We go through a transitive verb. Semantic properties of transitive verbs

Transitivity/intransitivity is a category on the basis of which the relationship between the subject and object of an action can be distinguished. The meaning of this category is that the subject performs a certain action, and its result may or may not “appear” (not transfer) to the subject. Therefore, verbs in Russian are divided into transitive and intransitive.

Transitive and intransitive verbs. Lexical meaning

To determine transitivity, it is necessary to identify a key feature that acts as an addition to the verb and has a certain case marking.

A transitive verb is a verb that has the meaning of an action that is aimed at an object and changes or produces it (check the work, dig a hole).

Intransitive verb - denotes movement or position in space, or a moral state, or a physical state.

There are also so-called labile verbs. They can act as both transitive and intransitive (the editor edits the manuscript - the world is ruled by the person himself).

Syntactic difference

The syntactic difference between transitive and intransitive verbs is associated with lexical meaning. Transitive and intransitive verbs are usually combined:

In addition, the object of action with transitive verbs can also be expressed in the genitive case, but only in the following cases:

• when designating part of an object: buy water, drink tea;
• if the verb has a negation: I have no right, I haven’t read the book.

Transitive and intransitive verbs (table) have the following basic differences.

Morphological characteristics

As a rule, these verbs do not have special But still, certain types of word formation act as indicators of the transitivity or intransitivity of the verb. So, a transitive verb is:

• all verbs with the suffix -sya (make sure);
• denominative verbs in which the suffix -e- or -nicha-(-icha-) stands out: to be picky, to become weak, to be greedy.

Transitive verbs include verbs that are formed from adjectives using the suffix -i-: green, blacken.

There are some cases when, by attaching a prefix to intransitive unprefixed verbs, transitive verbs are formed. Examples: harm and neutralize.

If there is no object in the sentence, then the transitive verb performs the function of an intransitive verb: The student writes well (the property inherent in this person is indicated).

Intransitive verbs contain a special group of reflexive verbs; their formal sign is the suffix -sya (to wash, to return).

Reflexive verbs. Peculiarities

Reflexive verbs are studied in the school curriculum, just like transitive verbs (grade 6).

A reflexive verb denotes an action directed towards oneself. It is formed using the particle (postfix) -sya (-s).

The following main features of these verbs can be identified:

• Firstly, they can come from both transitive verbs (dress - dress) and intransitive verbs (knock - knock). But still, reflexive verbs (transitive verbs after adding the postfix -sya (-sya)) in any case become intransitive (to dress - to dress).
• Secondly, these postfixes are added: -sya - after consonants (washed, washed, washed), -sya - after vowels (dressed, dressed). It is worth noting that participles are always written with the postfix -sya (dressing, washing).
• Thirdly, reflexive verbs are formed in three ways: suffixal-postfixal - by adding a suffix and a postfix to the stem (res+vi(t)sya), prefixal-postfixal (na+drink_sya), postfixal (wash+sya).

Formation of derivatives in -sya and passive participles

Since the main morphological properties of transitive verbs are the formation of derivatives in -sya and which is not typical for intransitive verbs, let’s take a closer look at this process.

In most cases, a transitive verb is one that forms a passive participle or derivatives with the ending -sya, which can have a reflexive (hurry up), passive (create), or decausative (break up) meaning.

Exceptions are the verbs add (in weight), cost, weigh, and most semelfactives in -nu (pick). In addition, these verbs do not form passive and reflexive derivatives.

But still, there are intransitive verbs that can form passive constructions. For example, the verb expect. He forms a passive from the intransitive construction with the addition in I expect the arrival of Vasily - the arrival of Vasily is expected.

Correlation of verb transitivity

Despite the fact that transitivity does not have a single formal expression, there are still trends that connect the category of transitivity with the formal properties of the verb, for example, with verbal prefixes:

• The overwhelming majority of non-reflexive verbs with the prefix raz- are transitive (to blur, to push apart). The exceptions are: verbs denoting movement with the suffix -va- / -iva- / -a- (waving, driving around); verbs expressing spontaneous changes in the properties of an object, in particular those containing the suffix -nu-, formed from intransitive verbs (soak, melt, swell); verbs containing thematic vowels -e-, which denote a change in properties (get rich, get rich); including calling, thinking about it.
• Almost all containing the prefix iz-, are transitive (exceptions: get wet, run out, deign and others).

Semantic properties of transitive verbs

The Russian language has a large class. In addition to those that are significantly affected by the situation, the verb may have a direct object that plays another semantic role (for example, see, have, create - with these transitive verbs nothing happens to the object, it is not destroyed, does not change).

So it turns out that contrast by transitivity should not be strictly connected with the semantic class of the verb. This means that a transitive verb does not necessarily have to denote an agential-patient situation. But still, some trends can be noted.

So, a transitive verb is:

Semantic properties of intransitive verbs

Having identified the semantic properties of transitive verbs, we can determine the properties of all the others, that is, intransitive ones:

• Verbs are one-place, without objects, that is, characterizing a change in the state of the patient (direct object, significantly affected by the situation), which was not caused by the agent. Or there may be a case when the agent plays an insignificant role: die, rot, fall, get wet.
• Doubles with an indirect addition. That is, verbs of help (with the exception of support): promote, help, condone, assist.
• Verbs that are used with an object that is an integral part of the agentive participant of the verb (to move, move, wave).
• Verbs of perception of a fictitious situation (count on, expect (what), rely on, hope for).

Non-canonical types of direct objects

It has already been said more than once that the key property of transitive verbs is the ability to interact with the direct object in the accusative case. But there are classes of verbs that are used not only with nouns and pronouns in the accusative case, but also with a word or phrase of another part of speech that is semantically identical to it to one degree or another. These could be:

• prepositional phrase (I scratched his ear);
• genitive group (grandfather did not read this newspaper);
• adverbial group (he drinks a lot, I decided so);
• sentential actant (infinitive phrase - I like to go to the theater; subordinate clause used together with the conjunction - so that or - that - I understood that he will go to the sea; subordinate clause together with the conjunction - when - I don’t like it when it rains).

Some of the listed constructions can not only replace the direct object used with transitive verbs, but also be used to express a similar function with intransitive verbs. Namely:

Analogues of the above complements in the accusative case have, to varying degrees, the prototypical properties of direct complements.

Let's sum it up

Despite the fact that this topic is one of the difficult ones, we were able to determine what a transitive verb means. We also learned to distinguish it from the intransitive and distinguish reflexive ones from the latter. And to prove this, let us give as an example phrases with transitive verbs, with intransitive and reflexive verbs:

• transitional: paint the walls, treat a patient, read a book, sew a suit, widen a sleeve, buy tea, drink water, has no right, rock a child;
• intransitive: walk the streets, believe in goodness, walk in the park, become exhausted from fatigue;
• reflexive: achieve a goal, disagree, get closer to each other, obey the boss, think about existence, vouch for a brother, touch on an issue.

All verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive. This division is based on syntactic connections realized by the verb. Transitive verbs denote an action directed at an object expressed in the accusative case of a name without a preposition: I'm reading a book. In this case, the verb can name not only a specific action, but also feelings, thoughts, etc. In the latter case, the abstract object does not undergo changes: listen to radio, music. In addition to the accusative case, an object can be expressed by the genitive case in two cases: 1) if the verb names an action that passes not to the entire object, but to part of it: drank milk, bought bread; 2) with a negative predicate verb: didn't drink tea, didn't read newspapers, didn't know life.

In syntax, such an object is usually called direct. The direct object position may contain the subordinate part of a complex sentence: I realized that the game would be a success.

Intransitive verbs include verbs of motion ( go, march), verbs with the meaning of state ( relax, have fun), becoming ( turn green), etc.

Considering that the transitivity and intransitivity of a verb is related to its meaning and syntactic functioning, this category can be characterized as lexical-syntactic. Only a small group of verbs have word-formation features that allow them to be classified as transitive or intransitive. Thus, verbs with the following formal indicators can be classified as intransitive:

1) postfix –xia: study, work;

2) suffixes –nicha-, -stvova- for denominal verbs: carpentry, stay awake;

3) suffix -e- for verbs formed from adjectives ( turn blue, turn blue); in contrast to transitive verbs with a suffix -and-: blue etc.

But the above classification is not the only one. Some scientists, following A.A. Shakhmatov distinguishes 3 groups: 1) direct transitional (= transitional); 2) indirectly transitive and 3) intransitive. In this case, not only syntactic connections are taken into account, but also some morphological features of verbs.

Directly transitive verbs form passive participles: readable, repairable. They take on a passive meaning when used with a postfix –xia: the book is being read. Intransitive verbs do not form passive participles.

Following A.A. Shakhmatov, indirect-transitive verbs include those that require after themselves the genitive, dative and instrumental cases without a preposition: I am waiting steamship,I believe you,I'm doing physical education. They do not form passive participles, but are combined with a postfix –xia: to himI believe it .

A slightly different interpretation is proposed in the textbook by N.M. Shansky, A.N. Tikhonova: “A special category consists of the so-called indirectly transitive verbs. These include reflexive and non-reflexive verbs that control not the accusative, but other indirect cases of nouns (without prepositions and with prepositions). They usually denote the attitude towards an object or the state of the subject, but do not express the transition of action to the object: wish victory, wait for the train, be proud of your brother, hope for success, trust a friend, think about victory, help a friend etc.” [Shansky, Tikhonov, 1981, p. 185].

Some polysemous verbs may be transitive in one meaning and intransitive in another; For example: writes letter(transition); boy alreadywrites , that is, learned to write (intransitive).

As a working one, we accept the first point of view, that is, we will consider transitive and intransitive verbs.

Collateral and collateral

actions (by the producer of the action) and the object, finding their

expression in verb form. Therefore, not every relationship

between the subject and object of the action are voicing, and only those that receive their grammatical form in the verb. Pledges are issued either through return forms on - Xia (build - be built) or through special formations - passive participles ( lined up)[Grammar–1960,

vol. 1, p. 412].

“Voice in Russian is grammatical

morphological forms whose meanings differ from each other

different representations of the same relationship between

semantic subject, action and semantic object"

[Russian grammar – 1980, vol. 1, p. 613].

The category of voice is closely related to transitivity-intransitivity. Word pledge- this is a tracing paper from the Greek. diathesis (location, state). Voice is a grammatical category of a verb, reflecting the direction or non-direction of the action on the subject.

In Greek grammar, there were 3 voices: 1) active (the action is performed by the subject); 2) passive (an object experiences action from another object); 3) combining the meaning of the two mentioned. Despite the fact that the Russian language does not have a voice similar to the third Greek, this teaching has had a great influence on the study of voices in Russian grammar. The number of pledges allocated at different times and among different authors was not the same: M.V. Lomonosov allocated 6 pledges, V.V. Vinogradov – 3, modern linguists – 2. There are two main points of view in modern linguistics: the first is reflected in the works of V.V. Vinogradov (F.F. Fortunatov was at its origins) and in Academic Grammar–1960, the second – in Academic Grammar–1980 and in the works of L.L. Bulanina, Yu.S. Maslova, I.G. Miloslavsky and others. Currently, there are debates about the principles of identifying voice, about the number and types of voices, about understanding voice as an inflectional or non-inflectional category, about identifying the category of voice not only for verbs, but also for nouns, adjectives, etc.

Some linguists consider the concept of voice in the broad sense of the term, including transitivity, voice itself and the meaning of reflexive verbs, moreover, the functional-semantic fields of voice and collateral, drawing on various linguistic means by which the relationship between subject and object is expressed.

We present pledge in the narrow sense of the term. Let us consider the main theories of voice in linguistics of the 20th century.

The first point of view is presented in the works of V.V. Vinogradov, Grammar–1960, in the university grammar N.M. Shansky and A.N. Tikhonov and others. This direction comes from Academician A.A. Shakhmatov, who had his own special view on the theory of transitivity in the system of verbal vocabulary. According to this point of view, the category of voice is not distinguished for all verbs. The following verbs are outside the category of voice:

intransitive irreversible verbs: go, run, fly, sleep, stand, walk, breathe and so on;

verbs with postfix –xia formed from intransitive verbs: knock - knock, threaten - threaten, darken - darken, turn white - turn white etc.;

verbs with postfix –xia, formed from transitive verbs, but changing their lexical meaning: instruct - vouch for, torture - try, straighten - straighten, forgive - say goodbye, get - get, distribute - give out etc.;

verbs that are not used without –xia: fear, repent, hope, be proud, bow, laugh, greet, fight, like, part, intend, doubt, smile, try etc.;

Impersonal verbs: dozing, sleeping, dusk, dawn and under.

The verbs listed are called non-collateral. All other verbs are divided into three voices: active, passive and neuter reflexive (or neuter).

Verbs valid voices denote an action performed by a semantic subject (producer of the action) and directed at the object on which the action is performed (semantic object). For example: Workers building a house. Workers– semantic subject, action producer; in this active construction, it is simultaneously the grammatical subject of the sentence - the subject. House- a semantic object (the object on which the action is performed) - is also a grammatical object - an addition. A verb in an active construction is necessarily transitive; its complement is expressed in the accusative case without a preposition or in the genitive case without a preposition in two cases: with a negative predicate: Notdrank milk; if it denotes a part of a whole: drank milk.

Passive voice shows that a living being or object acting as a subject, that is, a grammatical subject, does not produce an action, but experiences it from another living being or object, is a semantic object. The producer of the action (semantic subject) acts as a grammatical object - an object in the instrumental case without a preposition. For example: Houseunder construction workers. House– grammatical subject, subject; semantic object, since it experiences an action, but does not produce it. Workers– a grammatical object, an object in the instrumental case and at the same time a semantic subject, since it names the producer of the action.

In its perfect form, the passive voice is expressed primarily by past participles: Housebuilt workers. Floorswashed cleaning lady Estimatecompiled accountant.

Thus, the meaning of the passive voice in Russian can be expressed in two ways:

1) personal forms of verbs 3 l. units and many more including the imperfect form of transitive verbs, which have a postfix added –xia: perform – performXia ; take away– take awayXia;

2) using passive participles formed from transitive verbs by adding suffixes –eat- (-im-), -nn-, -enn-, -t-: cleaned, cleaned, done, washed etc. They have long and short forms.

The passive voice, unlike the active voice, is marked in formal expression and content.

According to the first point of view, in addition to the active and passive voice, there is a third one - reflexive (or middle, mid-reflexive) voice. The content of this pledge is that the action is concentrated in the subject itself; it is directed not at the object, but at oneself. Reflexive verbs are formed, like passive verbs, by adding a postfix -xia to a transitive verb, but differ from passive verbs in meaning, in syntactic environment (they are not a member of a passive construction), etc.

In the system of mid-reflexive verbs, more than one and a half dozen semantic groups are distinguished. Let's name some of them.

Self-returnable verbs that name actions directed at oneself, usually at appearance, and producing external changes corresponding to the lexical meaning. Postfix -xia matters in them myself. There are a few such verbs: shave, wash, dress, powder, get a haircut, wash etc.

Reciprocal verbs denote the actions of two or more persons. Postfix -xia in them corresponds to the meaning of “each other”, “with each other”: swear, meet, make up, correspond, talk, hug, quarrel, kiss, whisper etc.

Generally returnable verbs name the mental and physical processes occurring in the subject (the pronoun can be added to them myself): worry, worry, admire, be upset, rejoice, hurry, return, calm down etc.

Indirect-returnable verbs show that the action is performed by the subject in his own interests: build (I'm building), study, heal, gather etc. There is no direct object with these verbs.

Active-objectless verbs convey a constant meaning: the cow butts, the dog bites, the nettle stings.

The main disadvantage of the theory presented is that the category of voice covers only part of the verbal vocabulary, although the category of voice is one of the most important. Therefore, in the science of language, the search for an objective, more convincing theory of voice continues. One of the points of view common in modern linguistics is presented in Russian Grammar – 1980 and in the works of L.L. Bulanina, N.S. Avilova, I.G. Miloslavsky and others. What they have in common is that the category of voice covers the entire verbal vocabulary and distinguishes only 2 voices: active and passive. But there are some differences in their teaching about the two pledges.

All supporters of the second point of view emphasize that the category of voice is one that manifests itself not only in morphology, but also in syntax. According to this point of view, all verbs have a voice category. In contrast to the first point of view, there are only two of them: active and passive. The passive voice in form and content coincides with the volume and design of the corresponding voice in the Grammar–1960, and the content and boundaries of the active voice are significantly expanded. This includes not only transitive verbs, but also all intransitive verbs with formally unexpressed intransitivity ( live, scream etc.), intransitive verbs with formally expressed intransitivity, that is, reflexive verbs with a postfix of non-passive meaning in active phrases: farmersare being built in summer; impersonal verbs dawns, freezes and under.

All verbs that do not enter into voice oppositions are inconsistent in terms of collateral. These verbs cannot form passive constructions. Such verbs L.L. Bulanin and I.G. Miloslavsky is called single-collateral, N.S. Avilova – incomparable in terms of collateral. Most of the transitive verbs are called accordingly two-collateral and comparable in collateral. A small part of transitive verbs are monovocal: Tanyathanked friend. Verb thanked is transitional; it is followed by an accusative object without a preposition, but this active construction does not have a corresponding passive (you cannot say: Friendthanks Tanya. Friendthanked Tanya).

N.S. Avilova believes that the category of pledge is mixed, partly inflectional ( built - built), partly non-verbal ( build - be built). At L.L. Bulanin and A.V. Bondarko has a different point of view. They consider the category of voice to be inflectional, that is, the opposed voice forms of the active and passive voice are considered forms of one word, regardless of the methods of this opposition. Wed: Professorreads lecture(active voice) . Lectureread professor(passive voice) .

Postfix in monosyllable verbs -xia always word-forming.

face the relationship of action to reality" [Grammar - 1960, vol.

rows of forms opposed to each other expressing the relationship

actions to reality and having meaning to reality

(indicative mood), motives (imperative mood)

or conjecture, possibility (subjunctive mood).

The indicative mood is closely related to the category of tense:

the meaning of this mood is revealed in the forms present, past. and bud. vr.

The imperative and subjunctive moods do not have tense forms."

[Russian grammar - 1980, vol. 1, p. 618–619].

The concept of inclination. Verb inflection system . In the Russian language, the category of mood is inflectional and is represented by three moods of the verb: indicative, subjunctive (or conditional) and imperative. Of these, only the indicative mood is real, carrying out an action or state in three tenses: present, past and future. The subjunctive and imperative moods are called unreal and have no categories of time. They characterize an action not as taking place in actual reality, but as possible, desirable, or presented as an incentive.

The category of mood can be considered as a morphological way of expressing modality. Modality is one of the complex and little-studied phenomena of language. It has a multi-level nature and can be lexical, morphological and syntactic.

Lexical modality can be expressed in modal words highlighted by V.V. Vinogradov into an independent structural-semantic class ( probably, it seems, probably etc.), in words of other parts of speech: short adjectives ( glad, must, obliged, intends etc.), modal verbs ( be able, wish, want etc.), impersonal predicative words ( can, must, must, cannot); particles ( after all, no).

The syntactic expression of modality is represented by different types of sentences: narrative, interrogative, imperative. Modality also includes the category of affirmation and negation.

Morphologically, modality is expressed by the system of verb moods.

There are various interpretations of modality. We will understand modality as the grammatically expressed attitude of the speaker to the reality of the utterance. Mood shows how the speaker relates to his statement from the point of view of its relationship to reality: possibility, desirability, obligation or necessity of performing any actions, etc.

Indicative mood (indicative). The indicative mood shows that the action expressed by the verb is thought of as a real fact occurring in time. The relationship to reality is essentially not expressed in it, which is why it is called the “direct mood”, “zero grammatical category”.

Modal shades of the indicative mood are conveyed by tense forms. The forms of the future tense are especially rich in this regard. The meaning of tense, person and gender of indicative verbs will be considered when studying the corresponding categories.

Imperative mood (imperative). Imperative verbs express the will of the speaker (demand, advice, request), an incentive to action. The meaning of the imperative mood has a wide range from advice, polite request to command, prohibition or plea. Intonation plays an important role in this. “This intonation in itself can turn any word into an expression of command. In the system of imperative mood, this intonation is an organic part of verb forms. Outside of this intonation, the imperative mood does not exist” [V.V. Vinogradov, 1972, p. 464].

Imperative forms are formed from the stem of verbs of the present or future simple tense

by accession -And in units h.: report, remove, bring, spread etc. – and – and-those– in plural h.: report, remove, bring, disperse. On -And The emphasis falls in cases where the verb is in the 1st form. units h. has a stressed ending: study - study, smile - smile.

What is - And: ending or formative suffix? There is no clear answer to this question. The authors of Grammar-60, as well as L.V. Shcherba, A.N. Gvozdev, E.A. Zemskaya and others believe - And ending, but they do not highlight the null ending in forms like work, eat(the only exception is Grammar-70, whose authors do this). If we support this point of view and recognize -And ending, it is necessary to find those endings with which the given could correlate (like, for example, endings of gender and number in past tense verbs: decided, decided, decided, decided). Such endings exist against each other and are opposed to each other. Considered -And is not opposed to any endings in other moods of the verb, and therefore it is logical to qualify it as a formative suffix (L.L. Bulanin, F.K. Guzhva, etc.).

If there is an alternation of final consonants at the base of the present or future simple tense, the base of the 2nd–3rd person is chosen, but not the 1st, cf.:

1 l. sitting Imperative: sit (those).

2 l . sitting

3 l. sitting

When alternating postpalatal and sibilant, postopalatal are selected: distract - distract - distract; run - run - run.

Verbs I drink, I beat, I drink, I pour, in which the base consists of two consonants [пj], [бj], [вj], [лj] and the stress falls on the ending, they form an imperative mood consisting of one base; at the same time there appears in it a fluent e: drink, beat, drink, pour.

Verbs that do not have a present tense at the base -va-(compared to the infinitive stem), get this -va- in the imperative mood; compare: give - give - give; get up - get up - get up.

Verb lie down has the form of an imperative mood lie down; eat - eat, give - give, go - go(go– simple. option). In the latter case, the form is derived from a form that does not exist in the modern language travel.

A number of verbs have variant forms: stick out - stick out, pour out - pour out, clean - clean, notify - notify, climb - climb, feast - feast etc.

In plural h is added - those: play, carry. What is -those in similar examples? This is a particle from A.N. Gvozdev, postfix - in Grammar-70, in F.K. Guzhva, formative suffix by D.E. Rosenthal, ending with E.M. Galkina-Fedoruk, in a school textbook.

The 3 l form is used as an occasional form of the imperative mood. units and many more h. present or future simple tense with special intonation: Let's play! Let's sing, friends! These verbs are used to invite joint action.

Some scientists distinguish analytical forms of imperative verbs, which are formed in two ways:

joining of particles let (let), yes to the form 3 l. units and many more h. present or future tense: let him play, let him rest, let him print, long live;

by adding a particle Let's) to an infinitive or a verb in the form of 3 l. units and many more Parts of present and future simple tense: let's work, let's be friends.

Meanings of imperative forms [according to the book: Shansky, Tikhonov, 1981, p. 208–210]:

simple urge: Kiss here,–he showed his cheek(L. Tolstoy);

humorous and ironic impulse: Shout better so that the neighbors hear, if you have no shame(A. Ostrovsky);

prohibition: Don't come in , she's sleeping(Bitter);

threat: I have youpickney only(A. Ostrovsky);

command: Listen my team! Line up ! (Fadeev);

permission (permission): ... go , if you are so drawn from here!(Goncharov);

wish: Be healthy!Grow big!;

call: Turn around on the march!(Mayakovsky);

order: We need criticism from year to year,remember, like oxygen to a person, like clean air to a room(Mayakovsky);

advice: Try in winter, sleep at least 8 hours;

warning, parting words and reminder: Look,take care myself!(Kuprin);

request and plea: Think about it about me and I will be with you(Kuprin).

The modality of the imperative mood is most evident in sentences expressing an obligation: Every cricketknow your sixth!(= should know). He's walking and I'mwork for him(= should work). And after such a life, he was suddenly burdened with the heavy burden of carrying the service of an entire house on his shoulders! Theyserve master, andmethi , Andclean , he's at his beck and call!(= must serve, revenge, clean). Associated with this meaning is a connotation of discontent. In practice, this meaning goes beyond the imperative mood.

Not all verbs have an imperative mood. This is explained by the semantic content of the mood, which has access to extralinguistics: only a living creature, first of all a person, can order something or ask to do something (if you do not use the technique of personification); You cannot ask to perform processes that are beyond human control, etc.

Do not form the imperative mood:

Impersonal verbs: dawn, freeze, shiver, get cold and so on;

verbs naming actions or states beyond a person’s control: to feel ill, to feel cold, to want, to be able etc.;

verbs naming actions related to inanimate nature: turn white, turn green, branch etc.

Subjunctive mood (conjunctive) . The term “subjunctive mood” was presented in the textbook by L.V. Shcherby, S.G. Barkhudarov and S.E. Kryuchkov and is currently used in almost all textbooks. The term “conditional mood” was used in the works of the 19th – early 20th centuries, including in the works of F.I. Buslaeva, A.B. Shapiro et al.

The subjunctive mood is used to express an action that the speaker considers desirable or possible under certain conditions.

The subjunctive form is formed by adding a particle would to the past tense form of verbs: I would tell you, I would rest and under. Verbs in the subjunctive mood change according to gender and number : would smile, would smile, would smile, would smile.

Meaning of subjunctive verbs:

desirability: I'm a wolfwould gnaw it out bureaucracy!(Mayakovsky);

conditionality of performing a possible action (usually in subordinate clauses of a complex sentence): Iwould come to you if I weren't busy.

The use of forms of one mood and infinitive in the meaning of another

The use of subjunctive forms in the meaning of others . Some forms of the subjunctive mood are capable of conveying request and advice, which is the meaning of the imperative mood, for example: I would tell you you're talking about your trip!

The use of imperative forms in the meaning of others . The imperative mood can be used in the meaning of the subjunctive when expressing the condition: Be able to I paint pictures, how much I could tell!

The use of indicative verbs in the meaning of other moods.

Verbs of the 2nd letter. The future tense can be used in the imperative sense: Go to the marketbuy products andyou'll get there to the hunting lodge. In this case, the addressee of the speech gives an order to carry out something. action.

Past tense verbs can be used in the imperative mood: Let's go! We stood up, bowed, let's go!

Very rarely, verbs in the form of the imperative mood have the meaning of the past tense of the indicative mood, calling the action swift and instantaneous: And the horse at this timetake it Andbuck up.

The use of the infinitive in the meaning of moods . The infinitive can act as a subjunctive mood: I'd like to go us(Chekhov).

Denoting an order, a prohibition, or less often a request, verbs in the infinitive are used instead of the imperative mood: Stand! (incl: Stop!). Be silent! (incl: Keep quiet!).

). It is grammatically opposed to an intransitive verb. Transitivity- a grammatical category of a verb expressing its aspect. From this point of view, a transitive verb is a verb of valency 2 or more:

I grow potatoes- the verb “to grow” is transitive, that is, it requires the addition of a patient (object of action). Without it, action is impossible (as a rule, “something” is grown).

The meaning of transitivity is that the agent (subject of the action) and the patient (object of the action) are separated, I perform an action with something.

I'm coming- the verb is intransitive, since the addition of a patient is impossible (in fact, you can “eat something”, but you cannot “go something”).

The meaning of intransitivity is that agent and patient are connected - roughly speaking, “I force myself to act.”

It often happens, however, that a verb has several meanings, some of which are transitive, while others are not.

I run - I'm running(verb in intransitive form).
I run a company - I run a company(the same verb in a transitive form).

Transitivity is interesting, firstly, for its connection with the semantics of the verb, secondly, for its rare plane of expression, and thirdly, for its relationship with the categories of voice and reflexivity.

In semantic terms, many verbs with the meaning of direct influence of the subject on the object are transitive ( beat, caress), sensory relationship ( love, hate) etc. Verbs with the meaning of movement are almost never transitive, since they cannot have a direct object.

The plan for expressing transitivity is interesting in that it goes beyond the scope of the word form, since its sign is the presence of a controlled noun. Transitive verbs are not verbs in the passive voice and reflexive verbs. For example, it is correct: “Vasya saved Dorimedont,” incorrectly: “Vasya saved Dorimedont,” “Vasya saved Dorimedont.” This happens because a verb in the passive voice describes the state of the object, not the subject's actions in relation to it. Reciprocity marks the direction of the subject's action towards himself, the mutual direction of the action, etc., which also excludes the presence of a direct object.

Stylistically, transitive verbs are often culturally marked. for example, in Russian it is considered uncivil to use a transitive verb without mentioning the object if it is not implied (for example: “What are you doing?” “I’m hitting”); although there are exceptions (“What are you doing?” “Eating”). At the same time, some transitive verbs, used without a corresponding noun, acquire additional euphemistic meaning. P. A. Vyazemsky wrote: “It is remarkable that in our common language the verb to take already implies bribes... The verb to drink also automatically equals the verb to get drunk” (See: Vyazemsky P. A. Poems, memoirs, notebooks. M ,1988).

See also

Literature

• Beloshapkova V. A. Modern Russian language. (any edition).
• Grammar of modern Russian language. M, 1970.
• Grammar of the modern Russian language in 2 volumes. M, 1980.

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See what a “transitive verb” is in other dictionaries:

About the verb as a part of speech in the languages ​​of the world, see the article “Verb”. In modern Russian, the initial (dictionary) form of a verb is considered to be the infinitive, otherwise called the indefinite form (according to the old terminology, the indefinite mood) of the verb.... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Verb (meanings). A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions what to do? what to do? what did you do(a, and, o)?. The verb can be... ... Wikipedia

verb- ▲ part of speech expressing, change verb part of speech expressing a change or state (he is sleeping. he has fallen asleep. he is turning white). Communion. participle. bunch. transition. intransitive. verbal (# noun). mood:... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language

transition- I B/ and A/ pr; 109 claim see Appendix II = transitional (intended for moving to another place, to another class, to another course, cf.: transitional and transitional tunnel, transitional and transitional exams) II A/ pr ; 109 See Appendix II… … Dictionary of Russian accents

Verbs of the Russian language are transitional And intransitive. General value transitivity/intransitivity characterized relation of action to object (S – V – O).

Transitional are called verbs that can have a direct object as a complement (i.e., they denote an action directed at an object). Indicator transitivity serves accusative direct object or genitive case with certain meanings.

Meaning transitivity- an internal property of a verb, it is included in its semantics(implicitly presented). Wed: pour, meet, chop etc. (whom? or What?). This action necessarily presupposes the presence of a direct object.

Genitive The direct object has two meanings:

• 1) how part of the whole: drink (what?) waterat(V.p.) – drink (what?) waters(R. p.) (= “drink only part of the water, not all the water”);
• 2) when verbs with negation: does not read (neither) newspapers, (nor) books(R.p.) etc. (cf. reads (what?) books, newspapers(V.p.) – doesn't read (what?) - Not - neg. particles. + neither– will strengthen, particles, with negation (and without neither)).

Intransitive verbs denote an action that is confined to the subject and does not go directly to the object: growing, sitting etc. Indicator intransitivity is absence of direct object with a verb (i.e. if the verb does not allow questions of the accusative case (who? what?), then it is intransitive).

Phenomenon transitivity/intransitivity– reflection lexical (semantic) specifics of the verb. Intransitive verbs mean actions sufficient for information, so they can be used absolutely, out of connection with some other word, without a spreading complement. Transitional verbs are called actions that do not exhaust information, For example: the child asks... (what?), the student listens... (what?). Therefore, transitive verbs cannot be used absolutely, but need extenders, direct objects: the child asks... (what?) a toy, a pencil(compare with the infinitive - eat, drink etc.) etc.; student listens to... (what?) lecture, message, report etc.

Transitivity/intransitivity is not marked (cf. verbs read– transitional and sleep– intransitive). However intransitivity meaning can be marked with postfix(intransitive formant). If you attach a postfix to any verb -sya, it will be intransitive, returnable.

Transitive verbs are not marked in any way, and intransitive verbs are either marked or not marked. Wed: took it, read it(not marked) – transitional; tookXia(marked), slept(not marked) – intransitive.

Usually formal indicators There is no transitivity/intransitivity, but there is a group of verbs in which transitivity/intransitivity is distinguished by suffix:

• – verbs with suffixes -icha- or -nitcha-, -stvova-, -well- (carpenternothingugh, buoystvovayeah, that's a good ideaWelluh, morgueWellt etc.) are intransitive;
• – verbs with suffix -And- may be transitional ( prosAndt, rankAndt) ,
• – verbs with suffix -A- can be either transitional ( kissesAt, startAt), and intransitive ( chromiumAt, moanAt etc.).

Let's compare verbs with suffixes -e-/-i-: verbs with meaning state Always intransitive (blacket, whiteet(= “to oneself”)), and verbs meaning “to perform an action on someone” are transitional (synAndt... (What? – underwear), whiteAndugh... (what! – walls)). In the same relation with suffixes -e-/-i- there are verbs formed in the prefix-suffix way: bleedingAndt(+ V. p.) – bleedinget(= "yourself"). Likewise: weaken - weaken the squad(I.p.) – exhaustedel(continuous) – exhaustedAndthere is an enemy(V. p. - transition).

There are the following ways to define verbs by the property of transitivity/intransitivity, indicating the basis for the definition:

• 1) transition, since there is an accusative case of the direct object;
• 2) transition, since there is a genitive hope of the direct object in negation;
• 3) transition, since there is a genitive case of a part of the whole;
• 4) transition, since the verb has an infinitive, which is replaced by the accusative or genitive of the direct object;
• 5) transition, since the verb has a dative with a preposition By, replaced by an accusative of a direct object;
• 6) transition, since the verb has an unchangeable nominal form (or an unchangeable quantitative combination), which is replaced by the accusative of the direct object.

Grammar The differences between transitive and intransitive verbs are as follows.

• 1. Everything returnable verbs are intransitive (quarrel, meet etc.). Reflexive verbs can be formed from transitional And intransitive. It is very important to learn how to define the postfix function -xia :
  • a) he can change grammatical form words, i.e. be a means of forming collateral values;
  • b) joining a verb, it forms a word with a new lexical meaning;
  • c) can attach to a verb meaning of impersonality(For example: it's getting dark);
  • d) without postfix -xia verb not used(word formation).

Wed. pleaseXia(formative meaning – please

• (transition) + -xia(uninterrupted)), agreeXia(word-forming meaning – without -xia not used). Likewise: stopXia(form.), persuadeXia(form.), bring closerXia(form.), likeXia(words) turn whiteXia(form.), meetXia(form.), uniteXia(form.), be proudXia(words).
• 2. Only from transitional verbs can be formed passive participles (read – chitannoh, readI eaty; decide – decideenneth etc.).

There is no sharp boundary between transitive and intransitive verbs. Many transitional verbs can be used in not a transitive meaning. Wed: He singssong(transitive, since there is a direct object in the form of the accusative case without a preposition) – He's great sings(the verb is used in an intransitive meaning, since there is no direct object in the expressive sentence). Likewise: Boy reading a book – The boy is reading. But if intransitive verbs are formed from transitive verbs ( meet – meetXia, wash – washXia etc.), then intransitive verbs cannot become transitive.

• Historically postfix -xia was an indicator of the transitivity of the corresponding verb, but by joining the verb, it eliminated the placement of the accusative case with this verb. With some verbs, the accusative case is possible (usually instead of the genitive), but this does not make the verb transitive.

In this lesson we will talk about transitive verbs. Of course, the verbs themselves do not go anywhere. But the actions that they denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. You will learn how to distinguish transitive verbs from intransitive ones in this lesson.

Topic: Verb

Lesson: Transitive and intransitive verbs

1. The concept of transitive verbs

Actions that verbs denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. Such verbs are called transitional.

You can always ask a question from transitive verbs whom? or What?(questions in the accusative case without a preposition):

Write ( What?) letter

See ( whom?) boy

With intransitive verbs, the action does not pass directly to the subject.

You can ask any questions from intransitive verbs, except questions in the accusative case without a preposition:

Study ( how?) sports

Understand ( what?) to the muses ke

Refuse ( from what?) from help

It is important to correctly find the word to which the action denoted by the verb is directed. A transitive verb always carries with it a noun or a pronoun without a preposition, which is not just in the accusative case, but is the object of the action that the verb names:

See boy

See their

There may be cases when, despite the fact that the nouns are in the accusative case, the verbs are intransitive. Because these nouns are not the object of action, which are called verbs.

stand still hour

Wait a week

Transitivity/intransitivity of a verb is closely related to its lexical meaning. In one meaning a verb can be transitive, and in another it can be intransitive:

Learn at school.

The verb “teach” in the meaning of “teach” is intransitive.

Learn children.

The verb “teach” in the meaning “to teach” is transitive.

Editor rules manuscript.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “corrects” is transitive.

Peace rules the man himself.

The verb “rules” in the meaning of “manages” is intransitive.

3. Sentences with transitive verbs

Sentences with transitive verbs can be either affirmative or negative. True, when negated, the accusative case of a noun can be replaced by the genitive.

He's a fly will kill .

In this case, with a transitive verb will kill noun fly is in the accusative case.

Compare the same sentence, albeit with a negative meaning.

He flies won't kill .

The accusative case of the noun is replaced by the genitive.

However, remember: despite this, the verb does not lose its transitivity.

Often in the store we can hear the following phrases:

Please weigh me some sugar.

Cut off that cheese.

Form R.p. with transitive verbs it is used so that we understand that only part of the subject is being said, and not about the subject as a whole.

In a similar situation, if we are talking about an object that is not divided into parts, V.p. is used:

Please weigh the pear for me.

Cut off that piece.

And if we are talking about an object that is divided into parts, we can use the form R.p.

References

1. Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
2. Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
3. Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.

1. Definition of verb transitivity ().

Homework

1. Exercise 1.

Indicate transitive verbs, underline the subject and predicate.

Autumn has come. The trees in the forest turned yellow. Leaves cover the bare ground with a variegated carpet. Many birds flew away. The rest are busy, preparing for winter. Animals are also looking for warm housing, stocking up on food for the long winter: a hedgehog made a hole in dry leaves, a squirrel brought in nuts and cones, a bear is preparing its den.

2. Exercise 2.

From this text, write down phrases with transitive and intransitive verbs in two columns, determine the case of the noun.

1. Young leaves of birch trees have always delighted me with their delicate greenery. The guys planted these birch trees when they were at school.

2. There is no longer a feeling of piercing dampness in the air.

3. The noise of the street burst through the open window.

4. I returned the book as soon as I read it.

5. He stood at the fence and held a dog on a leash.

3. Exercise 3.

Indicate the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs in the text.

1. Monkeys are very afraid of snakes. Even cobras frighten them, although cobras feed on lizards and mice and do not hunt monkeys. A little monkey saw a boa constrictor. She climbs the tree with lightning speed, grabs the branches and, petrified with horror, cannot take her eyes off the predator.

2. Find Sakhalin Island on the map, draw a straight line to the south, and when leaving the bay you will see a tiny dot, and above it the inscription “Seal Island”. This is a famous island. A whole herd of fur seals, valuable fur-bearing animals, swims there every spring..