Quite isolated reservoir systems of artesian basins are provinces of salt and brine waters with salinity up to 300-400 g/l (sometimes up to 600 g/l); they contain reducing gases (hydrocarbons, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen). Folded regions and areas of rejuvenated platforms correspond to provinces of carbon dioxide mineral waters (cold and thermal) of varying degrees of mineralization. The areas of manifestation of the latest tectonic movements belong to the province of nitrogen, weakly mineralized alkaline, often siliceous thermal waters. The territory of Russia and the CIS countries is especially rich in carbon dioxide mineral waters (Caucasian, Transbaikal, Primorsky, Kamchatka and other provinces). In Russia, the following types of mineral water deposits are distinguished: - platform artesian basins (Kashinskoye, Starorusskoye, Tyumenskoye, Sestroretskoye, etc.); - foothill and intermountain artesian basins and slopes (Chartakskoye, Tbilisskoye, Nalchikskoye, etc.); - artesian basins associated with zones of ascending discharge of mineral waters (Nagutskoye, Essentukskoye, Jalal-Abadskoye, etc.); - fissure-vein waters of hydrogeological massifs (Isti-Suiskos, Kuldurskoye, Belokurikhinskoye, etc.); - hydrogeological massifs associated with zones of ascending discharge of mineral waters into groundwater horizons (Darasunskoye, Shivandinskoye, Shmakovskoye, etc.); - ground mineral waters (Marcial waters, Uvildinskoye, Kisegachskoye, Borovoye, etc.). Depending on the conditions of origin and location of the source, mineral waters have different compositions.
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What are mineral waters made of and how are they classified? The composition of mineral waters is determined by the history of geological development, the nature of tectonic structures, lithology, geothermal conditions and other features of the territory where the mineral water is formed. The most powerful factors determining the formation of the gas composition of mineral waters are metamorphic and volcanic processes. The volatile products released during these processes (CO2, HCl, etc.) enter the groundwater and make it highly aggressive, promoting leaching of the host rocks and the formation of the chemical composition, mineralization and gas saturation of the water. There are six main components that make up mineral waters: sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), chlorine (Cl), sulfate (SO4) and bicarbonate (HCO3). The listed components are found in almost all groundwater in large quantities. The chemical composition of mineral waters refers to the salt composition (qualitative and quantitative).
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According to their qualitative composition, mineral waters are divided into six classes: hydrocarbonate, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, ferruginous, mixed. According to their qualitative composition, mineral waters are divided into six classes: hydrocarbonate, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, ferruginous, mixed. According to their quantitative composition, mineral waters are divided depending on the concentration of salts into: - table waters (does not exceed 1 gram per liter of water) - low-mineralized (1–2 g/l) - medicinal table waters (1-10 g/l) - low mineralization (2–5 g/l), -medicinal (10–50 g/l) -high mineralization (15–35 g/l) -brine (35–150 g/l) -strong brine (over 150 g/l) ). Gases dissolved in mineral waters serve as indicators of the geochemical conditions in which the formation of this mineral water took place. In the upper zone of the earth's crust, where oxidative processes predominate, mineral waters contain gases of air origin - nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide (in small volumes). Hydrocarbon gases and hydrogen sulfide indicate a reducing chemical environment characteristic of the deeper interior of the Earth; the high concentration of carbon dioxide allows us to consider the water containing it to have been formed under metamorphic conditions.
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Depending on the gas composition and the presence of specific components, mineral waters are also divided into: carbon dioxide, sulfide (hydrogen sulfide), nitrogen, siliceous (H2SiO3), bromide, iodide, ferruginous, arsenic, radioactive (Rn), etc. Depending on the gas composition and presence of specific components, mineral waters are also divided into: carbon dioxide, sulfide (hydrogen sulfide), nitrogen, siliceous (H2SiO3), bromide, iodide, ferruginous, arsenic, radioactive (Rn), etc. Water reaction (degree of acidity or alkalinity, expressed by pH value) is of greater importance for assessing its therapeutic effect on the human body. The following types are distinguished: - acidic waters have a pH = 3.5–6.8 - neutral waters have a pH = 6.8–7.2 - alkaline waters have a pH = 7.2–8.5 and higher.
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Study of consumer preferences in choosing mineral water. The world of mineral waters is very diverse. Using a survey, you want to find out how a consumer thinks when choosing one of the many mineral waters. Survey sheet.
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6) Do you think drinking mineral water affects your health? 6) Do you think drinking mineral water affects your health? a) yes, it influences b) no, it doesn’t influence c) I don’t know, I want to find out 7) Place a “+” sign next to the names of the brands of water that you most often use. Borjomi Yesentuki Springs of Russia Bon Aqua Aqua Minerale Lipetsk Narzan Holy Spring Edelweiss Smirnovskaya Diveyevo Spring Arkhyz Sochi Riviera Polyana Kvasova Morshinskaya Tassay Polyana Kupel Mirgorodskaya Lipetsk pump room Novoterskaya Elbrussia Aqua Naturale Naftusya Berezovskaya Aqua Sity Rychal-Su Borovaya Soluki Monastyrskaya Skaya Obukhovskaya Polyustrovskaya Serebryannaya Rosa Shmakovka No. 1 Zelenogradskaya “Kuyalnik No. 4” Truskavetskaya Smirnovskaya “Mashuk No. 19” Luzhanskaya Slavyanovskaya 8) Do you want to know about the effects of mineral water on your body? a) yes, I’m interested b) no, I don’t care
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How do mineral waters affect the human body? Application Mineral waters are mainly used as having a healing effect on the human body. The entire complex of substances dissolved in them has a therapeutic effect. The presence of specific biologically active components (CO2, H2S, As, etc.) and special properties often determines the methods of their therapeutic use: drinking treatment and for baths, bathing, showers carried out in balneotherapy hospitals and in healing pools, as well as for inhalations and rinsing during diseases of the nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract, for irrigation for gynecological diseases, for rinsing, mainly for diseases of the digestive system, metabolic disorders, etc. The main criteria for assessing the healing properties of mineral waters in balneology are the features of their chemical composition and physical properties, which simultaneously serve as the most important indicators for their classification. For the correct use of mineral water, it is of greater importance to understand the effect of drinking mineral water on the body. Mineral water is not absorbed in the stomach. Absorption of mineral water occurs as it passes through the entire path of the small intestine. The chemicals that make up mineral water, once in the blood, can cause quite a variety of physiological responses from the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, metabolic, blood systems, endocrine glands, etc.
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Hydrocarbonate mineral waters are intended for those who play sports, as they have a beneficial effect on increased muscle work. By replenishing the lack of blood carbonates, they increase the body's alkaline reserves. Under their influence, the content of hydrogen ions (pH) in the body decreases, which, together with chlorine ions, serve to produce hydrochloric acid. They are contraindicated for gastritis, since carbon dioxide released during the breakdown of hydrocarbonates stimulates the secretion of gastric juice. Hydrocarbonate mineral waters are intended for those who play sports, as they have a beneficial effect on increased muscle work. By replenishing the lack of blood carbonates, they increase the body's alkaline reserves. Under their influence, the content of hydrogen ions (pH) in the body decreases, which, together with chlorine ions, serve to produce hydrochloric acid. They are contraindicated for gastritis, since carbon dioxide released during the breakdown of hydrocarbonates stimulates the secretion of gastric juice. Sulfate mineral waters are recommended for those who have problems with the liver and gallbladder, obesity and diabetes. Thanks to these waters, the liver cells increase the formation of bile, the peristalsis of the biliary tract increases, the outflow from the gallbladder and ducts improves, thereby ensuring the removal of inflammatory products, creating conditions that prevent the loss of salts from the bile and the formation of stones. Children and adolescents should absolutely not drink this water, as sulfates interfere with bone growth by binding food calcium in the gastrointestinal tract into insoluble salts. Chloride mineral waters help regulate the functioning of the intestines, biliary tract and liver, but they should not be drunk by hypertensive patients. They improve the secretion of the digestive glands. Once in the stomach, sodium chloride waters enhance peristalsis, stimulating the secretion of gastric juice. Chlorine and hydrogen ions serve as the main material from which hydrochloric acid is produced, which determines the acidity of gastric juice. Magnesium mineral waters help in stressful situations. Contraindications: tendency to upset stomach. Ferrous mineral waters are prescribed for anemia, diseases of the stomach and intestines, metabolic disorders, and gynecological diseases. Baths of ferruginous waters have a stimulating effect on blood formation.
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How does each type of mineral water affect the body? Table mineral waters (mineralization from 1 to 2 g/l or less - in the presence of biologically active substances) - have low mineralization, so they can be used without restrictions for cooking. They perfectly quench thirst and have a pleasant mild taste, without any foreign smell or taste. There are no regulatory documents for mineral table waters. Therefore, the criteria for classifying waters as mineral table waters (in many countries) are not standardized. - low-mineralized (1–2 g/l) are classified as both table and medicinal table. Medicinal table mineral waters (mineralization about 2-8 g/l) - They have a higher concentration of minerals. The advantage of medicinal table mineral waters is their versatility: they can be consumed as a table drink (not regularly) and systematically for treatment (as prescribed by a doctor). Uncontrolled consumption of such water can lead to disruption of the water-salt balance in the body. And for those who suffer from any chronic diseases, this is fraught with exacerbations and a general deterioration of their condition. -low mineralization (2–5 g/l) Medicinal mineral waters (mineralization from 8 to 12 g/l) - They contain the largest amount of minerals and trace elements. This is a real medicine that should be used based on medical indications. This water is used not only for drinking, but also for various procedures: baths, irrigation, showers, inhalations. Constantly quenching your thirst with medicinal mineral water is very risky. It is taken in courses, like any other medicine, while observing a certain dosage. - medium mineralization (5–15 g/l) - high (15–35 g/l) - brine (35–150 g/l) - strong brine (over 150 g/l)
