1. ADD UP- make sense, converge, correspond
Her story didn’t add up, I think she was lying, it didn’t make sense“Her story didn’t add up, it seems to me she was cheating, it doesn’t make sense.”
2. BLOW UP- has three meanings: to inflate, to explode and to get angry
Please could you blow up those balloons?— Could you please blow up these balloons?
The building was blown up by a bomb— The building was blown up by a bomb
When I said I couldn't go to her party, she blew up— When I said that I couldn’t go to the party, she got angry
.
3. BRING UP- has two main meanings: to educate and to raise a question or some proposal in a conversation
Their grandparents brought them up because their parents were always traveling— Their grandparents raised them because their parents traveled constantly.
Your suggestion will be brought up at the next meeting.- Your proposal will be considered at the next meeting.
4. CALL OFF- recall, withdraw
The game was called off.- The game was postponed
Call off your dog, he’s biting my leg!- Get your dog away from me, he's biting my leg!
5. CARRY ON- two meanings: continue to do something and behave rudely, ugly
We must try to carry on as if nothing had happened.- We should try to act as if nothing happened.
The people upstairs were carrying on again last night, they had me quite worried.“My upstairs neighbors were arguing all night again, they were really bothering me.”
6. COME ACROSS- has several meanings, among which the main ones: to be perceived by someone, to come across (accidentally meet) someone or something
He comes across as someone who means what he says.“He seems to be one of those people who says what he thinks.”
I came across this old photograph in the back of the drawer.- I accidentally discovered this old photograph at the bottom of a box.
7. COME UP WITH- come up with
She came up with a great proposal for the new advertising campaign.
8. FALL APART- fall apart, literally and figuratively
This cup just fell apart in my hands.- This cup fell into pieces right in my hands.
We used to be good friends, but fell apart about a year ago.- We were very good friends, but about a year ago we separated.
Their marriage seems to be falling apart.- It seems their marriage is on the rocks.
9. GET ALONG- has many meanings: to get along with someone, to succeed, to leave, to grow old
Does he get along with his mother-in-law?- Does he find a common language with his mother-in-law?
How is your work getting along? How is your work going?
I think I’ll be getting along now, I want to be home quite early.- I think it's time for me to leave, I
I want to get home early.
Grandfather is getting along and doesn’t see too well any more.- Grandfather is getting old and has poor vision.
10. GET AWAY- leave, run away, hide, get away with it
You can't get away with it.- You won't get away with this.
The thieves managed to get away in a stolen car— The thieves managed to escape using a stolen car
11. GET OVER - overcome (for example, an illness, or an unpleasant feeling)
It always takes some time to get over the shock of someone's death.- When someone dies, it always takes a while for the shock to wear off.
I can’t get over your news, I would never have thought it possible!“I can’t get used to what you told me, I would never have thought that this was possible.”
12. GIVE UP- quit (meaning give up), refuse
I did want a holiday abroad, but we’ve had to give up the idea.- I really wanted to spend a holiday abroad, but we had to abandon this idea.
He is given up by the doctors.- The doctors refused him.
We had to give up the castle to the enemy.- We had to surrender the fortress to the enemy.
13. GO ON- continue, happen
We began work at 12 and went on till half-past one.- We started working at 12 and continued until half past two.
How is your work going on?- How is work going?
There’s a wedding going on at the church.- There is a wedding going on in the church now.
How long has this been going on?- How long has this been going on?
14.HOLD ON- hold on to something, wait by the phone, don’t give up
If a branch is near you, hold on until we can get a rope.- If there is a branch nearby, hold on to it until we find the rope.
Hold on!- Hold on!
Hold on, I shan’t be a minute.- Don't hang up, wait a minute.
15. LOOK AFTER- to look after, look after someone
Who will look after the children while you go out to work?- Who will look after the children while you are at work?
16. LOOK FORWARD TO- to look forward to, to be in anticipation
I'm looking forward to some warmer weather after this bitter winter.- I hope it will be warmer now, the winter has been so harsh.
Every year the children look forward to the holidays coming.- Every year children look forward to the holidays.
17. LOOK UP- look for something in a book/directory, improve (about things)
If you don’t know the meaning of a word, look it up in a good dictionary.- If you don’t know what a word means, look it up in a good dictionary.
Things are looking up.- The situation is improving.
18. MAKE OUT- make out/distinguish, understand, kiss a hickey
You can just make out the farm in the distance.- You can see a farm in the distance.
I can't make out the meaning of this poem.- I can’t understand the meaning of this poem.
The park was full of lovers making out on the grass.- The park was filled with couples who were licking each other while lying on the grass.
19. PASS OUT- lose consciousness, give out/give out (usually free of charge)
When he heard the news, he passed out with the shock.- When he found out about this, he fainted.
The protesters passed out leaflets to the growing crowd.— Protesters handed out leaflets to the growing crowd
20. PULL OVER- pull over to the side of the road, stop
We pulled over to take some pictures of clouds and lightning.- We stopped on the side of the road to photograph lightning flashes against the background of clouds.
21. PUT DOWN- has several meanings: to disembark passengers, to postpone work, to write something down, to put something on account, to pacify
Can you put me down at the next corner, please?- Drop me off at the next corner, please.
Put down whatever you're doing and join the party!- Put aside your business and join the company!
Put down every word she says.- Write down every word after her.
I'll take three boxes; would you put them down (to my account)?- I'll take three boxes; Would you mind putting this on my account?
22. PUT OFF- put off
Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.- Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today.
23. PUT UP WITH- put up
I can’t put up with my neighbor’s noise any longer; it's driving me mad.“I can’t put up with the noise from my neighbors anymore, it’s driving me crazy.”
24. TURN UP- unexpectedly show up, arrive/arrive/appear, increase volume/temperature, etc.
He turned up missing at roll call.“He wasn’t there at the roll call.”
As always, John turned up late — John was late as usual
Please turn the music up, I love this song!- Please turn it up, I love this song!
25. Watch out- be careful. Often used when suddenly shouting to the interlocutor “Watch out!”
Watch out in the mountain, there are bears there- Be careful, there are bears in the mountains.
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When learning English, many people have difficulty mastering phrasal verbs. The fact is that they can quickly and unexpectedly change their values and there are a lot of them. Phrasal verbs are especially common in spoken English. Let's look into this interesting topic.
Types of phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs are an almost countless group of verbs that, when combined with various prepositions or short adverbs, can take on a variety of new meanings. In a strict sense, there are three types of phrasal verbs:
Directly phrasal verbs formed with the help of adverbs:
- give up- give up, stop
- find out- find out, find out
- take off- take off, leave quickly
Prepositional verbs:
- go on- continue
- look after- take care, look after
- come across- stumble upon, find by chance
Phrasal-prepositional verbs containing both an adverb and a preposition:
- put up with- endure, put up with something
- come up with- invent
- look up to- respect, lead by example
History of phrasal verbs
The origins of phrasal verbs can be traced back to the earliest Old English written sources. The adverbs and prepositions in them were used in a very literal sense and mainly denoted the direction, place or orientation of an object in space. For example:
The man walked out. - The man came out. ( direction)
The man stood by. — The man was standing nearby. ( place)
The man held his hand up. — The man raised his hand up. ( orientation)
In addition, both adverbs and prepositions indicated the relationship between the verb and the object in the sentence:
The woman stood by the house. — The woman was standing near the house. ( place)
The thief climbed out the window. — The thief climbed out of the window. ( direction)
He hung the coat over the fire. — He hung his cloak over the fire. ( spatial orientation)
The number of combinations of verbs with adverbs and prepositions has accumulated over the centuries. Their meanings sometimes changed beyond recognition. To illustrate the development of meanings, consider below the nuances that the adverb “out” has acquired over several centuries.
OUT: adventures of one adverb
In the 9th century, it had only a literal meaning - “outward movement”, for example, walk out (go out) and ride out (leave out). Around the 14th century, the meaning “to make a sound” was added, for example, cry out (shout out) and call out (call, appeal). In the 15th century, the meaning “to cease to exist” appeared - die out (die out) and burn out (burn out, burn out).
By the 16th century, the meaning of “to distribute equally” appeared, as in pass out (distribute) and parcel out (distribute). And by the 19th century, the meaning “to free from contents” was added, for example, clean out (clean out) and rinse out (wash). Additionally, in modern colloquial English, the verb pass out means “to pass out, to pass out.”
As you may have noticed, most of the verbs in the above example are translated by a Russian verb with a prefix - in this case, the prefixes “you-” and “raz-”, which, like “out,” have the basic meaning of moving outward.
Connecting your intuition
As in the Russian language, the prefix serves as a powerful tool for forming various verbs from the same root ( walk, You walk, at walk, With walk, at walk etc.), so in English the same role is played by prepositions and adverbs.
The meanings of some phrasal verbs are intuitive, as they are easily derived from their constituent elements: come back, go away, stand up, and so on. Others wear, and their meanings just need to be remembered separately, for example: take after - take an example, be like someone.
In combination with various elements, the main verb can acquire a variety of meanings, which at first glance have little connection with each other in meaning. For example:
look- look
look for- search
look after- take care
look up to- respect
Synonyms of phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs can be found in both genres, but still the main area of their use is colloquial speech. In official business and scientific style, it is more common to use verbs of French, Latin or Greek origin. This is not a strict rule, but a stable trend, and it has a long history.
Phrasal verbs arose naturally in English, but an event occurred that forced the language to develop in two parallel ways. This event was the Norman Conquest of England, which occurred in 1066.
After William the Conqueror invaded the country and seized power, French began to predominate among the upper classes of society, and English was supplanted and became the language of the common people. This situation persisted for a century and a half, until England was freed from French rule in 1204.
During this time, French became the language of educated people, and it was from it that writers borrowed new words to replenish the impoverished vocabulary of English. In addition, many scientists spoke Latin and Ancient Greek, so they turned to these languages, drawing from them terms for new fields of knowledge.
Which, along with the original ones, expressed the nuances of the same concept. For example, the meaning of the word foretell (to predict) can be expressed by the Latin word predict or the Greek prophesy. As a result, while native phrasal verbs naturally developed in popular speech, borrowed words expanded scientific and literary vocabulary.
The English language continues to develop today along these two parallel paths. Therefore, hundreds of English phrasal verbs have French, Latin or Greek synonyms, which have a similar meaning but a more “scientific” sound. Here are just a few of these synonyms:
| blow up | explode | explode) | find out | ascertain | clarify, clarify |
| give up | surrender | give up | go against | oppose | mind, counteract |
| hand in | submit | submit (documents) | leave out | omit | miss (not notice) |
| look forward to | anticipate | expect, look forward to |
look up to | admire, respect | admire, respect |
| make up | fabricate | invent | point out | indicate | show |
| pull out | extract | extract, pull out |
put off | postpone | put off (for later) |
| put out | extinguish | put out (fire) | put together | assemble, compose | gather |
| speed up | accelerate | accelerate) | stand up for | defend | protect |
Separability of phrasal verbs
Most phrasal verbs are undivided, meaning the preposition or adverb follows immediately after the main clause. You can say:
"She looks after her sister" (“She takes care of her sister”), but you can’t - “She looks her sister after".
However, there are many verbs that can be separated. Phrases "He took off his coat" ("He took off his coat") and "He took his coat off" are equally true.
To figure out which verbs can be separated and which cannot, you need to remember two classifications. First, as we said at the beginning of the article, phrasal verbs form three subcategories: prepositional verbs, phrasal verbs and prepositional-phrasal verbs. Secondly, any verb can be transitive (have a direct object) or intransitive (have no object).
Prepositional verbs are of the form verb + preposition
A preposition is always followed by an object (noun or pronoun), so all prepositional verbs have a direct object. He is looking for his glasses. — He's looking for his glasses.
Prepositional verbs cannot be divided, that is, we cannot put an object between its parts. You can't say "He is looking his glasses for".
Phrasal verbs have the form verb + adverb
Short adverbs are not always easy to distinguish from prepositions. Let's say in the sentence "You can count on them" (“You can count on them”), on is a preposition, and in the sentence “You can go on" (“You may continue”) is an adverb. The grammatical difference is that an adverb does not always require an object. Thus, phrasal verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. For example:
give up- give up (intransitive verb)
They failed many times, but never gave up.“They made mistakes many times, but they never gave up.”
put off- postpone (transitive verb)
We had to put off the meeting. — We had to postpone the meeting.
Intransitive phrasal verbs are by definition inseparable, since they have no object at all. Many transitive verbs are separable.
If the verb is separable, then the object can appear either after it or between its parts:
"They turned down his offer" ("They rejected his offer") is equivalent to "They turned his offer down".
Regarding separable verbs, there is one more rule: if the object is expressed in an expanded phrase, it is placed after the verb. If the complement is expressed, it is placed between its two parts. Compare:
- "She took off her expensive white coat" ("She took off her expensive white coat") and "She took
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Definition
What's happened phrasal verb? It could be a combination:
- Verb + preposition.
- Verb + adverb.
- Verb + adverb + preposition.
A phrasal verb is an integral semantic unit that is one member of a sentence. Most often, the meaning of a phrasal verb differs significantly from the translation of the main verb.
Why is it so important to study these semantic units? Phrasal verbs are constantly used in spoken language, so without them it will be difficult for you to understand your interlocutor or grasp the meaning of what you read in a book. In addition, in any international test you will definitely come across phrasal verbs.
Classification of phrasal verbs
First of all, all phrasal verbs are divided into transitive and intransitive:
1. Transitional, or transitive phrasal verbs . These verbs require a direct object:
I have turned down his proposal.
I rejected his offer.John decided to put off his plans.
John decided to put his plans on hold.2. Intransitive, or intransitive phrasal verbs . A direct object is not required after such verbs:
He goes on foot, because his car has broken down.
He walks because his car has broken down.Also, phrasal verbs can be separable and non-separable:
1. Non-separable, or inseparable phrasal verbs . These are all intransitive and some transitive verbs. For a better understanding, consider an example using a phrasal verb run into:
His car ran into the tree.
His car collided with a tree.We cannot separate the two parts of a phrasal verb with other words. That is, the option His car ran the tree into is wrong.
2. Separable, or separable phrasal verbs. In the case of such phrasal verbs, the object can be located either after the verb or between its parts:
You should turn off the music.
You should turn the music off.
You should turn off the music.Both of these options are correct.
Attention! If the object is expressed by a pronoun, then the phrasal verb is necessarily divided:
Mary took off her dress
Mary took off her dress.Mary took it off.
Mary took it off.Mary took off it
this option is unacceptable.From this information we can draw a certain conclusion: the main difficulties in studying phrasal verbs are associated not only with the volume of material, but also with the inability to independently classify it. In order to avoid mistakes in use, regular practice is needed. It's also worth remembering that many phrasal verbs have multiple meanings. For example, get off translated as take off, go, get out, go, escape. Therefore, you need to be extremely careful.
Is it possible to learn all phrasal verbs?
No, and this is not at all necessary. Today there are more than 5,000 phrasal verbs in the English language, of which only a few hundred are used regularly. In order to learn basic semantic units, you will need to become familiar with the most common phrasal verbs. This can be done using tables from the Internet or special printed publications.
The meaning of many phrasal verbs can be understood intuitively. It really is a lot easier than memorizing Latin. In addition, when communicating with an American or reading a book in the original, you should definitely rely on the context. Most likely, you can guess what we are talking about.
Basic phrasal verbs
Here is a short list of the most commonly used semantic units:
- Back away - retreat.
- Be back - return.
- Be over - come to an end.
- Be up - wake up.
- Break out - break out/break out.
- Calm down - calm down.
- Carry on - to continue something.
- Check in - register.
- Come in - enter, arrive.
- Cut off - cut off, interrupt.
- Dream up - to invent.
- Eat out - eat outside the home.
- Fall down - collapse.
- Find out - find out, find out.
- Get away - run away.
- Give up - retreat.
- Hold on - hold on!
- Look for - to look for.
- Look forward to - wait.
- Move on - continue moving, go further.
- Pull on - put on.
- Run away - run away.
- Set up - install.
- Stand up - rise to a standing position.
- Switch off/on - turn off/on.
- Take off - take off (clothes), depart.
- Wake up - wake up.
- Watch out - behave carefully, on the alert.
- Work up - develop.
- Write down - write down on paper.
Study strategy
Your task is not just to memorize phrasal verbs, but to learn to study them consciously and with understanding. To do this, you will have to devote at least 5 days a week to this activity. If you can memorize at least 7-15 phrasal verbs every day, this can be considered a success. You shouldn't try to learn as many semantic units as possible in one sitting: most likely, after a couple of days you will completely forget at least half of them. It is better to learn little by little, but regularly.
How exactly to learn phrasal verbs? Many people try to achieve their desired goal solely with the help of special tables or dictionaries. However, you can make the task much easier for yourself by using various tutorials. Give preference to British and American authors.
Which books to choose?
Let's look at a few guides that may be useful when learning phrasal verbs:
1. Really learn 100 phrasal verbs (Oxford University Press). It is with this textbook that you should start studying phrasal verbs. A structured guide will allow you to slowly but surely learn the most common semantic units. Approximately 1 printed page is devoted to each verb. First, you will be asked to guess the meaning of the verb based on a couple of examples, then you can check your guesses. You will find out detailed information about the meaning of the verb and will be able to practice. A special section is devoted to developing knowledge of all the material in the textbook. Tip: learn verbs randomly, not in order.
2. Longman Phrasal Verbs Dictionary. This is an advanced dictionary that includes approximately 5,000 modern phrasal verbs in English. The author gives all the meanings of phrasal verbs. Dictionary entries are accompanied by the most accessible explanations. The book also contains many useful and fairly simple tables.
3. English Phrasal Verbs in Use. This is an excellent publication for advanced students. The book is an excellent theoretical guide, equipped with a huge number of diverse exercises for practicing the acquired knowledge. In total, the textbook offers 70 different topics. At the end of the book there is a mini-dictionary of phrasal verbs.
4. Phrasal Verbs Plus (Macmillan). This is one of the new dictionaries that describes in detail the grammatical and semantic aspects of the use of phrasal verbs. At the same time, the author constantly accompanies the explanations with examples. The book was created taking into account the modern lifestyle: verbs that are used in business, economics, the Internet, etc. are given. Funny comics illustrating common phrases make the process of learning new verbs more positive.
Since unclaimed information is quickly forgotten, you should reconsider your life a little. First, try to find time to read books or magazines in English. This will help you not only consolidate your knowledge, but also learn to understand the meaning of phrasal verbs in context. Secondly, take every opportunity to communicate with people in English. Ideally, you should sign up for English courses or study via Skype. You can also find a group with similar interests. The main thing is that studying does not become a tedious task for you: strive for variety.
Third, be organized. Plan your own self-study activities in advance and stick to a schedule. Many people decide to give up learning phrasal verbs when they encounter the first problems. But everything is not as scary as it might seem at first glance. Don't forget about motivation!
Phrasal verbs are a dark horse in English. Teachers do not like to explain this topic, justifying themselves by saying that “it is not so necessary.” Meanwhile, if you know phrasal verbs, your English will certainly improve. Let's try to help with this. Since the topic is large, the article will be divided into two parts. In the first, we will open the door to the world of these mysterious verbs, tell you what is there, why and how. In the second part there will be many, many examples and secrets of effective memorization.
Part one, in which we get acquainted with phrasal verbs
If you ask the average English speaker what phrasal verbs are, they will shrug their shoulders. This is a term that appeared precisely in the context of learning a foreign language. For the English, there are simply verbs, some of which are used in conjunction with short parts of speech - adverbs or prepositions.
For simplicity, we will sometimes call these short words particles.
For example, there is the verb put. And there is its use with numerous particles - on, off, down, across, back and so on. The meaning is different in each case.
That is, phrasal English verbs are verbs that consist of two parts:
1. Actually, verb 2. Particle
The particle changes the meaning of the verb, sometimes beyond recognition:
Break- break
Break in- break inSomebody broke in last night and stole my jewelry.
Last night someone broke in and stole my jewelry.Give- give
Give up- give upDon't give up, because you have friends.
Don't give up, because you have friends. Sometimes, knowing the translation of the verb and particle separately, you can guess the meaning of the phrasal verb:Sit- sit down, down- down
Sit down- sit down
Let's- let, in- V
Let's in- let in
Let the cat in, please.
Let the cat in, please.And sometimes it is impossible to guess the meaning the first time you encounter a phrasal verb:
Let's- let, down- down. But the phrase “allow down” makes no sense.
Let's down- let down
Don't let me down this time.
Don't let me down this time.Phrase natives and non-phrase conquerors
Phrasal verbs are a very old phenomenon in English. They were already found in the most ancient written sources. At first, their meanings were literal - direction of movement, place, position of objects in space:
Unlike short adverbs, prepositions show not only the location of objects in space, but also the relationship between the verb and the object.
The story of one particle
Over time, the meanings of phrasal verbs have been modified. The relationship between verb and particles became increasingly complex. Particles no longer meant only physical movement somewhere, but also allegorical movement, and much more.
For example, adverb out. British scientists followed its evolution, and this is what they saw:
- In the ninth century out meant only movement from inside to outside:
Walk out - go out
Ride out - go out - By the fourteenth century out already expressed the idea of something audible:
Cry out - shout out
Call out - call - A hundred years later, another meaning was added - erasing something from the face of the earth:
Die out - to die out
Burn out - burn out - In the sixteenth century, new meanings appeared: to distribute, to distribute:
Pass out - distribute
Parcel out - divide into parts - In the nineteenth century out already used with verbs meaning “to remove something from something”
Rinse out - wash, rinse
Clean out - to clean
Needless to say, it was a powerful means of language development. But in 1066 something terrible happened. England was conquered by Normandy, led by William the Conqueror (it was not for nothing that he had such a nickname). The English language was literally in disgrace for about one hundred and fifty years. It began to be considered the language of common people. Can you imagine this now? Neither do we. People who considered themselves cultured spoke French.
It was indecent to say, for example, make up(do). After all, there was a “cultural” French fabriquer with the same meaning. This is how the English verb to fabricate appeared.
Phrasal verbs of the English language with translation and their synonyms come from France:
This is why phrasal verbs usually have non-phrasal synonyms. Until now, phrasal verbs are more often found in colloquial speech than in literary speech. Of course, now the division is no longer so strict. Many phrasal verbs are used so often that you hear them literally everywhere, see them in books, not to mention films and TV shows. That is, we cannot say in any way: don’t learn phrasal verbs, you can do without them. You'll get by, but you'll just sound very unnatural. Your interlocutors will constantly have the feeling that a time machine has been invented, and you have just stepped out of it.
More phrasal verbs and their more literary analogues:
How to learn to speak using phrasal verbs?
So, you've decided to get closer to the English people and decorate your speech with native phrasal verbs so as not to sound like a snob. It can be difficult. There are two reasons:
- Most often at school or college we are taught book variants of verbs. Only then, if we’re lucky, do we come across some phrasal ones and learn their translation. It happens that students do not even realize they exist until they reach the intermediate level.
- Even if you know about the existence of such structures, it is easy to confuse the particles or place them in the wrong place. Therefore, application in speech is hampered by the banal fear of error.
The first problem has been dealt with: now you know that this phenomenon exists in the English language, and it occupies a very important place.
And in order to kill fear, you just need to find out what structures there are and learn to navigate them.
So, there are five main designs:
- Verb + adverb
- Verb + adverb + object
- Verb + object + adverb
- Verb + preposition + object
- Verb + adverb + preposition + object
- Verb + adverb. The first combination is the simplest and shortest:
Otherwise, phrasal verbs of this type are called intransitive, that is, the action does not move from the verb to some object.
The plane will take off on time - the plane will take off on time
My computer broke down - my computer is broken - Verb + adverb + object. If we add an object to the previous construction - what the action of the verb is directed at - we get the second type:
Such phrasal verbs are called transitional. The action does not end with the verb, but moves on to some object.
- Verb + object + adverb: You can insert an object between a verb and an adverb:
Sometimes it is possible to insert an object either before or after an adverb, and the meaning will not change either way:
But there are cases when an object should only be in a certain place:
- If the object is very long, or there is a semantic emphasis on it, there is a tendency not to break the phrasal verb:
Wash out the aluminum glass-topped coffee pot.
Wash that aluminum coffee pot with the glass lid. - If the direct object is a gerund (ending in ing), the phrasal verb is not broken:
give up smoke ing- quit smoking
keep on talking ing- keep talking
put off decid ing- postpone the decision
take up danc ing- start dancing - If the object is a pronoun, it is always inserted between the verb and the particle:
wash it out(you can’t say: wash out it)
blow it up
take it off
put them on
hand it in - Many phrasal verbs are traditionally used in the same form:
Let's off steam- let off steam
Put up a good fight- fight for something
Keep your shirt on- keep yourself in control
Cry your eyes out- cry your eyes out
Blow someone's head off- blow someone's head off
- If the object is very long, or there is a semantic emphasis on it, there is a tendency not to break the phrasal verb:
- Verb + preposition + object.
This is similar to the verb + adverb + object construction. But, unlike an adverb, a preposition serves to connect a verb with an object. The word order here is always clear. This order is similar to Russian in sentences with prepositions. In Russian we can say the phrase "I count on friends", where “I count on” is a verb, “on” is a preposition, and “friends” is an object. You can't tell "I count friends on".
It's the same in English. You can say:
I count on my friends
I head for home,but you can't:
I count my friends on,
I head home for. - Verb + adverb + preposition + object.
This formula combines the first and fourth structures. Let's look at examples:
It is curious that in phrasal verbs the adverb or preposition always comes after verb. And in nouns that were formed from these verbs, the adverb is almost always in front.
Part two, in which we make friends with phrasal verbs
You can be friends with them in different ways.
One of them is to learn phrasal verbs in English not separately, but with the help of daisies. Not real ones, of course, but drawn ones, where the core is a phrasal verb, and the petals are phrases in which it can be used. Or instead of petals there could be planets that revolve around the sun - whatever you like.
Yes, for calm down(calm down, calm down), we have four phrases:
1. Tea calms me down immediately. Tea instantly calms me down.
2. Count down to calm down. To calm down, count backwards.
3. Ways to calm yourself down. Ways to calm down.
4. Calm your baby down. Calm your child.
We place calm down to the center of the planetary system. Here's what we got:
Phrasal verbs in English, the list of which will be very, very long, cannot be taught one by one. Speech consists of phrases, and individual words have little meaning. Therefore, teaching them with companions is easier and more effective.
You can find “companions” on the Internet, overhear them in TV shows, or copy them from a magazine, or even from a textbook - any trusted source is good. Phrases can be anything: long, short, frequently used or rare, but interesting to you personally.
Another "solar system" - clean up(clean, wash).
1. Let's clean up! Let's clean up!
2. Spring litter clean-up
(this is a phrasal noun, but it’s also useful). Spring garbage collection.3. Clean up the mess! Clean up the mess!
4. It's properly cleaned up. It is well washed.
An additional advantage of this method is that you see the word used in different grammatical forms. Not only in the infinitive, but also in the past tense, passive voice, third person, and so on.
The second way is to distribute phrasal verbs by topic.
Today we have chosen five topics:
1. Love and feelings (where would we be without them);
2. Internet and computer (you can’t go anywhere without this);
3. Food;
4. Sports and physical activity;
5. Study.Love and feelings
So, if you want to start a romantic relationship with someone, then you have so many ways to say it using phrasal verbs. If you
have your eye on someone- have your eye on someone,
you can start
hit on him/her- flirt with him or her,
chat up- start a conversation to get to know each other,
ask him/her out- invite him/her on a date.
If you are not very good at it yet
pick up- seduce,
and you were refused, there is an option
run after him/her- “run” after him/her, that is, try to attract attention(although we don't recommend doing this).
Well, if you had a relationship, but for some reason it didn’t work out, you can always
Break up with him/her- break up with him or her.
Almost all phrasal verbs in the English language are used in songs. Well, songs about love are their inexhaustible source. Can you figure out where the phrasal verbs are hidden?
I know you ain't in love with him, break up with him.
I know you're not in love with him, break up with him.I got to ask her out before I get too old.
I have to ask her out before I get old.He runs after a girl until he"s caught.
He runs after the girl until he himself is caught.Internet and computer
Many phrases in this topic involve the verb to go. It doesn’t have any meanings - enable, log in, gain access, use something...
Whenever I go on a computer, the first thing I open is the website and YouTube.
When I sit down at the computer, the first thing I do is go to the website and YouTube.
More useful words:
Sign up- subscribe
Print off (out)- print
Set up- install
Type in- print, enter (for example, in the input line)
Plug into- connect
Filter out- filter (for example, spam)No doubt you've encountered at least some of them on the World Wide Web, reading something like the following:
Sign up to see photos and videos from your friends.
Subscribe to see photos and videos of your friends.Do I have to print out the e-tickets?
Do I need to print out e-tickets?Plug the keyboard into your computer.
Connect your keyboard to your computer.Food
Are you hungry? No problem, let's cook something.
Open up the fridge- open the refrigerator.
Get out of there everything that is bad.
Cut everything up- cut everything,
add in some spices of your choice- add spices to taste,
fry it up- fry it. Don't forget on time
turn it over- turn over.Was it not very tasty? If you don't
full up- ate,
then there is only one way out -
eat out- eat out.
The main thing when you sit in a restaurant is not to suddenly remember what you forgot
turn off the oven- turn off the oven.
Sports and physical activity
After eating, you can stretch a little. So to speak,
work off- work out those delicacies that were eaten in a restaurant.
And in general, it would be nice
get rid of- get rid of from several kilograms.
Do you like to work out? Do you enjoy working out?
To begin with, you definitely need
warm up- warm up.
Spread out your arms - extend your arms to the sides.
Bend down your knees - bend your knees,
jump your feet apart- jump, spread your legs wide and
jump your feet together- collect your legs with a jump.
Go on jumping - keep jumping.Fine. Now
cool down- take a hitch, cool down.
Stretch up- do some stretching.If you're bored of studying alone, you can
Join in- join, join a running club.
Then maybe someday you
take part- take part in the marathon. Over time you
bulk up- gain muscle mass.Studies
We know that you, our readers, are constantly learning. Maybe in order to
sail through the exams- pass exams successfully, not
scrape through them- hand them over somehowand don't let the teachers
mark you down- lower your rating.
Maybe you are gnawing on the granite of science in order to
to get into a good university- get into a good university to be able to
major in- specialize in what you like and, over time,
leave behind- overtake everyone else.You are passionate about studying English. You
write down- write down new words,
skim through- look through articles about English grammar,
go over- learn irregular verbs and idioms.Keep it up! Main,
Don't ever give up- never give up! And you will succeed.
Now GET a bonus!
Finally, a little about the word get. This is not a very familiar word to us. Meanwhile, this is a great injustice, because it can be used for literally everything. No, really, if you have forgotten all the phrasal verbs of the English language, and non-phrasal ones too, say get, and you will be understood. Yes, this is the very word for “any unclear situation”:
How did you get here? - How did you come here?
I don't get you, could you explain? - I don’t understand you, could you explain?
Get some beer with you - Take some beer with you.
Noticed that get goes instead of arrive (come), understand (understand), take (take)? And these are just some of the meanings. And what about phrasal verbs? get forms visible-invisible. Today we will introduce you to some of them.
Get by
Coping with difficulty
I will get by with a little help from my family.
I will get through this with a little help from my family.Get along
Be on good terms with someone.
My sister and I get along well.
My sister and I have a good relationship.Get at
Hint.
What are you getting at?
What are you hinting at?Get ahead
To get ahead of someone, to make progress in some area compared to others.
He has done everything to get ahead of his colleagues.
He did everything to get ahead of his colleagues.Get into
1. Get carried away with something;
2. Enroll, get (into an educational institution)I got into piano playing again.
I started to get interested in playing the piano again.
What if I don’t get into any university?
What if I don't get into university?Get away
1. Go on vacation/vacation;
2. Hide, run away.I love to get away on summer breaks.
I love going somewhere in the summer.
The thieves couldn't get away in broad daylight.
The thieves couldn't escape in broad daylight.
You may have already heard that in English there are so-called “phrasal verbs” (this is how the term phrasal verbs is usually translated into Russian). Indeed, there are, moreover, phrasal verbs are very popular in colloquial speech. And even if you have no idea what they are, you probably used them in speech - like Moliere’s hero, who did not know that he was speaking in prose. For example “come on!” (“Kamon, come on already!”) – this is one of the phrasal verbs. However, let's start from the very beginning - what phrasal verbs are and what they are needed for.
What is a phrasal verb
A phrasal (not phraseological, please note, but a phrasal) verb is a verb combined with a preposition, particle or adverb. Don’t try to remember the names of these additional parts of speech - the main thing is that some kind of appendage is added to the verb, as a rule, something simple, like up, on, with.
In this combination, the verb acquires some new meaning, which is not always connected with the meanings of the verb and preposition included in it.
Let's use an example. Let's take three simple verbs, for example, to go, to get, to look- go, get it, look. Let's add a preposition to each of them: to go on, to get up, to look for. We got phrasal verbs with new meanings - continue, get up, search.
If you try to translate these combinations literally, you will most likely fail. Indeed, why does “look for” mean searching, and “getting up” means getting up? But that's why. Think of phrasal verbs like Chinese characters, where “sun and thumb” are “time” and “man and tree” are “rest.” Because gladiolus.
However, let's return to phrasal verbs. It turns out that by combining verbs with prepositions, you can get from one verb a whole set of phrasal verbs with very different meanings. There are a huge number of such combinations possible - there are thousands of phrasal verbs in the language.
The resulting phrasal verb is a new lexical unit, a new verb, which itself can, in turn, have several meanings. For example, bring up can mean both “mention, remember” and “grow, educate.”
Sometimes two words are attached to a verb at once - for example: get away with, look forward to, run out of. To save you a trip to the dictionary, here is the translation: get away with- to avoid punishment for something, look forward to- look forward to something run out of- to completely use up, to spend something. Pay attention to the elegance of this design - just three simple words combined together mean something that cannot be translated in one word.
The meaning of phrasal verbs can be found in the dictionary - they most often appear in the list after the meaning of the main verb. And it is in the dictionary that you can see the variety of phrasal verbs - look, for example, the description in the online dictionary of phrasal verbs with the verb put is 7 times longer than the description of the verb itself.
I can imagine how upset those who planned to “learn all the words” and finally speak English are now - the amount of work has grown exponentially right before our eyes. In fact, don't be alarmed - there aren't that many common phrasal verbs. They appear so often in speech that with enough practice you will quickly memorize the most common ones. They usually consist of very simple components (diversity is achieved due to the number of possible combinations), and sometimes you can even guess the meaning.
And most importantly, over time, when you get used to phrasal verbs, you will notice that it is in them, in phrasal verbs, that part of the indescribable charm of the English language lies.
