Isolated words examples. Standalone application: example and analysis

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and children would not have fairy tale characters waiting for them before bed.

It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “which one?”, defining the object or “whose?”, indicating that it belongs to someone.

Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:

kind (what?) heart;
gold (what?) nugget;
bright (what?) appearance;
old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:

the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:

"Joyful, she reported the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
“The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.

“Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Definitions that provide additional information about an item or clarify its belonging to a person are considered separate. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

“Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”

"Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.

Agreed Definitions

Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:

adjective – a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
pronoun – (whose?) my dog got off the leash;
numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.

A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:

“Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.
“We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
“People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can appear either before or after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:

Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”

Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:

A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.
Comparative degree of adjective with dependent words. From afar we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.

Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Definition structure

According to their structure, definitions can consist of:

from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.

The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the greatest success (which one?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separating the participle

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle (participial phrase). With this type of definition, commas are placed if it comes after the word that defines.

The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated on both sides by commas.
The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:

The frightened girl silently walked forward.
The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.

You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb of the 1st conjugation, the suffix is written – ush – yusch (thinks – thinking, write – writers);
when created in the present day. tense of the active participle 2 sp., use –ash-yasch (smoke – smoking, sting – stinging);
in the past tense, active participles are formed using the suffix -вш (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Isolation of an adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) comes after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.

The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).

An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

Frustrated, she went into the yard.
They, tired, went straight to bed.
He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When a defined word is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.

Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, isolated definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.

How to detect sentences with isolated definitions?

Correct placement of punctuation marks is impossible without understanding the syntax of simple and complex sentences. In some cases, a comma is placed automatically: for example, before coordinating conjunctions like a , But. Often indicate the need to put a punctuation mark in speech pauses, as well as intonation when listing (homogeneous members).

In most unclear situations, the placement of a comma, dash or colon is still closely related to syntactic parsing.

In general, any members of a sentence can be isolated, as well as inserted constructions such as addresses and introductory words. Accordingly, before putting this or that punctuation mark, you need to mentally analyze the sentence and discover the construction that needs to be isolated.

Sentences with separate definitions are found very often. This is understandable: without words that characterize objects from different sides, speech would be inaccurate and inexpressive.

The definition is easy to find out in the sentence by asking adjectives. This member of a sentence is expressed by parts of speech that denote the attribute of the subject (adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers) or point to it (pronouns). But in fact, any significant parts of speech can act as a definition (inconsistent).

A separate definition is, as is clear from the above, a member of a sentence to which the questions apply: “which one?”, “which one?” , “which one?”, “which ones?”. Depending on the place in the syntactic structure, such a definition is distinguished by punctuation marks: at the beginning or end of the sentence - one comma, in the middle - two.

Students often mentally equate a participial phrase with a separate definition. They are partly right - the structure of a sentence with separate definitions often includes a participle with dependent words. But, firstly, such a definition does not always need to be separated with commas, and, secondly, single participles and adjectives are also separated. For example, if uncommon definitions (two or more) appear after the main word:

The sailor, experienced and brave, returned from a voyage around the world.

The sun, bright and blinding, gradually went below the horizon.

There is another myth regarding sentences with separate definitions. Having remembered that the participial phrase is highlighted only after the main word, students forget about definitions with the meaning of circumstance or addition. Such constructions require a comma, regardless of the position of the word being defined.

An example of such a sentence with separate definitions:

Fairly tired from the chase, the horse slowed down.(That is, the horse began to run slower because it was tired of the chase - adverbial meaning.)

Also, the place of a participial phrase or a single participle (less often an adjective) does not matter if they refer to a personal pronoun:

Upset by yesterday's incident, we walked in silence and hardly spoke.

Joyful and excited, he heatedly explained something.

Inconsistent definitions are isolated selectively, in cases where such isolation is justified by logical emphasis.

So, a sentence with a separate definition is easy to detect if you understand the syntactic function of this minor member, as well as the ways of expressing it. This is perhaps the main condition for the correct placement of punctuation marks.

What are sentences with separate definitions?

Nata Lipovetskaya

My son, while playing, touched a computer that was not working properly.

“playing” is a separate circumstance expressed by a gerund;
“working poorly” is a separate definition expressed by a participial phrase.

I know, it’s a crooked example, but it’s the simplest))

Type in Google: “Separate circumstances, separate definitions.” =)
Better yet, add the words “punctuation rules for” =3

Because a separate definition will not necessarily be expressed by a participial phrase.
These can also be homogeneous members after the word being defined, connected by the conjunction “and” ^^

Anatoly Ledenev

As a rule, common definitions are isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence they are highlighted on both sides with commas), expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the defined noun or substantivized word, for example: Poplars covered with dew filled the air with tender aroma (Chekhov); A pale light, similar to water slightly diluted with blue, flooded the eastern part of the horizon (Paustovsky); Those three are also standing, all gloomy (Gorky).

Simply put, commas are placed at definitions

Examples of a separate definition (10 sentences)

Julia

Poplars covered with dew filled the air with a delicate aroma.
The prince, red with embarrassment, asked forgiveness for his awkwardness.
Cinderella, excited by the appearance of the fairy and frightened by such an unusual phenomenon, was unable to utter a single word.
The child, loved by everyone and the only one, Svetka united the family for some time
Chickens roam around our straw-covered yard and always give way
Dust, pink from the shine of lightning, swept across the ground

4 is not enough for me yet)

Diana Alieva

Separating for the summer, the guys exchanged addresses. (separate situation_)
An ophthalmologist, or eye doctor, sees in the morning. (separate application)
Instead of an answer, Kirill Petrovich was given a letter. (separate addition)

What is a standalone definition?

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that indicates a characteristic of an object and answers the questions: what? which? which? which? whose? whose, whose? whose? which?

The definition can be isolated, that is, distinguished by meaning and intonation, in the following cases:

1) participial phrase AFTER the word being defined. Sounds approaching from the river became clearly audible.

2) a participial phrase or a single definition BEFORE the word being defined has the meaning of reason, concession or condition.

Worried by the approach of the boat, the birds began to stir.

3) an adjective with dependent words AFTER the word being defined.

I walked along the terrace, still strong and beautiful.

4) two or more single definitions after the word being defined.

The night came, moonlit, clear.

5) definitions that come after the word being defined that already has a definition.

Sad days, autumn days, quiet days, we still love.

6) a phrase or a single definition is separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence

Wheat fields lay across the river, drenched in the sun.

7) a definition relating to a personal pronoun, regardless of its location in the sentence

As an adult, I was a little embarrassed.

Alarmed and perplexed, it was difficult for him to explain anything.

8) definition expressed by the indirect case of a noun with a preposition, after the word being defined

Two girls, who looked to be between eight and ten years old, were sitting next to her.

9) noun - infinitive...

I came to you with only one motive - to do good.

1. Single and common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they relate to a personal pronoun, for example:

1) Tired of a long speech, I closed my eyes and fell asleep. (L); 2) And he, rebellious, asks for storms, as if there is peace in storms. (L); 3) But you jumped up irresistible, and a flock of ships are sinking. (P.)

Note. It is necessary to distinguish adjectives and participles included in a compound nominal predicate from isolated agreed definitions expressed by adjectives and participles, for example: 1) He came especially excited And funny. (L. T.); 2) He let's go home sad And tired. (M.G.) In these cases, adjectives and participles can be placed in the instrumental case, for example: He came especially excited And cheerful.

2. Common agreed definitions are isolated and separated in writing by commas if they appear after the noun being defined: 1) The officer riding on horseback pulled the reins, stopped for a second and turned to the right. (Cupr.); 2) Streams of smoke curled in the night air, full of moisture and freshness of the sea. (M.G.) (Cf.: 1) The officer riding on horseback pulled the reins, stopped for a second and turned to the right. 2) Streams of smoke curled in the night air full of moisture and freshness of the sea - there is no isolation, since adjectives come before the defined nouns.)

3. Single agreed definitions are isolated if there are two or more of them and they come after the noun being defined, especially if there is already a definition in front of it: 1) There was a field all around, lifeless, dull. (Boon.); 2) The sun, magnificent and bright, rose over the sea. (M.G.)

Sometimes definitions are so closely related to the noun that the latter does not express the desired meaning without them, for example: In the forest, the atmosphere was waiting for Ephraim suffocating, thick, saturated with the smells of pine needles, moss and rotting leaves. (Ch.) The word atmosphere acquires the necessary meaning only in combination with definitions, and therefore they cannot be isolated from it: the important thing is not that Ephraim “was waiting for an atmosphere”, but that this atmosphere was “suffocating”, “thick” etc. Wed. another example: His [the counselor]’s face had a rather pleasant, but rogueish expression (P.), where definitions are also closely related to the word being defined and therefore are not isolated.

4. Agreed definitions placed in front of the defined noun are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, concessional or temporary). These definitions often refer to proper names: 1) Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern. (Ax.); 2) Tired from the day's march, Semyonov soon fell asleep. (Cor.); 3) Still transparent, the forests seem to be turning green. (P.); 4) Not cooled down by the heat, the July night shone. (Tyutch.)

5. Inconsistent definitions, expressed in indirect cases of nouns with prepositions, are isolated if they are given greater independence, that is, when they complement, clarify the idea of an already known person or object; this usually happens if they refer to a proper name or personal pronoun: 1) Prince Andrei, in a cloak, riding a black horse, stood behind the crowd and looked at Alpatych. (L. T.); 2) Today she, in a new blue hood, was especially young and impressively beautiful. (M.G.); 3) An elegant officer, wearing a cap with golden oak leaves, shouted something into a megaphone to the captain. (A.N.T.) Wed: The engineer with a thunderous voice and wearing tortoiseshell glasses was most dissatisfied with the delay. (Paust.)

Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns, in addition, are usually isolated: a) when they follow separate definitions expressed by adjectives and participles: A boy, with a short haircut, in a gray blouse, served Laptev tea without a saucer. (Ch.); b) when they stand in front of these definitions and are connected with them by coordinating conjunctions: The poor guest, with his shirt torn and scratched until he bled, soon found a safe corner. (P.)

Detached application: example. Separate application: example sentences. Offers with stand-alone applications

Questions regarding separate applications are found quite often in exam tasks for the Unified State Exam and State Examination, and many examinees are unable to answer them correctly. How can you learn to find an application in a sentence and correctly identify it?

What is an application?

An application should be understood as a definition that is expressed using a noun and is consistent with the word being defined. The application can indicate completely different qualities of objects, provide information about profession, nationality, age and many other characteristics of a person or object.

There are stand-alone applications and non-stand-alone applications. The first should be studied more carefully, as for the second, here we can talk about proper names that are combined with common nouns, as well as cases when common nouns are followed by proper names.

Standalone application: example and analysis

Common applications that are expressed by a common noun with dependent words and which themselves belong to the common noun can be isolated. Such applications are most often located after the word being defined and very rarely in front of it. For example: “The father, the man with gray sideburns, joked more.”

In this case, the application “man with gray sideburns” refers to a common noun, so it is separated by a comma. Constructions of the following type can also stand out: “The engineer spoke, he is also one of the developers of this engine, Igor Sikorsky.”

Single application

An uncommon application can be isolated if it is located behind a common noun, and if this noun has attached to itself a number of additional explanatory words. They appear much less often in speech, so separate applications with examples are much easier to find.

Even more rarely, such an application can be isolated, but this is possible if it is found with a single noun, and is used to enhance the semantic role of another application, without allowing merging with the words being defined, for example: “Father, a disabled person, fed and clothed from an early age , and myself."

Applications with hyphens

A separate common application, examples of which can be found in a large number of reference books, can be attached to a common noun using a hyphen: mother-heroine, teenage boys, etc. Sometimes hyphenated writing becomes possible if there is a definition that explains the general essence of the sentence, it may refer to the entire utterance or to just one word.

Hyphenation is possible after proper names (very often this happens when indicating geographical names), for example: Moscow River. There are cases when a hyphen is placed after a proper name; this is possible when the application together with the name is able to form a single semantic core, for example: Ivan Tsarevich.

When should you not use a hyphen when using applications?

There are cases when the application is used without a hyphen, for example, when it is equated in its lexical meaning to an adjective. Another principle is also used if, when combining two nouns of a common noun type, one of them has the meaning of a generic concept, and the other - a specific concept (with the exception of terms).

If the appendix or qualified noun itself is written with a hyphen, no additional separation is needed. Next to the defined noun there can be two uncommon clauses at once; in this case they will not be separated either.

Offers with separate applications: examples

Those applications that relate to a proper name can be separated on both sides if they are located after the word being defined. For example: “This morning Kataev, the driver of the first bus, talked about yesterday’s incident.” If the application comes before a proper name and has an additional adverbial lexical meaning, it will also stand out: “Confident, Maxim remained so even in the most difficult situations.”

A separate application, an example of which may look like the proper name of a person or animal, has a place in a sentence if it is explanatory in nature or is used to clarify a common noun: “Masha’s dog, Rosalind, did not like strangers and constantly tried to protect from them your mistress." Quite often, double punctuation is possible here; everything will depend on whether the sentence has an explanatory connotation of meaning or not.

Application + alliances

A stand-alone application, the example sentences with which often baffle inexperienced native speakers, is actually not particularly complex. So, it can be joined using the conjunction “as” and combinations such as “by last name”, “by nickname”, etc. For example: “Katya, as a smart girl, wanted to get an ideal groom.”

If a conjunction has the lexical meaning “as something,” then the phrase that will be attached with the help of it cannot be considered an application, much less separated from all others by commas. Also, applications with the conjunction “how” are not isolated if they characterize an object from only one side. A separate application, an example of which can be found in the sentence “He was never able to get used to her as an actress,” will not be separated by commas.

Application + pronoun

A separate agreed application, examples of which are sometimes difficult to understand, is always distinguished by commas next to the pronoun. In these cases, various separation options are possible. They will directly depend on the intonation with which it was pronounced, as well as on the presence of pauses after pronouns.

The comma may not be placed in those sentences where the demonstrative particle together with the pronoun is located after the noun, but before the application. Writing in this case is controversial; now the largest linguists studying the issue are trying to come to some kind of consensus.

Complex cases

Even if you know what a standalone application is (the example sentences with it don't scare you), be prepared for the fact that various kinds of exceptions will appear. For example, the application may refer to a word that is not in the sentence at all, but is implied by the context.

Most often this happens when there is no pronoun in the sentence; it, as a rule, is suggested either by the personal forms of the predicate, or by other available means. For example: “Bitch, I always don’t drink, but for such an occasion I’ll definitely drink.” Using the form of the verb, you can guess that the pronoun “I” is missing in the sentence.

Dash instead of comma when separating

In some cases, a separate application, example sentences with which you need to study in preparation for the Unified State Exam, may be highlighted in writing not with commas, but with a dash. Most often this happens when any word can be inserted before the application without changing the overall meaning of the sentence.

Also, a dash is placed before the application located at the end of the sentence, provided that the nature of the application is explained with the help of a punctuation mark. A dash can be used to separate applications that are explanatory in nature. For example: “Some boring painting - the creation of a sad artist - covered a hole in the wallpaper.”

A dash is used as a punctuation mark if a separate application is followed by a comma. For example: “With the help of special diving equipment - scuba gear, anyone can dive into the depths of the ocean and take a closer look at the inhabitants of the seabed.”

A separate application, an example of which looks like this: “Leading experts - heads of departments spoke at the meeting” - in this case expresses the specific meaning of the defined word, which has a more general meaning, from which it is impossible to conclude who exactly is being discussed.

Sentences with separate applications, examples of which may look like this: “The main person of the department, Tatyana Petrovna, said that we will not go anywhere today,” are constructed in such a way that the application is located before the word being defined. The dash in this case plays the role of a tool for isolating the application.

A dash can be used if the application is combined with a homogeneous member of the sentence, clarifying its meaning. For example: “Father, mother, their daughter Katya, two friends, grandchildren met at dinner.” This sentence, complicated by a separate application, the examples of which are very conservative, does not have a second dash.

Also, a dash can be used to separate similar applications located before the word being defined from each other. For example, “The author of hundreds of books, scripts, stories and fables, Alexey Petrovich suddenly decided to change his activities and became interested in skydiving and diving.”

Also, a dash can be used in constructions of the following type: “Pushkin - Bezrukov was magnificent.” In this case, the application is not isolated, but plays the role of a clarifying element with the subject. From the sentence it becomes clear that the role of the famous poet was played by an equally famous actor.

Conclusion

The stand-alone app, an example of which can help with a difficult exam question, is actually not too difficult to understand. If necessary, any student can use reference materials on the Russian language to make sure that he really understands what an application is and how to correctly highlight it within any structure.

Chapter 30. Syntax. Separate members of the sentence

§1. Separation. General concept

Separation– a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated parts of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.

An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

single definition: excited girl;
two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...

1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:

She, excited, could not sleep.

(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

Excited, she could not sleep.

(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)

2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:

The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.

If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:

Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.

(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)

3. A common definition, expressed by a phrase, is isolated if it refers to the defined word, expressed by a noun, and comes after it:

The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.

(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)

If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:

Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.

She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.

Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning

Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:

Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.

(additional meaning of reason)

Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.

(additional value of concession)

Thus, various factors are important for separation:

1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.

§3. Dedicated Applications

Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:

1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;

2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.

An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:

He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.

Great doctor, he helped me a lot.

A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:

My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our whole family.

A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:

He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.

Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:

Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.

An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:

And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.

The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.

The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.

(why? for what reason?)

Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:

On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.

Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:

In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.

Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and is distinguished by a pause.

New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.

§4. Standalone Add-ons

Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, apart from, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:

No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

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§5. Special circumstances

Separate themselves circumstances, expressed:

single: After eating, the child fell asleep.
as part of participial phrases: After discussing the results of the work, we parted ways.

2) circumstances with a pretext despite:

Despite the rain, the children ran out for a walk.

3) comparative turnover with unions: as if, exactly, as if, what, than, rather than and others similar:

The clouds, like cotton wool, floated low and slowly over the ground.

§6. Isolation of comparative turnovers

Comparative turnovers are distinguished:

1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:

simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
similes: Her teeth were like pearls.

2) with a union like:

Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.

Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:

1. are of a phraseological nature:

It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down like buckets.

2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:

We're walking in circles.

(We are walking(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: cool)

3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":

It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.

4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:

The garden was like a forest.

He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.

§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence

Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? who exactly? which one exactly? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:

We stayed up late, until nightfall.

Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.

The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.

Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:

1) using unions: that is, namely:

I am preparing for the Unified State Examination C1 task, that is, for an essay.

2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:

Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.

Test of strength

Find out your understanding of this chapter.

Separate definition: examples. Sentences with separate definitions: examples

It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “which one?”, defining the object or “whose?”, indicating that it belongs to someone.

Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:

kind (what?) heart;
gold (what?) nugget;
bright (what?) appearance;
old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:

the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
father watered (whose?) my tree.

“Joyful, she reported the news.” In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
“The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.

“Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

“Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”

“Excited about the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage” - “The girl closed her eyes before going on stage.”

As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.

Agreed Definitions

Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:

adjective – a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;

pronoun – (whose?) my dog got off the leash;

numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;

communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.

A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:

“Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.

“We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.

“People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can appear either before or after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:

Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”

Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”

Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:

A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).

A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.

Comparative degree of adjective with dependent words. From afar we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.

Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Definition structure

According to their structure, definitions can consist of:

from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;

adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;

from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.

Separating the participle

§1. Separation. General concept

Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.

The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:

Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.

Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.

§2. Separate definitions

Separate definitions are divided into:

agreed upon
inconsistent

The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.

(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)

Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.

(inconsistent isolated definition)

Agreed Definition

The agreed separate definition is expressed:

participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.

Note:

A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:

He, full, quickly fell asleep.

Inconsistent definition

An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:

How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?

Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.

The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.

Definition structure

The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:

single definition: excited girl;
two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...