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Russian names and titles on the world map!

Elena Glinskaya became the first female ruler in the history of Muscovy and, admittedly, far from the worst

On the night of December 3-4, 1533, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Ioannovich died, recorded in the historical register as Vasily III (although he himself, of course, did not use any numbers, and would not have tolerated it). The Grand Duke's second wife, Elena Glinskaya, became regent for his three-year-old son-heir Ivan - the future Tsar Ivan the Terrible. Although it is known that Vasily, being on his deathbed, categorically did not want to say goodbye to his wife.

Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya: reconstruction of her appearance from the skull by forensic expert S. Nikitin

The circumstances of the death of the still young and quite physically strong sovereign today might be considered suspicious. Having gone hunting, he suddenly fell ill, which at first seemed not too serious: according to sources, some kind of pimple appeared on his left thigh, developing into an abscess. The case, in general, is common for those who spend a lot of time in the saddle - horse sweat and all that. Of course, there were no antibiotics used today, but even the medicine of that time, especially court medicine, made it possible to solve this problem, so to speak, with little loss. However, it didn’t work out.

The official version of what happened is extremely vague, it is only known that Vasily III, poisoning the air with a heavy stench, died in terrible agony from a purulent disease, the nature of which was never figured out by the foreign doctors who used him, and they knew a lot about such ailments! Perhaps everything is banal, but one should not discount the fact that by that time the Byzantine tradition of “harassing” the ruling people had successfully taken root in Moscow soil. The speedy departure of the sovereign to another world, precisely in the specific circumstances of that time, was very suitable for a number of powerful boyar clans, who received a completely foolish heir to the throne, on whose behalf they could comfortably rule the state for at least a dozen years. And no one could guess what would happen next; after all, the heirs are also mortal.

And it’s no secret that the boyar clans did not consider the young Ivan not only a legitimate heir, but even a legitimate one. Not only because, according to the church canons of that time, Vasily’s second marriage was considered illegal, but also because the boyar nobility did not recognize Glinskaya’s son as a child conceived by the sovereign. And for good reason! So the role of Grand Duchess Elena Glinskaya herself as regent was then seen simply as a screen. She was given the honorable role of presiding over the Boyar Duma and listening to the reports of the boyars, but all real power was in the hands of the guardian council.

Already dying, Vasily Ioannovich entrusted direct custody of Elena and two sons (the youngest, Yuri, born in 1632) to his closest and devoted assistants - boyars Mikhail Yuryevich Zakharyin and Mikhail Lvovich Glinsky - his wife's uncle, and the butler Ivan Yuryevich Shigone-Podzhogin . To help this ruling triumvirate, Vasily added several more well-born boyars, members of the Boyar Duma, including two brothers of the Shuisky princes. They all took an oath to serve the princess and heir faithfully. As the chronicle reported, the young widow, being “in great distress under the Grand Duke Vasily,” withdrew from power, declaring to the boyars around her: “Whatever suits you, do so.” It didn’t work out well, the interests of the boyars differed too much, so the guardian council could not exist with its current composition for any long time. And what kind of long-term prospects are there if the future guardians of young Ivan started an ugly quarrel even at the deathbed of the Grand Duke, naturally almost getting into a fight?

But no one expected what the young widow did already in December 1633: Elena Glinskaya, relying on her favorite lover Prince Ivan Fedorovich Ovchina (Telepnev-Obolensky), actually carried out a coup d’etat, eliminating the guardianship council and subjugating Boyar Duma! By order of Elena, the appanage prince Dmitrovsky Yuri Ivanovich, the second son of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III and the brother of the late Vasily III, was captured, put in prison, where he was killed. By order of Elena, her uncle, Prince Mikhail Glinsky, was arrested and thrown into prison. Other members of the guardianship council were also imprisoned - princes Ivan Fedorovich Belsky and Ivan Mikhailovich Vorotynsky. Voivode Ivan Vasilyevich Lyatskoy, together with the boyar Prince Semyon Fedorovich Belsky, fled to Lithuania in the summer of 1534. So Elena Glinskaya actually became the first female ruler in the history of Muscovy, the first empress and, admittedly, far from the worst. She ruled, of course, together with her lover, Prince Ivan Ovchina (Telepnev-Obolensky). However, other historians are inclined to believe that the power of Ovchina, as well as Glinskaya, in fact served as a screen for that boyar clique that actually managed affairs in the state, not at a loss to itself.

Nevertheless, we will give credit to Elena herself: it was through her diligence that the outstanding monetary reform of 1535 was carried out - the first in Muscovy to unify the monetary system. The Novgorod kopeck was taken as a basis, a hundred of which now constituted a ruble. The state finally had a single currency, which certainly contributed to the centralization of the country. Besides this, there were other achievements, especially in foreign policy. Thus, Glinskaya’s diplomats managed to obtain from the Polish king and the Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund the Starodub Peace Treaty, which was beneficial for the Moscow state. And with Sweden they managed to conclude an agreement on free trade and benevolent neutrality, agreeing that it would not help the Livonian Order and Lithuania.

But by the end of the fourth year of the Grand Duchess’s regency, the competing boyar clans managed to find a common language, and the regent became redundant. Therefore, on April 3, 1538, she suddenly died, although she had not been ill before. Elena Glinskaya died in terrible convulsions and agony, so that no one even doubted that she was poisoned by the boyars. They buried the empress on the same day, actually not allowing the relatives to say goodbye to the deceased. Moreover, they were in such a hurry that the Metropolitan did not even perform the funeral service for her! Were the signs of poisoning so obvious that the traces of the crime had to be hidden as quickly as possible? And a week later it was the turn of her lover: they took Prince Ovchina “and put him in a chamber behind the palace near the stables and killed him with hunger and iron burdens.”

Russian names, Russian names of seas, straits and bays, islands and capes, mountain ranges and glaciers and, of course, cities, villages - large and small - are scattered throughout the world map, existing far beyond the borders of Russian lands. It would seem that these geographical names, proper names belong to geography - the science of the earth, and not the science of language. Indeed, at first glance, the names of cities, seas, and people are arbitrary. And can they tell anything about the object itself, the reality itself, bearing this or that name, about those who gave it? Can they tell you about the language from which they are taken?

Russian names on the world map are milestones on the difficult path of Russian discoverers - explorers and sailors. Let's try to approach geographical names from the perspective of a linguist. A proper name - a Russian geographical name - is a word from the Russian language.

Boats, schooners, ships of brave Russian sailors passed the Arctic Ocean, the Great, or Pacific, Ocean, and then the Atlantic. Russian people climbed the humpbacked ridges of the Pamirs and Altai and were the first to map the coasts of North America. Their path is not always marked by milestones of Russian names, since Russian explorers sought to preserve local names if they already existed. Some Russian names are buried in a series of renamings, usually made by subsequent explorers of new lands who came from other countries. And yet, even a quick glance at the world map, at the dotted line of Russian words, will allow you to imagine a historical map of heroic journeys, discoveries, settlements, and subsequently, sorrowful migrations in search of a better life.

On the map of the USA there are about 400, and not on the map of Canada there are more than 200 Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian names. The names Russia, Russian and Russian Land are common (in the states of Ohio, Massachusetts, North Dakota, California, Texas, Wisconsin, Illinois). The first settlers in America gave their villages names with a transparent internal form: Russian Fort. The illusion of proximity to the homeland was created: the Russky fort, the Slavyanka river, later renamed the Russian one. Thirteen towns and localities bear the name Moscow. The largest American Moscow is in Idaho. Interestingly, the new cities might not resemble their older brothers at all. Thus, St. Petersburg in the state of Florida is the antipode of the Russian city. Instead of the fogs of “Northern Palmyra,” American St. Petersburg offers numerous tourists the sun and the absence of cloudy days. Therefore, St. Petersburg in Florida is called the “sunny city.” Odessa in the state of Texas represents no less a contrast to the Black Sea Odessa. It is a city of oil fields, bare, and in no way reminiscent of the green Black Sea Odessa. Such a contrast, the lack of external similarity especially emphasizes the meaning of the word and its nationality -local shades that make up the essence of the name - geographical name.

For emigrants, their native name acquired an attractive force. Industrial entrepreneurs took this into account, naming cities and towns with names that evoked memories of their homeland. Thus, during the wave of Ukrainians migrating to America, Odessa arose in Florida, and Moscow appeared in the state of Arkansas. The Pacific Railway Company made the right calculation: the name of the settlement will attract Russian emigrants and ensure an influx of workers.

Native names were also exponents of patriotic feelings. Moscow appeared in Michigan during the Napoleonic Wars. At that time, Moscow was the center of attention as a symbol of resistance to Napoleon.

Residents of Cactwell Bridge (Atlantic Coast, Delaware) renamed their city in 1855, choosing the name Odessa. It was during the Crimean War, and Odessa was a symbol of resistance to the enemy.

There are also American Kyiv, New Kyiv, Poltava, Galich. Numerous villages bear the names of Russian rivers: Volga, Oka, Kama, Danube, Dnieper.

Some of the names are characteristics of a new place, but given in the native language: Mountains, Fertile, Tselina, Kanava. The names reflect the impressions received by the migrants in their new life in a new place. Here they had to both raise virgin soil and drain the swamps. The external surrounding world was reflected in the word-name.

But there are names that seem to be dedicated to the inner world of people who suffered and hoped for a better life in a new place. These are the names Faith, Liberation, Truth, Patience, Glory, Mirnam (from `peace be upon us'), etc.

The social nature of language is revealed in the functioning of any national language in all areas and spheres of its life. Geographical names on the world map, although they represent a small and incomplete linguistic picture - individual words-names, but they show how the world of thoughts, views, feelings of a Russian person is reflected in the world of names - geographical names.

Among the stars and planets on the star chart there are also Russian names. They also perpetuate our history.

Let us tell in more detail one small but symbolic story about the name of planet No. 1900.

During the Great Patriotic War, on September 12, 1941, military pilot Ekaterina Zelenko died in an air battle. This was the first case of an air ramming attack committed by a female pilot who selflessly fought for the freedom of her homeland. And so, in memory of Katya Zelenko, the International Planetary Center approved the name of the new small planet No. 1900 - Katyusha. The planet was discovered by “Soviet astronomer T.M. Smirnova, she suggested the name... Every 17 months “Katyusha” will get closer to the Earth, sending its inhabitants the pure light of youth given in the battle for freedom” (“Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 1976, November 7). The name Katyusha is the name of a pilot and a symbol of our victory over the enemy in the Great Patriotic War. “Katyusha, Katyusha” - this is what the famous Soviet rocket launchers were called. “Katyusha” is also one of the most popular Soviet songs, which probably spread all over the world. One's own name has become a glorious symbol, summarizing both the feat of a person and the feat of a people. The name also marks our scientific achievements in the study of the starry sky.

Russian names on the world map are milestones on the difficult path of Russian discoverers - explorers and sailors. Boats, schooners, and ships of brave Russian sailors crossed the Arctic Ocean, the Great or Pacific Ocean, and then the Atlantic. Russian people climbed the mountain ranges of the Pamirs and Altai, and were the first to draw maps of the coasts of North America. Their path was not always marked by Russian names, since the first explorers sought to preserve local names if they already existed. Some Russian names are buried in a series of renamings, usually made by subsequent explorers of new lands who came from other countries. Even a quick glance at the world map, at the dotted line of Russian words, will allow you to imagine a historical map of heroic journeys, discoveries, settlements, and subsequently, sorrowful migrations in search of a better life.

The ancient Slavs of Kievan Rus paved the famous path “from the Varangians to the Greeks” - from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea. Afanasy Nikitin walked “across three seas.” The name of the legendary Sadko, who sailed on boats to distant countries, has also been preserved in people's memory. The descendants of the Novgorodians - the Russian Pomors - already knew the northern seas - the White and Barents Seas - in the 15th century. And on the map of the North we find names - Cape Starostin, Cape Dezhnev, Bering Strait, Cape Chelyuskin, Laptev Sea.

Ivan Starostin lived sedentarily on Grumant (this is the old name of the island of Spitsbergen), his ancestors knew this island since 1426. Brave Pomors swam for walrus tusks and lard; by the 16th century, about 3,200 miles of the polar regions were described in sailing directions. This history of the discovery and development of the northern seas is behind the name Starostin, but the name itself, like the Russian flag, stands on the map. Cape Dezhnev. This name recently appeared on world maps. On June 26, 1648, S.I. Dezhnev together with F.A. Popov with 90 Cossacks left the mouth of the Kolyma on seven kochas. Semyon Dezhnev sets off across the Arctic Ocean and in September rounds Cape Bolshoi Kamenny Nos, as Dezhnev himself called it. Thus a discovery was made: Asia and America are separated by a strait. This was a great geographical discovery, but Dezhnev himself did not know this, and his report on the voyage lay in the Yakut archive for almost a hundred years. In 1664 Dezhnev visited Moscow. The royal decree is known: “For her, Senkina, service and for the mine of a fish tooth, for a bone and for wounds, make atamans.” And one more important piece of evidence. The world map (atlas), compiled in 1784 in Nuremberg, marks the “Dezhnev Strait”. And yet Dezhnev's discovery remained in the shadows. Peter I, to establish the truth, sends an experienced sailor Vitus Boring. And in 1728 the strait was named after Bering. And only in 1898, on the initiative of the Russian Geographical Society, Dezhnev was also honored. Cape Bolshoi Kamenny Nos was renamed Cape Dezhnev. Nowadays, at the extreme north-eastern point of our country, the Russian name stands like a flag - Dezhnev.

Pronchishcheva Shore, Pronchishchevoy Bay, Cape Chelyuskin - these names not only mark geographical points, but can also be a symbol of fidelity, friendship and love. On the ship "Yakut", brave sailors made their way through the ice and reached the maximum northern latitude at that time (1736) (77˚29 ׳, taking into account imperfect instruments, 77˚55 ׳ is possible). At the end of the difficult journey back, Vasily Proinchishchev died, and a few days later his accompanying wife, Maria Pronichishcheva, also died. The expedition was led by Lieutenant Semyon Chelyuskin. Such names on the map of Taimyr as the Pronchishchevo Bank and Pronchishchevoy Bay should evoke deep reverence and gratitude. Through their efforts, the map of the Arctic Ocean coast that we see today acquired its general appearance, and which has become the property of all mankind. The memory of the heroes of the Arctic is imprinted in the names of the Laptev brothers - the Dmitry Laptev Strait, the Khariton Laptev Shore (the work is to plot and label these geographical objects on the contour map).

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Russian names and notable historical events.

At the beginning of the 20th century, an expedition of two ships “Taimyr” and “Vaigach” made a new geographical discovery - they discovered an unknown land. On September 4, 1913, the Russian flag was raised among the ice. And only in 1930, a new expedition on the ship “Sedov” explored the unknown land. A name appears on the map - the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago of four islands: October Revolution, Bolshevik, Komsomolets, Pioneer. These names, which appeared in the Arctic Circle, reflected the new life of the country. The proper names of the discovered and explored lands became the key words of our Soviet era - words that characterized our time, our social conquests, new relationships between generations of fathers and children.

There are names of a different kind that affirm new ideas and achievements of the Soviet Union. This is the ridge of Marx and Engels, mountain peaks - the peaks of Lenin, Voroshilov, Kalinin, Kirov and, finally, Victory Peak, opened in 1943 as a sign of victory over fascism, as a reminder of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 (work on the contour map)

In the waters of the South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, a number of Russian names - the names of the islands mark the path of the Russian ships "Mirny" and "Vostok", which explored these waters for the first time. These are the islands of Annenkov, Leskov, Zavadovsky, Vostochny, Sredny, Zapadny, Mikhailov, Vostok, Golenishchev-Kutuzov, Peter I Island and, finally, the Alexander Coast. It was the Alexander Coast, named after the Russian Tsar, that, according to the tradition that existed at that time, was the sought-after land - Antarctica. The successful expedition lasted from July 1819 to February 1821, it was led by F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lavrov. In memory of this voyage, the southeastern part of the Great, or Pacific, Ocean was subsequently named the Bellingshausen Sea.

Now Antarctica has become a base for scientists around the world. Scientific research work has reached a special rise in the International Geographical Soviet stations conducting scientific research are named in memory of the discoverers of Antarctica - the Russian expedition - after the ships "Mirny" and "Vostok". They also receive new understanding, echoing the aspirations of all modern humanity - The name of the Russian ship “Mirny” turned out to be a symbol coming from ancient times and characterizing the aspirations of Russian and Soviet scientists. Let us pay attention to one more phenomenon related to proper names on the map. We see names given in honor of a certain specific person. Wed: “I named this island in southern latitude 54˚51 ׳, western longitude 37˚13 ׳ Annenkov Island in honor of the second lieutenant on the sloop Mirny,” the head of the expedition, Bellingshausen, wrote in his diary on December 5, 1819. This was the first geographical discovery of the Russians on the approach to Antarctica. But now we may not even know who Annenkov is. The Russian sound of the name itself becomes the main function of the geographical name.

Two more names on the sea map are the Golovin Strait and the Miklouho-Maclay coast. In 1812, a new strait was marked on the map in the ridge of the Kuril Islands, named after the Russian captain V.M. Golovin. During a geographical expedition, Golovin was captured by the Japanese and remained in captivity from 1811 to 1813. It was the captivity of a real scientist, a Russian man, even whose captivity became a definite starting point in history by Japan and Russia. V.M. Golovin taught the Japanese the basics of the Russian language. Note that after a visit to Nagasaki in 1853, the Russian language began to penetrate into Japan, and the first Russian language textbooks for the Japanese were compiled. But the very first teacher was captain-geographer V.M. Golovin.

N.N. was a kind of “teacher of life” for the Papuans. Miklouho-Maclay. Miklouho-Maclay proved with his observations that the cultural level of any people is determined not by its biological characteristics, but by the historical development of the people themselves.

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The Miklouho-Maclay coast on the northeastern coast of the island of New Guinea is a memory of the years the scientist lived among the Papuans (1871-1872) and left behind a grateful memory of himself. Mikuho-Maclay introduced the aborigines to the life and culture of a different stage of development, and introduced into their everyday life words from the Russian language that expressed new concepts still unknown to the local residents. We know how detailed and precise the interpretation of each word denoting a particular object (knife, bottle, beads) was, how the value of the object and the meaning of its name were learned (work on a contour map).

Russian names are used to mark mountain ranges, peaks, and glaciers. On maps of different countries we will read the word Przhevalsky: the Przhevalsky Ridge in China, Przhevalsky Island in the Kuril Islands, Cape Przhevalsky on Lake Bennett in Alaska. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky walked 33 thousand kilometers across Asia, studying ridges, deserts, flora and fauna. Przhevalsky's students, geographers of the world, inscribed his name on the world map, and his students' students continued this tradition of memory. This is how the names of Potanin, Fedchenko, Kozlov, Pevtsov, Matusovsky, Obruchev appeared on the map (outline map).

Names A.P. and O.A. Fedchenko, G.N. and A.V. Potanin's works are associated with the mountain ranges and glaciers of the Pamirs, Tien Shan and Altai. The largest glacier in the Pamirs is named after Fedchenko; the largest branch in the glacial cluster of the Mongolian Altai is named after G.N. Potanin, and its right tributary is named Alexandrin in honor and memory of Potanin’s wife and constant companion, Alexandra Potanina, who supplemented his research with observations of flora. These names - Fedchenko and Potanin - seem to remind us of the asceticism of scientists, loyalty to science, and mutual devotion. To these names one cannot help but add the names of Ivan Dmitrievich and Marfa Pavlovna Chersky, explorers of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and Lake Baikal, who made an unprecedented trek from Verkhnee-Kolymsk to Nizhne-Kolymsk (1891). The husband who died on the expedition was replaced by his wife and completed the planned task. The Chersky Ridge in Zaboykayle keeps their memory.

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Russian names on the map of the USA and Canada.

There are about 400 on the map of the USA, and on the map of Canada there are more than 200 Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian names. The names Russia, Russian and Russian Land are common (in the states of Ohio, Massachusetts, North Dakota, California, Texas, Illinois). The first settlers in America gave their villages names with a transparent internal form: Russian Fort. The illusion of proximity to the Motherland was created: the Russky fort, the Slavyanka River, later renamed the Russian. Thirteen towns and localities bear the name Moscow. The largest American Moscow is in the state of Oydokha. Interestingly, the new cities might not resemble their older brothers at all. So, St. Petersburg in the state of Florida is the antipode of the Russian city. Instead of the fogs of “Northern Palmyra,” American St. Petersburg offers numerous tourists the sun and the absence of cloudy days. Therefore, St. Petersburg in Florida is called the “sunny city.” No less contrast to the Black Sea Odessa is Odessa in the state of Texas. This is a city of oil fields, bare, in no way reminiscent of the green Black Sea Odessa. Such a contrast, the lack of external similarity, especially emphasizes the meaning of the word and its national-local shades, which constitute the essence of the name - the geographical name.

The native name has acquired an attractive force for emigrants. Industrial entrepreneurs took this into account, naming cities and towns with names that evoked memories of the Motherland. Thus, during the wave of Ukrainians migrating to America, Odessa arose in Florida, and Moscow in the state of Arkansas. The Pacific Railway Company made the right calculation: the name of the settlement will attract Russian emigrants and ensure an influx of workers.

Native names were expressions of patriotic feelings. Moscow appeared in Michigan during the Napoleonic Wars. At that time, Moscow was the center of attention as a symbol of resistance to Napoleon.

Residents of Cactwell Bridge (Atlantic Coast, Delaware) renamed their city in 1855, choosing the name Odessa. It was the time of the Crimean War, and Odessa was a symbol of resistance to the enemy. There are American and Canadian Kyiv, New Kyiv, Poltava, Galich. Numerous villages bear the names of Russian rivers: Volga, Oka, Kama, Danube, Dnieper.

A special group consists of geographical names - the names of outstanding Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian figures in the history of our state: Tolstoy, Shevchenko, Khmelnitsky, etc., which are also filled with special meaning. Tolstoy is not only an outstanding writer, but also a people’s defender, who organized the departure of dispossessed peasants from Tsarist Russia using funds from his literary earnings.

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The names of the first settlers make us understand the history of the settlement of the lands, their resilience, and inexhaustible energy: Marko, Vasil, Fedor, Sadko, Anton. But time erases the specificity of these names. From the proper names of certain persons they turn into symbols. And here the Slavic sound of the name, the generalized national coloring, comes to the fore. But such a generalized perception of a name can contribute to forgetting the history of one’s own geographical name from the own name of a particular person. In the name-word, the inner form awakens. The name is constantly assimilated, the personal is lost, the name approaches a common noun, which has become a geographical name. And then the translation of a proper name arises, similar to the translation of a common noun. In a proper name, the etymological meaning is revived and comprehended. So, in Alaska there is Morozov Bay - Morozovskaya Bay, now the name is translated into English: Cold Bay, which already means “cold bay”. The name has become a common noun, defining the characteristic features of the bay.

The awakening of the internal form, the movement from one’s own name to a common noun, often fades from memory the social aspect of the name, the socio-historical meaning of the name.

There are names, although they are common nouns in origin, but the national, so-called connotative element, formed in everyday life, developed by tradition, sounds in the meaning of the word so clearly that it makes it difficult to translate into another language, holding the name without translation and transformation: Sadok, Babina Dolyna, Hlebodarivka.

The connection with the native land reflected in the geographical name is very unique. Thus, the name Rusland speaks of the difficult fate of the Germans, initially settlers on Russian lands, then immigrated to America, but preserving the memory of the land that sheltered their ancestors. A name that is alien to the Russian language, but exists on the territory of Russia, can become native, or rather preserving the memory of its native land. Thus, the name Inkerman is clearly not a Slavic name, but it was brought to America by immigrants from Russia.

Some of the names are indeed characteristics of a new place, but given in the native language. These are the already mentioned names Zelena, Gory, as well as Fertile, Tselina, Kanava. The last names reflect the impressions received by the migrants in their new life in a new place. Here they had to both raise virgin soil and drain the swamps. The external surrounding world was reflected in the word-name.

Nadezhda Bender

The resolution “On the organization of scientific and educational propaganda”, adopted by the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1944, required “to ensure the promotion of natural science knowledge among the population.” And for this purpose, publish popular science brochures in mass editions. The directive was taken into account by most central publishing houses - Gostekhizdat, Selkhozgiz, Molodaya Gvardiya, Profizdat, etc. New series of popular science literature were resumed or created anew.

In 1945, the first specialized geographical publishing house in the USSR appeared - the State Publishing House of Geographical Literature (Geographgiz).

The first editor-in-chief Yu. G. Saushkin (1911-1982) considered it necessary to create Geographgiz due to the lack of geographical culture and geographical thinking in society, the need to instill such skills in the general public.

Geographical ideas were popularized through the publication and republication of works by classics of Russian geography, works of outstanding travelers, original scientific works of Soviet geographers, popular science and mass literature.

In 1963, Geographgiz merged with other publishing houses (in particular, the Mysl publishing house) as a specialized editorial office of geographical literature.

The following series were published: “Wonderful geographers and travelers”, “Countries of Asia. Geographical information", "Countries of Africa. Geographical information", "Countries of Europe. Geographical information”, “Geography of foreign countries”, “Wonderful geographers and travelers”, “Notes of the All-Union Geographical Society”, “Earth and people. Popular geographical yearbook”, People’s Library “Nature and Man”, “Around the Native Country”, “Travel and Adventure”, “Travel, Adventure, Fantasy”, “Stories about Nature”, “Russian Travellers”, “Soviet Union. Brief geographical information”, “At the world map”, “Natural phenomena”.

In 1948, the book “Names of Russian People on the World Map” by Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Bender was published in the “Russian Travelers” series.

As the author writes in the preface, “Russian travel geographers made the greatest contribution to the knowledge of the surface of the globe. The monuments of these discoveries and research carried out by the Russians are the works of travelers and the maps they compiled. These works are known throughout the world and are still re-read with great interest, regardless of how long ago the trip was.”

The author was faced with the task of telling about the names that were given to mountain ranges, peaks, glaciers, islands, capes, straits, rivers in honor of wonderful Russian people: politicians, generals and naval commanders, scientists, travelers and simple peasants - Pomors, guides, Cossacks - explorers.

Half of the book is occupied by a table of Russian names on a world map, from which it is clear “that many glorious names are somehow bypassed; among them are the name of Lomonosov and the names of many Russian explorers, who should be immortalized on the map in geographical names.”

The preface was written by Yulian Glebovich Saushkin, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, teacher at the State Pedagogical Institute named after. V.I. Lenin, head of the magazine “Geography at School” (1948-1960). Since 1947 - Professor at the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University; since 1948 - Head of the Department of Economic Geography, which he headed for more than 30 years. In 1952-1956. headed the Commission of Geography of Moscow and the Moscow Region of the Moscow Branch of the Geographical Society.

When Geographgiz partially became part of the Mysl publishing house in 1964, Yu. G. Saushkin noted: “Thoughts are not up to geographical thought,” meaning the declining role of publishing geographical literature.

The compiler of the maps in the book is A. A. Ulyanov, currently a Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Mineralogy of Moscow State University, member of the Committee on Meteorites of the Russian Academy of Sciences. A. A. Ulyanov is the author of more than 150 scientific publications and a new scientific direction - space mineralogy.

Russian navigators, along with European ones, are the most famous pioneers who discovered new continents, sections of mountain ranges and vast water areas. They became discoverers of significant geographical objects, took the first steps in the development of hard-to-reach territories, and traveled around the world. So who are they, the conquerors of the seas, and what exactly did the world learn about thanks to them?

Afanasy Nikitin - the very first Russian traveler

He was able to prove that even being a member of a poor peasant family, you can become a famous explorer and traveler. Streets, embankments in several Russian cities, a motor ship, a passenger train and an aircraft are named after him.

Semyon Dezhnev, who founded the Anadyr fortress

In 1643, as part of a detachment of explorers, Semyon Ivanovich discovered Kolyma, where he and his associates founded the city of Srednekolymsk. A year later, Semyon Dezhnev continued his expedition, walked along the Bering Strait (which did not yet have this name) and discovered the easternmost point of the continent, later called Cape Dezhnev. An island, a peninsula, a bay, and a village also bear his name.

In 1648, Dezhnev hit the road again. His ship was wrecked in the waters located in the southern part of the Anadyr River. Having arrived on skis, the sailors went up the river and stayed there for the winter. Subsequently, this place appeared on geographical maps and received the name Anadyr fort. As a result of the expedition, the traveler was able to make detailed descriptions and draw up a map of those places.

Vitus Jonassen Bering, who organized expeditions to Kamchatka

The discovery of the Kamchatka and Ozerny peninsulas, the Kamchatka, Krest, Karaginsky bays, Provedeniya Bay, and St. Lawrence Island is also the merit of Bering and Chirikov. At the same time, another strait was found and described, which later became known as the Bering Strait.

The second expedition was undertaken by them to find a way to North America and study the Pacific Islands. On this journey, Bering and Chirikov founded the Peter and Paul fort. It took its name from the combined names of their ships (“St. Peter” and “St. Paul”) and subsequently became the city of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

On approaching the shores of America, ships of like-minded people lost sight of each other, due to heavy fog. "St. Peter", controlled by Bering, sailed to the west coast of America, but was caught in a severe storm on the way back - the ship was thrown onto an island. The last minutes of Vitus Bering’s life passed on it, and the island subsequently began to bear his name. Chirikov also reached America on his ship, but completed his voyage safely, having discovered several islands of the Aleutian ridge on the way back.

Khariton and Dmitry Laptev and their “name” sea

Each of the brothers made a significant contribution to the development of new territories. Dmitry became the first navigator to photograph the coastline from the mouth of the Lena to the mouth of the Kolyma. He compiled detailed maps of these places, using mathematical calculations and astronomical data as a basis.

Khariton Laptev and his associates conducted research on the northernmost section of the Siberian coast. It was he who determined the dimensions and outlines of the huge Taimyr Peninsula - he carried out surveys of its eastern coast, and was able to identify the exact coordinates of the coastal islands. The expedition took place in difficult conditions - a large amount of ice, snowstorms, scurvy, ice captivity - Khariton Laptev’s team had to endure a lot. But they continued the work they had started. On this expedition, Laptev's assistant Chelyuskin discovered a cape, which was later named in his honor.

Noting the great contribution of the Laptevs to the development of new territories, members of the Russian Geographical Society decided to name one of the largest seas in the Arctic after them. Also, the strait between the mainland and the island of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky is named in honor of Dmitry, and the western coast of the island of Taimyr is named after Khariton.

Krusenstern and Lisyansky - organizers of the first Russian circumnavigation

This trip allowed us to collect important information. Based on the data obtained by the sailors, a detailed map of the Pacific Ocean was compiled. Another important result of the first Russian round-the-world expedition was the data obtained about the flora and fauna of the Kuril Islands and Kamchatka, local residents, their customs and cultural traditions.

During their journey, the sailors crossed the equator and, according to maritime traditions, could not leave this event without a well-known ritual - a sailor dressed as Neptune greeted Kruzenshtern and asked why his ship had arrived where the Russian flag had never been. To which I received the answer that they are here exclusively for the glory and development of domestic science.

Vasily Golovnin - the first navigator who was rescued from Japanese captivity

The leadership set the goal of the round-the-world expedition to study the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, with special attention to that part of it that is located within the borders of their native country. Diana's path was not easy. The sloop passed the island of Tristan da Cunha, passed the Cape of Hope and entered a port owned by the British. Here the ship was detained by the authorities. The British informed Golovnin about the outbreak of war between the two countries. The Russian ship was not declared captured, but the crew was not allowed to leave the bay. Having spent more than a year in this situation, in mid-May 1809 the Diana, led by Golovnin, tried to escape, which the sailors successfully succeeded in doing - the ship arrived in Kamchatka.

Golovnin received his next important task in 1811 - he was supposed to compile descriptions of the Shantar and Kuril Islands, the shores of the Tatar Strait. During his journey, he was accused of not adhering to the principles of sakoku and was captured by the Japanese for more than 2 years. It was possible to rescue the team from captivity only thanks to the good relations between one of the Russian naval officers and an influential Japanese merchant, who was able to convince his government of the harmless intentions of the Russians. It is worth noting that before this, no one in history had ever returned from Japanese captivity.

In 1817-1819, Vasily Mikhailovich made another trip around the world on the Kamchatka ship, specially built for this purpose.

Thaddeus Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev - discoverers of Antarctica

The results of this expedition exceeded all expectations. During the 751 days that it lasted, Bellingshausen and Lazarev were able to make several significant geographical discoveries. Of course, the most important of them is the existence of Antarctica, this historical event occurred on January 28, 1820. Also, during the trip, about two dozen islands were found and mapped, sketches of Antarctic views, and images of representatives of the Antarctic fauna were created.

Interestingly, attempts to discover Antarctica were made more than once, but none of them were successful. European navigators believed that either it did not exist, or it was located in places that were simply impossible to reach by sea. But the Russian travelers had enough perseverance and determination, so the names of Bellingshausen and Lazarev were included in the lists of the greatest navigators of the world.

There are also modern travelers. One of them.