Human races The Sovereign of All Rus', the twelve-year-old Tsar Peter II, upon his accession to the throne, immediately, long before the official coronation, ordered his subjects that in letters and requests addressed to him, the “lowest slave” should be placed before the signature of the giver. No more and

Races Australian (Australoid) Asian-American (Mongoloid) Americanoid, American Arctic Armenoid Atlanto-Baltic Balkan-Caucasian White Sea-Baltic Bushmen Veddoid Grimaldian Far Eastern Eurasian

What birds never land on the ground? These tiny, butterfly-sized birds are called hummingbirds. Hummingbirds are most commonly found in North America, where they are called "flying gems." This name is very suitable for these extraordinary birds, since

Rams is a system of human populations characterized by similarity in a set of certain hereditary biological characteristics, which have an external phenotypic manifestation and formed in a certain geographical region. Traits that characterize different races often arise as a result of adaptation to different environmental conditions over many generations.

The criterion for distinguishing a race from a species is the absence of significant obstacles to the creation of fertile offspring, which leads to the formation of many transitional forms in the area of ​​mixing races.

Typological concept of race

The typological concept of race historically appears first. According to the typological approach, having described the traits of a particular person, one can clearly attribute him to one or another race: racial types are identified, and each individual is assessed according to the degree of approximation to one or another “pure” type. For example, the width of the lips and nose is greater than a certain value in combination with a low cephalic index, a large protrusion of the face, curly hair and skin darker than a certain type standard is regarded as evidence of belonging to the Negroid race. Using this scheme, you can even determine the race of a particular person as a percentage. The complexity of the typological concept lies in the identification of “pure” types that are clearly different from one another. Depending on the number of such types and characteristics defined as racial, the racial definition of a person will change. Moreover, the consistent strict application of the typological principle leads to the fact that siblings can be classified as different races. As noted by the prominent Russian anthropologist V.P. Alekseev, the typological concept of race “is increasingly becoming anachronistic and receding into the history of anthropological science.”

A number of hypotheses within the typological concept (for example, the existence of an equatorial race) have been refuted by modern genetic research.

Population concept of race

In modern Russian racial studies, the population concept of race dominates. According to it, race is a collection of populations, not individuals. Race is seen as an independent entity with its own structure. Traits within a race form different combinations compared to those of an individual.

In the USA, the departure from the typological concept of race to the population-genetic one dates back to 1950. In the USSR, the foundations of the population concept of race were formulated back in 1938 by V. V. Bunak. The concept was later developed by V.P. Alekseev.

Caucasian

The natural range of Caucasoids is from Europe to the Urals, North Africa, South-West Asia and Hindustan. Includes Armenoid, Nordic, Mediterranean, Phalic, Alpine, East Baltic, Caucasian, Dinaric and other subgroups. It differs from other races primarily in its strong facial profile. Other signs vary widely.

Negroid race

A representative of the Negroid race is a native Kenyan.

Natural range - Central, Western and Eastern Africa. Characteristic differences are curly hair, dark skin, widened nostrils, thick lips, etc. There is an eastern subgroup (Nilotic type, tall, narrowly built) and a western subgroup (Negro type, round-headed, medium height). The group of pygmies (Negrill type) stands apart.

Pygmies compared to a Caucasian of average height

The natural range of pygmies is the western part of Central Africa. Height ranges from 144 to 150 cm for adult males, light brown skin, curly, dark hair, relatively thin lips, large torso, short arms and legs, this physical type can be classified as a special race. The possible number of pygmies can range from 40 to 200 thousand people.

Kapoids, Bushmen

Kapoids (Bushmen, Khoisan race). Natural habitat - South Africa. Short, with infantile facial features. They have the shortest and curliest hair. The skin is yellow-brown, not elastic - wrinkles quickly appear, the fold above the pubis sags (“Hottentot apron”). Characterized by steatopygia (predominant deposition of fat on the buttocks), severe lordosis. A special fold of the eyelid, prominent cheekbones and yellowish skin give the Bushmen some resemblance to the Mongoloids. These are parallel adaptations to life in similar semi-desert conditions.

Rosenberg clusters

The races of the eastern trunk are characterized by two differences: greater evolutionary archaism (in particular, the universal human process of dental simplification proceeds more slowly) and increased migration. This is caused by the geographical features of the eastern outbreak. The abundance of geographical barriers - seas, mountains, huge rivers, as well as shelves, which were either exposed or flooded during the glaciation period, gave advantages to more migrant groups. And in conditions of dispersed population, the factor of infantilization, which forged modern man, had a weaker effect.

Mongoloid race

Initially they inhabited Eastern Eurasia and formed on the territory of modern Mongolia. Appearance reflects adaptation to desert conditions (the Gobi Desert is one of the largest deserts in the world by area; it is located in Mongolia and northern China, the territory of which is mainly inhabited by Mongoloids). The main feature is the protection of the eyes from increased insolation, dust, cold, etc. This is achieved by a narrow eyelid cut, an additional fold - epicanthus, dark iris, thick eyelashes, protruding cheekbones with pads of fat, long (if not cut) straight and black hair. There are two contrasting groups: the northern (massive, tall, light-skinned, with a large face and low skull vault) and the southern (gracile, short, dark-skinned, small face and high forehead). This contrast is caused by the effect of the infantilization factor in the overpopulated southern regions. The young race is about 12 thousand years old.

Americanoid race

Americanoid race is a race common in North and South America. Americanoids are characterized by straight black hair and an aquiline nose. The eyes are black, wider than those of Asian Mongoloids, but narrower than those of Caucasians. Epicanthus is relatively rare in adults, although quite common in children. Americanoids are often very tall.

Australoids

Australoids (Australo-Oceanian race). An ancient race that had a huge range, limited to the regions: Hindustan, Tasmania, Hawaii, the Kuril Islands (that is, almost half of the globe). Everywhere she was forced out and mixed with migrants. Includes groups: Polynesian, Melanesian, Australian, Veddoid, Ainu. An extremely diverse race. The appearance features of indigenous Australians - lighter skin of brown shades, a large nose, long wavy hair that fades like tow, a massive eyebrow, powerful jaws - sharply distinguish them from African Negroids. The genetic distance between them is also great. However, among the Melanesians (Papuans), spiral hair is often found, which, along with genetic proximity, indicates a small influx of migrants from Africa. Veddoids are more graceful Australoids, originally inhabiting Hindustan. As Caucasian migrants settled in Hindustan, they were oppressed as members of the “lower castes.” In Indonesia and Indochina, the Veddoids mixed with the southern Mongoloids.

Ancient and relic races

Modern population genetics admits that currently existing races do not exhaust the entire historical morphological diversity of people of the modern type, and that in ancient times there were races that either disappeared without a trace, or whose characteristics were later blurred as a result of assimilation by carriers of other races. In particular, the uralist V.V. Napolskikh put forward a hypothesis about the existence in the past of the Paleo-Uralic race, the characteristics of which are currently blurred between the Ural-Siberian Caucasoids and the Western Mongoloids, but are not characteristic of either Caucasians in general or Mongoloids in general. Biologist S.V. Drobyshevsky points out that the morphological diversity of people in the Paleolithic was perhaps even more pronounced than at the present time, and that the skulls of people of that time do not fall under the classification characteristics of modern races. In particular, in Europe alone he identifies at least the following extinct prehistoric races:

Mixed marriages result in mixed races. Mulattoes are the result of a combination of Negroid and Caucasoid races, mestizo - Mongoloid and Caucasoid, and Sambo - Negroid and Mongoloid. Moreover, there are entire nationalities that are currently changing their racial identity. For example, the inhabitants of Ethiopia and Somalia move from Negroid to Caucasoid, and the inhabitants of Madagascar - from Mongoloid to Negroid. It should be borne in mind that in the post-Columbian era, huge masses of the population left their natural habitats. Therefore, a Bushman may live in Saskatchewan, and a Dutchman may live in Nuku'alofa. But this is already the result of the action not of anthropological, but of historical factors. In addition, a significant proportion of modern humanity are mestizos, the result of interracial mixing (for example, Afro-Asians). Even in the pre-Columbian era, mestizo transitional types - Ethiopian, Ainu, South Siberian and others - were formed on the border of races. Active settlements and conquests of Europeans intensified the process of mixing and migration. The largest mestizo population is in South and North America.

Racial differences

Each race, in its own way, is better suited to survive in specific conditions: the Eskimos in the Arctic deserts, and the Nilotes in the savannas. However, in the era of civilization, such opportunities arise for representatives of all races. However, facts related to racial physiology continue to have an impact on people's lives.

1. Racial composition of the world population
Race is a historically established group of people who have similar external and internal characteristics that are inherited.
The division of humans into races began in prehistoric times, tens of thousands of years ago. It is possible that the emergence of races was influenced by local environmental conditions, although this is not always easy to establish.
Currently, there are three types of races: main (large), mixed and transitional. There are four main or large races on the globe: Caucasoid (about 40% of the world's population), Mongoloid (about 20%), Negroid (10%), Australoid (less than 1%). Thus, these four races comprise about 70% of the world's population.
The rest of its inhabitants belong to transitional races. These races were formed a long time ago, in prehistoric times, as a result of prolonged interracial mixing. There are many transitional races, but in terms of the number of representatives and area of ​​their range they are significantly inferior to the main races. The transitional races include Ethiopian, Malay and other races.
Another racial category is sometimes called mixed races, formed as a result of interracial marriages already in historical time, that is, relatively recently. The formation of mixed races took place especially intensively in America during the process of its colonization by Europeans and the movement of a large number of black slaves from Africa. Hence the names of the transitional races: mestizo, mulatto, sambo. Among the descendants of interracial marriages, the transmission of racial characteristics by inheritance does not always occur. This is why some experts consider mixed races to be real races.
Initially, the distribution areas of the main races looked like this:
-the Caucasian race settled within North Africa, almost all of Europe and South-West Asia;
- the Negroid race developed in Africa south of the Sahara;
- the Mongoloid race dominated north of the Himalayas.
As a result of the long process of human settlement around the planet, the boundaries of habitats have changed greatly, and the number of races has increased.
Based on the main characteristics (skin color, structure of the facial part of the head, the nature of the hair, body proportions), anthropologists distinguish large races of people: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid and Australoid.
Races began to form at the end of the Stone Age on the basis of the largest territorial populations. It is possible that there were two main primary centers of race formation: western (Euro-African) and eastern (Asian-Pacific). In the first center, Negroids and Caucasoids were formed, and in the second, Australoids and Mongoloids. Later, during the development of new lands, mixed racial populations arose. For example, in North and East Africa, as well as in the south of Western Asia, the mixing of Caucasoids with Negroids began very early, in Hindustan - Caucasians with Australoids, and partly with Mongoloids, in Oceania - Australoids with Mongoloids. Subsequently, after the discovery of America, Australia and Oceania by Europeans, new vast zones of interracial miscegenation arose. In particular, in America, the descendants of Indians mixed with European and African settlers.
The history of the development of the modern human population occurs not only in the natural-geographical, but also in the socio-cultural environment. In this regard, the relationship between two types of intraspecific communities - reproductive (populations) and historical-genetic (races) - is fundamentally changing. Human races are large areal communities of people distinguished by genetic kinship, which outwardly manifest themselves in a certain similarity of physical characteristics: skin color and iris, hair shape and color, height, etc.
The largest (in number) race is Caucasian - 46.6% of the population (together with transitional and mixed forms). Caucasians have straight or wavy soft hair in shades from light to dark, they have light or dark skin, a large variety of irises (from dark to gray and blue), very developed tertiary hair (beard in men), insufficient or average... .

Geography lesson 5th grade.

Humanity on Earth.

Number and density of population. Changes in population over historical time, the reasons for these changes. Population distribution. The most populated areas of the globe. Human races, equality of races.

Lesson objectives:

1. To begin to develop in schoolchildren ideas and knowledge about the population of the Earth.

2. Contribute to the formation of ideas about racial composition and racial issues.

3. Show students the fallacy of theories about the superiority of one race over another.

4. To form ideas about the dynamics of changes in the world population, about the features of the distribution of the world population and its density.

5. Show the influence of environmental conditions on humanity.

6. Continue to develop the ability to work with modern sources of information.

7. Develop skills to work in a group.

8. Build knowledge aboutbresearch by N.N. Miklouho-Maclay.

9. Cultivate a tolerant attitude towards people around you.

Equipment: textbook, atlas, multimedia presentation, computers, traveler's diary, world map, signal cards.

Lesson type: learning new material.

Technical assistance: laboratory assistant

Lesson structure:

1. Organizational moment - 1 min.

2. Motivation for learning activities – 3 min.

3. Updating basic knowledge – 2 min.

4.Learning new material – 29 min.

Origin of man

World population

Population density

Races

Race equality

5. Consolidation of the studied material – 5 min.

6. Lesson summary – 2 min.

7. Reflection – 2 min.

8. Homework – 1 min.

Motivation

In the silence you can hear the ticking of a clock. Guys, what do you hear? What does the clock count? Hear how quickly time passes, one might say, it runs and even rolls! And, moving in a circle, the clock hands began to count down the time of our lesson.

The topic of the lesson is announced. Students, with the help of the teacher, formulate the goals of the lesson.

“Walking in a shady grove, the Greek sage talked with his student. “Tell me,” the young man asked, “why are you often overcome by doubts?” You have lived a long life, are wise by experience and learned from the great Hellenes. How is it that so many unclear questions remain for you?ThoughtfulThe philosopher drew 2 circles in front of him with his staff: small and large.

Your knowledge is a small circle, and mine is a large one. But all that's leftin notthese circles are unknown. A small circle has little contact with the unknown. The larger the circle of knowledge, the greater its boundaries with the unknown. And henceforth, the more you learn new things, the more unclear questions you will have.

Today's lesson will expand the range of your knowledge and perhaps more questions will arise than answers. And that's good. Because it is up to you to resolve these issues. In this lesson we will travel back in time.AndLet's try to unravel the mystery of the origin of people on Earth, get acquainted with the different people inhabiting our planet, with the human races. During the trip we will keep a diary. On your desks are travel diaries,

sign them. And so, we begin our mysterious journey into the depths of centuries. And Dinara Ibragimova will help us with this, and she will tell us about the origins of man. Let's listen to it carefully and fill out the traveler's diary along the way. (presentation No. 1 Human Origins)

World population

Now we will consider the issue of the size and distribution of the Earth's population. Don't forget to fill out the traveler's diary during the teacher's explanation.

Hundreds of different peoples and nationalities live on the globe. They speak different languages. The most common are the 10 languages ​​of the world, spoken by 60% of all humanity. If there are 10 main languages, then there are a lot of dialects and adverbs (in Africa, for example, there are approximately 1000 of them, in India about 200). Each nation has its own customs, its own national clothes, its own songs, its own national dish. The most common surname on the globe comes from the word “blacksmith”. Ukrainians have Kovalchuk, Kovalenko (“Koval” is a blacksmith). The Russians have Kuznetsov, the Poles have Kovalevsky, Kovalsky, the British have Smith, in Germany and Austria - Schmidt.

For a long time, the world's population increased very slowly. Man depended on natural conditions: he died from disease, natural disasters, hunger, and wild animals. In 6 thousand BC. with the advent of agriculture, the world's population reached 10 million people. (this is 2 times less than the population of modern Tokyo). Most people lived in the valleys of large rivers, on the coasts of warm seas, and in flat areas with a favorable climate. 2000 thousand years ago at the beginning of our era, 230 million people lived on the planet (this is less than the population of the United States in our time). Gradually, man's dependence on nature decreased, and the population increased accordingly. Question for students. IN which

century, the population began to grow rapidly? . (slide - Changes in the Earth's population) Where does information about population come from? (student answer - from censuses that are carried out in each country approximately once every 10 years) Now the family of peoples of the world numbers more than 7 billion people. Is this too much? If we put the entire population of the planet in a line, it would encircle the Earth at the equator approximately 100 times. Aren't you wondering how many people live in our village?

In the village Nizhnegorsk has a population of 9,564 people. (and in 1805 - 48 people slide) Question for students. Do people live on all continents of the Earth?

People live on all continents except Antarctica. They were not distributed evenly on Earth. About 70% of the population lives on 7% of the globe. Moreover, half of the world's population lives in 6 countries: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil and Russia. Question for students. GAre there no permanent settlements on Earth? Where do the least people live? In places with harsh living conditions there are no permanent settlements (deserts, mountains, etc.)

Look at the world population density and distribution map. Which continent has the most people?

The largest population is in Eurasia. The territories in the East, South and South-West Asia, as well as in Western and Central Europe, are especially densely populated.

Population density is the average number of inhabitants per 1 km²territories. The average population density in the world is 40 people\km². In Russia - 8 people/km², Bangladesh – more than 1000 people/km². , and in Australia – (3 people\ km²). (see map “density and distribution of world population”) Today every 10 s. The world's population increases by 27 people. In one minute – 60 sec., lesson duration – 45 min. Thus, during the lesson (2700 seconds), the planet's population will increase by 7290 people.

Population growth is mainly due to countriesAfrica, Asia and South America. The most populated part of the world is Asia . (slide). In Russia the population is 146 million people. IN

Our country is home to more than 120 nationalities. All together are the Russian people.

Races

We continue our journey across countries and continents.

People living on Earth are very different from each other. They have different languages, religions, traditions, customs and, of course, appearance. Why do people differ so much in skin color, hair, facial features, and many other characteristics?

The answer to this question is simple and does not cause controversy among scientists. The main reason is nature, or rather the natural conditions in which people lived as they settled around the planet. Let's find out how this happened. As a result of centuries-old adaptation to a certain environment, various external characteristics have formed.

Since then, external signs have been inherited.

from parents to children, from generation to generation, regardless of place of residence. What characteristics are considered racial?

Body structure.

Color of skin, hair, eyes.

Shape and size of nose, lips.

Brainstorming.

Define the concept of "race"

Race – this is a group of people with similar external characteristics.

Based on external characteristics, ethnographers distinguish 4 main human races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid (equatorial) and Australoid.

And so, we found out what race and racial characteristics are, and identified the main human races. Now we will work in groups on computers.4 groups s3 people each. Each group receives an individual task. (route sheet). Using Wikipedia you need to find information.

Group 1 - Caucasian race

Group 2 – Negroid race

Group 3 - Mongoloid

Group 4 - Australoid (2 people from the group work on computers, and the 3rd with an atlas map finds areas of compact residence of a given race and then, using special chips, shows them on the wall map). The remaining students work with the textbook text and the map in the atlas and find information about mixed races.

Route sheet

Race

External signs

Adaptations to certain natural conditions

Areas of compact residence

Group report on the work done.

Race equality

Guys, what qualities do we value in people? Do they depend on race? But it wasn't always like this. Let's listen to Tyurina Karina, who will tell us about the equality of races and about the outstanding scientist who proved the equality of races. (presentation about N.N. Miklouho-Maclay).

Reinforcing the material learned

“Catch the mistake!” - “Traffic light” (see slide)

For a long time, the world's population increased very slowly. This is due to the lack of television, mobile communications and cars at that time. The population began to grow at a particularly rapid pace in the 20th century. Today it is more than 10 billion people. In order not to interfere with each other, the population of the Earth is distributed evenly. The average population density in the world is 44 people\km². Russia has a high population density.

The order of letters in the proposed words has been changed. You need to parse the keywords of the topic that is being studied.

Umalt

Bass

Dongomoil

Henriod

Networking

boar eaters

Answers:

Mulatto

Sambo

Mongoloid

Negroid

Metis

Caucasian

Carefully consider the proposed list of words. Select from it the unnecessary one, in your opinion.

Tsunami, Mongoloid, river, Sambo, coordinates, Caucasian, meteorite, mulatto, thermometer, magma, azimuth, Negroid, chalk, mestizo, map.

Answers:

Tsunami, river, coordinates, meteorite, thermometer, magma, azimuth, chalk, map.

Lesson summary.

Reflection. (see slide)

Homework . Name the famous personalities of the past and present who belonged to different races.

Study paragraph 18.

Answer questions. Prepare a report about the peoples of the world.

Traveler's Diary

Student's full name:_______________

Task No. 1

Hypotheses for the origin of life:

1.Divine

2.____________

3.____________

It's science, which deals with issues related to the origin and development of man.

- “Homo sapiens” translated from Latin __________

A person’s homeland is considered to be _______

Human ancestors are __________

Task No. 2

For a long time, the world's population increased very _____________.

Gradually, human dependence on ___________ decreased, and accordingly the population ____________.

Currently, ______ billion people live on Earth.

People usually live on all continents except _____

They settled on Earth _______

About ______% of the world's population lives on _______% of the globe.

The largest population is in ______

Half of the world's population lives in 6 countries: China, _________, USA, Indonesia, ________, _______.

Task No. 3

Population density is the average number of inhabitants in a _______ territory.

The average population density in the world is _______.

The average population density in Russia is _______.

Population growth is due to the countries of Africa, _______ and _______.

In Russia the population is _________ million people.

Task No. 4

Race is a group of people with similar _______________ characteristics.

Racial characteristics are: body structure, skin color, _______, _______, shape and size of the nose, _______.

Based on external characteristics, __ main human races are distinguished: Caucasian, ____________, Negroid, _________.

External signs are transmitted by ________ from parents to children, from generation to generation, regardless of place __________.

Mixed races: mestizo (Europeans and _________), mulatto (Europeans and _________), Sambo (Indians and _______)

Representatives of the Caucasian race have __________

or dark skin, ___________ nose, _________ or straight hair. The peopleV,Those who live in the north of Europe have blond hair, while those living in the south have __________.

They inhabit the territory of Europe, part of __________, North and _________ America, Australia. Representatives of the Negroid race have _________ skin color, curly, coarse hair, __________ nose, __________ lips. The hair on the face and body is developed _________.

People of the Negroid race live in Africa and _________.

Mongoloids have _________ skin color. Straight black hair, ________ eyes, ________ face, ________ nose. This race includes the Mongols, Japanese, ________, __________, as well as Indians - the indigenous population of America.

Representatives of the Australoid race have ________ skin color, hair color, eyes. There is _______ hair on the face, and the nose is _______ and flat. They live in the north-east of Australia and in the east of the island of ________.

An outstanding scientist who proved the equality of races was our compatriot __________.