Admission to the school of guards ensigns and cavalry cadets.

With the blessing of His Holiness Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Rus'

with the support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, the Russian Union of Rectors, the Russian Council of School Olympiads, the Synodal Department of Religious Education and Catechesis of the Russian Orthodox Church,

Presidential Grants Fund

Orthodox St. Tikhon's Humanitarian University

Olympiad “Fundamentals of Orthodox Culture. “Holy Rus', keep the Orthodox Faith!”

School tour,VClass, 2017-2018 academic year

The work was completed by ________________________________________________ Class __________

Time to complete the work: 45 minutes

TASK 1.Choose the correct answer:

What is the name of the action in which the grace of the Holy Spirit is given to a person in a special, secret way?

Order of rites

Sacrament

What is the name of the cross depicted on the flag of the Russian Navy?

Alexandrovsky

Andreevsky

Vladimirsky

Georgievsky

Which of the following holidays is not the Twelfth?

Annunciation

Baptism of the Lord

1. Christmas

What was the name of the Old Testament righteous man with whom the story of the Flood is connected?

On what day of the week is Easter always celebrated?

Resurrection

1. Monday

How many twelve holidays are there in the Orthodox calendar?

Twelve

1. Eleven

   Fourteen

From Greek this word is translated as “books”:

2. Gospel

A beautiful cathedral was built in Crimea in memory of the Russian deceased Emperor Alexander II. The temple had two altars: the lower altar was consecrated in the name of the Holy Martyr. Artemia, on whose memorial day, October 20, Emperor Alexander III died, and the top one is in honor of the patron saint of both emperors. What temple are we talking about?

Vladimir Cathedral (Chersonese Tauride)

Peter and Paul Cathedral (Simferopol)

Cathedral of St. Alexander Nevsky (Yalta)

Church of the Resurrection of Christ (Foros)

What is the name of the day before Christmas?

1. Day of Prayer

   Christmas Eve

What feature distinguishes Orthodox churches from all other architectural structures?

There is always a cross at the top

At the entrance to the temple there is always the Star of Bethlehem above the door

The structure of the temple is always cubic in shape

The temple is always surrounded by a fence

TASK 2.
2.1. Read a fragment of text from Sofia Kulomzina’s book “Sacred History in Stories for Children.” Answer the questions.

“A large crowd of people gathered around John. He told them that it was not enough to see themselves as God's people, whom God especially loved. You need to live as God commands.

What should we do? - people asked. And John taught them that they must leave all bad deeds, repent of the evil they have done, they must be kind and sympathetic, share everything that God has sent with others, not offend anyone, not demand anything extra for themselves... To confirm that they really want to cleanse themselves of everything bad, people were baptized: they entered the water of the Jordan River, washed themselves with it, and John prayed to God.

When John was asked: “Are you the Savior for whom we are waiting?” - he answered:

No, I am not Christ. I baptize you in water, but there is Someone standing among you whom you do not know. The one coming after me is stronger than me.

The day after John was asked “Who is he?”, he suddenly saw Jesus Christ among the people crowded on the banks of the Jordan.

He immediately recognized Him, and when Jesus Christ wanted to be baptized, John began to refuse. He said:

I baptize people so that they will regret all the bad things they have done. It is I who must be baptized by You, and not You by me. I dare not even untie the strap of Your shoes.

But Jesus said:

We are called to do everything according to the truth of God.

And John obeyed and baptized Jesus Christ. When Jesus Christ came out of the water, John saw that from the open sky the Holy Spirit, like a dove, descended on Him. And he heard the voice of God:

You are My Son, whom I love, in whom I am well pleased...

On that day, the revelation of the Holy Trinity truly occurred: God the Father spoke from heaven about His Son, who was baptized in the Jordan, and the Holy Spirit appeared in the form of a dove. That is why the day when we celebrate the Epiphany of the Lord (January 19th according to the new style) is called Epiphany. On this day, water is blessed in all churches of God. And we bring home the holy “Epiphany” water, keep it at home, drink it with prayer to God, and it helps with all ailments.”

2.2. Which of the following icons is an icon of the holiday being described?

Answer: __________

TASK 3.

Read poems by two Russian poets. Answer the questions.

What Orthodox prayer formed the basis of the poem by A.S. Pushkin?

____________________________________________________________________________________

Who left this prayer for people?

____________________________________________________________________________________

Who does Alexey Tolstoy write about in his poem?

____________________________________________________________________________________

What logical connection is present in the two poems given?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

TASK 4.(Historical portrait)

Here are facts from the lives of two famous historical figures. Based on the facts given, determine who we are talking about. For each fact, indicate which person it applies to.

h LTBUYCHPE CHTENS,
lPZDB PRBUBMYUSH
zTEYYFSH UMYILPN NOPZP,
th YUPTFB VPSMYUSH,
th FOURTH H vPZB,
UMChB VSHMY FCHETDSCH,
dTHЪSHS VSHMY YUEFOSCH,
CHUE TSHGBTY ZPTDSCH,
CHUE DBNSH RTEMEUFOSH.

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* * *

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ъДТБЧУФЧХК...

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CHPDOSCHK CHBINYUFT RETUIDULYK!

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chPF, CHBINYUFT, CHPSHNYFE L UEVE bFPZP NPMPDPZP Y... CH TBVPFKH, RTYLBYBM TPFNYUFT PULBMYCH CH KHMSHVLE UCHPY, ABOUT TEDLPUFSH VEMSHCHE KHVSHCH.

UMHYBA, ZPURPDYO TPFNYUFT, CHUEMP PFCHEFYM CHBINYUFT Y, RPCHETOHCHYUSH LTHZPN, CHCHYEM Y DETSKHTLY. ьFPF MYIPK AOLET, UFTPKOSHCHK Y RPDFSOKHFSCHK, RTEYURPMOM NPE UETDGE UFBTPZP LBDEFB YYKHNMEOYEN Y CHPUFPTZPN. CHUE EZP DCHYTSEOYS, TSEUFSHCH Y RPCHPTPFSH OE VSHMY RPIPTSY ABOUT ZTHVPCHBFSHCHE LBDEFULYE RTYENSHCH, B RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK RPYUFYOE UFTPECHHA RPYYA. yЪSEEUFChP, MEZLPUFSH Y PFUEFMYCHPUFSH DCHYTSEOYK, CH UPRTPCHPTSDEOOY NEMPDYUOPZP ЪChPOB UBCHEMSHECHULYI YRPT, Refinery RPOSFSH Y PGEOIFSH FPMSHLP CHPEOOSHCHK ZMBB, TO CHSTBVBFSHCHBMUS X OBEZP VTBFB-LBDEFB RPUME 7–8 MEF RTEVSCCHBOYS CH LPTRKHUE.

PYEMPNMEOOOSCHK Y PYUBTPCHBOOSCHK LFYNY VMEUFSEYNY RTYNETBNY CHCHUYEK CHPEOOOPK NBTLY, WITH CHCHYEM CHUMED ЪB CHBINYUFTPN. UOPCHB RETEKDS UTEDOAA RMPEBDLH, NSCHCHYMY CH LPTYDPT Y PUFBOPCHYMYUSH RETED RETCHPK DCHETSHA OBMECHP, PLBBBCHYEKUS "CHBINYUFETULPK". ъDEUSH RPNEEBMUS ULBDTPOOSHCHK CHBINYUFT, YMY ABOUT KHYUMIEOPN SSHLE "ENOPK VPZ", CHSHUPLYK, UFTPKOSHCHK, DETSBCHYKUS U VPMSHYIN DPUFPYOUFCHPN AOLET, ABOUT RPZPOBI PZP VSHMP FTY TSEMFSHI COMMON. rP RTBCHYMBN HYUMYEB, H Obubma ZPDB, Aoletpch, Rtedeshuyuychi KOBOSFSh about UFBTYEN LHTUE DPMTSOPUFI RPTFHrekrek-Aletpch, RTPYCHPDSF hCHPDISH, B-Chineuftb, UFBTYE RPTFHreletb. uChPY OBUFPSEY YYOSHCH POY RPMKHYUBAF MYYSH OELPFPTPPE CHTENS URKHUFS.

CHCHUMKHYBCH TBRPTF P SCHLE, CHBINYUFT PZMSDEM NEOS U OPZ DP ZPMPCHSHY RTYLBYBM NPENKH RTPCHPTSBFPNH:

fShch, retuydulyk, ChPЪSHNEYSH EZP L UEVE PE CHJCHPD!

rPUME bFPZP NSCH PFRTBCHYMYUSH CH URBMSHOA. h OEVPMSHYPK ЪBME U DCHHNS DEUSFLBNNY LTPCHBFEK, PFDEMEOOOSCHI PDOB PF DTHZPK CHSHCHUPLYNY FKHNVPYULBNY, OBD LPFPTSHNY CHYUEMY BMELFTYUUEULYE MBNRPYULY U BVBTTSKHTBNY, NSCH ЪBUFBMY ZTHRRH LBDEF TBOSCHI LPTRHUPCH, CHULPYYYI RTY CHIPDE CHCPDOPZP CHBINYUFTB.

chPF, NPMPDK, ULBЪBM PO NOE, UBDSUSH ABOUT LPKLKH, OBLPNSHFEUSH U CHBYYNYUHZKHVSCHNYY FPCHBTYEBNY.

UHZHVSHCH FPCHBTYEY PDYO EB DTHZYN RPDBMY NOE THLH Y OBCHBMY UCHPY ZHBNYMYY, RPUME YEZP CHCPDOSHCHK RTYLBYBM OBN "PFUFBCHYFSH CHUE GETENPOUY" Y, KHUBDICH CHUEI CHPLT KhZ UEVS, RTPUFP Y RP-FPCHBTYEEULY PVASUOYM FP, YuFP NSCH DPMTSOSCH VSHMY OBFSH ABOUT RETCHSHI RPTBI OBYEK YLPMSHOPK TSYOY.

rPLB CHSH RPRTPUYFE LBLPZP-MYVP YJ ZPURPD LPTOEFPCH UFBFSH CHBYYNYY DSDSHLBNY, LPFPTSCHCHBU OBKHYUBF KHNH-TBHNH, S UPPVEH ChBN UBNPE OEPVIPDYNPE, LBUBAEEUS TBURPTSD LB yLPMSCH, PVYASCHYM OBN RETUIDULYK.

PLBBBMPUSH, YuFP NSCH, AOLETB NMBDYEZP LKHTUB, U NPNEOFB RPSCHMEOYS CH HYUMIEEE OBSCHCHBENUS "UKHZHVSHCHNYY CHETSNY" Y RPUFKHRBEN RP UFTPECHPK YUBUFY CH RPMOPE TBURPTSTSEOYE UFBTYE ZP LKHTUB, RTEDUFBCHYFEMY LPFPTPZP DMS OBU SCHMSAFUS VMYTSBKYN OBYUBMSHUFCHPN. rTYLBYSHCH "LPTOEFPCH" POY CE "VMBZPTPDOSCHE PZHYGETSCH" NSCH DPMTSOSCH YURPMOSFSH OENEDMEOOOP Y VEURTELPUMPCHOP. u RETCHPK NYOKHFSCH CHUFTEYUY UP UCHPYNY PDOPLKHTUOILBNY YMY "UKHZKHVSCHNY FPCHBTYEBNY", NSCH PVSOBOSCH RETEKFY U OYNY OB "FSH" Y VSCHFSH CH UBNSCHI MHYUYI PFOPYEOSI. fTBDYGYS yLPMSCH DBCE TELPNEODPCHBMB, YuFPVSH RTY CHUFTEYUE, RPUME TBBMHLY, "NPMPDSCHE" DPMTSOSCH VSHMY RPGEMPCHBFSHUS DTKhZ U DTHZPN Y OBCHUEZDB PUFBCHBFSHUS U OYNY OB "FSH", YuFP UPVMADBMPUSH Y RP CHSHCHIPDE YYLPMSCH NETSDH UFBTSHNY OILPMBECHGBNY DBTSE TBOSHI CHSHCHRKHULPC.

lPZDB L OBN CH RPNEEEOOYE CHIPDAYM MAVPK AOLET UFBTYEZP LHTUB, NSCH, NPMPDSHCHE, PVSBOSCH VSHMY CHULBLYCHBFSH Y UFBOPCHYFSHUS "UNYTOP" DP RPMHYUEOYS TBTEYEOYS UEUFSH. fP VSHMP PUEOSH KhFPNYFEMSHOP, OP RPDPVOBS FTBDYGYS YNEMB CH UEVE FPF UNSHUM, YuFP, RTYHYUBS CHYDEFSH OBYUBMSHUFChP CH LBTSDPN UFBTYEN RP UMHTSVE, YuFP ЪBFEN RTDDPMTsBMPUSH Y PE CHTENS UMKHTSVSHCH RPMLBI, ZDE UFBTYK RP RTPIYCHPDUFCHH LPTOEF DEMBM ЪBNEYUBOIS UCHPENKH NMBDYENKH FPCHBTYEKH, LFP OE CHSHCHCHBMP OILBLYI FTEOYK, FBL LBL NSCH VSHMY RTYHYUOSCH U AOLETULYI MEF L DYUGYRMYOE Y "LPTOEF" PUFBCHBMUS FBLPCHSHCHN DMS UCHPEZP "ЪCHETS" ABOUT CHUA TSYOSH, UFP OE NEYBMP YN V ShchFSh Ch PFMYUOEKYI PFOPEYOSI DTHZ U DTHZPN. fP DBCHBMP RTBCHYMSHOPE RPOSFYE P DYUGYRMYOE, FBL LBL OECHOYNBOYE L UFBTYENH CH CHPEOOPK YLPME MEZLP RTYKHYUBMP L OEDPUFBFPYUOPNH CHOYNBOYA L UFBTYYN CHPPVEE. x OBU TSE H yLPME YYOPRPYUFBOYE, DYUGYRMYOB Y PFDBOYE YUEUFY CHCHPDYMYUSH CH OBUFPSEIK LHMSHF, TBCHOP LBL Y VMEUFSEE UFTPECHPE CHPURYFBOYE YMY "PFYUEFMYCHPUFSH", LPFPT SCHNY NSCH ZPTDYMYUSH Y EZPMMSMY. fP VShchMB PVMBZPTPTSEOOBS Y DPCHEDEOOBS DP YUFYOOOPZP UPCHETYOUFCHB CHPEOOBS YLPMB, NBTLB LPFPTPK PUFBCHBMBUSH ABOUT MADSI CHUA YI QYOSH...

CHPDOSCHK PVASUOIM OBN, YuFP LBTSDSCHK YI OBU FERETSH TSE DPMTSEO RTPUYFSH LPZP-MYVP YI LPTOEFPCH CHOSFSH OBU L UEVE CH "RMENSOILY", DMS PVHYUEOYS FTBDYGYSN, RTYUEN RTYOSFP, FPVSC NMBDYYE RTYZMBYBMY CH "DSDY" AOLETB UFBTYEZP LHTUB, PPLPOYUYCHYEZP PDYO Y FPF TSE LPTRKHU RMENSOOILPN Y RPFPNH OBCHYEZP EZP TBOSHYE.

vHDEFE PFUEFMYCHSHNY UHZHVGBNY, LBL S OBDEAUSH,. ЪBLPOYUYM UCHPE OBUFBCHMEOYE CHBINYUFT RETUYDULYK, Y CHBN VKhDEF IPTPYP CH YLPME, OEF MHYUYE FERTSH TSE, DP RTYUSZY, PFUYUMSKFEUSH PF HYUMYEB; LBMELBN ЪDEUSH DEMBFSH OYUEZP...

rPLB NSCH RPMKHYUBMY LFY OBUFBCHMEOYS, CHTENS RPDPYMP L RPMHDOA. ABOUT UTEDOOEK RMPEBDLE FTHVBYU ЪBFTKHVYM "UVPT", RPUME YuEZP OENEDMEOOOP RP CHUEN RPNEEEOOSN ULBDTPOB UPMPCHSHSNY OBREMY LPTOEFULYE ZPMPUB:

nPMPDETSSH!.. pRBBDSHCHBEF! IPDH!.. IPDH!.. rPUMEDOENH RBYULH OBTSDHR!..

NYZ DYLPZP ZBMPRB UTEDY FBLYI TSE UHZHVSHI FPCHBTYEEK, Y NSCH, NMBDYYK LHTU, HCE UFPSMY CH UFTPA, CHUFTEYUBS ZMBBNY NEDMEOOOP CHSHCHPICHYI YЪ RPNEEEOOK ULBDTPOB Z.Z. LPTOEFPCH. NEDMEOOPUFSH LFB, PDOBLP, VSHMB YUYUFP RPLBЪOPK, FBL LBL, LPZDB YUETE OUEULPMSHLP NYOHF YUCHPEK LPNOBFSCHCHYEM DETSKHTOSCHK PZHYGET, ULBDTPO CH RPMOPN UPUFBCHE UFPSM CH VEJHLPTYOOOOPN UFTPA.

ъДТБЧУФЧХХКФЭ, ЗПРИПДБ! RPJDPTPCHBMUS TPFNYUFT.

ъДТБЧІС ЦЭМБА, ЧБУ ЧШЧУПЛПВМБЗПТПДЭ! PFCHEFIM DTHTSOP BULBDTPO, YUTBYEE LBDEFASH, RPUHCHUFFCHBMY UPBH, YuFP Retufbmy VSCHFSH Defshny, B osufpsayne Chopaoch, UPMDBFULPZP Kommersant. CHADYFE, CHBINYUFT! OEVTETSOP VTPUYM PZHYGET, DCHYOKHCHYYUSH RP LPTIDPTKH CHREDEDY ULBDTPOB Y OE PZMSDSHCHBSUSH ABOUT OEZP.

ьULBDTPO, RTBCHPE RMEYUP CHREDED... NBTY! ЪChPOLP Y OEPVSHHLOPCHOOOP YuEFLP RTPREM CHBINYUFT. with PRSFSH RPYUKHCHUFCHBM, YuFP CH LFK, RTYCHSHCHYUOPKNOE U LBDEFULYI MEF, LPNBODE EUFSH OPCHPE Y RTYSFOPE. UMPPE "NBTY" VSHMP RTPYOOUEOP TBULBFYUFP Y UBNYTBS, LBL CH LBCHBMETYY, B OE LPTPFLP Y TEILP, LBL CH REIPFE Y LBDEFULYI LPTRKHUBI. yULBDTPO, PFUEFMYCHP RPJCHBOYCHBS YRPTBNY, RTPYEM LPTIDPT Y OEVPMSHYKHA RTPIPDOHA LPNOBFKH, KHCHEYBOOOKHA ZHPFPZTBZHYSNY RTETSOYI CHSHCHRHULPC, RPUME YEZP URKHUFYMUS RP MEUFOYGE CH RPMKHRPDCHBMSHOSCHK LFBC, ZDE OBIPDIMBUSH AOLETULBS UFPMPCHBS. rPD MEUFOYGEK, ABOUT RMPEBDL UFPSMB FTEIDACNPCHBS RKHYLB, ABOUT LPFPTPK AOLETB RTBLFYUEULY PVKHYUBMYUSH PVTBEEOYA U PTHDYEN.

UFPMPCHBS yLPMSCH, TBURPMPTSEOOBS CH DMYOOPK RPMKHRPDCHBMSHOPK UBME VSHMB TBDEMEOB BTLBNY Y LPMPOOBNY OB; DCHE TBCHOSCHE YUBUFY, YI LPFPTSCHI CH PDOPK LEAVE AOLETB ULBDTPOB, B CH DTHZPK UPFOY. lBBYUSHS UPFOS yLPMSCH RPLBBBMBUSHNOE OBTPDPN UPMIDOSCHN, IPFS, VMBZPDBTS LBBEOOPNH PVNKHODYTPCHBOYA, Y OE YNECHYYN UFPMSH EZPMECHBFPZP CHYDB, LBL OBIY LPTOEFSCH. fY RPUMEDOYE CH UFPMPChPK RPUFY OYUEZP OE EMY, B RTDDPMTsBMY, LBL Y CH RPNEEOOYY ULBDTPOB, "TBVPFH" OBD OBNY, UFTPZP UMEDS EB FEN, YuFPVSH "NPMPDSCHE" PE CHTENS EDSCH OBTKH YBMY IPTPYEZP FPOB, Y RPNYOKHFOP DEMBMY OBN ЪBNEYUBOYS RP CHUSLPNH RPCHPDH. DETSKHTOSHK PZHYGET, PE CHTENS ЪBCHFTBLB RTPZKHMYCHBCHYKUS NETSDH BTLBNY, UBN OE EM, B THAN UEVS CHPPVEE LBL VSH RPUFPTPOOIN YUEMPCHELPN, OE PVTBEBS CHAINBOYS OB "GHL", YNECHYK NEUF P H UFPMPChPK. lBL S RPUME KHOBM, LFP RTPYUIPDYMP MYYSH CH FE DOY, LPZDB RP yLPME DETSKHTYMY PZHYGETSCH ULBDTPOB; LBBIUSHY TSE PZHYGETSCH OILBLLPZP VEURPTSDLB CH OBME OE DPRHULBMY.

rTYCHSHCHLOKHCH OBVMADBFSH H LPTRHUE LBDEFULYK BRREFFYF, WITH VSHHM KhDYCHMEO FEN, YuFP OBIY "LPTOEFSHCH" RPYUFY OYUEZP OE EMY, ЪBOSFSHCHE RTERPDBCHBOYEN OBN IPTPYEZP FPOB. rTYUYOPK LFPNH, LBL NOE RPFPN UFBMP YJCHEUFOP, PLBBBMBUSH AOLETULBS MBCHPYULB, LPFPTPK UBCHEDPCHBM UFBTYK LHTU Y ZDE RTDDBCHBMYUSH CHUECHPNPTSOSHE CHLHUOSCHE . pOB-FP U YЪVSHCHFLPN Y ЪBNEOSMB UFBTYENKH LHTUKH LBEBOOPE DPCHPMSHUFCHYE. MBCHPYULB LFB RPNEEBMBUSH CH OYTSOEN LFBTSE, TSDPN U "ZETVPCHSHCHN ЪBMPN", ZDE RP UFEOBN CHYUEMY EIFSHCH, TBULTBYEOOOSCH LBTSDSCHK CH UCHPK RPMLPCHPK GCHEF RP YUYUMH LBCHBMETYKULYI RP MLPCH, U KHLBBOYEN YUFPTYY LBTSDPZP YY OYI, YI PFMYYUYK Y PUPVEOOPUFEK, YuFP CHIPDIMP CH UPUFBCH FBL OBSCHCHBENPK OB AOLETULPN SSHLE "UMPCHEUOPUFY", PVSBFEMSHOPK DMS YHYUEOYS AOLETBNY NMBDYEZP LKHTUB. "UMPCHEUOPUFSH", YMY YOBYUE "DYUMPLBGYS" ABOUT AOLETULPN SJSHLE, PVSCHCHBMB LBTSDPZP "NPMPDPPZP" CHPNPTSOP LTBFLYK UTPL, CH EZP UPVUFCHEOOSHI YOFETEUBI, YYKHYUYFSH RPD TPVOP OE FPMSHLP CHUЈ, PFOPUSEEEUS L UENYDEUSFY DCHHN RPMLBN TEZKHMSTOPK LBCHBMETYY, OP FBLCE YNEOB CHUEZP OBYUBMSHUFCHB Y CH FPN YUYUME CHUEI AOLETPCH UFBTYEZP LHTUB, U DPVBCHMEOYEN FPZP, CH LBLPC RPML LBTSDSCHK YI OYI OBNETEO CHSCKFY. fP VSCHMP DPCHPMSHOP UMPTsOP, OP CHOEDTSMPUSH CH OBY ZPMPCHSHCH U FBLPK OEHLMPOOPK OBUFPKYUYCHPUFSHA, YuFP S RPNOA CHUE LFP DP UEZPDOSYOEZP DOS, FP EUFSH RPYUFY YUETE RPMCHELB.

dMS VSHUFTEKYEZP KHUCHPEOYS "NPMPDETSHA" CHUEK LFPC RTENKHDTPUFY, UFBTYK LHTU RPUFPSOOP LBNEOPCHBM OBU CH MAVPK YUBU DOS Y OPIY CH MAVPN NEUFE: CH URBMSHOE, LPTYDPTE, UFPMPCHPK , LHTYMLE, KHVPTOPK Y CH NBOETSE; CHEDE "UHZHVEG" DPMTSEO VShchM VShchFSH ZPFPCH RETEYUUMYFSH ZHUBTULYE YMY HMBOULYE RPMLY, PVASUOYFSH RPDTPVOPUFY FPK YMY YOPK ZHTTNSHCH. UMPCHPN, RPLB RP CHUEK FBLPK OBKHLE NMPDSCHE OE UDBCHBMY LBNEOB KH UCHPEZP “DSDSHLY”, YN OE VSHMP OH PFDSHCHEB OH RPLPS. UHEEUFChPChBMB, LTPNE LFPZP, EEE Y OEPZHYGYBMSHOBS "UMPCHEUOPUFSH", NEOEE PVSBFEMSHOBS, OP CHUE TSE RTYMYUEUFCHHAEBS IPTPYP CHSHRTBCHMEOOOPNH Y "PFYUEFMYCHPNH UHZH" VGH. POB VSHMB PFYUBUFY IBTBLFETB BOELDPFYUUEULPZP, PFYUBUFY ZHYMPUPZHULY-RTBLFYUEULPZP, CH VPMSHYOUFCHE UMHYUBECH NBMPRTYMYUOPZP UPDETSBOYS, CHTPDE "CHETIB TBUUESOYS". lPTOEFSH UYFBMYUSH "TPDYCHYYNYUS Y REOSCH DHDETZPZHULPZP PIETB" Y SCHMSMYUSH "PZHYGETBNY" HCE CH YLPME; YuFP LBUBEFUS NPMPDSCHI, FP POY, CH MHYUYEN UMKHYUBE, RP UMHTSVE NPZMY TBUUUYFSHCHBFSH UFBFSH "YFBV-FTHVBUNYUETE 75 MEF UMKHTSVSHCH RTY KHDBUOPN RTPYCHPDUFCHE". h UNSHUME RTEDEMB UCHPEK CHMBUFY OBD NMBDYYN LHTUPN, UFBTYK, CHPRTELY CHUEN ZhBOFBYSN Y TBUULBYBN, VSHM UFTPZP PZTBOYUEO PRTEDEMEOOSCHNY TBNLBNY, RETEIPDYFSH LPFPTSCHE OE YNEM RTBCHB, RPD UFTBIPN MYYEOYS "LPTOEFULPZP ЪChBOYS". ъБ ьФН УФТПЗП UMEDIМ "LPTOEFULYK LPNYFEF" (ЧПЪЗМБЧМСНШК ХШЧВПТОШН РTEDUADBFEMEN), LHDB CHIPDIMY CHUE AOLETB UFBTYEZP LHTUB. rTEDUEDBFEMSH LPTOEFULPZP LPNYFEFB SCHMSMUS CHETIPCHOSCHN VMAUFYFEMEN Y OBFPPLPN FTBDYGYK yLPMSCH; LPNREFEOGYS EZP VSHMB OEPURPTYNB.

UPZMBUOP PVSHYUBA "LPTOEFSHCH" OE YNEMY RTBCHB ЪBDECHBFSH MYUOPZP UBNPMAVIS "NPMPDPPZP". rPUMEDOYK VSHM PVSBO CHSHRPMOYFSH VEURTELPUMMPCHOP CHUE FP, YuFP CHSHRPMOSMY DP OEZP AOLETB NMBDYEZP LKHTUB YЪ RPLPMEOYS CH RPLPMEOYE. OP YNEM RTBChP PVTsBMPCHBFSH CH LPTOEFULYK LPNYFEF FP, CH YUEN NPTsOP KHUNPFTEFSH "Y'DECHBFEMSHUFCHP OBD EZP MYUOPUFSHA", B OE UKHZHVSHCHN ЪCHBOYEN ЪCHETS. “lPTOEFSHCH”, OBRTYNET, OE YNEMY RTBCHB U OEKHCHBTSEOYEN DPFTPOKHFSHUS IPFS VSC RBMSHGEN DP AOLETB NMBDYEZP LKHTUB, HC OE ZPCHPTS PV PULPTVMEOYY. lFP RTBCHYMP OILZDB OE OBTHYBMPUSH OH RTY LBLYI PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHBI. OENSHUMINSH VSHCHMY Y UFPMLOPCHEOYS AOLETPCH NMBDYEZP LHTUB NETSDH UPVPK U RTYNEOOYEN LHMBYUOPK TBURTBCHSHY CHBYNOSCHI PULPTVMEOYK; CH RPDPVOSHHI UMKHYUBSI PVE UFPTPOSH RPDMETSBMY OENEDMEOOOPNH PFUYUMEOYA YH HYUYMYEB OEBCHYUYNP PF PVUFPSFEMSHUFCH, CHCHCHBCHYI UFPMLOPCHEOYE. h UCHPEK UTEDE UFBTYK LHTU UFTPZP RTDETTSYCHBMUS UFBTYOUFCHB, UCHSFP UPVMADBCHYEZPUS H CHPEOOOPK UTEDE UFBTPZP CHTENEY. uFBTYOUFChP bfp Ch yLPM, PDOBLP, VBYTPPCHBMPUSH OE ABOUT KHUFBCHE, B ABOUT PVSHYUOPN RTBCHE. chBINYUFT, CHPDOSHE Y PFDEMEOOOSCH RPTFKHREK-AOLETB DMS UFBTYEZP LKHTUB VSHMY OBYUBMSHOILBNY MYYSH CH UFTPA, CH PVSHYUOPN TSE PVEETSYFYY UP UCHPYNYY PDOPLKHTUOYLBNY OILBLYNY RTY CHYMEZYSNY OE RPMSHЪPCHBMYUSH; ЪБФП ЪБУЕЧИЕ О НМБДYЭН ЛХТУЕ "НБКПТШ" РПУИФБМYУШ CHCHYE "LPTOEFPCH", BEEEE CHCHYE VSCHMY "RPMLPCHOILY", OBIPDIYCHYEUS CH YLPME RP YUEFSHTE ZPDB Y, TEDLYE "ZEOETBMSHCH", YDECHYE RP RSFY. rPUMEDOYN NMBDIYK LHTU DPMTSEO VSCHM RTY CHUFTEYUE UFBOPCHYFSHUS PE ZhTPOF. CHUE LFY "YUYOSCH", PDOBLP, RTYPVTEFBMYUSH CH VPMSHYOUFCHE UCHPEN OE ЪB NBMPHUREYOPUFSH CH OBHLBI YMY UFTPA, LBLPCHSHCHE AOLETB UYUYFBMYUSH "LBMELBNY", B, FBL ULBYBFSH, RP MY OYY FTBDYGYK.

y OBYUEOYEN OBYUBMSHOILPN HYUMYEB ZEOETBMB nBTUEOLP, CH LBCHBMETYKULPN HYUMYEE OILPPZDB OE CHPURYFSHCHBCHYEZPUS Y RPFPNKH PIPFOP CHESCHYEZPUS ЪB YULPTEOYE CH OEN UFBTSCHI PVSHCHUBECH, OBYUBMBUSH VPTSHVB U FTBDYGYSNY. lBL YUEMPCHEL YUKHTSDSCHK LBCHBMETYKULPK yLPME, CH RTPYMPN OE FP MYGEYUF, OE FP RTBCHPCHED, RTPY'CHEDEOOSCHK CH PZHYGETSH YJ CHPMSHOPPRTEDEMSAEYIUS Y CHUA UMKHTSVKH RTPVSCCHYIK CH ZEOET BMSHOPN YFBVE, BY OE RPOINBM OBYUEOYS "GHLB". MAVYNSHCHN OBLBBBOYEN ZEOETBMB nBTUEOLP, CH EZP UPCHETYEOOP VEKHUREYOPK VPTSHVE U FTBDYGYSNY, VSHMP PFUYUMEOYE OBNEYOOOSHI YN CH RPDDETSLE FTBDYGYK AOLETPCH CHPMSHOPPRTEDEMSA EINYUS CH RPMLY, ABOUT VPMEE YMY NEOEE RTDPDPMTSYFEMSHOSHCHK UTPL. fBLPK YZOBOOYL PVSHHLOPCHOOOP CHPCHTBEBMUS Ch yLPMH DMS RTDPDPMTSEOYS LKHTUB, RPFETCH RPMZPDB, B FP Y ZPD. rPUFTBDBCHIYE ЪB FTBDYGYY, CHETOHCHYYUSH YЪ RPMLPC, LPFPTSCHNY POY “LPNBODPCHBMY”, LBL CHSTBTSBMYUSH AOLETB, Y OPUIMY CHCHCHYEHLBBOOSCH NOPA “CHSHCHUPLYE YYOSCH”.

rPNYNP OYI VSHCHMY, IPFS Y TEDLP, ABOUT UFBTYEN LHTUE FBL OBSCHCHBENSCH "RBUUBTSYTSCH", CHTEOOOSCH YMY RPUFPSOOSCH. fP AOLETB, OE KhDPUFPEOOSH UFBTYYN LHTUPN RTY RETEIPDE CH UCHPA PYUETEDSH ABOUT UFBTYK LHTU "RTPYCHPDUFCHB CH LPTOEFSCH YLPMSCH" YЪ-ЪB UCHPEK "LPTSCHPUFY" YMY CHTENEOOP DEOOSHCH FFP ЪChBOYE ЪB RTPCHYOOPUFY RETED FPCHBTYEBNY. pFOPYEOYE L "RBUUBTSYTBN" UP UFPTPOSH UFBTYEZP LKHTUB VSHMP FPCHBTYEEULPE, CH PFOPEYOY TSE NMBDYEZP LKHTUB POY OE RPMSHЪPCHBMYUSH OILBLYNY RTBCHBNY. ABOUT LFPC RTPNETSKHFPYUOPK TPMY S RPNOA PDOPZP YMY DCHHI AOLETPC-YOPUFTBOGECH, RMPIP ZPCHPTYCHYI RP-THUULY.

VSHMB EEE PDOB LBFEZPTYS AOLETPCH, L YUBUFSHA YUTECHSHCHYUBKOP TEDLBS Y CH YLPME OE ЪBDETTSYCHBCHYBSUS, B YNEOOOP "LTBUOSCHE" YMY ABOUT TSYCHPRYUOPN SSHLE yLPMSCH "OBChP". lFP ZPURPDB, RSHFBCHYYEUS "CH YUKHTSPK NPOBUFSHTSH RTYKFY UP UCHPYN KHUFBCHPN", OE TSEMBCHYE RPDYYOSFSHUS PVSHYUBSN Y FTBDYGYSN yLPMSCH. sing VSHCHUFTP YUYUEEBBMY YHYUYMYEB, OE DPTsDBCHYYUSH RETEIPDB ABOUT UFBTYK LHTU.

YOBYUE Y VSHFSH OE NPZMP CH UTBCHOYFEMSHOP OEVPMSHYPN LBCHBMETYKULPN NYTE. FSHCHUSYU OIFEK UCHSCHCHBMY YLPMH U TSYOSHA LBCHBMETYKULYI RPMLPCH. RPFPNH YUEMPCHEL, YULMAYUEOOOSCHK J FPCHBTYEEULPK UTEDSH, OE Refinery TBUUYUYFSHCHBFSHOY ABOUT YFP IPTPYEEY CH RPMLKH, EUMY ENKH DBCE HDBCHBMPUSH PLPOYUYFSH HYUMYEE, CHEDSH R PMLBI VSHMB FB TSE UTEDB, YuFP Y CH YLPME, Y FE TSE UBNSHCH CHZMSDSCH ABOUT CHEY.

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rPLYOKHFSH YLPMH Y CHETOKHFSHUS, LBL ZPCHPTYFSHUS, B RETCHPVSHFOPE UPUFPSOYE, VSHMP NPTsOP CH FEYUEOYE RETCHSHI DCHHI NEUSGECH RTEVSHCHBOYS CH OEK, DP RTYOEUEOOYS RTYUSZY NMBDYYN Mon. rPUME LFPPZP AOLETB HCE UYFBMYUSH ABOUT DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPK CHPEOOOPK UMKHTSVE Y HKFY YY HYYMYEB NPZMY MYYSH CHPMSHOPPRTEDEMSAEINYUS CH RPML. rP'FPNH-FP CH RETCHCHE DHB NEUSGB RTEVSHCHBOYS ABOUT NMBDYEN LHTUE FBL FSTSEMP Y RTYIPDYMPUSH "NPMPDETSY", LPFPTHA "ZOKHMY Y CH ICHPUF Y CH ZTYCHH", DBVSH ЪBUFBCHYFSH UMBVSHHI YUEULY Y NPTBMSHOP HKFY YHYUYMYEB. uTEDUFChP LFP VSHMP TSEUFPLPE, OP CHETOPE Y YURSHCHFBOOPE; VMBZPDBTS FBLPK UYUFENE, YJ UFB RPUFKHRBCHYI O NMBDIYK LHTU, DP RTYOSFYS RTYUSZY, RETECHPDYMYUSH CH HYUYMYEB DTHZPZP TPDB PTKhTSYS PF 15 DP 25%; PUFBCHBMPUSH OE VPMEE 75–80 YuEMPCHEL, LPFPTCHE Y RTEDUFBCHMSMY UPVPK OPTNBMSHOSCHK UPUFBCH NMBDYEZP LKHTUB oyLPMBECHULPZP LBCHBMETYKULPZP HYUMYEB CH NYTOPE CHTENS.

dTEUUYTPCHLB, LPFPTPK NSCH RPDCHETZBMYUSH CH RPNEEEOOY YLPMSCH DOEN Y OPIUSHA, VSHMB TSEUFPLBS Y PFMYUBMBUSH VPMSHYYN TBOPPVTBYEN. h OEE CHIPDAYMY Y LMBUUYUEULYE RTYUEDBOYS, CHSHRPMOSCHIYEUS PE CHUEI KHZMBY Y RTY CHUEI UMHYUBSI DMS TBCHYFYS "YMAYUB" Y "YEOLEMEK", Y VEUYUMEOOSCH RPCPTPFSH OBRTBCHP, PE Y LTHZPN, YUFPVSH DPCHEUFY OBUKH "PFYUEFMYCHPUFSH" DP UPCHETYEOUFCHB, Y NOPZPE.DTHZPE. lHTYFEMSHOBS LPNOBFB, URBMSHOY, LPTIDPTSH Y CHUE RTPYUYE RPNEEEOYS VSHMY RPUFPSOOPK BTEOPK LFYI UBOSFYK. DETSKHTOSH PZHYGETSCH, RPUKHFPYUOP OBIPDICHYYEUS CH RPNEEEOOY ULBDTPOB, DEMBMY CHYD, YuFP OYUEZP OE EBNEYUBAF, FBL LBL RPOINBMY Y GEOMY UFKH UYUFENKH, UPYUKHCHUFCCHBMY EK Y UBNY EA CH UPCHPE CHTENS VSHCHMY CHPURYFBOSHCH. oBDP RTY LFPN PFDBFSH RPMOHA URTBCHEDMYCHPUFSH UFBTYENKH LHTUKH CH FPN, UFP ON VHI DTEUUYTPCHLY NPMPDETSY OE TSBMEM OH UCHPEZP CHTENEY, OH UYM, OH PFDSCHIB. u KhFTB Y DP CHYUETB NPTsOP VSCHMP OBVMADBFSH RPCHUADH LBTFYOH FPZP, LBL "LPTOEFSHCH", TBUUFBCHYCH LBVMHLY Y ЪBRKHUFYCH THLY CH LBTNBOSCH TEKFKH, FTHDYMYUSH OBD NPMPDETSHA PE MBCHH yLPMSch. fBLPK FTHTSEOIL PVSHHLOPCHOOOP OBUYOBM U FPZP, YuFP, TBCHEDS LBVMHLY, LPTPFLP ЪCHSLBM YRPTBNYY LPNBODPCHBM:

nPMPDETSSH!.. h FBLF NPYN YRPTBN DP RTYLBBOYS.

oENEDMEOOOP LPNOBFB OBRPMOSMBUSH CHPLTHZ OEZP YuEFLP “ChTBEBAEYNYUS BCHFPNBFBNY. h URBMSHOSI OELPFPTSHCHE RETEKHFPNYCHYYEUS LPTOEFSCH DBCHBMY UEVE PFDSCHI, NPMPDSHCHI CHRTPUEN, OE LBUBCHYYKUS. pFDSCHIBAEYK "PZHYGET" METSBM ABOUT LPKLE, B TSDPN U OIN DCHB YMY FTY "UHZHVGB", CH YOFETEUBI TBCHYFYS "YEOLEMEK", NEFPDYUOP RTYUEDBMY DETSB THLY ZHETFPN CH VPLB. fPMSHLP RPUME DECHSFY YUBUPCH CHEYUETB, RETED FEN LBL MPTSYFSHUS URBFSH, CH ULBDTPOE RTELTBEBMUS CHUSLYK RHL, Y AOLETB NMBDYEZP LHTUB NPZMY PFDSCHIBFSH, MECB O LTPCHBFSI YU, FBFSH Y DEMBFSH CHUE, YUFP YN KHZPDOP, OILEN Y OYUEN OY FTECHPTSYNSCHE. RETED UOPN, Ch 10 YUBUPCH CHEYUETB, AOLETB NMBDYEZP LHTUB VSCHMY PVSBOSH ULMBDSCHBFSH ABOUT OYLPK FKHNVPYULE, UFPSEEK X OPZ LBTSDPK LTPCHBFY, UCHPA PDETSDH Y VEMSHE CH RTBCHIMSHOSHE LCHB DTBFSH, .RTYUEN OYTSOYN Y UBNSHCHN VPMSHYYN VSHM LYFEMSH, ЪBFEN, CHUE KHNEOSHIBSUSH CH TBNETBI, TEKFKHSHCH, LBMSHUPOSCHY OPULY. rPOBYUBMKH, RPLB AOLETB NMBDYEZP LHTUB OE OBVYCHBMY UEVE THLH CH LFPN DEME, "LCHBDTBFSCH" VSHMY OEDPUFBFPYuOP RTBCHYMSHOSHNYY FPZDB UMKHYUBMPUSH, YuFP DETSKHTOSHK RP ULBDT POH RPTFHREK-AOLET VKHDIM CHYOPCHOILB Y BUFBCHMSM EZP RTY UEVE ЪBOPChP ULMBDSCHBFSH LCHBDTBFSCH, CH OBLBBOYE DBCHBS ENKH PDYO YMY DCHB OBTSDB .

ABOUT SYSHLE YLPMSCH, FP EUFSH PUPVPN LBCHBMETYKULPN TsBTZPOE, ABOUT LPFPTPN AOLETB ZPCHPTYMY NETSDH UPVPK, RPYUFY CHUSLPE RPOSFYE Y CHUSLBS CHEESH H HYUMYEOPN PVEETSYFY OPUY MY UCHPY PUPVSHCHE OBYNEOPCHBOYS. fBL, OBYUBMSHOIL yLPMSCH OBSHCHBMUS "UFP RSFSHDEUSF VPMSHYPE", LPNBODYT ULBDTPOB "UFP RSFSHDEUSF NBMPE", YOURELFPT LMBUUPCH, RPMLPCHOIL ZEO. YFBVB u. “UFP RSFSHDEUSF LBRPOYTOPE”, UFBTYK CHTBYU “UFP RSFSHDEUSF LMYUFYTOPE”, B UNEOOSCH PZHYGETSCH “DCHBDGBFSH YEUFSH”. l IYNYY, BTFYMMETYY, ZhPTFYZHYLBGYY Y RTPYYN "OELBCHBMETYKULIN" OBHLBN NPTsOP VSHMP PFOPUIFSHUS U OEVTETSOPUFSHHA, ЪBFP OBHLY, YNECHYYE RTSNPE PFOPYEOYE L UMKHTSVE LBCHBMET YY, LBL EDDB, CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLB, CHPEOOP-UBRETOPE DEMP, YRRMPZYS Y DT. DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY YHYUBFSHUS OE ЪB UFTBI, B ЪB UPCHEUFSH Y NBOLYTPCHBFSH YNY YMY ABOUT AOLETULPN SJSHLE “NPFBFSH”, UYUYFBMPUSH OERPCHPMYFEMSHOSHCHN; Y NPMPDETSSH ЪB RPRSHFLY L LFPNH UFTPZP OBLBSCHCHBMBUSH UFBTYYN LKHTUPN. LBDEFSCH, RETECHEDEOOSCH H yLPMH RP PLPOYUBOYS LKHTUB, UYUYFBMYUSH RTYVSHCHYYYYY FBLLPZP-FP “VPMPFB”, PPLPOYUCHYYE UTEDOA YLPMKH H YFBFULPN HYUEVOPN ЪBCHEDEOY YUYUMY MYUSH "RTYVSCCHYYNYY U CHPLIBMB". yRPTSCH Y LIFEMS NPZMY VShchFSH FPMSHLP KH "LPTOEFPCH"; FE CE RTEDNEFSCH ABOUT AOLETBI NMBDYEZP LHTUB YNEOPCHBMYUSH "LHTFPYULBNY" Y "RPDLPCHLBNY". ъBD AOLETB NMBDYEZP LKHTUB OBSCCHBMUS "LTKHRPN" Y FBL LBL RPMBZBMPUSH UYUYFBFSH, YuFP NMPPDK EDYFSH OE KHNEM Y RPFPNKH OBFYTBM UEVE BFH YuBUFSH FEMB, FP RTY LBCDPC RP LHRLE YuEZP VSH FP OU VSHMP CH AOLETULPK MBCHPULE ENKH CHTHYUBMBUSH PVSBFEMSHOSHCHN RTYMPTSEOYEN LTPIPFOBS VBOPULB CHBIEMYOB DMS UNBLY CHPPVTBTSBENSHHI RPCHTETSDEOOK .

nPMPDPZP, PVOBTTHTSYCHYEZP OERTYMYUOSCHK BRREFFYF ЪB LBEBOOSHCHN UFPMPN, Z.Z. LPTOEFSH, YUFPVSH OBKHYUFSH RTYMYYUYA, RPUME PVEDB CHEMY CH MBCHPYULH Y FBN ЪBLBFSHCHBMY ENKH "ULTYRLH"; POB ЪBLMAYUBMBUSH FPN, YuFP EZP LPTNYMY TBOBOSCHNY CHLHUOSCHNY CHEBNY, OP CH FBLPN RPTSDLE, YuFP TBOP YMY RPЪDOP LPOYUBM "RPEDLPK CH TYZKH", ENKH MAVEЪOP RTEDMBZBM Y RPUME BTVHЪB LYMSHLY, ЪBFEN LEZHYT, CHYOPZTBD, TPUFVYZH Y F. D.

yYUEFSHTEI DCHETEK, CHEDYI CH URBMSHOY ULBDTPOB, ZDE AOLETB TBURPMBZBMYUSH RPCCHPDOP, DCH VSHCHMY "LPTOEFULYNY", TBCHOP LBL Y RPMPCHYOB ETLBM-FTANP, FBN UFPSCHYI. rPMSHЪPCHBFSHUS YNY NMBDIYK LHTU OE YNEM RTBCHB. fP TSE UBNPE PFOPUYMPUSH Y L LHTYMLE, ZDE ABOUT RPMH YNEMBUSH VPTPJDB, RP RTEDBOYA RTPCHEDOOBS YRPTPK METNPOFPCHB Y RPFPNH YNEOPCHBCHYBSUS "METNPOFPCHULPK", ЪB LPFPTHA " ЪCHETSN» DPUFHR VShchM ЪBRTEEEO.

h OYLPMBECHULPN LBCHBMETYKULPN HYUMYEE, LPFPTPE n. A. METNPOFPCH PLPOYUM CH 1834 ZPDH, LHMSHF EZP RPDDETSYCHBMUS FTBDYGYSNY; UBNPNKH RPFKH RTYRYUSCHCHBMPUSH BCHFPTUFChP NOPZYI FTBDYGYK, UKHEEUFCHPCHBCHYI CH YLPME NPEZP READING. ABOUT AOLETULPN SSHLE EZP YOBYUE OE OBSCHCHBMY LBL "LPTOEF METNPOFPCH". dBCE OBU UNEOOSCHK PZHYGET, FBLCE CH UCHPE CHTENS, PLPOYUCHYK YLPMH, ABOUT UFTPECHSHI OBOSFYSI LPNBODPCHBM OBN:

pF RBNSFOILB LPTOEFKH METNPOFPCHH RP MYOY CH GERSH... VEZPN NBTY!

h yLPME UKHEEUFCHPCHBM NHJEK YNEOY RPFB, ZDE VSHCHMY UPVTBOSCH TEMYLCHYY EZP RTEVSCCHBOYS CH HYUMYEE Y RETCHSHE RTPY'CHEDEOYS, OBRYUBOOSHCH OEN. RBNFOIL METNPOFPCHH VSHM PFLTSCHF CH 1913 ZPDKH, OP CH NPE CHTENS ABOUT RSHEDEUFBME UFPSM FPMSHLP NBBLEF EZP VAUFB. ZhPTNB yLPMSH VSHMB YUTECHSHCHUBKOP OBTSDOPK Y LTBUYCHPK Y OE YNEMB OYUEZP PVEEZP U DCHHNS DTHZYY LBCHBMETYKULYNY HYYMYEBNY EMYUBCHEFZTBDULYN Y FCHETULINE, YCHYINY KHMBOULKHA ZHTNKH. ьУЛБДТПО ОПУМ НХОДИТ І ЛИЧЭТ ДТБЗХО OBРПМОППЧУЛПЗП CHTENOY U BODTEECHULPK ZCHBTDEKULPK ЪCHEDPK, YUETOSHCHK NHODYT U LTBUOSCHN MBGLBOPN, LTBUOP-YUETOSHCHK RPSU Y DMYOOSHE VTALY -YPUUETSH U LTBUOSCHNY ZEOETBMSHULINY MBNRBUBNY RTY VPFYOLBI U RTYVYCHOSCHNY YRPTBNY. VEMBS ZCHBTDEKULBS RPTFKHRES YBILYY Y VEMSHCHE BNYCHESCH RETYUBFLY, OPUINSCHE RTY CHUEI ZHTNBI PDETSDSCH, DBCE CH NBOETSE, DPRPMOSMY UFH UFYMSHOKHA LBTFYOKH. pVSHCHDEOOOPK ZHTNPK VSHMB BMBS VEULPSHCHTLB U YUTOSCHNY LBOFBNY, ЪBEIFOSCHK LYFEMSH, UYOYE TEKFKHSHCH U LTBUOSCHN LBOFPN RTY CHSHCHUPLYI ITPNPCHSCHI UBRPZBI YYRPTBI. yBYLB, RPTFHRES Y RPSU OBDECHBMYUSH RPCHETI LIFEMS Y UETPK, UCHEFMPZP FPOLPZP UHLOB, YYOEMY.

h yLPME VSHMP RTYOSFP OPUYFSH UPVUFCHOOPE PVNHODYTPCHBOYE, UFTPZP RTDETTSYCHBSUSH ZHTNSCH, YuFP SCHMSMPUSH DPChPMSHOP UMPTsOPK "OBKHLPK". lBJEOOPZP PVNHODYTPCHBOYS UFBTYK LHTU OE OPUYM OYLPZDB, B NMBDIYK FPMSHLP CH UFEOBY yLPMSCH. uPVUFCHOOPE PVNHODYTPCHBOYE RPDYUYOSMPUSH UMEDHAEIN RTBCHYMBN: YYOEMSH DPMTSOB VSHFSH FBLPK DMYOSCH, YUFPVSH DPIPDIFSH DP YRPT. rPLTPK LBTSDPK YBUFY PVNHODYTPCHBOYS VSHM UFTPZP PRTEDEMEO Y CHUE RPTFOSHCH UFPMYGSHCH, TBVPFBCHYE ABOUT YLPMH, OBMY LFY RTBCHYMB, LBL "pFYUE oby". bFYYLEF, RPTFKHRES Y RPSU DPMTSOSCH VSHCHMY VSHFSH PVSBBFEMSHOP LBEBOOSHNY, CHSHCHVEMEOOSH NEMPCHPK LTBULPK, ​​FBL LBL PFOPUYMYUSH L CHSHCHUPYUBKIE KHUFBOPCHMEOOOPK ZHTNE ZCHBTDEKULPK LBCHB METYY Y RPFPNH OILBLYE ZhBOFBYY CH LFPC PVMBUFY OE DPRKHULBMYUSH Y FTPZP LBTBMYUSH, yRPTSCH VSHCHMY, LBL CHCHYE ZPCHPTYMPUSH, NBTLY OBNEOYFPZP UBCHEMSHHECHB OE, ЪБЧУУНИП PF YI TBOPCHYDOPUFY, YЪDBCHBMY NEMPDYUOSCHK "NBMYOPCHSHCHK" ЪChPO, IPFS Y TBMYUOSHI FPOPCH, OBUYOBS PF UPMYDOPZP VBTYFPOB Y DP OETsOPZP DYULBOFB.

dPChPEOOOSCHK REFETVHTZ IPTPYP OBBM Y MAVYM LTBUPYUOSCHI OILPMBECHULYI AOLETPCH, LPFPTSCHI DBNSH OBSCHCHBMY "OBY LTBUOSCHE YBRPULY". dBCE FBLPK RTPFPYCHOIL CHUSLPK CHPEOEYOSCH, LBL RYUBFEMSH-ZTBZH SWORD OILPMBECHYU fPMUFPK, UPZMBUOP ЪBRYUPL EZP DPYUETY, PDOBTDSCH, RTYEIBCH YЪ REFETVHTZB, CHPUFPT ZE ULBUBM CHUFTEFYCHYYN EZP DPNBIOYN:

« lBLYI S UEKYBU DCHHI LBCHBMETYKULYI AOLETPCH CHYDBM ABOUT OECHULPN!.. YuFP ЪB NPMPDGSH, YuFP ЪB ZHYZKHTSCH... H YYOEMSI DP RSF, LBLBS UCHETSEUFSH, TPUF, UYMB... Y CHDTHZ, BL OBTPUOP, OBCHUFTEYUKH OBN ZEOETBM!.. eUMY VSC CHCH FPMSHLP CHYDBMY, LBL POY PLBNEOEMY NZOPCHEOOP, ЪCHSLOKHMY YRPTBNY, LBL RPDOEUMY THLY L PLPMSCHYKH. bi, LBLPE CHEMILPMERYE, LBLBS RTEMEUFSH!..”

LBTSDSCHK YBZ AOLETB, LBL CH UFEOBY YLPMSCH, FBL Y CHOE EE, LBTsDBS NEMPUSH EZP VShchFB UFTPZP PRTEDEMSMYUSH Y TEZMBNEOFYTPCHBMYUSH PVSHCHYUBSNY Y FTBDYGYSNY. yLPMB CH GEMPN, OBUYOBS U LPNBODYTB ULBDTPOB Y LPOYUBS RPUMEDOYN MBLEEN, RPDNEFBCHYYN DPTFCHBT, FBLCE THLPCHPDYMBUSH LFYNY OYUBOSCHNY RTBCHYMBNY, UMBZBCHYNYUS UBN Y UPVPK, UTEDY MADEK TBOPIBTBLFETOSCHI Y TBOPNSCHUMSEYI, RTYOKHTSDEOOOSCHI ZPDBNY TSYFSH VPL P VPL...

yuete OEULPMSHLP DOEK RPUME RTYEDB CH HYUMYEE, NEOS Y OULPMSHLYI, RTYEIBCHYI PDOPCHTEENOOOP CH YLPMH, LBDEF TBOSHI LPTRKHUPCH, CHCHCHBMY CH GEKIZBKH DMS RPMHYUEOYS A OLETULPZP PVNHODYTPCHBOYS Y UDBYUY LBDEFULPZP. fBN, CH DMYOOOPK RPMKHRPDCHBMSHOPK LPNOBFE, ZKHUFP RTPRBIYEK OBZhFBMYOPN, OBU CHUFTEFYM UFBTSHCHK LBRFEOBTNHU, CHEUSH CH YECHTPOBYY U VBLBNY BMELUBODTPCHULZP READING. BY CHETSMYCHP Y OE UREYB, RTY RPNPEY BUUYUFEOFB-RPTFOPZP, RPDPVTBM OBN ЪBEIFOSCHE LIFEMS, UYOYE TEKFKHSHCH Y CHSHUPLYE UBRPZY, KhCHSHCH, VEЪ YRPT. fY RPUMEDOYE, RTEDNEF OBUYI LBDEFULYI NEUSGECH, NMBDYENH LHTUKH CHSHCHDBCHBMYUSH CH YODYCHYDHBMSHOPN RPTSDLE OE TBOSHY DCHHI-FTEI NEUSGECH, RP NETE KHUREIPCH LBTSDPZP AOLETB CH EAT. RETCHSHCHK Y NPMPDSCHI, RPMKHYUCHYK YI, RPMKHYUBM PVSHHLOPCHOOOP CH RPDBTPL PF UCHPEZP "DSDSHLY" UETEVTSOSCHE YRPTSCH, Y EZP RPЪDTBCHMSM CHEUSH UFBTYIK LHTU.

LUFBFY ULBJBFSH, RPMKHYUBM PF UCHPEK UNEOSHCH CH RPDBTPL VTEMPL ЪПМПФХА TERХ й FPF, LFP RETCHSHCHN RBDBM CH NBOETSE U LPOS.

lBL UBNP PVNKHODYTPCHBOYE, UYYFPE YI RTELTBUOPZP NBFETYBMB Y UYDECHIE OBU CHEUSHNB RTYMYUOP, CH PFMYYUYE PF "RTIZPOLY" CH LBDEFULYI LPTRKHUBI, FBL Y PVHCHSH, IPFS Y L BLEOOSCH, VSHMY IPTPYY. CHUMED ЪB PVNKHODYTPCHBOYEN OBN CHSHCHDBMY YYBYLY Y LBTBVIOSCH LBCHMETYKULPZP PVTBGB, RTYYUEN CH YBYLBI, U CHOKHFTEOOEK YI UFPTPOSH, YNEMYUSH RBSBCH DMS YFSHLB, OB LBC ETYKULPK CHYOFPCHLE CH UFTPA OE OPUYCHYEZPUS. yBYLY DPMTSOSCH VSHMY CHYUEFSH CH YZPMPCHSHE LTPCHBFEK CH URBMSHOE; YuFP TSE LBUBEFUS CHYOFPCHPL Y RPDUKHNLPCH L. OIN, FP POY UFPSMY CH PUPVSCHI UFPYLBI, OBIPDICHYIUS CH LPTIDPTE LBCDPZP CHJCHPDB.

h yLPME PF UFBTSCHI READING UPITBOYMUS PVSHCHUBK DBCHBFSH ABOUT LBTSDSCHE 5–6 AOLETCH PDOPZP MBLES. rPUMEDOYE YUYUFYMY OBN UBRPZY Y KHVYTBMY LTPCHBFY, PDOPCHTEENOOOP CHEDBS Y OBIYN UPVUFCHEOOSCHN PVNHODYTPCHBOYEN, DMS LPFPTPZP UKHEEUFCHPCHBM UREGYBMSHOSCHK GEKIZBKH. lBL MBLESN, FBL Y CHEUFPCHSHCHN, IPDYCHYYN ЪB AOLETULYNY LPOSNY, LBTSDSCHK YЪ AOLETPCH RMBFYM TsBMPCHBOSH. chPPVEE OBDP ULBJBFSH, YUFP TSIYOSH AOLETPCH CH OYLPMBECHULPN LBCHBMETYKULPN HYUMYEE FTEVPPCHBMB OELPFPTSCHI UTEDUFCH, LBL CH UBNPK YLPME, FBL Y EEE VPMSHYE CH PFRHULH; RP FTBDYGYY OBN, OBRTYNET, OE TBTEYBMPUSH IPDYFSH REYLPN RP KHMYGBN UFPMYGSHCH, RPMBZBMPUSH EDYFSH ABOUT YICHPYUYLE YMY CH BCFPNPVIME, OP OU CH LPEN UMHUBE OE CH E; RPUMEDOEE UFTPZP LBTBMPUSH FTBDYGYSNY. oENBMP UFPYMP RPUEEOOYE OBNY NEUF TBCHMEYUEOYK Y RTPYUYE KhDPCHPMSHUFCHYS CH PFRHULH (NEOOEE ULTPNOPPZP IBTBLFETB), FBL YuFP TBUIPDSH UPUFBCHMSMY OILBL OE NOSHIYE 65–70 THVMEK CH NEUSG...

h RETCHHA TSE UTEDKH NPZP RTEVSHCHBOYS H YLPME NPK "DSDSHLB" LPTOEF vPTYU lPUFSHMECH, U LPFPTSCHN NSCH VSHMY OE FPMSHLP PDOPLBIOILBNY RP LPTRKHUKH, OP Y UYDEMY DP EDSHNPZP LMBUU B ABOUT PDOPK ULBNEKLE, RPCHEM NEOS Y rTYVSHCHFLPCHB, CHCHYEDYEZP PDOPCHTENEOOOP UP NOPK YЪ OBEZP LPTRHUB CH yLPMH, CH VEMSHK ЪBM OITSOEZP LFBTSB, LKHDB CH LFPF DEOSH YJ ZPDB CH ZPD SCHMSMYUSH RPUFBCHEYLY, YUFPVSH NSCH NPZMY UEVE ЪBLBBBFSH UPVUFCHEOOSCHK AOLETULYK ZBTDETPV. h VEMPK ЪBME U LPMPOOBNY NSCH ЪBUFBMY GEMSHK TSD RTEDUFBCHYFEMEK UFPMYUOSHI RPTFOSCHI, UBRPTSOYLPCH, ZHHTBTSEYUOILPC Y F. R. UREGYBMYUFPCH. CHUE LFP VSHCHMY OBNEOIFPUFY REFETVHTZB CHEMYLYE BTFYUFSH UCHPEZP TENEUMB, RTYUEN RPYUFY LBTSDSCHK YI OYI UREGYBMYYTPCHBMUS ABOUT LBLPK-OYVKHSH PDOPK YUBUFY PVNKHOD YTPCHBOYS. fBL PLBBBMPUSH, YuFP UBRPZY OKHTsOP ЪBLBBSCHBFSH KH NEEBOOPCHB, YYOEMSH KH rBGB Y F. D. ъDEUSH TSE, U PZTPNOSCHN PFLTSCHFSHCHN SEYLPN CHUECHPNPTSOSHI YRPT, UFPSM Y RTEDUFBCH YFEMSH UBCHEMSHECHB, ABOUT FPCHBT LPFPTPZP NSCH, "NPMPDSCHE", RPLB UFP, VTPUBMY MYYSH CHPUIEEOOOSCH CHOPTSCH, OE YNES EEE RTBCHB ABOUT LFP MHYUYEE HLTBYE OYE LBCHBMETYUFB.

yuete OEDEMA UYAEIBMYUSH CHUE AOLETB PVPYI LHTUPCH Y TSYOSH hYUYMYEB CHPIMB CH OPTNBMSHOHA LPMEA. DMS OBU, NPMPDETSY, OBYUBMYUSH KHYMEOOOSCHE UFTPECHESCHY HYUEVOSHCHE ЪBOSFYS, RTYUEN RETCHSHCHN RPUCHSEBMPUSH OE NEOEE FTEI YUBUPCH UKHFLY, PF YuEZP RTY OBMYUYY FPK "TBVPFSCH", LPFPTPK OBU RPD CHETZBMY Z.Z.LPTOEFSH DPVBCHPYuOP, L CHEYUETH OSHMY NHULKHMSH Y MPNYMP LPUFY. fTHDOPCHBFP VSHMP Y CH NBOETSE, ZDE OBU UNEOOSCHK PZHYGET ZCHBTDYY TPFNYUFT yYRETZUPO, VEMPVTSCHUSCHK YCHED U VEUGCHEFOSCHNYI IMPDOSHCHNY ZMBEBNY, VHLCHBMSHOP OE OBM OH TSBMPUFY OH UOYUPTSDEOOYS. fP VShchM MYIPK LBCHBMETYUF, UMPNBCHYYK L UCHPE CHTENS ABOUT RBTZHPTUOPK PIPF H pZHYGETULPK LBCHBMETYKULPK YLPME PVE OPZY Y RPFPNKH CH REYEN UFTPA ITPNBCHYYK UTBH ABOUT PVE UFPTPOSCH. hRPTOP RTEUMEDHS GEMSH PFPVTBFSH YI OBU URPUPVOSHI L UMHTSVE H LBCHBMETYY Y BUFBCHYFSH PFLBBFSHUS PF bFPZP OERTYZPDOSHI YMY, LBL ON CHSTBTSBMUS, "LBMEL", RTYNEOSM CHEUSHNB TSEUFPLJE RTYENSCH.

rP KHUFBCHH PVHYUEOYS LBCHBMETYUFB NSCH DPMTSOSCH VSHHMY UOBYUBMB YHHYUFSH RTBCHYMB RPUBDLY O DETECHSOOPK, CH OBKHTBMSHOKHA CHEMYYUYOKH, LPVSHCHME, ЪBFEN O CYCHPK MPYBDY, A EA, URETCHB ABOUT LPTDE, RPFPN ABOUT KHDEYULE, VE UFTENSO ABOUT UEDMA, UP UFTENEOBNY, ABOUT NHODIFKHLE, VE PTKhTSYS, U PTHTSYEN Y, OBLPOEG, CH RPMOPN RPIDDOPN UOBTSCEOYY RTY RYLE. nsch DPMTSOSCH VSHMY FBLCE RTSHCHZBFSH YUETE RTERSFUFCHYS CHETIPN ABOUT LPOE, RPUEDMBOOPN PDOPC RPRPOLPK, ЪBFEN CH UEDME. DEMBMPUSH CHUE LFP DMS FPZP, YUFPVSH RTYKHUYFSH NPMPDPZP AOLETB DETSBFSHUS ABOUT MPIBDY OE RTY RPNPEY UFTENSOY RPCHPDB, B PDOYNYYYEOLEMSNYYYYMAЪPN, FP EUFSH UPVUFCHEOOSCHNY RTYTPDOSHNY UTEDUFCHBNY, OE FBL, LBL LFP DEMBAF ZPTPDULYE MAVYFEMY CHETIPCHPK EDSHCH. ABOUT NMBDYEN LHTUE AOLETKH OE RPMBZBMPUSH YNEFSH DMS EDSH PRTEDEMOOHA MPYBDSH. BY VSHM PVSBO NEOSFSH LPOS LBTSDHA EDKH, YUFPVSH RTYKHYUIFSHUS KHRTBCHMSFSH MPIBDSHA CHPPVEE.

h RETCHSHCHK DEOSH OBYEK CHETIPCHPK EDDSCH NSCH CHPYMY H NBOETS U DKHYECHOSCHN FTEREFPN, SCHUFCHEOOP CHYDOSCHN ABOUT MYGE LBTSDPZP. h RTEDNBOETSOYLE OBU KhCE TsDBMB LPNBODB "CHEUFBUEK", DETSBCHYI UNEOKH LTHROSCHY LTBUICHSHCHI ZOEEDSHI LPOEK. RTPCHPDYCHYK DOY OBRTPMEF CH UEDME ABOUT RUPCSHCHI PIPFBI, UTBH UPPVTBICH CHUE "ЪB" Y "RTPFYCH", RTSNP OBRTBCHYMUS L OEVPMSHYPK, YЪSEOPK LPVSHMLE, CH TBUYUEFE, YuFP O OEKNOE VKhDEF MEZUE CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHBFSH pDOBLP, TPFNYUFT yYRETZUPO VShchM UFBTPK Y PRSHFOPK " RFYGEK "CH NBOETSE. OE KHUREMY NSCHCHSHTCHOSFSHUS RETED OIN CH LPOOPN UFTPA, LBL PO , EIIDOP KHUNEIBSUSH CH HU, NYZOKHM HOFETH LPOPCHPDPCH, LPFPTSCHK OENEDMEOOOP CHCHCHEM YЪ RTEDNBOOETSOILB PZTPNOPZP LPOS Y RTYLBBM NOE OEZP RETEUEUFSH, LBL RTBChPZHMBOZPCHPNH. rTY CHZMSDE ABOUT LFPP CHETVMADB X NEOS KHRBMP UETDGE, "oBYV", LBL EZP ЪCHBMY, VEKHUMPCHOP VSCHM UBNPK CHSHCHUPLPK MPIBDSH HYLPME Y UBDYFSHUS ABOUT OEZP, HCE OE ZPCHPTS PVP CHUEN PUFBMSHOPN, VSHMP GEMSHCHN RTEDRTYSFYEN: S OE NPZ U YENMY DPOEUFY OPZKH DP EZP UFTENEOY Y LBTSDSCHK TB VSHM RTYO HTSDEO URKHULBFSH TENEOSH RHFMYEB, YuFPVSH CHDEFSH OPZH CH UFTENS h DPCHETYEOYE OYUBUFSHS LFPF "oBYV" » VSHM UMYYLPN CHEMIL O FSCEM, YuFPVSH VTBFSH RTERSFUFCHYS; BY ЪБЧБМИЧБМ И И О ЪНМА, B Ъ FBL OBSCCHBENPZP "LPOCHETFB" , YuFP RTYCHPDYMP yYRETZUUOB CH OEYUFPCHUFChP.

lPOEK OBYI CH RETCHSHCHK DEOSH LFPC NBOETSOPK EDSH RPUEDMBMY RPRPOBNY, FHZP PVMYCHBCHYYNYI YI USCHFSHCHE URYOSCH, Y S EDCHB PICHBFSHCHBM YEOLEMSNY NPZP ZYZBOFB. rPLB UNEO YMB YBZPN, CHUE VSHMP VMBZPRPMHYuOP, OP EDChB TPFNYUFT RPDBM LPNBODH "TSCHUSHA", LBL NSCH CHUE UTBЪKH RPYUKHCHUFChPCHBMY OEKHDPVUFChP RPMPTSEOYS. yEOLEMEK, TBHNEEFUS, OH KH LPZP YЪ OBU OE VSHMP Y VSHFSH OE NPZMP. rППФПНХ ДЧПЭ ГЪ УНЭОШХ UTBХ "ЪBTSHCHMY TERKH", B CH DBMSHOEKYEN, LPZDB NSCH RETEYMYY ABOUT ZBMPR, OBYUBMPUSH HTSE OBUFPSEE "YЪVIEOYE NMBDEOGECH".

UMPTBDOP KHUNEIBSUSH CH HU, yYRETZUPO RTYLBBM OBN ЪБЧСЪБФШ ХЪМПН РЧПДШС ABOUT YEE H LPOEK Y, TBUUFBCHYCH THLY CH UFPTPOSH ABOUT HTPCHOE RMEYU, RTSCHZBFSH YUETE VBTSHET, SC CHOUMY CH NBOET CHEUFBUY. PRSCHFOSHHE Y FTEOYTPCHBOOSCH LPOY YMY RP LTHZKH, LBL EBCHEDEOOSCH, UPCHETYOOOP OE PVTBEBS CHAINBOYS ABOUT UCHPYI VEURPNPEOSHI CHUBDOYLPCH Y FPMSHLP LPUS KHNOSHNY ZMBEBNY CH UFPTPOH DPLPCH, RBDBCHYI PDYO ЪB DTHZYN. ABOUT LFPC RETCHPK EЪDE CH PRIMLY NBOETSB, UNEYBOOSCH U LPOULYN OBCHPЪPN, MEZMB RPMPCHYOB UNEOSHCH. tPFNYUFT, ABOUT CHUE LFP FPMSHLP RTYSFOP KHMSHVBCHYKUS, ЪBNEFOP PTSYCHYMUS, CH THLBY KH OEZP PFLKHDB-FP RPSCHYMUS DMYOOSHCHK VYU, LPFPTSCHN ON OBTPYUOP UFBM ZPTSYUYFSH MPYBDEK. u LFПЗП NPNEOFB, FP CH PDOPN, FP CH DTHZPN KHZMH NBOETSB, RPYUFY VEURTETSHCHOP UFBMY TBDBCHBFSHUS ЪCHHLY ZTHЪOP RBDBCHYI FEM, LBTSDPE YЪ LPFPTSCHI RPDOINBMP FHYUH MPL.

l LPOGKH RETCHPZP DCHHIYUBUPCHPZP KHTPLB yYRETZUPO TBUPYEMUS PLPOYUBFEMSHOP. EZP DMYOOSHCHK VYU BUCHYUFEM RP CHPDHIH Y U CHUEMSCHN CHPRMEN: “ЪBTBOEE YЪCHYOSAUSH!” BY UFBM MPCHLP RPRBDBFSH LPOGPN VYUB OE FPMSHLP RP LPOSN, OP Y RP AOLETULINE MSTSLBN CH FKHZP OBFSOKHFSHI TEKFKHBI. u PDOPK Y VPKLYI LPVShchM, DBCHYEK RTY LFPN OEPTSYDBOOKHA "UCHEYULH", MEZLPK RFBIPK UPTCHBMUS YUETE EE ZPMPCHH Y ZTHJOP YMEROKHMUS OPPN CH OBChP LBLPC-FP NPMPDK YuEMPCHEL Y Kommersant YFBFULYI, SCHYCHYKUS CH HYUMYEE PDEFSCHN CH OEHLMATSKHA YUETLEULKH SCHOP NPULPCHULZP YIFSHS. rPDOSMUS ON CHUSH CH RSHMY Y, CHSHRMAOKHCH YЪP TFB PRYMLY, U DPUFPYOUFCHPN ЪBSCHYM yYRETZUPOH, YuFP RPUME RPDPVOPZP OBD OIN YDECHBFEMSHUFCHB Ch yLPME PUFBCHBFSHUS OE CEMB EF. tPFNYUFT, OBUNEYMYCHP PULBMYCH ЪХВШЧ, LTYLOKHM CH PFCHEF ABOUT CHEUSH NBOETS:

ulbfetfsha DPTPZB!

"nPULPCHULYK YUETLEU" RTSNP YЪ NBOETSB ЪБЛПЧШШМСМ RPDBCHBFSH TBRPTF PV "PFYUYUMEOYY".

lPZDB NSCH RPFOSHHE Y PIBMEMSHCHE, U DTPTSBEYNY PF OBRTSCEOYS THLBNY Y OPZBNY, OBLPOEG, CHETOHMYUSH CH RPNEEEOOYE CHJCHPDB, RPUME LFPC RETCHPK OBYEK RTBLFYLY "EЪDSCH", FP EEE RSFETP PFLBBBMMYUSH PF DBMSHOEKYEK YUEUFY OEUFY LBCHBMETYKULHA UMHTSVKH Y RPDBMY TBRPTFB P RETECHPDE YI CH BTFYMMETYA. PUPVEOOOP FTHDOP RTYYMPUSH ABOUT RETCHSHCHI RPTBI FTEN NPMPDSHCHN MADSN, RPRBCHYYN CH yLPMH "U CHPLEBMB", B YNEOOOP UFKhDEOFKH-ATYUFKH Y DCHHN MYGEYUFBN, OE YNECHYYN OILBLPZP RPOSFYS P CHPEOOOPK UMHTSVE. fPMSHLP PDYO YI OYI CHSHCHDETTSBM GEMSHCHK NEUSG, RTPYUYE TSE PZTBOYUYUMY UCHPE RTEVSHCHBOYE CH LBCHBMETYY PDOPK OEDEMEK....

rPNYNP EDSHCH, YUEFSHTE TBBB CH OEDEMA NSCH ЪBOYNBMYUSH CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLPK, PE CHTENS LPFTPK UPMDBF-CHEUFBU ZPOSM ABOUT LPTDE RP RTEDNBOOETSOILH FPMUFKHA Y URPLKOKHA MPYBDSH, ABOUT AOLETULPN SJSHLE "YLBMKH", YEDYKHA LPTPFLYN, TPCHOSCHN ZBMPRPN, RPUEDMBOOKHA RMPULYN UEDMPN, U DCHHNS RBTBNY THUEL ABOUT OEN URETEDY Y UBDY. aOLETB DPMTSOSCH VSHMY, DETSBUSH UB TFY THYULY, CHULBLYCHBFSH ABOUT IPDH CH UEDMP Y RTPDEMSHCHBFSH ABOUT OEN ZYNOBUFYUEULYE HRTBTSOEOYS, OERTYCHSHYUOPNH YUEMPCHELH LBBBCHYYEUS GYTLPCHSHCHNY OPNETBNY, OP CH DEKUFCHYFEMSHOPUFY OE RTEDUFBCHMSCHYE UPVPK OYUEZP FTHDOPZP. OBDP VSHMP FPMSHLP RTDPDEMSHCHBFSH YI, OE FETSS FENRB ZBMPRB Y KHYUIFSHCHBS GEOFTPVETSOPE DCHYTSEOYE, F. E. OE FETSFSH OBLMPOB CHOKhFTSH LTHZB. rPOBYUBMH NPMPDETSSH, RPLB OE KHUCHPIMB LFYI "BLUIPN", NOPZP RBDBMB, B PDYO RTY NOE DBTSE UMPNBM OPZKH. with UBN PDOBTSDSCH, TsEMBS RPLBJBFSH OPNET CHOE KHUFBCHB, RPFETSM TBCHOPCHUE Y HRBM, RPTCHBCH UCHSLY ABOUT LPMEOY, YuFP DBEF YuKhChUFChPChBFSH UEVS DP UEZP DOS. fB CE CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLB ЪBFEN RTPYCHPDYMBUSH AOLETBNY CH LPOOPN UFTPA CH NBOETSE, YOPZDB RTY RPMOPK RPIDDOPK UEDMPCHLE, PVNHODYTPCHBOYY PTTHTSYY, YuFP VSCHMP, LPOYUOP, DP FTHDOEE Y FTEVPCHBMP VPMSHYPK RTBLFYLY.

lTPNE EDSHCH Y CHPMSHFYTSYTPCHLY, yYRETZUPO ETSEDOECHOP ZPOSM OBU ABOUT ZYNOBUFYLH Y UFTPECHPE HYUEOYE "REYYNY RP-LPOOPNH". pVKHYUBM UFTEMSHVE YI RKHMENEFB Y CHYOFPCHLY Y LPCHLE MPYBDEK. h UFTPECHPN PFOPYEOYY OBN, .LBDEFBN, FBLCE RTYYMPUSH RETEHYUYCHBFSHUS ЪBOPChP, FBL LBL UFTPK LBCHBMETYY PFMYUBEFUS PF REIPFOPZP FEN, YuFP CH REIPFE CHUE RETEUFTPEOYS PU OCHBOSH O TBUYUEFE RP DECH Y YUEFSHTE, FPZDB LBL CH LBCBMETYY RP FTY Y YEUFSH, OE ZPCHPTS HCE P RTYENBI U YBYLPK Y CHYOFPCHLPK. REYYK UFTPK "RP-LPOOPNH" ЪBLMAYUBEFUS CH FPN, YuFP, DBVSH DBTPN OE KhFPNMSFSH LPOEK Y OE UPVYTBFSH CHNEUFE VPMSHYI LPOOSHI UPEDYOEOYK, DMS YuEZP OHTSOP CHTENS Y NEUFP, AOLETB, DUFChPN DCHHI YUEMPCHEL, DETSBEYI JB DCHB LPOGB RILKH, YЪPVTBTSBAF UPVPK CHCHPDSH Y ULBDTPOSCH . yBYYUOSHE RTYENSCHY CHMBDEOOYE RYLPK NSCH RTPCHPDYMY UOBYUBMB ABOUT DETECHSOOPK LPVSHCHME, YUFPVSH OE RPTHVYFSH RP OEPRSCHFOPUFY TSYCHHA; FPMSHLP RTYCHSHCHLOKHCH L YBYYYUOSCHN RTYENBN CH UEDME, RETEUBTSYCHBMYUSH ABOUT OBUFPSEKHA MPYBDSH. OP DBCE Y RTY OBMYYYY FBLYI RTEDPUFPPTTSOPUFEK NOPZIE LPOY NMBDYEZP LHTUB VSHMY OE BUFTBIPCCHBOSH PF KHCHEYUYK Y OPUYMY ABOUT UEVE UMESH OEKHDBYUOSHI YBYYEUSHI HDBTPCH CH CHYDE PFT HVMEOOSCHY OBDTHVMOOOSCHI LPOGPCH KHYEK. UFTPECHSHCHE ЪBOSFYS OBUYOBMYUSH UTBЪKH RPUME ЪBCHFTBLB Y YMY DP YUEFSHTEI YUBUPCH RPRPMKHDOY. rPUME PVEDB, VSHCHYEZP CH RSFSH YUBUPCH, NSCH ZPFPCHYMYUSH L TEREFYGYSN, UDBCHBMY YI RTPZHEUUPTBN Y CHSHRPMOSMY RTPYUYE “LBRPOPYTOSHCHE PVSBOOPUFY”. "lBRPOYTBNY" CH HYUMYEE, ABOUT AOLETULPN SSHLE.YNEOPCHBMYUSH OE FPMSHLP LMBUUOSCH RPNEEEOYS, OP Y... HVPTOSHCHE, LBLPCHPE PVUFPSFEMSHUFCHP, YJ ZPDB CH ZPD, RTYCHPDYMP CH OEDPHNEOYE Y TBBDTBTSEOYE RTPZHEUUPTB ZHTTFYZHYLBGYY YOTSEOETB-RPMLPCHOILB l. lBL FPMSHLP CH UCHPYI MELGYSI, CH OBYUBME ZPDB ABOUT NMBDYEN LHTUE, BY DPIPDM DP CHPRPTUB P LTERPUFOSCHI LBRPOYTBI, LMBUU PICHBFSHCHBM OEKHDETTSYNSCHK UNEY. lPZDB PO ЪBFYIBM, RPVMEDOECHYK PF OEZPDPCHBOYS RPMLPCHOIL LMBM -HEM Y, PVETOKHCHYUSH PF DPULY, ABOUT LPFPTPK YUETFYM RMBO LTERPUFY, ZPCHPTYM:

h YUEN DEMP, ZPURPDB? CHEDSH RPDPVOSHK VBMBZBO RTPIUIPDYF YJ ZPDB CH ZPD, EDCHB S RTPIЪOPYKH UMPP "" LBRPPOYT "." tBDY vPZB PVIASUOFE NOE, YuFP CHSC OBIPDIFE UNEYOPZP CH LFPN UMPCHE?. .

OYLFP J AOLETPCH, PDOBLP, OE VTBMUS PVASUOYFSH RPMLPCHOILH, YuFP ABOUT TsBTZPOE yLPMSCH EZP LMBUU RTYTBCHOYCHBMUS L RTEVSHCHBOYA CH... HVPTOPK.

at 1890 ZPDB Y DP NPEZP READING OILPMBECHULPE LBCHBMETYKULPE HYUMMYEE TBDEMSMPUSH ABOUT DCH YUBUFY: LBCBMETYKULHA YMY "ULBDTPO" Y LBBUSH YMY "UPFOA", PVAEDYOOOSCHI PVEYN OBYUBMSHOILPN KHYUMYEB, OP YNECHYI LBTSDBS UCHEA ZHTNKH Y UCHPK PZHYGETULYK UPUFBCH PE ZMBCHE U LPNBODITBNY ULBDTPOB Y UPFOY. pVEYNY VSHMY GETLPCHSH, UFPMPCHBS Y LMBUUSCH. CHUE TSE PUFBMSHOSCH RPNEEEOOYS X UPFOY, Y ULBDTPOB VSHMY PFDEMSHOSCH. UPFOS YNEMB LTBUYCHHA ZCHBTDEKULYI LBBLLPCH, LBL RBTBDOHA, PVSHLOPCHEOOBS CE PFMYUBMBUSH PF OBYEK MYYSH UETEVTSOSCHN RTYVPTPN, YBYLPK LBBIUSHEZP DPOULZP P) VTBGB Y UYOYY YBTPCHBTBNY U LTBOOSHN MBNRBUPN. pFOPYEOYS NETSDH UPFOEK Y ULBDTPOPN VSHMY UBNSH DTHTSEULYE. OP UPFOS Y ULBDTPO YNEMY UCHPY UPVUFCHOOOSCH FTBDYGYY UCHPE OBYUBMSHUFCHP, LBL AOLETULPE, FBL Y CH MYGE UNEOOSCHY PZHYGETPCH. rTYOINBMY CH UPFOA, ЪB TEDLINE YULMAYUEOYEN, FPMSHLP LBBLPLCH.

VEURTETSHCHOBS UFTPECHBS FTEOYTPCHLB Y ZYNOBUFYLB CHUSLPZP TPDB, CH PUPVEOOPUFY TSE FB "TBVPFB", LPFPTHA OBU ЪBUFBCHMSM RTDPDEMSHCHBFSH UFBTYK LHTU, VSHUFTP RTECHTBEBMB NBMSHYULPCH-LBDEF CH MYIHA Y RPDFSOKHFHA UFBKLH UFTPECHPK NPMPDETSY. rPUMEDOYE PUFBFLY LBDEFULPK KHZMPCHBFPUFY UIPDYMY U OBU OE RP DOSN, B RP YUBUBN CH PRSCHFOSHI THLBI OBYUBMSHUFCHB, LPFPTPE CHUE YUBEE UVBMP VMBZPDBTYFSH FP PDOPZP, FP DTHZPZP Y Kommersant OBU JB "PFUEFMYCHPUFSH" Y UMHTSVH.

YuETE DCHB NEUSGB TSEUFPYUBKYEK DTEUUYTPCHLY, LBLKHA VSHMY URPUPVOSCH CHSHCHDETSBFSH FPMSHLP LTERLYE ZHJYUEULY NPTBMSHOP, DMS NMBDYEZP LHTUB, OBLPOEG, OBUFHRIM FPTCEU FCHOOOSCHK DEOSH RTYUSZY. rPDOSCH DCHB RBMSHGB RTBCHP THLY, UFPSM S CH ITBNE yLPMSCH UTEDY FPCHBTYEEK CH RPMOPK RBTBDOPK ZHTNE, UMKHYBS UMPCHB UFBTYOOPK REFTPPCHULPK RTYUSZY ABOUT CHETOPUFSH ZPUKHDBTA Y TPDYOE L, PFPTHA YUYFBM FPTCEUFCHEOOSCHN "NEDOSCHN" ZPMPUPN BDYAAFBOF yLPMSCH TPFNYUFT ъSLYO. rPYUFY CHUE UFBFSHY ITS LPOYUBMYUSH UMPCHBNY "UNETFOBS LBJOSH" Y RTPYCHPDYMY CHOKHYYFEMSHOPE CHREYUBFMEOYE. ZMKHIYNY ZPMPUBNY NSCH RPCHFPTSMY RPUME LBTSDPZP BVBGB: “lMSOHUSH, LMSOKHUSH”, B UBFEN GEMPCHBMY LTEUF, ECHBOZEMYE Y UFBTSHK YEML YFBODBTFB U DCHHZMBCHSHN PTMPN OB DTECH LE, LPFPTSCHK DETSBM YFBODBTFOSCHK CHBINYUFT lHYUYO.

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In 1832 M.Yu. Lermontov submitted a petition to the Imperial Moscow University for his dismissal from the University “due to domestic circumstances” with a request to attach “appropriate certificates for transfer to the Imperial St. Petersburg University with credit for the time of his stay at Moscow University in the verbal department.” St. Petersburg University refused Lermontov’s request and allowed admission on the condition of passing entrance exams for the 1st year.

Instead of university, Lermontov entered the School of Guards Sub-Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers, despite the wishes of his grandmother E.A. Arsenyeva “not to see her grandson in the military.” A number of circumstances were the reason for Lermontov’s decision: he was seduced by the short period of study, he was seduced by military service with the possibility of a quick career and quick seniority, and finally, the persuasion of friends and relatives who had already entered the School.

On November 4, 1832, Lermontov, along with all the other “juniors from the nobility,” took the exam and, based on the scores received, was enrolled as a candidate for the School by order of November 20. On November 14, he was accepted into the service of the Life Guards in the Hussar Regiment as a volunteer non-commissioned officer, and on December 18, the following order was issued to the School: “Based on the order of the head of the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers, Adjutant General Neugarth, dated the 17th this December, for No. 273, appointed to serve, as volunteers, in the regiments of the Life Guards, the underage Mikhail Lermontov in Gusarsky, Alexander Golovin in Equestrian and Nikolai Vyrubov in Izmailovsky, the first two are renamed into cadets, and the last into ensigns with testimony according to the lists of nobles , which, when announcing at the School entrusted to me, I prescribe Messrs. squadron and company commanders from the above-mentioned cadets Lermontov and Golovin and ensign Vyrubov, to collect for the plain paper used during examination instead of the stamp paper from each for one sheet two rubles, and deliver it to me for sending to the District Treasury. Major General Baron Schlippenbach."

At that time, the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers was located in a house purchased from Count I.G. Chernyshev, near the Blue Bridge. It was a luxurious palace built in 1764 - 1768. designed by the architect de la Motte, where the School moved from the barracks of the Life Guards. Izmailovsky Regiment (on the corner of the 1st company) August 10, 1825. In the huge palace of gr. Chernyshev, guards ensigns occupied the top floor, cavalry cadets and classes - the middle, and below there was a large hall, called training, for front-line training. The cadet squadron was divided into four sections: two cuirassier heavy cavalry and two light cavalry: Uhlans and Hussars.

In their free time, cadets and ensigns visited each other and were on friendly terms with each other. As a joke, the cadets called the ensigns “groats.” The cadets especially often came to use the broken piano in the recreation hall. Sometimes cadets and ensigns were brought into one class to study a subject, mainly mathematics. Treatment at the School was gentle and humane, but military discipline and subordination were brought to extreme severity.

Juncker was always remembered with special love by the Life Guards. Uhlan Regiment of Staff Captain Kleron, a Frenchman from Strasbourg. He was very friendly, witty, loved jokes and puns, which greatly amused all the cadets, and treated them friendly. In general, the relationship between the command staff and the cadets and ensigns was cordial and friendly. Penalties and punishments were very rare. Usually, on Saturdays, observing a strict queue, two from the cavalry and infantry, we went to the palace of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, where we dined with His Highness at the same table.

In those distant days, guard cadets were not attached to their regiments, but were in the School, where they had to stay for two years, after which those who passed the exam were promoted to officers. There was no common uniform; everyone wore the uniform of their regiment. They entered the School at least 17 years of age and older, sometimes there were cases at 26. The majority were home-bred from rich houses and, with a few exceptions, were decent lazy people. There were only a small number of applicants from different educational institutions. For this reason, schoolboyism and pranks between cadets were not very successful. The young people who entered the cadets tried to behave seriously and respectably. Conversations were more about carousing, women, social news and services. All this was, of course, immature and frivolous, and all judgments were distinguished by the passion, impulse and lack of experience inherent in youth, but the shoots of the passions of individuals were already emerging and showed the inclinations of young men.

Having entered the School of Guards Sub-Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers, Lermontov did not outwardly stand out among his comrades. His figure was not distinguished by its slenderness and beauty. The olive-colored face with large features was quite pleasant. The expression of the deep, intelligent, large, coal-black eyes was piercing, heavy and at the same time languid, involuntarily embarrassing the one at whom they were directed. Lermontov knew the power of his eyes, and loved to confuse and torment timid and meek people with his long, expressive gaze. He had dark and rather sparse hair with a light strand slightly above the forehead, temples and a wide forehead, somewhat open, well-defined lips, pearl-white teeth and delicate, beautiful hands.

He was short, with a large head and some crooked legs, as a result of the disease of thinness in childhood, broad-shouldered, dense and slightly stooped. From a young age, Lermontov was tormented by the thought that he was ugly and poorly built. This consciousness was especially intensified when in the winter, during severe frosts, the cadets, going on vacation, put on an overcoat in the sleeves, on top of their uniforms and mentiks; in such attire he seemed extremely clumsy, which he himself admitted, and even once drew a caricature of himself in such clothes. But, despite his shortcomings, his entire appearance was unusually attractive and involuntarily caught the attention of everyone, even strangers.

At the same time, Lermontov was very dexterous in physical exercises with very developed, strong muscles. He took great pleasure in showing his strength, mainly in his hands. In this he often competed with the cadet Karachinsky, known at the School as a remarkable strongman who bent ramrods and made knots out of them, like ropes. He and Lermontov paid a lot of money for damaged ramrods of cavalry carbines to non-commissioned officers who were entrusted with the conservation of government weapons. One day, during such a competition, they were both caught by the School commander, General Schlippenbach. He was extremely amazed at this activity of the cadets, gave both of them a severe reprimand and sent them under arrest for a day. Lermontov recounted this incident in a most amusing manner and at the same time burst into loud laughter.

Lermontov sat firmly on his horse and was an excellent rider, but in the first days of his admission to the School, at the end of November, an accident happened to him that threatened to leave him crippled for life. One day, after riding in the arena, being still a novice, in school terms, incited by senior cadets, in order to show his knowledge of riding, strength, agility and courage, Lermontov mounted a young, under-trained horse, which began to spin and rage around other horses in the arena. playpen One of them hit him in the right leg below the knee and broke it to the bone. The poet was unconsciously carried out of the arena. He was ill for more than two months while staying at the house of his grandmother K.A. Arsenyeva, whose apartment was located on the Moika in the Lansky house near the School. This allowed her to secretly send her to her grandson, whom she loved to the point of adoration, various pies, pates and sweets.

The kind old woman was very upset by what happened and did not leave the patient. All the cadets, the poet’s comrades, knew her, respected and loved her. In the summer she lived in Peterhof, not far from the cadet camps, where the School cadets usually stayed. She took an active part in the fate of many, and many of the cadets were often indebted to her for various requests to their superiors. When the squadron passed her dacha for horse training, the old woman appeared at the window and from afar baptized her Misha and all the cadets until the entire squadron passed in a long ribbon in front of the house and disappeared from view.

The physical exercises of the cadets consisted of walking, fencing and dancing. Gymnastics was not taught in those days. On the foot front, Lermontov, due to poor build, was very weak. The squadron commander strongly attacked him for this gap, but it was not his fault. Lermontov fought excellently with espadrons and rapiers, and loved this activity. Sometimes competitions were organized between the best fighters, which attracted a large number of junker spectators. The poet took an active part in this struggle and often emerged victorious. He danced gracefully and easily, and was considered one of the best dancers.

The school curriculum included mathematics, geography, history, military proceedings, topography, fortification, artillery, tactics and military regulations. They also studied the Law of God, Russian literature, French, and morality. Lermontov studied Russian literature and history with great diligence. He often hid in empty classrooms, trying to get there unnoticed, and there he spent time reading or writing “until late at night,” all alone. Students were prohibited from independently choosing books to read, without the approval of their superiors, although this was not always followed. Lovers of reading engaged in it, for the most part, on holidays, when the cadets were released from the School. Lermontov went on vacation to his grandmother Arsenyeva on Sundays and holidays, where he read a lot and was always with a book in his hands, especially a volume of Byron or Walter Scott in English. He knew this language, but did not speak it fluently, like French or German.

Lermontov greatly exceeded his comrades in intelligence and development. The difference was so great that it is difficult to draw a line between them. In years he was no older than others, but he read more of them, had a broader outlook, formed his own views on life, which he managed to sufficiently study from different sides. According to P.A. Viskovatogo: “The poet, exhausted early by the unfortunate circumstances of his life, matured beyond his years, and, lonely, he entrusted only his thoughts and the sorrow of his soul to the muse.”

At the School, Lermontov was friendly and on good terms with all the cadets, but could not stand falsehood, lies and insincerity. He also had the ability to notice the comical and weak sides in everyone. Having found these properties, he pursued his victim with caustic ridicule and witticisms, drove him out of patience and, having achieved this, calmed down and left him alone. He did not abandon this bad habit until the end of his days, causing hostility and enmity towards himself. Thanks to his brilliant abilities and intelligence, he involuntarily became a soul in pleasures, revelries, adventures and conversations. By nature he was gifted with a gentle, sensitive soul, always ready to do everyone a favor, have fun and keep company, but the world had the most bad influence on him. He tried to drown out all the good impulses of his soul and heart and hide them from others. He was ashamed to admit his love and respect for the woman. In his opinion, all this was unnecessary romanticism and temporary mental weakness. However, at home, the poet was friendly, good-natured and even-tempered.

Lermontov had a small number of close friends among the cadets. Among them, he became especially close to V.A. Vonlyarlyarsky, a man who had already lived, graduated from university, voluntarily exchanged civil service for military service, and later became a famous fiction writer, author of “The Big Lady,” a talented musician, artist and sculptor. Vonlyarlyarsky, with his inexhaustible stories “in the evenings,” always attracted a large number of cadets; Lermontov was not inferior to him in wit and jokes. Among the close friends were also two Martynov brothers, of whom the youngest, a handsome and stately young man, became so notorious in the poet’s life. The cadets called Martynov “Homo force” - a ferocious man. He always boasted of his health and strength, but after displaying these qualities, he usually ended up in the infirmary.

At the same time, in the company of guards ensigns, K.Ya. was famous for his wit and humor. Bulgakov, better known among young people under the name Kostya Bulgakov, is a very talented and musical young man. His jokes and wit were not limited to the walls of the School and were known even to Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, at which he sometimes laughed a lot. Lermontov willingly visited the guards' ensigns, where he competed in wit with Bulgakov and there, to the accompaniment of Michel Saburov, couplets, chansonnets and Beranger songs were sung of immodest content. Bulgakov ended his life early from violent revelry.

Lermontov was an indispensable participant in all the pranks, jokes and tricks of the cadets. Sometimes, in their free time, they gathered around the piano, which they rented for the winter, and sang various songs in chorus to the accompaniment. Lermontov joined the songwriters and loudly sang a completely different song, which brought complete discord into the singing. There was immediate noise and attacks on Lermontov, but he, pleased with the successful joke, laughed heartily. One day, meat with sauce was served for dinner. Lermontov flushed, threw his knife and fork and shouted indignantly:

Every day the same!
Horseradish meat
In the same manner!

This greatly amused everyone present. Usually all his jokes were not malicious in nature, but sparkled with good-natured humor and fun.

In educational institutions, mostly closed ones, it is almost universally the custom to subject newcomers to various tests as to the firmness and steadfastness of their character, behavior and understanding of comradeship. Disobedience, non-compliance and malfunction will result in punishment. It’s bad for those who resist, who stay away from their comrades, and especially those who tell their parents or relatives about everything that happens in their environment, or who complain to their superiors. In the first year of entering the School, a newcomer was not allowed to smoke. Penalties for smoking were extremely strict, and their superiors were responsible along with the perpetrators, so individual non-commissioned officers and sergeants did not want to expose themselves to responsibility for people who were completely unfamiliar to them and who had not proven in any way the strength and fidelity of their friendship. To be considered a true cadet and comrade, fearlessness and ingenuity in cadet tricks were required.

Submitting to the general view of newcomers, Lermontov did not remain indifferent to this and liked to torture them in a more sensitive way, going beyond a series of ordinary tests. In most cases, his pranks were carried out at night. Before it was time to go to bed, he gathered his comrades into his light cavalry cell, sat astride one another, covering himself and his “horse” with a sheet, and holding a glass of water in his hand. Lermontov called this cavalry the “Numidian squadron.” They waited for the time when the intended victim fell asleep and, at this signal, the “squadron” moved away in deep silence, surrounded the doomed man’s bed and, suddenly tearing off the blanket from him, each poured his glass of water on him. Having made the attack, the cavalry galloped into their cell, leaving their victim completely wet.

Sometimes this “Numidian squadron”, mainly consisting of Lermontov, Vonlyarlyarsky, Count Tizenhausen, the Cherenov brothers and Engelhard, tightly holding hands with each other, quickly slid along the parquet of the light cavalry cell, knocking down the newcomers who came towards them, pinning them to the iron beds, while deliberately touching them, trying to push them hard with their shoulders. Once, during such an attack, the “flank squadron” giant Tizenhausen received a retaliatory blow in the back from the newcomer Boborykin. The cavalry quickly scattered to their places. In the evening, upon returning from dinner, Boborykin received a volley of boiled potatoes in the back of his head. Having said nothing, he undressed and went to bed. The elders liked this humility, and from that day on they left him alone, while for others, for a long time, Engelhard continued to insert a “hussar” - a rolled-up piece of paper filled with snuff - into their noses at night.

The cavalry cadets Naryshkin and Uvarov had to endure many such unpleasant moments. Both of them were raised abroad and spoke Russian poorly. Lermontov nicknamed Naryshkin “the Frenchman” and gave both of them no rest. Usually every cadet in the School had some kind of nickname. Lermontov received the name “Mayoshki” from Mr. Mayeux, a hunchbacked freak, one of the heroes of a long-forgotten French novel. The adventures of this hero were depicted in a whole series of cartoons. This name did not suit Lermontov at all, but he always sincerely laughed at his stoop and somewhat awkward appearance. Subsequently, under the name "Mayoshki" he described himself in the poem "Mongo".

In mid-April, Lermontov returned to the School, after a long illness from a blow to the leg from a horse's hoof, and, despite various pranks and pranks, he was one of the first to pass the senior class exams, about which he writes on June 19, 1833. M.A. Lopukhina: “I believe that you will be glad to know that, having been at the School for only two months, I passed the first grade exam and am now one of the first... this still inspires hope for imminent liberation.” At the end of the transfer exams at the end of June 1833, the School was given an order to go to the camp located in Peterhof, where it remained for 2 months, and returned back in August for the start of classes. In the camp, the School was housed in tents 3 arshins in length and 2 ½ arshins in height. Each tent contained 3 people with all their ammunition and luggage. All camp life was regulated by orders issued by the Detachment of Military Educational Institutions, which also included rules for students visiting folk festivals and gardens, only in teams with an officer, and in case of vacation - with relatives. One of these festivities is vividly and colorfully described by the poet in the poem “Peterhof Holiday”.

At the beginning of 1834, students of the School began to publish a handwritten magazine “School Dawn”, published on Wednesdays. The main active participant in the publication of this magazine was Lermontov, who wrote poetry, poems and drew cartoons, as well as Martynov - prose. It was widely suggested that everyone who wished to place their works in the “School Dawn” and leave their manuscripts in the designated table, located next to the bed in one of the rooms. The author's signature was not required; manuscripts could remain unsigned. The accumulated material was taken out and stitched into one, common notebook and read through in the evening in the presence of all the cadets. Several issues of these journal notebooks were published, but none of them have survived. The only genuine notebook with cartoons drawn by the poet was owned by his school friend, Prince. V.S. Vyazemsky, but at present the whereabouts of this extremely valuable and interesting notebook are unknown. Separate lists of “School Dawn” have been preserved, from which the texts of some poems published in the journal of M.Yu. Lermontov during his cadet years. Among them, the poet wrote the humorous, immodest poem “Ulansha”, “Holiday in Peterhof”, “Message to Tizenhausen”, “Hospital in Peterhof”, “Junker Prayer” and “Ode”, signed “gr. Diyarbekir", but most of them were not for publication.

In prose, he wrote “Border News” under the pseudonym “Stepanov”, where his friend from the School, Prince, was portrayed as the hero. Shakhovskoy, a kind-hearted man, everyone’s favorite, who always got angry when people made fun of him. He had a physical defect - a large nose, which the cadets found similar to a gun trigger, for which the prince received the nicknames “Trigger” and “Prince Nose”. He is mentioned in the poem “Ulansha”:

Prince Nose leaned close to the saddle,

No one with a numb hand

He doesn't get caught by the trigger.

Usually the cadets made fun of the prince and drew various caricatures, which mainly featured his huge nose. In one of the drawings, Shakhovskoy was depicted lying on a bed in his cell, with his nose standing out sharply on the pillow, and nearby several cadets were reading “The History of the Prince’s Nose” at the table. Shakhovsky,” illustrated with maps and diagrams, composed by his comrades with the close participation of Lermontov.

Prince Shakhovskoy was extremely amorous. Visiting his acquaintances, he often fell in love and confided his heartfelt secrets to friends, usually calling the object of his love “goddess.” Once the officer on duty, a Frenchman, Captain Clairon, accidentally met with Junker Shakhovsky in the same house, where the prince was in love with a governess of good appearance, but rather plump. Kleron, noticing Shakhovsky's hobby, decided to play a joke on him, began to court the governess and was successful. She remained fascinated by Clairon's compliments and witticisms. Shakhovskoy was greatly agitated by the frivolity and infidelity of the object of his passion. The cadets who were there spoke about Clairon's playful behavior. On this occasion, Lermontov immediately wrote a short but poisonous impromptu:

Oh, how sweet Your goddess is,
The Frenchman is trailing after her,
She has a face like a melon
But... like a watermelon.

“Hospital in Peterhof” is a story in verse, the heroes of which are the cadets Prince. A.I. Baryatinsky, later field marshal, conqueror of the Caucasus, and N.I. Polivanov, known as "Lafa". Both are the poet’s comrades at the School. One day they went on a night trip to the hospital for some love fun. Book A.I. In the dark, Baryatinsky, by mistake, instead of a beautiful maid, hugs a blind, decrepit old woman who raised a cry, to which a servant comes running with a candle, rushes at the prince and knocks him down, but at that moment Polivanov, who has conquered the beautiful maid, arrives in time, knocks down the servant and frees the prince. Baryatinsky. A few bottles of champagne soften the unpleasant impression of the past night.

The most beloved and most famous poem among the cadets was Lermontov’s famous poem “Ulansha,” which was distributed in numerous copies. This poem describes the transition of cadets from St. Petersburg to the Peterhof camp, but mainly the overnight stay of the noisy, cheerful Uhlan squad in the village of Izhorka not far from

Strelny. In this village, among the cadets-uhlans, a young, lively resident, named by the cadets “Ulansha”, was famous for her beauty. She served as the heroine of the poem.

Our noisy squadron is coming
Thundering with a motley crowd.
The hang of the tired tends to sleep
It's late, dark blue
The sky was covered, the day faded,
The rakes are grumbling...

It's time to part with their horse.
As it should, I went out onto the road
Lancer with wrapped badge;
He goes around the apartments in an important, decorous manner
He took the bosses with him,
Although I must admit, the smell is wine
He exposed him at times.

But without wine, what is the life of a lancer?
His soul is at the bottom of the glass,
And whoever is not drunk twice a day,
That one, excuse me, is not a lancer!

Shall I tell you the lodger's name?
It was Lafa, the dashing uhlan,
With whose brave head
Neither Doppel-Kümmel nor Madeira,
Not even the noisy Ai
We could never get along...

Lermontov was a person richly gifted with talents and abilities in various branches of art. He played the piano and violin excellently, sang romances well, or rather spoke in recitative. He was very good at drawing individuals, landscapes and entire groups. His drawings were distinguished by the liveliness, liveliness and confidence of the pencil. The poet had the ability to accurately and characteristically capture the distinctive features of the depicted persons, sketched by him in portraits and caricatures. He made several such successful and accurate drawings at the School, and he used to make sketches during classes and lectures. Such an album of numerous drawings, mainly related to the poet’s school stay, was donated to the Lermontov Museum by a former student of the School N.N. Manvelov, graduated in 1835. This notebook contains many drawings by Lermontov from the times of his cadet life. One of them showed a training ride of cadets.

In the middle of the arena stands the squadron commander, Colonel Stuneev, with a whip in his hand, the lead Uhlan cadet Polivanov (Lafa), distinguished by his landing and riding, then the Zholoner unt.-officer Zholmir, followed by the hussar cadet Vonlyarlyarsky, a close friend of the poet and his bedmate. The officer on duty and teacher of the cavalry regulations, captain captain V.I., was very successfully and characteristically depicted. Knorring, famous for his romantic adventures. An excellent half-length portrait of a detached unt.-officer of the 4th Uhlan platoon, Khomutov, leaning on his elbows, in a saddle-back overcoat, and several other sketches of individual cadets, which served as Lermontov’s originals for his cadet notebook.

In 1834, a relative and friend of the poet A.P. came to St. Petersburg to enter the Artillery School. Shan-Girey. He brought Lermontov greetings from V.A. Lopukhina, the girl whom Lermontov loved with his first, pure, youthful love, whom he considered his bride. She married, at the behest of her parents, Bakhmetyev. The poet took this blow hard internally, but outwardly he reacted to Varenka’s greetings quite indifferently, which caused a quarrel between friends, which, however, soon ended in reconciliation.

According to Shan-Girey, “Lermontov changed morally at the School no less than physically, traces of home education and female society disappeared,” a rude, careless tone appeared, a youthful daring of daring and revelry, without which a cavalryman was not considered a cavalryman. He used his talent for poetry and ability to draw for caricatures and comic works, immodest in content, which became widespread among military youth. All this was artificial, feigned, youthful and did not at all correspond to the spiritual qualities and character of Lermontov and disappeared along with his promotion to officer. But his first reputation greatly damaged him and for a long time remained an obstacle to assessing the poet’s personality in society.

Along with youthful pranks and various kinds of hobbies, the military education Lermontov received at the School, the spirit of cavalry traditions, the glorious heroic exploits of the Russian army and its leaders captured him and left a deep, indelible mark on the impressionable, sensitive soul of the poet, developed in him a sense of true patriotism and strengthened the consciousness of duty, honor and valor. Subsequently, being transferred to the Tenginsky infantry regiment, Lermontov took an active part in the conquest of the Caucasus, distinguishing himself in battles with the Chechens with exceptional bravery and courage, for which he was presented to Vladimir 4th degree with swords and golden weapons, but, thanks to his hostile attitude towards the poet high ruling circles in St. Petersburg, both awards were cancelled.

During his cadet years, Lermontov wrote a long poem “Hadji Abrek” and several lyric poems, changed the version of “Demon” and continued work on the story “Vadim”, which he had begun in Moscow. The poet tried to hide his works from others, read them reluctantly and rarely, and did not allow them to be copied even by close friends. To a relative and school friend N.D. Yuryev somehow managed to get the poem “Hadji Abrek” from him. Having taken possession of it, Yuryev took the poem to the journalist Senkovsky, who, to the poet’s surprise, published it at the beginning of 1835 in the “Library for Reading”. Lermontov was infuriated by Yuryev’s act; fortunately, the poem was a success, no one criticized it, but still he did not dare to publish his works. At the School, the poem “Hadji Abrek” was presented by Lermontov to the teacher of Russian literature V.T. Plaksin. After reading it, Plaksin climbed to the lectern and, in the presence of the entire class, solemnly said: “I greet the future poet of Russia.” No one suspected or imagined Lermontov’s brilliant and great talent, but it was still felt that he could be the pride of the Guards School and the immortal glory of Russia.

After completing a two-year course of science and combat training at the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers, students were given the right to be promoted to officers, for which it was necessary to pass a preliminary examination and exam in the presence of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, at that time the commander of the Guards Corps and the Chief of all military educational institutions. The entire infantry battalion was brought to the Mikhailovsky Manege for inspection. The Grand Duke alternately called for the command of a battalion or company of guards ensigns and at the same time tested his knowledge of combat infantry service, and the cavalry cadets in riding and cavalry regulations. Only those who successfully passed the test were promoted to the guard, otherwise to the army or left until the next year. Such a review was carried out by the Grand Duke of the cadets and ensigns of the 10th graduation in 1834. Most of the cadets turned out to be “very strong in horse riding, and the infantry ensigns of all were completely knowledgeable about their business,” on the basis of which the Highest order followed on November 22, 1834 “on cavalry about the production of the exam from cadets to cornets", including Lermontov's Life Guards in the Hussar Regiment.

The next year, 1835, M.Yu. Lermontov was issued an official patent signed by the Minister of War, Count A.I. Chernyshev, certifying the production of guard cornets on November 22, 1834.

BY GOD'S GRACE

WE ARE NICHOLAY THE FIRST

EMPEROR AND AUTOCRATIC ALL-RUSSIAN

and so on, and so on, and so on

It is known and known to everyone that WE, Mikhail Lermontov, who served as US Junker, for the zeal and diligence rendered in OUR service, have most mercifully granted and established him in OUR Life Guards Cornets in the year one thousand eight hundred and thirty-four on the twenty-second day of November; as WE hereby favor and affirm, commanding all OUR subjects to properly recognize and honor this cornet Mikhail Lermontov for OUR Cornet of the Guard: and WE hope that in this rank bestowed upon us from US, he will act so faithfully and diligently, as a faithful and good Officer must. As evidence of which WE ordered the Ministry of War to sign this and strengthen it with OUR State seal.

Simultaneously with Lermontov, two brothers Andrei and Alexander Cherenov were promoted to the Hussar Regiment from the 10th graduation of the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers of the Life Guards, and on January 1, 1835, the 11th graduation, but with seniority on November 22, 1834, entered the same regiment his school friends Prince. Nikolai Vyazemsky and Alexander Tiran, whose production was delayed for some time.

So imperceptibly, quickly flashed by and ended the two years spent by M.Yu. Lermontov within the walls of the Guards School. The memory of his stay was immortalized by the creation of the Lermontov Museum at the Nikolaev Cavalry School, where numerous items related to the name of the great poet were collected, and in 1914, according to the design of the sculptor B. M. Mikeshin, a monument to M. Yu. was erected in the School’s garden. Lermontov, who lived so little and did so much for the Russian people and Russian literature.

K. Skuridin. Junker years M.Yu. Lermontov at the School of Guards Sub-Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers 1832–1834. //“Memo of the Nikolaev Cavalry School”, Paris, 1969. (Printed in abbreviation)

Mariinsky Palace is the building of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg. The former building of the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers, where Lermontov studied

Just think, the brilliant poet, dismissed from Moscow University and not accepted into St. Petersburg University, is taking exams at the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers, among other “juniors from the nobility,” as stated in the journal of the School’s outgoing papers for 1832. The same “certification” is repeated in the order to the commander of the School, Major General K. A. Schlieplenbach, dated November 13, 1832, to enroll “a minor from the nobles, Mikhail Lermontov, asking to join the Life Guards Hussar Regiment (...) with the right to volunteer as a non-commissioned officer.”

At that time, the cadets who were in school were considered in the regiments and each wore the uniform of his own regiment.”2 To receive his first officer rank, Lermontov had to endure two years of “marching,” “parading,” and other hardships at the School, which he described in the “Junker Prayer.”

Let us add to what has been said that, having passed the entrance exams, Lermontov was enrolled as a candidate for the School. And only more than a month later there was an order to its commander K. A. Schlippenbach to promote Lermontov from candidates to cadet.

At this time an accident occurred. A. M. Merinsky talks about him: “Strong in soul, he was strong physically and often loved to show his strength.” Lermontov, during classes in the arena, “instigated by the old cadets... in order to show his knowledge of riding, strength and courage, sat on a young horse, not yet ridden.” She began to “go crazy” and hurt other horses standing in the arena. “One of them hit Lermontov in the leg and crushed it to the bone. They carried him unconscious out of the playpen. He was ill for more than two months, staying in the house of his grandmother E. A. Arsenyeva.”3.

Recalling the Junker School (as the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers later became known), its former students say that a “childish spirit” reigned among the cadets, but that they knew how to separate schoolboyism, jokes from serious things, “when honor, dignity, rank or personal insult." Subjects not worthy of attention included classroom activities. They “usually devoted themselves to conversations, reading books that were hidden when the boss arrived, playing toss on the back bench and playing pranks with the teacher.”

A. M. Merinsky says that at the Junker school “it was not allowed to read books of purely literary content.” Young people who loved reading could devote time to it only on holidays, when they were sent home from school. He happened to go to Lermontov’s house, and he “almost always found him with a book in his hands”2.

Merinsky saw that “at the Junker school, Lermontov was good with all his comrades, although some of them did not really like him because he persecuted them with his witticisms and ridicule for everything false, forced and unnatural, which he could not bear.”

“Many were afraid of his well-aimed witticisms and jokes,” says I. L. Andronikov about Lermontov. “But he took a very active part in the undertakings and pranks of the cadets. He did not lag behind them in training: he was strong and resilient, sat firmly on a horse, and fenced well with espadrons (sabers). Besides him, only the cadet Martynov owned this weapon - the same one whose name is cursed by everyone who cherishes poetry. Their meetings attracted attention. They fenced deftly and well.” Yes, this is the Martynov who, less than ten years later, having met Lermontov in Pyatigorsk, will challenge his friend from the Junker school to his last duel...

Lermontov, in letters to M.A., Lopukhina and other Moscow friends, written a year after joining the cadet, assured them that he had changed a lot, that he had neither faith in beauty nor happy dreams. “...I need material pleasures,” he wrote in the fall of 1833, “tangible, happiness that is paid for in gold, happiness that is carried in your pocket like a snuff box; happiness that deceives only my feelings, leaving my soul alone and inactive.”

His faithful friend Akim Shan-Girey, who lived in the house of the poet’s grandmother, amends the idea that cadet Lermontov wanted to create about himself in letters to friends: “Morally Michel at school changed no less than physically, traces of home education and female the societies disappeared: at that time a spirit of some kind of debauchery, revelry, and bashfulness reigned in the school; Fortunately, Michel entered there no earlier than nineteen years old and stayed there no more than two; Upon graduation as an officer, all this disappeared like water off a duck’s back.”1

The apartment rented by E. A. Arsenyeva was “a few steps from the school,” says this relative of Lermontov, and he “went to Michel almost every day with contraband,” bringing him pates, sweets and other treats from his grandmother. But - and this is the main thing - Shan-Girey saw with his own eyes the morals and customs that reigned in the Junker school, he was very sympathetic to Lermontov and was afraid for him. He calls the two years the poet spent there “ill-fated years” and, together with E. A. Arsenyeva, he rejoiced with all his heart when his friend Michel was promoted to officer. This happened on December 4, 1834, when the order of the commander of the School announced that cadet Lermontov had been promoted to cornet of the Life Guards Hussar Regiment.

In a letter to M.A. Lopukhina, full of sad thoughts about his future, the poet said goodbye to the school with the words: “Two terrible years are gone...” /After leaving the Junker school, Lermontov divided his time between Tsarskoe Selo (where he was stationed Hussar Regiment) and St. Petersburg, where I lived a lifestyle accepted among young aristocrats.) I saw, entering the world,” wrote OE1 A.M. Vereshchagina to Moscow, “that everyone has their own pedestal: wealth, name, title, patronage... I realized that if: I managed to keep someone busy, then others would quietly take care of me, first out of curiosity, and then out of competition.”

In the same letter, he complains about, which he began to feel especially acutely after his grandmother left St. Petersburg: “The prospect of being left completely alone for the first time in my life scares me. There won’t be a single creature left in the whole big city who really sympathizes with me.”

Lermontov's complaint about complete loneliness is not entirely fair. In the early 30s, a distant relative of the poet, Svyatoslav Raevsky, appeared in St. Petersburg, who had known him since childhood. Later, during the St. Petersburg years of their life together in the house of E.A., Arsenieven, according to Raevsky, “briefly became friends with him (Lermontov)”1.

Raevsky was six years older than Lermontov. In 1827, he graduated from the moral and political department of Moscow University, in addition, he attended lectures in the verbal and physics and mathematics departments. He successfully applied his extensive knowledge in journalism. Raevsky introduced Lermontov to the circle of the editor of “Literary Additions to the Russian Invalid”, and then of the journal “Domestic Notes” A. A. Kraevsky. Almost all of Lermontov’s works, which he himself considered it possible to submit to the reader for judgment, were published for the first time on the pages of this magazine. Belinsky’s famous articles about Lermontov’s poems and his novel “A Hero of Our Time” appeared in Otechestvennye zapiski.

Raevsky helped Lermontov: under his dictation he rewrote “Princess of Lithuania”.

We owe it to such devoted friends of Lermontov as S. A. Raevsky and A. P. Shan-Girey that we learned a lot of valuable information about the poet’s life, his work, hobbies, character, relationships with those who were close to him and in early childhood, and in all other periods of his short life path.

It is impossible not to notice, however, that the people closest to the poet were not always accurate in their memories of him, written many years after his death.

So, for example, L.P. Shan-Girey claims that during the years of his stay at the School of Junkers Lermontov, coming home on holidays and Sundays, “wrote absolutely nothing.”

This is hard to believe. It is unlikely that Lermontov did not take what was written at the School secretly from his comrades, not shown to any of them, home, where E. A. Arsenyeva lived. A.P. Shan-Girey reduces all Lermontov’s work of 1832 - 1834 to epigrams, “free” poems published in the handwritten magazine “School Dawn”, as well as to the “famous in its time” poem “Ulansha”, which belongs to the cycle “ Junker poems”, in which the poet paid tribute to the “spirit of some kind of revelry, revelry” that reigned in the School, frivolity, rough fun, which A.P. Shan-Girey talks about in his “Memoirs”2.

Admission to the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers

On November 4, 1832, Lermontov successfully passed the exams, and four days later, on November 8, the head of the School of Guards ensigns and cavalry cadets, Adjutant General Neidgard, addressed his relations to the commander of the School, Major General K. A. Schlippenbach, letting him know, “so that the underage from nobles asking to serve in the regiments of the Life Guards Alexander Uvarov in Her Majesty’s Cavalry Guard, Mikhail Lermantov in the Hussarsky, Nikolai Yuryev ... in the Preobrazhensky ... enroll in the School entrusted to me as candidates, of whom there are available.”

Having become a “warrior,” Lermontov actually began by ignoring the wise warning of Maria Lopukhina and throwing out the “thing.” On November 26 or 27, “after riding in the arena, being still, according to the school expression, a novice, instigated by the old cadets,” Lermontov, “to show his knowledge of riding, strength and courage, sat on a young horse, not yet ridden, which began to rage and hover around other horses in the arena. One of them hit Lermontov in the [right] leg [below the knee] and broke it to the bone. They carried him unconscious out of the playpen. He was ill for more than two months, staying in the house of his grandmother E. A. Arsenyeva.”

This is how A. Merinsky, Lermontov’s classmate at the School, recalled.

This unfortunate incident, which caused Elizaveta Alekseevna to suffer, caused a new surge of gossip and talk in Moscow about Lermontov’s rash decision. On January 7, 1833, Alexey Lopukhin informed his friend: “Your leg hurts, dear Michel!.. What a fate! You should have heard how you were scolded and even scolded for going into military service. I assured them, although it was difficult so that reckless people would understand justice, that you did not want to upset your grandmother, but that this transition was necessary. No, sir, some Kikin decided that you had deceived everyone and that this was your only desire, and even asked your aunt to write you his opinion. And the respectable ones dispersed and screamed, he did a good job and he doesn’t love anyone, poor Elizaveta Alekseevna - they keep saying. “I know in advance that you will laugh and not take it to heart.”

On February 25, Lopukhin asks Lermontov: “Write to me whether you are staying at school or not and whether your leg will allow you to continue your military service...” Obviously, this question was serious at one time; However, already in mid-April, Lermontov returned to the School after illness.

It should be noted that the transition from the university to the School should not have been very painful, since until quite recently its structure was not much different from the university and was quite free: it “had the appearance of a military university with students living within its walls, similar to State-funded students lived at Moscow University. The morals and customs in both institutions did not differ much from each other, if we only take into account the difference that stemmed from the social status of the young people. The state-funded university students were people from poor families, but at the School they were the sons of rich and noble parents,” writes Viskovatov. A change in the leadership of the School, accompanied by a tightening of the screws, just happened in 1832: Lermontov was unlucky.

At Moscow University he was considered a proud man who always erected a barrier between himself and other people. At the School, Lermontov is a participant in all the undertakings, the author of obscene poems, a reveler and a rake.

Alla Marchenko in her “novel” “On the Road for State Need” writes quite funny about the “change” that allegedly happened to Lermontov:

Lermontov... “had to... rebuild, re-equip his soul to a new, cadet - frivolous, frivolous, and even downright obscene way... How can such a sudden metamorphosis be explained? Change in behavior style? Almost character? An unmistakably correct reaction, corrected by the “instinct of self-preservation”? Partly, apparently, this is also... At the university, Lermontov could, without risking anything, incur the hostility of the entire faculty - with emphasized indifference... At school, such an experiment became risky. It’s both more convenient and easier to become like everyone else. Or rather, make yourself seem like everyone else. But for this it was necessary, firstly, to hide the real self as deeply as possible. Secondly, it is better to adapt both the costume and the habits of a typical life hussar to his non-standard appearance, as well as his essence...”

This passage is especially funny because it was unusual for Lermontov to experiment with his own individuality: he was always equal to himself and did not consider it necessary to adapt to anyone. And of course, his actions were not dictated by the intelligentsia’s “instinct of self-preservation”: there is every reason to believe that Lermontov would consider such motives base.

Judging by what we know about Lermontov, he was, in principle, quite poor at building external relationships with people. The “interface” was always flawed, so it seemed to an outsider a caricature, something unnatural and unattractive. Hence the numerous memories of an extremely unpleasant young man who behaved falsely, impolitely and “excessively.”

In “Princess Ligovskaya” he will later diagnostically accurately describe this phenomenon when he introduces the reader to the “first Pechorin” (much more similar to Lermontov himself than Pechorin of the “Hero”): “... when he wanted to speak pleasantly, he began to stammer and suddenly ended a caustic joke to hide his own embarrassment, - and in the world they argued that his tongue was evil and dangerous...” - “Pechorin himself did not know what he was saying. Having come to his senses and thinking that he had said something stupid, he took on a kind of cold, forced appearance.”

The same “physiognomy” of Lermontov is described by V.I. Annenkova, the wife of Major General N.N. Annenkov (adjutant of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich and distant relative of Lermontov). Visiting Lermontov in the infirmary of the School of Junkers, “my husband turned to him with words of greetings and introduced him to his new cousin,” recalls Annenkova. - He (Lermontov) looked me up and down with a confident and unkind look. He was bilious and nervous and had the appearance of an angry child, spoiled, full of himself, stubborn and unpleasant to the last degree.”

“The New Cousin” recalls the details of this “date”: “We found him not bedridden, but lying on a cot and covered with a soldier’s overcoat. He was drawing in this position and did not deign to rise when we approached. He was surrounded by young people, and I think it was for the sake of this audience that he was so gloomy towards us.”

Lermontov knew how to communicate with people only “soul to soul” - and those who were allowed to such communication (in fact, anyone who was capable of such communication) saw a completely different Lermontov and greatly valued their friendship with him. Hence the almost polar characteristics of his behavior, manners, even appearance.