On a clear winter evening, look towards the western sky as soon as possible. Against the background of the evening dawn, you will definitely see a very bright luminary of dazzling white color - this is the planet Venus. In terms of brilliance, Venus now occupies first place in the starry sky, so it is impossible to confuse it with any other planet or star.
Recall that there are eight planets in the solar system. As they move away from the Sun, they are located as follows: Mercury rotates closest, then Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Venus is thus second in this series. It is closer to the Sun than the Earth, therefore, due to the laws of celestial mechanics, it can only be seen and observed in the morning before dawn or in the evening after sunset. During periods of morning visibility, the name of Venus (not scientific, but popular, poetic) is the Morning Star, and during periods of evening visibility, the Evening Star. Venus is now the Evening Star.
In terms of size, Venus is not the largest of the planets, but in terms of brilliance it has no equal and surpasses even the giant planet Jupiter in this parameter. Why? Mainly due to the presence of a thick atmosphere, which, like a mirror, reflects three-quarters of the sunlight. Through this atmosphere, no telescope could see its surface, so Venus was also called the planet of mysteries.
A continuous cloud layer up to 30-40 km thick, behind which nothing is visible, became the reason that the surface of Venus was a favorite setting for science fiction novels. In them, as a rule, it was believed that Venus was covered with primeval tropical forests, in which terrible monsters like our dinosaurs teemed. One of the most famous works on this topic was Vladimir Vladko’s novel “Argonauts of the Universe” with amazing illustrations by the artist Georgy Malakov.
But those times are long gone. Space rockets rushed to Venus, penetrated the clouds, saw the surface of the mysterious planet, and even made several soft landings in different areas. The actual, real world of Venus turned out to be little similar to the supposed one. It turned out that the temperature on the surface of this beautiful planet reaches plus 470 degrees Celsius, that is, higher than on Mercury, which rotates in an orbit closer to the Sun. Nobody expected this. At night, hot stones, and there are many of them on Venus, glow with a reddish light, like smoldering coals in a dying fire.
Another stunning result was reported by scientific automatic stations that studied Venus. Atmospheric pressure on the surface of the planet reaches 90 atmospheres - the same as at a kilometer depth of the Earth's ocean. There is practically no oxygen, without which we cannot breathe, on Venus, but carbon dioxide is 97%. What else there is a lot of there are stones. Everywhere where spacecraft have landed, the surface of Venus is literally strewn with rocks of various sizes. But water - ordinary, clean, transparent, cool, tasty, so necessary for all of us - appears to be completely absent on Venus.
Until recently, Venus was considered the sister of the Earth, suggesting that if the sizes and masses of the planets are approximately equal, there are atmospheres, then, therefore, the conditions for life should be similar. Maybe they thought they would have to move there someday if the earth’s resources were running low. But in fact, the conditions on Venus turned out to be much more severe: terrible heat, enormous pressure, lack of oxygen and water, and, in addition, constant hurricane winds blowing at speeds of up to 100 meters per second - something between a good steam room and supposed hell! Otherwise, Venus is a planet just like a planet. Much of its surface is hilly plain, but mountainous areas are also found. One of the mountain ranges, the Maxwell Mountains, reaches a height of almost 11 kilometers.
It would seem that by the beginning of the twenty-first century, the main mysteries of Venus had finally been solved. Now it is even known that a Venusian day lasts almost a month and a half, 44 Earth days! However, it is also true that not a single woman, and especially the goddess of beauty, can be completely solved! There are questions related to Venus that have no answers yet. One of them is that if most of the planets of the solar system rotate around their axes in one direction from west to east, like our Earth, then Venus - on the contrary, in the opposite direction, from east to west. Why? A whim of a woman's character? Perhaps, if we consider that Venus does not rotate in the opposite direction alone, but as if in a secret conspiracy with Uranus. There is no scientific explanation for this fact yet. Another mystery relates to the origin of Venus. If it had formed along with other planets of the solar system, then ancient observers would certainly have seen it, but for some reason Venus is not mentioned in the earliest chronological records in the list of visible planets.
Humanity has known Venus since ancient times. An ancient Greek myth says that one fine morning a girl of dazzling beauty emerged from the sea foam, not far from the island of Cyprus.
We could talk about other interesting details regarding Venus. Due to its exceptional brightness, for example, Venus is the only object in the starry sky that is visible through binoculars even during the day. It turns out that in a small telescope the phases of Venus are clearly visible, which in appearance are very similar to the phases of the Moon, and the crescent of Venus is no different from the crescent of the moon.
It’s interesting that most of us simply don’t notice Venus. Of course, we see some bright luminous point in the sky. It is even brighter than distant street lamps, but we don’t pay much attention to it. In general, we rarely look above our heads, except perhaps at the number of an approaching trolleybus or minibus.
Anatoly KOPYLENKO, astronomer, popularizer of science
Several years ago, being in a completely bad mood, in the waiting room of some airport, I purchased Friedrich Nietzsche’s book “Dawn, or a book on moral prejudices.” And from then on, I really wanted to thank him. For hope. For believing that there are still many morning dawns that have not yet dawned.
Let me make a reservation right away that a lot of the material presented here was taken from other authors from other sites, for which appropriate links have been made. This is more of a research paper on a topic you like.
Morning star
The morning star, the planet Venus, which is the first of the stars to appear in the sky in the evening, and the last to disappear in the morning. The King of Babylon is poetically compared to the Morning Star (Isaiah 14:12: Hebrew Geylel ben-Shachar - “radiance”, “son of the dawn”, in the Synod. Transl. - “Daystar, son of the dawn”). She also serves as a type of Jesus Christ (Rev 22:16; cf. 2 Pet 1:19; Rev 2:28). In Job 38:7 the expression “morning stars” is used in its literal meaning (Source: Brockhaus Biblical Encyclopedia).
VENUS (lat. venia - mercy of the gods) is a symbol of love and beauty. Originally in Roman mythology, the goddess of spring and gardens. Subsequently, with the spread of legends about Aeneas as the ancestor of the Romans, she began to be identified with the Greek goddess of love and beauty, the mother of the Trojan Aphrodite. She was then identified with Isis and Astarte. The Sicilian temple on Mount Eric (Venus Ericinia) played a decisive role in the spread of the cult of Venus. The patronage of the goddess was enjoyed by Sulla, who believed that she brings happiness (hence the nickname Felitsa); Pompeii, who revered her as the Victorious; Caesar, who considered her the ancestor of the Julian family. The constant epithets of Venus in Rome were “merciful”, “purifying”, “equestrian”, “bald”. The last nickname was given to her in memory of the Roman women who gave their hair to make ropes during the war with the Gauls.
The astrological mysticism of Venus was determined by the special proportion of its rotation, opposite to the movement of all other planets in the solar system. One got the impression that Venus is a “planet in reverse.” Therefore, she was often called Lucifer and endowed with demonic traits and was seen as a counterweight to the Sun. Sometimes “Venus” meant the “star Wormwood” mentioned in the Apocalypse.
Venus is a symbol of external, carnal beauty. Therefore, she was called “Morning Star” or “Day Day”. Venus is symmetrical with respect to the Sun to its symbolic male partner Mars. The astrological sign of Venus stood for woman and everything related to the feminist principle. But this woman is not a mother, but a lover. She personifies erotic sensuality. It is no coincidence that sexual diseases received the general name “venereal”.
According to the esoteric legend of a number of Indo-European tribes, the “white race” originates from Venus. The “Children of Venus” - the Luciferites - were opposed to the rest of humanity. Among the Germans, she symbolized Freya. For American Indians, the planet was a symbol of Quetzalcoatl. The “feathered serpent” itself was considered the spirit of Venus.
In Akkadian mythology, Venus is a masculine planet. Among the Sumerians, she was the cosmic personification of Ishtar: the morning one as the goddess of fertility, the evening one as the god of war.
An interesting point, Lucifer (son of Aurora and the Titan Astria) - as an epithet of the planet Venus, is mentioned in the Aeneid:
Source. Yandex dictionaries. Symbols, signs, emblems.At that time Lucifer ascended over the peaks of Ida,
Taking the day out.
Lucifer's Star
The word Lucifer is made up of the Latin roots lux "light" and fero "to carry." The first mention of Lucifer is found in the Book of the Prophet Isaiah, written in Hebrew. Here the dynasty of Babylonian kings is compared to a fallen angel, thanks to which the reader learns the story of how one of the cherubim desired to become equal to God and was cast out of heaven for this. The original uses the Hebrew word “heilel” (morning star, morning star):
Is. 14:12-17 How you have fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the dawn! He crashed to the ground, trampling the nations. And he said in his heart: “I will ascend into heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God, and I will sit on the mountain in the assembly of gods, at the edge of the north; I will ascend above the heights of the clouds; I will be like the Most High.” But you are cast into hell, into the depths of the underworld. Those who see you peer into you and think about you: “Is this the man who shook the earth, shook kingdoms, made the universe a desert and destroyed its cities, and did not let his captives go home?
There is a similar place in another Old Testament book, the prophet Ezekiel. It also compares the fall of the city of Tire to the fall of an angel, although he is not called the “morning star”:
Ezek. 28:14-18 You were an anointed cherub to overshadow, and I appointed you to do so; you were on the holy mountain of God, walking among the fiery stones.
You were perfect in your ways from the day you were created, until iniquity was found in you. Your inner being was filled with unrighteousness, and you sinned; and I cast you down as unclean from the mountain of God, and drove you, the overshadowing cherub, out of the midst of the fiery stones. Because of your beauty your heart was lifted up, because of your vanity you destroyed your wisdom; Therefore I will throw you to the ground, I will hand you over to shame before kings. With the multitude of your iniquities you have defiled your sanctuaries; and I will bring fire from among you, which will consume you: and I will turn you into ashes on the earth in the sight of all who see you.
It should be borne in mind that in the New Testament Jesus Christ was compared to the morning or dawn star (Numbers 24:17; Psalm 89:35-38, 2 Peter 1:19, Rev. 22:16, 2 Peter 1:19) .
Open 22:16 I, Jesus, have sent my angel to testify to you these things in the churches. I am the root and descendant of David, the bright and morning star.
2 Peter 1:19 And moreover we have the most sure word of prophecy; and you do well to turn to him as to a lamp shining in a dark place, until the day dawns and the morning star rises in your hearts
Jerome of Stridon, when translating the indicated passage from the Book of Isaiah, used in the Vulgate the Latin word lucifer (“luminous,” “light-bringing”), which was used to designate the “morning star.” And the idea that, like the king of Babylon, cast down from the heights of earthly glory, Satan was once cast down from the heights of heavenly glory (Luke 10:18; Rev. 12:9), led to the fact that the name Lucifer was transferred to Satan. This identification was also reinforced by the Apostle Paul's remark about Satan, who “disguises himself as an angel of light” (2 Cor. 11:14).
However, Jerome himself did not use the word “luminiferous” as a proper name, but only as a metaphor. The creator of the Vulgate used this word in other passages of Scripture, even in the plural. However, it was Jerome's translation, which enjoyed enormous authority in the Christian world, that ultimately served as the basis for giving the Latin equivalent of the Hebrew "heilel" the meaning of Satan's personal name. In the King James Bible, the phrase took on a different meaning: “How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning!” Written with a capital letter, the appeal was no longer perceived as a metaphor. These words could no longer be perceived as a song about victory over the king of Babylon; it was a direct appeal to Satan.
Source. Wikipedia
E.P. Blavatsky once wrote the following. “Lucifer” is a pale morning star, a harbinger of the dazzling radiance of the midday sun - “Eosphos” of the Greeks. It shines timidly at sunset in order to accumulate strength and dazzle the eyes after sunset, like its own brother “Hesperus” - the shining evening star, or the planet Venus. There is no more suitable symbol for the proposed work - to throw a ray of truth on everything that is hidden in the darkness of prejudice, social or religious errors, and especially thanks to that idiotic routine way of life, which, as soon as some act, some thing or name, was disgraced by a slanderous fabrication, however unjust it may be, makes so-called respectable people turn away from it with a shudder and refuse even to simply look at it from any other side than that which is sanctioned by public opinion. Therefore, such an attempt to force cowardly people to face the truth is very effectively helped by a name belonging to the category of cursed names.
Devout readers may object that the word "Lucifer" is accepted by all churches as one of the many names of the devil. According to Milton's majestic fantasy, Lucifer is Satan, the “rebellious” angel, the enemy of God and man. But if one analyzes his rebellion, one cannot find in it anything more evil than the demand for free will and independent thought, as if Lucifer had been born in the 19th century. This epithet, “rebellious,” is a theological slander, similar to the slanderous fabrications of fatalists about God, who make of the deity the “Almighty” - the devil, even more evil than the “rebellious” spirit itself; “an all-powerful Devil who wants to be hailed as all-merciful when he displays the most diabolical cruelty,” as J. Cotter Morison says. Both the foreseeing God-devil and his subordinate servant are human inventions; these are two of the most morally disgusting and terrible theological dogmas that could ever emerge from the nightmares of the disgusting fantasies of daylight-hating monks.
They go back to the Middle Ages, that period of mental obscurity during which most of the modern prejudices and superstitions were forcibly introduced into the minds of people, so that they became practically ineradicable in some cases, one of which is the modern prejudice now under discussion.
Source. E.P. Blavatsky. What's in a name. About why the magazine is called "Lucifer".
I cannot help but mention here the wonderful work of E.P. Blavatsky's "The History of a Planet", which touches on the same topic. I don’t want to create a clutter, so anyone interested can read this material on their own.
Earendil
I learned about the existence of this character and everything interesting that is connected with him at a lecture by Leonid Korablev. And this knowledge inspired me no less than the book I once bought at the airport.
What is Erendil? This is hope without any reason.
Planet Venus. The Star of Eärendil was the brightest celestial body after the Sun and Moon. The light of the star came from the Silmaril, which was held by Eärendil the Mariner, who sailed across the sky on his ship Vingiloth. Eärendil was best seen at sunrise and sunset, as the Morning and Evening Star. The Star of Eärendil was a source of hope for the people of Middle-earth.
Eärendil the Mariner sailed to the Undying Lands in 542 of the First Age to seek the Valar's aid in the war against Morgoth. He was the Valar agreed, but Arendil was forbidden to return to Middle-earth. He was doomed to sail through the sky forever on his ship Vingilote (made of mithril and glass) with the Silmaril on his forehead.
When the Star of Earnedil first crossed the sky, Maedhros and Maglor realized that the light came from one of the Silmarils made by their father Fëanor. The people of Middle-earth named her Gil-Estelle, Star of Highest Hope, and found hope again. Morgoth began to doubt, but still did not think that the Valar would start a war against him. The host of the Valar came to Middle-earth in 545 and thus began the War of Wrath. In 589, Eärendil abandoned his heavenly path and led Vingilot into battle, where he defeated Ancalagon the Black. The Valar drove Morgoth beyond the Doors of Night into the Timeless Void, and Eärendil returned to his course to guard the skies against Morgoth's return. Eärendil's wife Elwing was not with him. She lived in a tower on the shores of the Undying Lands. The birds brought her a pair of wings and taught her to fly, and from time to time she rose into the sky to meet Earendil when he returned from his heavenly journey.
In the year 32 of the Second Age, the Star of Earendil shone especially brightly in the west as a sign that Númenor was ready for the arrival of the Men who fought Morgoth. The people sailed to their new home, led by the light of the Star, which was visible during the day as well as at night throughout their journey. The leader of the Numenoreans was Elros, son of Earnedil and brother of Elrond.
During the War of the Ring at the end of the Third Age, Galadriel gave Frodo Baggins a Vial filled with water from her Mirror of Galadriel, which contained the light of the Star of Eärendil. Sam Gamgee used the Vial when he fought Shelob, and the Great Spider fled in agony from the shining light. In Mordor on the night of March 15, 3019, Sam saw the Star of Eärendil in the western sky through a gap in the clouds.
Her beauty struck him straight to the heart. He looked at her from the center of the abandoned lands, but hope returned to him. And like a spear, a clear and cold thought penetrated his mind - Sam realized that, after all, the Shadow was just a small and fleeting thing. After all, there was a bright and high beauty that was beyond her reach.
The Return of the King: "The Land of Shadow," p. 199. (Source WLOTR Encyclopedia).
The third angel sounded his trumpet, and a great star fell from heaven, burning like a lamp, and fell on a third of the rivers and on the springs of water. The name of this star is “wormwood”; and a third of the waters became wormwood, and many of the people died from the waters, because they became bitter (Rev. 8:10-11). From the text it is clear that this event is necessary
attributed not to the present, but to the future eschatological time.
Archbishop Averky (Taushev) explains this passage as follows: “Some people think that this meteor will fall to the ground and poison the water sources on earth, which will become poisonous. Or maybe this is also one of the newly invented methods of a future terrible war” (Apocalypse or revelations of St. John the Theologian. History of writing, rules for interpretation and analysis of the text).
Wormwood (Heb. laana; Greek apsinthos) in the Bible is a symbol of the punishments of the Lord: And the Lord said: Because they forsook My law, which I decreed for them, and did not listen to My voice and did not walk in it; but they walked according to the stubbornness of their hearts and after the Baals, as their fathers taught them. Therefore thus says the Lord of hosts, the God of Israel: Behold, I will feed them this people with wormwood, and give them water of gall to drink (Jer. 9:13-15)
THE BRIGHTEST STARS VISIBLE FROM EARTH
Many people, looking at the sky after sunset, wonder what kind of bright white star appears near the Moon, so I am inclined to think that it is VENUS. It is also visible in the morning at 6 o'clock when I rush to work. But I still collected material for comparison.
Sirius, as we see on Wikpedia, visible TO sunset Knowing the exact coordinates of Sirius in the sky, it can be seen during the day with the naked eye. For best viewing, the sky should be very clear and the Sun should be low over horizon.
Jupiter can reach an apparent magnitude of −2.8, making it the third brightest object in the night sky after the Moon and Venus. However, Jupiter is also called the Great Red Spot. However, at certain moments
Marsmay briefly exceed the brightness of Jupiter. Mars is called the "Red Planet" because of the reddish hue of its surface given by iron oxide. This means that she is not white at all, which is what needed to be proven.
But Venus, even in the photos of astronomers, it is THERE, UNDER THE MOON, where I and other amateurs see it...
Syria
- (Alpha Canis Major) is located at a distance of 8.64 light years from us and is the brightest star visible in the night sky. A light year is the distance that light travels in one year, it is about 9.5 trillion km. The distance from Earth to Syria is approximately 80 trillion km. Macca Syria is 2.14 times the mass of the Sun, and its brightness is 24 times. It is also almost 2 times hotter: the temperature on its surface is about 100,000 C. Sirius is the star of the Southhemispheres of the sky .In mid latitudesRussia Sirius is observed in the southern part of the sky in autumn (early morning), winter (from sunrise to sunset) and spring (visible some time after sunset).Sirius is the sixth brightest object in the earth's sky. Only brighter than himSun , Moon , as well as planetsVenus , Jupiter AndMars during the period of best visibility (see also:List of the brightest stars ). For some time, Sirius was considered one of the stars of the so-calledmoving group of Ursa Major . This group includes 220 stars, which are united by the same age and similar movement in space. Initially the group wasopen star cluster , however, at present the cluster as such does not exist - it has disintegrated and become gravitationally unbound. So, most of the stars of the asterism belong to this clusterBig Dipper in Ursa Major. However, scientists subsequently came to the conclusion that this is not so - Sirius is much younger than this cluster and cannot be its representative.
Venus
- second internalplanet solar system with an orbital period of 224.7 Earth days. The planet got its name in honorVenus , goddesses love fromroman pantheon deities.
Venus -brightest object in the night sky except Moon , and reachesapparent magnitude at -4.6. Since Venus is closer to the Sun than Earth , it never seems too far from the Sun: the maximum angle between it and the Sun is 47.8°. Venus reaches its maximum brightness shortly before sunrise or some time after sunset, which gave rise to the name Evening star or
The best time to observe Venus is shortly before sunrise (some time after sunrise in morning visibility).
Many people in November wonder: what bright star is visible in the east in the morning? She really very bright: other stars pale in comparison with her. It is still easily distinguishable even when here, in the southeast, dawn is already in full swing, washing away other stars from the sky. And then almost until sunrise this star remains completely alone.
I want to congratulate you - you are observing the planet Venus, the brightest luminary in our sky after the Sun and Moon!
Venus is only visible in the morning or evening sky- you will never see her late at night in the south. Her time is the predawn or twilight evening hours, when she literally reigns in the sky.
Check yourself if you are really observing Venus.
- In November and December 2018 Venus is visible in the east in the morning, rising 4 hours before sunrise. It is visible for two hours in the dark sky, and for another hour against the background of the morning dawn.
- Venus color white, near the horizon may be slightly yellowish.
- Venus does not flicker that is, it does not blink, does not tremble, but shines powerfully, evenly and calmly.
- Venus is so bright that it no longer looks like a star, but like the spotlight of an airplane flying towards it. It has long been noted that the bright white light of the planet is capable of cast clear shadows on the snow; The easiest way to check this is outside the city on a moonless night, where the light of Venus is not interfered with by street lights. By the way, according to Russian astronomers, about 30% of reports of UFOs in our country occur on rising or setting Venus.
Venus against the background of the morning dawn is still bright and noticeable, although at this time the stars are practically no longer visible. Pattern: stellarium
In November 2018 - slightly to the right of the planet. Please note: Spica is one of the twenty brightest stars in the entire sky, but next to Venus it simply fades! Another bright star, Arcturus, is located above and to the left of Spica. Arcturus has a characteristic reddish color. So, Venus is much brighter than Arcturus and even more so Spica!
Watch these luminaries for a few minutes and compare their appearance with Venus. Notice how much brighter stars twinkle than Venus. Spica can even shimmer in different colors! Also try to remember the brightness of Venus in comparison with the brightest stars - and you will never confuse it with anything else.
Few things can compare in beauty to Venus in the sky! The planet looks especially beautiful against the background of the flaring dawn. Beautiful celestial pictures are obtained when the crescent Moon is near Venus. The next such meeting will take place on the morning of December 3 and 4, 2018. Don't miss it!
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