14. Wrangel’s circumnavigation of the world on the transport “Meek” (1825–1827) The military transport “Meek” (90 feet long) specially built for the upcoming voyage under the command of Lieutenant-Commander Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel, who had already completed a circumnavigation of the world

15. Stanyukovich’s circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Moller” (1826–1829) Following the example of previous circumnavigations, in 1826 it was decided to send two warships from Kronstadt to protect the fisheries in Russian America and to deliver goods to the port of Petropavlovsk. But so

16. Litke’s circumnavigation of the world on the sloop “Senyavin” (1826–1829) The commander of the sloop “Senyavin”, which went on a joint circumnavigation with the sloop “Moller”, captain-lieutenant Fyodor Petrovich Litke circumnavigated the world as a midshipman on the “Kamchatka” in 1817–1819 years. Then

17. Hagemeister’s circumnavigation of the world on the transport “Meek” (1828–1830) The military transport “Krotky”, which returned from a circumnavigation of the world in 1827, was again sent in 1828 with cargo for Petropavlovsk and Novo-Arkhangelsk. Its commander was appointed captain-lieutenant

19. Shants’ circumnavigation of the world on the transport “America” (1834–1836) The military transport “America”, which returned from a circumnavigation around the world in 1833 and was somewhat redesigned, on August 5, 1834, under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Ivanovich Shants, again left Kronstadt with loads

20. Juncker's circumnavigation of the world on the transport "Abo" (1840–1842) The military transport "Abo" (128 feet long, with a displacement of 800 tons), under the command of Lieutenant Commander Andrei Logginovich Juncker, left Kronstadt on September 5, 1840. Going to Copenhagen, Helsingor, Portsmouth, the island

2. Kruzenshtern's voyage on the ship "Nadezhda" in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk (1805) The ship of the Russian-American company - "Nadezhda" under the command of Lieutenant Commander Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on July 3, 1804. Reloading and replenishing supplies

3. Lisyansky’s voyage on the ship “Neva” in the waters of Russian America (1804–1805) The ship of the Russian-American company “Neva” under the command of Lieutenant Commander Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, leaving together with the “Nadezhda” from Kronstadt on July 26, 1803, arrived to Pavlovskaya harbor island

M. P. LAZAREV’S CIRCUMSTANCE ON THE SUVOROV SHIP

A TRIP AROUND THE WORLD IN 1803, 1804, 1805 AND 1806 ON THE SHIPS “NADEZHDA” AND “NEVA” Pre-Notice I. Both in the trip itself and in the tables attached to it, the Gregorian reckoning of time is adopted, for the reason that the calculation of all sightings were made according to

By the beginning of the 19th century. Russian possessions in the north-west of America occupied vast areas of Alaska. Russian settlements on the western coast of the mainland reached the place where San Francisco is now located.

The journey overland from the center of Russia to its Far Eastern outskirts and especially to Russian America was long and difficult. All necessary cargo was then sent along rivers and by horse-drawn cart through the vast expanses of Siberia to Okhotsk, and then by sea on ships. Transporting goods was very expensive. Suffice it to say that a pound of rye flour, which cost 40-50 kopecks in the European part of Russia, brought to Alaska, was valued at 8 rubles.

The difficulty of communication also complicated the management of these territories. It happened that a government order reached Kamchatka or Alaska when it had already lost its force and was canceled in the center as outdated.

There was an urgent need to establish regular flights of Russian ships from the Baltic ports to Russian ports on the Pacific Ocean. And so, in 1802, the Naval Ministry accepted the proposal of the captain-lieutenant of the Russian fleet, Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, to organize the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Kruzenshtern's whole life was connected with the sea and naval service. He studied at the Naval Cadet Corps. During the Russian-Swedish war, the young man was assigned “as a midshipman” to the ship “Mstislav”. Soon Krusenstern was promoted to midshipman, and then to lieutenant for his courage in taking an enemy ship. In 1793, the capable officer was sent to England among the “excellent young officers.”

During his long voyages on English ships, Ivan Fedorovich visited the coast of North America, India and China.

Appointed head of the round-the-world expedition, Kruzenshtern took as his assistant an old friend with whom he studied in the Naval Corps, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky.

He was also an experienced and educated naval officer. He began studying in early childhood in the Naval Cadet Corps. Lisyansky participated in all the main battles with the Swedish fleet and was promoted to lieutenant. Like Krusenstern, Lisyansky was sent to England to serve in the navy. He sailed on English ships off the coasts of Africa, Asia and America. Lisyansky returned to his homeland four years later.

For the round-the-world expedition, two small ships with a displacement of 450 and 370 tons were purchased. The larger of them, which was led by Kruzenshtern himself, was called “Nadezhda”, and the smaller one, commanded by Lisyansky, was called “Neva”.

The Maritime Ministry advised Krusenstern to recruit a crew for such a long and responsible voyage from experienced foreign sailors. But Ivan Fedorovich, highly appreciating the Russian sailors, rejected this proposal.

The youngest participants in the voyage were midshipman F.F. Bellingshausen, who later became famous for the discovery of Antarctica, and O.E. Kotzebue, the future circumnavigator.

The Russian ambassador N.P. Rezanov was sent to Japan on the Nadezhda to establish diplomatic ties with this country.

The expedition had important scientific tasks: to explore the Far Eastern coast of Russia, check and clarify sea maps, and conduct oceanographic observations along the way (measurement of sea depths, water temperature, etc.).

In August 1803, Nadezhda and Neva left Kronstadt. The expedition was accompanied by all residents of the city and the crews of Russian and foreign ships stationed in the roadstead. Such a solemn farewell was not accidental: Russian sailors were setting off on a trip around the world for the first time.

Ten days later the ships reached Copenhagen. Here, foreign scientists were accepted into the expedition: an astronomer, two naturalists and a doctor of medicine.

On their way to England, Nadezhda and Neva encountered a severe storm, during which several foreign ships were lost. But the Russian sailors endured this baptism of fire with honor.

Russian ships, having visited England, entered the vast Atlantic Ocean.

The transition to the Southern Hemisphere was celebrated by raising the flag and firing a cannon salute. The entire crew put on full dress uniform. The sailors staged a performance: the mythical sea king Neptune greeted the sailors who arrived in his domain. Sailor Pavel Kurganov, tying a beard of tow, with a crown on his head and a trident in his hands, portrayed a sea king. He ordered that those who crossed the equator for the first time be subjected to sea baptism. With cheerful laughter and jokes, the sailors bathed all participants in the voyage, except for the captains - Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky, who had previously sailed in the Southern Hemisphere.

This maritime holiday has become traditional in the Russian fleet since the voyage of the Nadezhda and Neva.

Approaching the shores of Brazil, Russian sailors updated the map.

At the end of December 1803, “Nadezhda” and “Neva” entered the harbor of St. Catherine Island. This small island is separated from the mainland of South America by a narrow strait.

Russian sailors saw a lot of unusual things. The island was covered with luxurious tropical vegetation. Here January is the hottest month.

In the forest, sailors caught unprecedented colorful parrots, monkeys, and once even brought an alligator onto the ship Neva. Naturalists collected rich zoological and botanical collections in the tropical forests.

The ships remained in the harbor for six weeks: two damaged masts were replaced on the Neva.

The expedition then headed to the tip of South America, rounded Cape Horn and entered the waters of the Pacific Ocean.

The weather was cloudy. A strong wind was blowing. It was raining lightly. There were often thick fogs over the sea. Soon the ships lost sight of each other.

"Neva", as agreed earlier, went to Easter Island, and "Nadezhda", changing the route, went to the group of Marquesas Islands.

In mid-May, Nadezhda approached Nukuhiva Island. It was a fertile corner of the earth, covered with coconut palms; Breadfruit grew in the forests.

Three days later, the Neva arrived at the island. Lisyansky told Kruzenshtern that during a three-day stay at Easter Island, he clarified the coordinates of this island and drew up a map of it.

The expedition stayed at Nukuhiva Island for ten days. The most friendly relations were established with the local residents. The islanders helped Russian sailors stock up on fresh water and various products. Krusenstern and Lisyansky made the first geographical description of the island.

Lisyansky compiled a short dictionary of the language of the islanders. He was helped in this by the Englishman Roberts and the Frenchman Carby, shipwrecked sailors; Having lived on the island for many years, they knew perfectly well the customs, life and language of the local residents.

Naturalists collected rich collections, which included many new plants unknown to European scientists. Members of the expedition made sketches of the area, and one of them recorded songs of the island's inhabitants.

At the end of May, the ships crossed the equator for the second time - this time from south to north.

“Nadezhda” went from the Hawaiian Islands to the shores of Kamchatka, and “Neva” - to Alaska.

In mid-July, Nadezhda anchored off Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. The ship remained in this harbor for six weeks. During this time, goods were unloaded, provisions were replenished and the ship was put in order.

Fulfilling the task of the Russian government to visit Japan, the ship headed south. The voyage took place in difficult conditions: there was fog and heavy rain. Not far from Japan, the Nadezhda was caught in a terrible typhoon.

“You must have the gift of poetry in order to vividly describe its fury,” Kruzenshtern later wrote.

And in the hour of great danger, when, in the words of the head of the expedition, “the ship was left without sails at the mercy of the fierce waves, which, as it seemed, threatened to engulf it every minute,” the entire crew courageously helped to lead the ship out of the area where the hurricane was raging.

In October, Nadezhda arrived at the Japanese port of Nagasaki. Local authorities did not greet the Russian sailors in a friendly manner. First of all, they invited the sailors to surrender their cannons and, in general, all firearms and gunpowder. Only when this condition was met was the ship allowed to enter the harbor. I had to stay here for more than six months. The Japanese forbade sailors not only to go ashore, but even to travel around the bay. The Russian ship was surrounded by patrol boats.

During this period, Japan lived in isolation, isolated from the whole world and did not want to have any relations with other states. She traded only with China and a group of Dutch merchants. The Russian envoy failed to reach an agreement with the Japanese government on the establishment of diplomatic relations.

From the Japanese Emperor, the Russian envoy Rezanov was given a letter stating that Russian ships were forbidden to even approach the shores of Japan.

Returning from Nagasaki to Kamchatka, Kruzenshtern navigated the ship through the Sea of ​​Japan, then little known to Europeans. On the way, he explored and described the island of Tsushima, as well as the strait between this island and Japan. In addition, navigators explored the entire coastline of Hokkaido, which was shown as a dotted line on maps of that time.

The identification of astronomical points and cartographic work of Russian sailors off the western coast of Japan made it possible to create a map of these unknown places.

In the Kuril Islands group, Kruzenshtern discovered four rocks, near which the ship almost died. He called them "Rock Traps."

From the Kuril Islands "Nadezhda" went to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. Having replenished the supply of water and provisions, Kruzenshtern also made a scientific voyage to the shores of Sakhalin. He described the eastern coast of Sakhalin and for the first time accurately mapped it.

When trying to pass between Sakhalin and the mainland, Kruzenshtern encountered an extensive shoal on the way. Here he came to the erroneous conclusion that Sakhalin is a peninsula and is connected to the mainland by an isthmus.

Only 44 years later this mistake was corrected by another Russian traveler - G.I. Nevelskoy.

In late autumn, Nadezhda arrived in Macau, a Portuguese colony near Canton (Guangzhou). The Neva arrived there at the beginning of December, which spent almost a year and a half - about seventeen months - on its independent voyage.

During this time, Lisyansky explored the nature of the Havana Islands, became acquainted with the way of life of the islanders, and visited the coast of Alaska and Kodiak Bay. With great joy and triumph, the Russian people in Alaska greeted the first ship from their homeland that had traveled such a long sea route from Kronstadt.

Just these days, on Sitkha Island (Baranova Island), the Indians, incited by the Americans and the British, attacked the Russian settlement. Lisyansky, together with the entire crew, had to come to the defense of his compatriots.

For more than a year, the Neva was off the coast of Alaska and performed security duty. Lisyansky, without wasting time, explored the islands of Sitkha, Kodiak and the American coast. He made a map of these bridges.

In September 1805, the Neva, loaded with valuable furs, departed from the shores of Russian America and headed for China.

To the west of the Hawaiian Islands, sailors began to notice floating algae, fish and birds appeared here - signs of nearby land, which at these latitudes was not listed on the map.

Lisyansky carefully steered the ship, and yet the Neva unexpectedly ran aground near an unknown island. It turned out to be uninhabited. There were many seals and birds on it, which were not at all afraid of people. At the insistence of the Neva’s crew, the island was named after the ship’s commander, Lisyansky, and the shoal on which the ship ran aground was named Nevskaya. The ship was safely refloated and arrived in China.

In February 1806, Nadezhda and Neva, loaded with various Chinese goods - tea, silk fabrics, porcelain, etc., left Canton (Guangzhou) on their way back.

The ships traveled together to the coast of South Africa. At the Cape of Good Hope, during the fog, they lost sight of each other.

Kruzenshtern rounded the Cape of Good Hope and arrived at St. Helena Island. Here he learned that Russia, in alliance with England and Austria, was at war with France. Fearing a meeting with French military vessels, Kruzenshtern took the ship away from the shores of Europe.

In August 1806, Nadezhda dropped anchor in the Kronstadt port. The Russian voyage around the world, which lasted three years and twelve days, ended successfully. Lisyansky was the first to greet the sailors on the Nadezhda ship: he brought the Neva to Kronstadt two weeks earlier.

The first circumnavigation of Russian sailors was a new page in the history of geographical science. Kruzenshtern and Lisyansky clarified the world map, added new islands to it and removed the non-existent lands marked there from the old maps. The collections collected by the expedition were of great scientific value.

During the voyage, observations were made of the temperature and density of water at different depths (up to 400 m), sea currents, etc. As a result of the journey, the sea route from Kronstadt to the shores of Russian America was mastered.

In honor of the first Russian circumnavigation, a medal was struck with the inscription: “For a trip around the world. 1803-1806".

Kruzenshtern wrote a book about the expedition - “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, with an atlas on 104 sheets. In addition, I. F. Krusenstern compiled an atlas of maps of the southern seas, which was the most accurate and complete at that time; it was used by sailors and geographers all over the world.

Lisyansky also described his voyage - in the book “Journey around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ship “Neva”. Both books were translated into foreign languages ​​and published abroad. They are still read with interest.

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The first Russian round-the-world expedition aimed to connect Russian America with the Baltic ports by sea. The path from European Russia to Okhotsk, leading through the vast expanse of Siberia, was extremely long and inconvenient. “The great distance,” wrote Kruzenshtern, “and the extreme difficulties in transporting some things, which required more than 4,000 horses annually, raised prices for everything, even in Okhotsk, to the extreme. So, for example: a pound of rye flour cost there even during the time of cheapness, when in eastern European Russia it was sold for 40 or 50 kopecks, 8 rubles, a bottle of hot wine was 20, and often 40 and 50 rubles. It often happened that after transporting them across a great distance, they were plundered on the road and only a small part reached Okhotsk. Transporting anchors and ropes seemed completely impossible, but the need for them forced them to resort to means that often caused harmful consequences.

The ropes were cut into pieces of 7-8 fathoms and upon delivery to Okhotsk they were again connected and fastened. Anchors were also transported in pieces, which were then chained together. No matter how difficult and expensive the transportation was to Okhotsk, it was just as little convenient and safe from there to the [Aleutian] Islands and America. The extremely poor construction of the ships, the lack of knowledge of most of those who managed them, and the dangerous navigation in such a state on the stormy eastern ocean were the main reasons that ships with the most necessary and now so expensive cargo were lost almost every year. So, in order to carry out this trade with greater profit and in order to subsequently strengthen it, necessity required sending ships from the Baltic Sea near Cape Horn or the Cape of Good Hope to the northwestern coast of America. In 1803, the first experiment with such intention was made.”

However, this “intention” first appeared long before 1803. Back in 1732, the President of the Admiralty Collegium N.F. Golovin and Admiral Sanders proposed to supply the Second Kamchatka Expedition with ships that would sail from the Baltic to Okhotsk around Cape Horn. In 1764, a plan was developed to send two ships into the waters of the Aleutian Islands along the same route. In 1785, it was planned to send four warships under the command of G.I. to the shores of northwestern America. Mulovsky. However, this plan was thwarted by the Russian-Swedish war, in one of the battles of which G.I. died. Mulovsky.

In the 80s and 90s of the 18th century. The sphere of Russian penetration into the Pacific Ocean began to rapidly expand and covered the shores of the Gulf of Alaska and the islands of the Alexander Archipelago. In 1799, a permanent settlement was founded on the island of Sitkha, which soon became the main base of the Russian-American Company, established in the same year. Direct maritime communication between the Baltic and the northwestern shores of North America became much more necessary than two or three decades ago, and in 1803 an expedition under the command of Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern was sent to the waters of the “Eastern Ocean”.

Kruzenshtern was born on September 8, 1770 near Revel (Tallinn), graduated from the Naval Corps in Kronstadt and at the age of eighteen took part in naval battles with the Swedes. Krusenstern served as a midshipman on the ship G.I. Mulovsky and from him I learned about the project of a round-the-world expedition, which was not carried out due to the Russian-Swedish war. In 1793, Krusenstern was sent to England, then visited Canada, the West Indies, India and China. Returning to Russia in 1799, Kruzenshtern submitted two notes to Paul I in which he developed plans for maritime relations with Kamchatka and Russian America. These notes were shelved, and only after the accession of Alexander I the matter was set in motion. Two ships were equipped: “Nadezhda” and “Neva” with a displacement of 450 and 375 tons, respectively. The commander of the “Neva” was Kruzenshtern’s friend and peer Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, who participated in the Russian-Swedish war and, like Kruzenshtern, went through an excellent practical school in England. The expedition included naturalists I.K. Gorner, G.I. Langsdorf and V.G. Tilesius.

On August 7, 1803, the ships left Kronstadt and headed to Cape Horn, which they rounded in February 1804. Having entered the Pacific Ocean, Nadezhda and Neva headed separate routes to the Marquesas Islands. On the way, Lisyansky stopped at Easter Island, where the Neva crew was received extremely warmly by the islanders.

Left: I.F. Krusenstern; right: Yu.F. Lisyansky

Krusenstern and Lisyansky then met at a parking lot near the island of Nukuhiva. Both navigators explored the entire northern part of the Marquesas archipelago, discovered in 1791 by Ingraham. Kruzenshtern put these islands on his map under the name of the Washington Islands, noting that “although it is true that the fewer different names there are on maps and the more islands known under the same name, the better order and convenience is maintained in land description, but is it really Doesn’t the name of Washington, which should decorate every map, deserve exclusion?”

Lisyansky and Kruzenshtern described the island of Nukuhiva and its inhabitants in great detail. They paid much attention to the family life of the islanders, their customs, buildings, clothing, weapons, types of food and seaworthy means.

From the Marquesas Islands, the expedition headed to Hawaii, where it arrived on June 8, 1804. Krusenstern and Lisyansky visited the Hawaiian Islands at a time when they were already involved in the sphere of colonial expansion, and in those years when Kamehameha united the entire archipelago under his rule, crushing disobedient leaders. Russian sailors did not see this Hawaiian Peter the Great with their own eyes. They had to be satisfied with a meeting with the Hawaiian Lefort - the Englishman John Young, the richest colonist and chief adviser to King Kamehameha. In Kealakekua Bay, where Cook died, the Russian guests toured the royal “palace” - six large huts on stone platforms, the royal “goddess” - a temple surrounded by a palisade, in front of which stood idols and an altar, “very similar,” as Lisyansky writes, “to fish dryer." After visiting the main island of Hawaii, the ships went to the island of Kauai, where Chief Kaumualii, an enemy of King Kamehameha, ruled. From the shores of the island of Kauai, Krusenstern went to Petropavlovsk, and Lisyansky headed to Novo-Arkhangelsk, a city founded by Baranov on the island of Sitkha.

Having visited Russian America, in the fall of 1805 Lisyansky headed to Aomyn (Macau) - the place of meeting with Kruzenshtern. Along the way, on October 15, 1805, he discovered 26°2"48""N latitude and 173°42"30""W longitude. an uninhabited island surrounded by reefs, which was named Lisyansky Island. The birds nesting on the shores of the island and numerous seals did not pay any attention to the people. The island was completely waterless, and nothing grew on it except grass. But on the shore, Lisyansky found ten large logs - driftwood brought from a distant land, most likely from the shores of America.

Kruzenshtern, having visited Kamchatka, went to Nagasaki, where he was supposed to deliver the Russian ambassador Rezanov. The Japanese, however, did not accept Rezanov, and Kruzenshtern took him to Petropavlovsk, along the way examining the western entrance to the Sangarsky Strait, the western coast of Hokkaido Island and the waters of Southern Sakhalin. In the summer of 1805, Kruzenshtern mapped the northern and eastern shores of Sakhalin, which he, like La Perouse, considered a peninsula. Returning to Petropavlovsk again, Kruzenshtern headed to the Baltic in the fall of 1805. Along the way, he visited Macau and Guangzhou and, together with Lisyansky, arrived in Kronstadt on August 5, 1806.

The historiographers of the first Russian circumnavigation were its leaders I.F. Krusenstern and Yu.F. Lisyansky. The first editions of their works were published in 1809-1812. The first Russian round-the-world expedition made a great contribution to the study of the islands and seas of Oceania. Oceanographic work carried out in the Pacific Ocean was of great importance. The expedition conducted systematic observations of currents, salinity and density of water, ebbs and flows. Using Six's maximum-minimum thermometer, the expedition members collected valuable data on the distribution of temperatures in the upper layers of the World Ocean. It was found that the waters of the Atlantic Ocean have higher salinity than the waters of the Pacific Ocean, and that in subequatorial latitudes surface waters contain more salts than waters of low latitudes. After returning from a circumnavigation of the world, I.F. For many years, Kruzenshtern conducted a tireless search in the seas of the Pacific Ocean, without leaving St. Petersburg. He collected absolutely all the data on old and new Pacific expeditions, and the fruit of these studies was the truly wonderful “Atlas of the South Sea,” published by him in 1823-1826. To this atlas, Kruzenshtern attached a two-volume explanatory note (“Collected works serving as an analysis of ... the Atlas of the South Sea”), in which he critically assessed all the sources known at that time on the history of discoveries in the Pacific Ocean. In 1836, Krusenstern published an equally valuable addition to this work. Reports on the history of Pacific discoveries were published before these works by Kruzenshtern, and the names of Dalrymple, Barney, and Arrowsmith were well known to all geographers, but in terms of the completeness of coverage of the material, Kruzenshtern’s work left behind all the works of English hydrographers and cartographers. Krusenstern did a tremendous amount of work when compiling the atlas. The source data he used was very inaccurate and confusing. After all, before Cook, not a single navigator used a chronometer, and errors in determining the longitude of newly discovered lands excluded the possibility of accurately linking them to a map. At the same time, in such island “galaxies” as the Tuamotu archipelago or the Caroline and Marshall Islands, there are a great many atolls of similar appearance scattered, and it was possible to establish which one was discovered by one or another navigator only after a painstaking cross-study of data of different ages and different characteristics. Kruzenshtern's Atlas was awarded the full Demidov Prize and received extremely flattering reviews from the most prominent Russian geographers and navigators of the 19th century. - Academician K.M. Bera, F.P. Litke, F.P. Wrangel.

The idea of ​​circumnavigating the world in Russia has been floating around for quite some time. However, the first project for a trip around the world was developed and prepared only towards the end of the 18th century. The team of four ships was to be led by Captain G.I. Mulovsky, however, due to the war with Sweden, Russia canceled this expedition. In addition, its potential leader died in battle.

It is noteworthy that on the battleship Mstislav, whose commander was Mulovsky, young Ivan Kruzenshtern served as a midshipman. It was he, who became the leader of the implementation of the idea of ​​Russian circumnavigation, who would later lead the first Russian circumnavigation. At the same time as Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern, Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky, his classmate, sailed on another battleship, which also took part in naval battles. Both sailed in the Pacific, Indian and Atlantic oceans. Having fought on the side of the British against the French and returning to their homeland, both received the rank of lieutenant commander.

Kruzenshtern presented his project for a circumnavigation of the world to Paul I. The main goal of the project was to organize fur trade between Russia and China. However, this idea did not evoke the response that the captain had hoped for.

In 1799, the Russian-American Company was founded, the goal of which was to develop Russian America and the Kuril Islands and establish regular communications with overseas colonies.

The relevance of circumnavigation was due to the urgent need to maintain Russian colonies on the North American continent. Supplying food and goods to the colonists, providing settlers with weapons (the problem of frequent raids by the indigenous population (Indians), as well as potential threats from other powers) - these were pressing issues facing the Russian state. It was important to establish regular communication with the Russian colonists for their normal life. By this time it became clear that passage through the polar seas was postponed for an indefinite future. The journey by land, through all of Siberia and the Far East off-road, and then across the Pacific Ocean, is a very expensive and time-consuming “pleasure.”

From the beginning of the reign of Paul I's son Alexander, the Russian-American Company began to be under the patronage of the royal house. (It is noteworthy that the first director of the Russian-American Company was Ustyug resident Mikhail Matveevich Buldakov, who actively supported the idea of ​​circumnavigation financially and organizationally).

In turn, Emperor Alexander I supported Kruzenshtern in his desire to explore the possibilities of communication between Russia and North America, appointing him head of the first Russian round-the-world expedition.

Captains Kruzentshtern and Lisyansky, having received two sloops under their command: “Nadezhda” and “Neva”, carefully approached the preparation of the expedition, purchasing a large amount of medicines and anti-scorbutic drugs, staffing the crews with the best Russian military sailors. It is interesting that all the cargo on the Neva ship was managed by another Ustyug resident (here it is - the continuity of generations of Russian explorers) Nikolai Ivanovich Korobitsyn. The expedition was well equipped with various modern measuring instruments, since its tasks included scientific purposes (the expedition included astronomers, naturalists, and an artist).

At the beginning of August 1803, with a large crowd of people, Kruzenshtern's expedition left Kronstadt on two sailing sloops - Nadezhda and Neva. On board the Nadezhda there was a mission to Japan led by Nikolai Rezanov. The main purpose of the voyage was to explore the mouth of the Amur and neighboring territories to identify convenient places and routes for supplying goods to the Russian Pacific Fleet. After a long stay near the island of Santa Catarina (the coast of Brazil), when two masts had to be replaced on the Neva, the ships crossed the equator for the first time in the history of the Russian fleet and headed south. On March 3, they rounded Cape Horn and separated three weeks later in the Pacific Ocean. From the island of Nuku Hiva (Marquesas Islands), the sloops proceeded together to the Hawaiian Islands, where they separated again.

On July 1, 1804, the Neva arrived at Kodiak Island and remained off the coast of North America for more than a year. The sailors helped the inhabitants of Russian America defend their settlements from the attack of the Tlingit Indian tribes, participated in the construction of the Novo-Arkhangelsk (Sitka) fortress, and carried out scientific observations and hydrographic work.

At the same time, “Nadezhda” arrived in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky in July 1804. Then Krusenstern took Rezanov to Nagasaki and back, describing the northern and eastern shores of Terpeniya Bay along the way.

In the summer of 1805, Kruzenshtern for the first time photographed about 1000 km of the coast of Sakhalin, tried to pass in the south between the island and the mainland, but could not and mistakenly decided that Sakhalin was not an island and was connected to the mainland by an isthmus.

In August 1805, Lisyansky sailed on the Neva with a cargo of furs to China, and in November arrived at the port of Macau, where he again connected with Kruzenshtern and Nadezhda. But as soon as the ships left the port, they lost each other again in the fog. Following independently, Lisyansky, for the first time in the history of world navigation, sailed a ship without calling at ports or stops from the coast of China to Portsmouth in England. On July 22, 1806, his Neva was the first to return to Kronstadt.

Lisyansky and his crew became the first Russian circumnavigators. Only two weeks later the Nadezhda arrived here safely. But the fame of the circumnavigator mainly went to Krusenstern, who was the first to publish a description of the trip. His three-volume book “A Journey Around the World...” and “Atlas for a Journey” was published three years earlier than the works of Lisyansky, who considered his duties to be more important than the publication of a report for the Geographical Society. And Kruzenshtern himself saw in his friend and colleague, first of all, “an impartial, obedient person, zealous for the common good,” extremely modest. True, Lisyansky’s merits were nevertheless noted: he received the rank of captain of the 2nd rank, the Order of St. Vladimir of the 3rd degree, a cash bonus and a lifelong pension. For him, the main gift was the gratitude of the officers and sailors of the sloop, who endured the hardships of the voyage with him and gave him as a souvenir a golden sword with the inscription: “Gratitude of the crew of the ship “Neva.”

Participants in the first Russian round-the-world expedition made a significant contribution to geographical science by erasing a number of non-existent islands from the map and clarifying the position of existing ones. They discovered inter-trade countercurrents in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, measured water temperature at depths of up to 400 m and determined its specific gravity, transparency and color; found out the reason for the glow of the sea, collected numerous data on atmospheric pressure, ebbs and flows in a number of areas of the World Ocean.

During his travels, Lisyansky collected an extensive natural and ethnographic collection, which later became the property of the Russian Geographical Society (one of the initiators of which was Kruzenshtern).

Three times in his life Lisyansky was the first: the first to travel around the world under the Russian flag, the first to pave the way from Russian America to Kronstadt, the first to discover an uninhabited island in the central Pacific Ocean.

The first Russian round-the-world trip by Kruzenshtern-Lisyansky turned out to be practically a standard in terms of its organization, support and execution. At the same time, the expedition proved the possibility of communication with Russian America.

The enthusiasm after the return of the Nadezhda and Neva to Kronstadt was so great that in the first half of the 19th century, more than 20 circumnavigations were organized and completed, which is more than France and England combined.

Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern became the inspirer and organizer of subsequent expeditions, the leaders of which were, among other things, members of the crew of his sloop Nadezhda.

Midshipman Thaddeus Faddeevich Bellingshausen traveled on the Nadezhda, who would later discover Antarctica in 1821 on a circumnavigation of the world in high southern latitudes.

Otto Evstafievich Kotzebue sailed on the same sloop as a volunteer, under whose leadership 2 circumnavigations were carried out.

In 1815-18, Kotzebue led a round-the-world research expedition on the brig Rurik. At Cape Horn, during a storm (January 1816), a wave washed him overboard; he saved himself by grabbing a rope. After an unsuccessful search for the fantastic “Davis Land” west of the coast of Chile, at 27° S. latitude. in April-May 1816 he discovered the inhabited island of Tikei, the atolls of Takapoto, Arutua and Tikehau (all in the Tuamotu archipelago), and in the Ratak chain of the Marshall Islands - the atolls of Utirik and Taka. At the end of July - mid-August, Kotzebue described the coast of Alaska for almost 600 km, discovered Shishmarev Bay, Sarychev Island and the vast Kotzebue Bay, and in it - the Bay of Good Hope (now Goodhope) and Eschscholtz with the Khoris Peninsula and Shamisso Island (all names are given in honor of the participants in the voyage). Thus, he completed the identification of the Seward Peninsula, begun by Mikhail Gvozdyov in 1732. To the northeast of the bay, he noted high mountains (spurs of the Brooks Range).

Together with the naturalists of Rurik, for the first time in America, Kotzebue discovered fossil ice with a mammoth tusk and gave the first ethnographic description of the North American Eskimos. In January-March 1817, he again explored the Marshall Islands and discovered seven inhabited atolls in the Ratak chain: Medjit, Votje, Erikub, Maloelap, Aur, Ailuk and Bikar. He also mapped a number of atolls whose coordinates his predecessors had identified incorrectly and “closed” several non-existent islands.

In 1823-26, commanding the sloop Enterprise, Kotzebue completed his third circumnavigation of the world. In March 1824 he discovered the inhabited atoll of Fangahina (in the Tuamotu archipelago) and the island of Motu-One (in the Society archipelago), and in October 1825 - the Rongelap and Bikini atolls (in the Ralik chain, Marshall Islands). Together with naturalists on both voyages, Kotzebue made numerous determinations of the specific gravity, salinity, temperature and transparency of sea water in temperate and hot zones. They were the first to establish four features of near-surface (up to a depth of 200 m) oceanic waters: their salinity is zonal; the waters of the temperate zone are less salty than those of the hot zone; water temperature depends on the latitude of the place; Seasonal temperature fluctuations appear up to a certain limit, below which they do not occur. For the first time in the history of ocean exploration, Kotzebue and his companions made observations of the relative transparency of water and its density.

Another famous navigator was Vasily Mikhailovich Golovnin, who, having traveled around the world on the sloop "Diana", in 1817 led an expedition on the sloop "Kamachtka". Many members of the ship's crew in the future became the colors of the Russian fleet: midshipman Fyodor Petrovich Litke (later captain of the circumnavigation), volunteer Fyodor Matyushin (later admiral and senator), junior watch officer Ferdinand Wrangel (admiral and Arctic explorer) and others. In two years, "Kamchatka" passed the Atlantic Ocean from north to south, rounded Cape Horn, visited Russian America, visited all significant groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean, then passed the Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope, and returned to Kronstadt through the Atlantic Ocean.

Fyodor Litke two years later was appointed head of the polar expedition on the ship Novaya Zemlya. For four years, Litke explored the Arctic, summarizing rich expeditionary materials, and published the book “Four-time voyages to the Arctic Ocean on the military brig “Novaya Zemlya” in 1821-1824.” The work was translated into many languages ​​and received scientific recognition; sailors used the maps of the expedition for a century.

In 1826, when Fyodor Litka was not even 29 years old, he led an expedition around the world on the new ship Senyavin. The Senyavin was accompanied by the sloop Moller under the command of Mikhail Stanyukovich. The ships turned out to be different in their running characteristics (“Moller” is much faster than “Senyavin”) and almost throughout the entire length the ships sailed alone, meeting only at anchorages in ports. The expedition, which lasted three years, turned out to be one of the most successful and rich in scientific discoveries of travel, not only Russian, but also foreign. The Asian coast of the Bering Strait was explored, islands were discovered, materials on ethnography and oceanography were collected, and numerous maps were compiled. During the trip, Litke was engaged in scientific research in the field of physics; experiments with a pendulum allowed the scientist to determine the magnitude of the Earth's polar compression and make a number of other important discoveries. After the end of the expedition, Litke published “A Voyage Around the World on the Sloop of War “Senyavin” in 1826-1829”, gaining recognition as a scientist, and was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences.

Litke became one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, and for many years was its vice-chairman. In 1873, the society established the Great Gold Medal named after. F. P. Litke, awarded for outstanding geographical discoveries.

The names of brave travelers, heroes of Russian round-the-world expeditions are immortalized on maps of the globe:

A bay, a peninsula, a strait, a river and a cape on the coast of North America in the area of ​​the Alexandra Archipelago, one of the islands of the Hawaiian archipelago, an underwater island in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and a peninsula on the northern coast of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk are named after Lisyansky.

A number of straits, islands, capes in the Pacific Ocean, a mountain in the Kuril Islands are named after Krusenstern.

The following are named in honor of Litke: a cape, a peninsula, a mountain and a bay on Novaya Zemlya; islands: in the Franz Josef Land archipelago, Baydaratskaya Bay, Nordenskiöld archipelago; strait between Kamchatka and Karaginsky Island.

During circumnavigation of the world in the 19th century, expedition participants showed their best qualities: Russian navigators, military men and scientists, many of whom became the color of the Russian fleet, as well as domestic science. They forever inscribed their names in the glorious chronicle of “Russian civilization.”