The syntactic role of demonstrative pronouns. Syntactic role of the pronoun

1. Personal pronouns indicate a participant in a conversation or an object: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they. They change by case and number, pronoun He varies by birth.

The proposal may include:

Subject: I I freeze in delight.

Predicate: A Who this gentleman?

Addition: The old man spoke with him in an irritated, bilious tone.

Circumstance: Beneath him a stream of lighter azure, underneath golden ray of sunshine.

2. Reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person being spoken about. It does not have the form Name, gender or number. The sentence is an addition: Roshchin looked on yourself in the mirror.

Attention!Walk past– here the word “yourself” is a particle of the verb.

3. Interrogative pronouns replace adjectives: who?, what?, which?, whose?, which?, which?, how many? and others. Pronoun what? changes only by gender and number. Pronouns who?, what?, how many? change only by case. Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. The proposal may include:

Subject: Who didn’t make such conditions with your conscience?

Addition: About what would you like to know?

Definition: Which did the flower fall at my feet?

4. Relative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many? and others. They are used in complex sentences where they are allied words. The proposal may include:

Subject: Then the bit any, Who could hold a rod in his hand.

Predicate: What is apple, these are and apples.

Addendum: They learned about the existence poet, whose the poems were folk.

Definition: I saw a cat whose had yellow eyes.

5. Indefinite pronouns point to unknown objects. They are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, some- and suffixes – that, -or, -something: someone, something, some, some, several, some, something, some someone, something. Some, some vary by gender and number.

The proposal may include:

Subject: Some people one of the summer residents went out the gate.

Definition: Masha was imagining some kind rustling behind the door.

Addendum: The leaves were whispering about something his own.

Circumstance: Some It rained for days.

6. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to something or someone: mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours, yours, yours. They change by gender, number and case, except for pronouns his, her, theirs. The proposal may include:

Definition: Lisa raised him their clear eyes.

Nominal part of the predicate: The Cherry Orchard became mine.

7. Demonstrative pronouns indicate an object among other objects: that, this, such, such, this, so much. They vary by case, except that's how it is. They vary by gender and number, except this, as much as. The proposal may include:

Subject: Yes, pathetic That, whose conscience is not clear.

Predicate: What is the question - that's how it is answer.

Definition: This the conversation did not bring relief.

Addition: In the village only about this and talked.

Attention! When pronouns are declined so many And How many The stress always falls on the first syllable: so much, about how many.

8. Determinative pronouns indicate a generalized attribute of an object: all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, other, different. They change by gender, number of cases, except everyone.

The sentence may include:

Subject: Not any capable of jumping from heights.

Predicate: Lara was different, any.

Definition: The sun has gone away All shadows.

Addition: About everything I don’t regret what happened.

9. Negative pronouns indicate the absence of an object: no one, no one, no one, no one, nothing. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of the prefixes not-, ni-. They vary by gender, number and case, except nobody, nothing.

The proposal may include:

Subject: The night was dark, but nothing I wasn't happy.

Addition: Home no one there wasn't.

Definition: None persuasion did not help.

The morphology of the Russian language includes many interesting sections. This article is devoted to the consideration of the pronoun as a part of speech. pronouns, their features, role in a sentence - all this is covered in the material.

Pronoun

In the morphological list of the Russian language, an important place belongs to the pronoun. This is the name of a part of speech that can replace any nominal part of speech without naming specific features of the word. The pronoun, the meaning and grammatical features of which will be indicated below, only indicates objects or phenomena without giving them a direct name. For example, a noun house can be replaced by a pronoun He, numeral twenty- in a word how much, adjective blue- pronoun some kind and so on.

Classification of pronouns by meaning

There are several classifications. So, based on the meaning that a word carries, personal pronouns are distinguished ( he, you, we), possessive ( his, yours, ours), demonstratives ( that, this, such), determinatives ( everyone, most, everyone), interrogative-relative ( what, whose, who), undefined ( someone, some, some), negative ( nothing, nothing, none) and reflexive pronoun myself. The grammatical features of a pronoun are indicated based on its meaning.

Personal, possessive, reflexive, demonstrative

The most common are personal, possessive and demonstrative pronouns. The grammatical features of personal pronouns are the presence of a person category, the ability to change by case, the presence of a gender category in the 3rd person. For example: He was in high spirits while fishing. The sentence contains a personal pronoun (at) him, which has such characteristics as the 3rd person (in the initial form - he), genitive case, masculine gender.

The grammatical features of demonstrative pronouns (and possessives as well) are similar to those of an adjective: they also change by case, number and gender. For example, This house is his dream. The sentence contains a demonstrative pronoun this(singular, masculine, noun case) and possessive pronoun his(singular number, masculine gender, nominative case). does not change, has a constant, traditional form - myself.

Definitive, indefinite, negative, interrogative-relative

The grammatical features of attributive pronouns are as follows: number, gender and case, dependent on the noun. These parts of speech are similar to but indicate a generalized feature. The sentence agrees with the noun. For example, Every day it became warmer. Pronoun every agrees with the noun in number, gender, case.

Interrogative-relative pronouns are used in questions and complex sentences as a staple. Moreover, the same word can be an interrogative pronoun in one context and a relative pronoun in another: What do they say about new gadgets?(interrogative) - They told him that they were talking about new gadgets(relative). Such pronouns do not change, only Who And What have a case category.

They indicate the uncertainty of something and are formed from interrogatives by adding prefixes Not- And some- or suffixes - someday, -That, -or. Thus, the grammatical features of a pronoun depend on its meaning. The negative forms of the parts of speech we are considering are also formed from interrogatives, but are used for negation. For example: Some unknown sound was heard. There are two pronouns in the sentence: some kind- indefinite and no one- negative.

Classification of pronouns according to grammatical features

By replacing one or another part of speech, the pronoun correlates with any of them. Therefore, pronouns-nouns, adjectives and numerals are distinguished, which indirectly name an object, attribute or quantity.

Noun pronouns are those that can replace a noun, namely: personal pronouns, interrogatives Who And What and negative ones formed from them, reflexive. They answer noun questions. In sentences they are most often objects or subjects. The grammatical features of a pronoun-noun are indicated based on its assignment to one or another category by meaning. For example, personal ones have the categories of person, number, case, but for negative, reflexive and indefinite pronouns-nouns it is not customary to determine the person.

Adjective pronouns are those that answer the questions of adjectives and perform the syntactic role of definition. This is a large group of parts of speech, which include all possessives, some demonstratives ( this, this, that and others), some interrogatives ( which one, whose) and the indefinite and negative ones formed from them. The grammatical features of words from this category are similar to those of adjectives, that is, they have inconsistent categories of case, gender, and number.

Numeral pronouns include the question word How many and an indefinite word so many, as well as indefinite pronouns formed from them. Of the grammatical features, they are characterized only by case changes.

Syntactic role of pronouns

According to the criterion of assignment to one or another category by meaning, it is easier to determine the grammatical features of a pronoun. The parts of speech with which the pronoun is associated make it possible to easily indicate its syntactic role. So, in the sentence " She wrote them another letter." There are three pronouns that serve different functions: she(personal) - subject, im(personal) - addition, other(definitive) - definition.

Questions help to correctly name the member of a sentence expressed by a pronoun. For example, Has anyone lived in your house before? The question is asked who? - nobody- this is the subject, in the house which one? yours- definition. There are sentences that contain only pronouns: This is them. EThat- subject, They- predicate. There are several of them: their- addition, some- subject.

Morphological norms for the use of pronouns

Speaking about the grammatical rules for using pronouns in phrases or sentences, it is necessary first of all to note the most common mistake. These are three possessive pronouns her, them, his, which are often misused. For example, his, hers, theirs- this is a gross violation of the norms of the Russian language.

Use of pronouns he, they and she often requires adding the letter “n” at the beginning of a word: he - without him, she - near her, they - with them. This is necessary after a preposition. If there is no preposition, then the letter “n” is not needed in the word: recognized him, asked her, saw them.

Pronoun and context

Pronouns perform substitution functions in sentences and texts. There are some grammatical inaccuracies associated with this. For example, Father left for the city. He was far away.Father or city was it far away? The director arrived at the office, which is located on the fifth floor. Office or director on the fifth floor? Especially often, ambiguity is observed when using the reflexive pronoun and the possessive pronoun: The manager asked the manager to come into his office(whose office: head or manager).

Pronouns in exam paper

In the exam paper on the Russian language there are tasks where you need to know the grammatical features of a noun, verb and adjective. Pronouns are often included in tasks that violate grammatical norms. The table below provides examples of such tasks.

Often a pronoun plays the role of a lexical means of communication between sentences in a text. In the certification work there are tasks for definitions in the text. For example, you need to determine how the sentences are connected: Vasily went to the city weekly for shopping. From there he brought fruits, cereals and sweets. Answer: two personal pronouns. Or another example: It rained today. This is unexpected. These sentences are expressed using a demonstrative pronoun.

Thus, the grammatical features of pronouns and the morphological norms of their use must be known to successfully pass the Russian language exam.

The history of the formation of pronouns as parts of speech is interesting and special. For example, I- personal pronoun of the first person singular. It comes from Old Church Slavonic language, which probably reflected the first letter of the alphabet - az. in the language they formed later than all others. This is due to the fact that demonstrative pronouns previously existed and, i, e, which were referred to a third party. And modern third-person pronouns arose by moving words from one category to another: from demonstrative to personal. The history of the Russian language knows a period when there were three types of demonstrative pronouns. They were used depending on the distance of the object from the speaker: s - close to the speaker t - close to the interlocutor , he- absent during the conversation. The category of possessive pronouns is still being formed: it also contains simple possessive forms ( mine, yours), and interrogative ( whose?), and undefined ( someone's), and negative ( nobody's).

Pronoun- This independent part of speech, which indicates objects (things, persons, their quantity), but does not name them: you, them, so much. Pronouns answer noun questions Who? What?, adjectives Which? whose? and numerals How many?: I I laugh my sister, some horses.

Morphological and syntactic features of the pronoun depend on which part of speech in this case it replaces.

Pronoun categories.

Pronoun grades vary by lexical features and grammatical features.

According to lexical characteristics pronouns are:

• personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they. Personal pronouns indicate participants in a dialogue or conversation, as well as objects.

• possessive pronouns: my, yours, ours, theirs, yours, his, hers. Possessive pronouns indicate that something belongs to someone or something: my home, your bed.

• demonstrative pronouns: that, this, such, such, so much, and outdated this And this one. As you can guess from the name, these pronouns indicate the quantity or attribute of an object: this closet, so many hands.

• reflexive pronoun: myself. This pronoun means that the person or thing that is the subject is identical to another person or thing (which is called the pronoun itself): He loves himself very much.

• interrogative pronouns: what, who, which, which, whose, how many. These pronouns serve to form questions and indicate objects, persons, characteristics or quantity: Who came? What kind of students? How many are there?

• relative pronouns- the same interrogatives, but they do not serve to form questions, but to connect in complex sentences, acting as allied words: I understood, Who was my secret admirer. It was a guy which studied with me at the same faculty.

• definitive pronouns: most, himself, every, all, every, other, any, outdated - everyone And all kinds. Determinative pronouns indicate the attribute of an object: the best husband, every rogue, every Tuesday.

• negative pronouns: nothing, no one, no one, no one, nothing, nobody's, none, not at all. These pronouns do not indicate, but, on the contrary, deny the presence of an object or attribute: I not at all not offended. Nobody was not to blame for my absent-mindedness.

• indefinite pronouns: something, someone, some, some, several. The remaining indefinite pronouns are formed using suffixes -this, -either, -something and the basics of the interrogative pronoun: some candy, someone knocked, give me at least something.

By grammatical features pronouns can be divided into:

• Pronouns-nouns: I, you, he, she, it, they, we, you, they, someone, something, no one, yourself and others. These pronouns have their own peculiarities.

1. They point to objects or persons.
2. They answer the same questions that nouns answer: who?
3. Declined by cases: who, whom, to whom, by whom, etc.
4. They have such syntactic connections in a sentence as a noun.

• Pronouns-adjectives: yours, mine, yours, ours, which, such, that etc. They also have their own peculiarities.

1. Like an adjective, they indicate a characteristic of an object.
2. They answer the question: what? whose?
3. They vary in number, gender and case in the same way as adjectives.
4. They are associated with nouns like adjectives.

• Numeral pronouns: how many, as many, several.

1. Answer the question: How many numerals?
2. They indicate the number of objects, but do not name it.
3. Usually they are declined according to cases.
4. They interact with nouns like numerals.

Syntactic role of the pronoun.

Pronoun Maybe perform in a sentence V roles

• Subject: You will you come to the meeting?
• Predicate: This He.
• Definitions: I want to return my notebook.
• Add-ons: Mom called me.
• Circumstances: How could this happen?

Pronouns- these are inflected nominal words that do not name objects, their characteristics and quantities, but only indicate them.

Pronoun classes:1) Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns indicate the person being spoken about. 1st and 2nd person pronouns designate participants in speech ( I, You, We, You). 3rd person pronouns indicate a person or persons not taking part in the speech ( He, she, it, They). 2) Reflexive pronoun Transfers the meaning of the direction of action to the subject of action ( I see myself in the mirror).

Declined by cases: - yourself ( rd., ext. cases), self ( dt., Ave.), by yourself, by yourself ( TV).

There is no nominative case form. It does not change according to persons, numbers and genders. Changes by case. 3) Possessive pronouns Possessive pronouns indicate that a particular object (subject, property, etc.) or several objects belongs to a particular subject or group of subjects. They change according to persons, numbers and genders, and are also declined according to cases, consistent with the noun being defined. 3rd person pronouns ( his, her, theirs) are not declined and therefore adjoin the defined nouns. 4) Interrogative pronouns Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. This group (as well as related groups) relative, negative And uncertain pronouns) includes words that are very different from a grammatical point of view. The ability to change in numbers and gender, as well as to decline in cases, fully corresponds to the properties of the words that they replace:

5) Relative pronouns Used to attach a subordinate clause to the main clause.

In Russian - who, what, which, which, whose, which, how many.

Relative pronouns can be different parts of a sentence depending on what word they replace. 6) Demonstrative pronouns

10) Indefinite personal pronouns The most numerous in Russia. language category of pronouns. Their task is to point to an indefinite set. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of postfixes - that, - either, - some and the prefixes not-, where- and some-: something, anyone, somewhere, some where, somewhere, some. Close to indefinite pronouns are clichés such as anywhere.

Word formation of pronouns: Pronouns are formed from pronouns by the prefixes neither-, not-, some- and the suffixes -to, -either, -any: who - no-who, not-who, someone, anyone, anyone. Syntactic role: The role of a pronoun directly depends on which category it belongs to. Since the variety of pronouns gives them wide possibilities, they can act as subject, predicate, modifier and object - depending on the context.

1. Personal pronouns indicate a participant in a conversation or an object: I, we, you, you, he, she, it, they. They change by case and number, pronoun He varies by birth.

The proposal may include:

Subject: I I freeze in delight.

Predicate: A Who this gentleman?

Addition: The old man spoke with him in an irritated, bilious tone.

Circumstance: Beneath him a stream of lighter azure, underneath golden ray of sunshine.

2. Reflexive pronoun myself indicates the person being spoken about. It does not have the form Name, gender or number. The sentence is an addition: Roshchin looked on yourself in the mirror.

Attention!Walk past– here the word “yourself” is a particle of the verb.

3. Interrogative pronouns replace adjectives: who?, what?, which?, whose?, which?, which?, how many? and others. Pronoun what? changes only by gender and number. Pronouns who?, what?, how many? change only by case. Interrogative pronouns are used in interrogative sentences. The proposal may include:

Subject: Who didn’t make such conditions with your conscience?

Addition: About what would you like to know?

Definition: Which did the flower fall at my feet?

4. Relative pronouns: who, what, which, whose, which, which, how many? and others. They are used in complex sentences where they are allied words. The proposal may include:

Subject: Then the bit any, Who could hold a rod in his hand.

Predicate: What is apple, these are and apples.

Addendum: They learned about the existence poet, whose the poems were folk.

Definition: I saw a cat whose had yellow eyes.

5. Indefinite pronouns point to unknown objects. They are formed from interrogative pronouns using the prefixes not-, some- and suffixes – that, -or, -something: someone, something, some, some, several, some, something, some someone, something. Some, some vary by gender and number.

The proposal may include:

Subject: Some people one of the summer residents went out the gate.

Definition: Masha was imagining some kind rustling behind the door.

Addendum: The leaves were whispering about something his own.

Circumstance: Some It rained for days.

6. Possessive pronouns indicate that an object belongs to something or someone: mine, yours, his, hers, theirs, ours, yours, yours. They change by gender, number and case, except for pronouns his, her, theirs. The proposal may include:

Definition: Lisa raised him their clear eyes.

Nominal part of the predicate: The Cherry Orchard became mine.

7. Demonstrative pronouns indicate an object among other objects: that, this, such, such, this, so much. They vary by case, except that's how it is. They vary by gender and number, except this, as much as. The proposal may include:

Subject: Yes, pathetic That, whose conscience is not clear.

Predicate: What is the question - that's how it is answer.

Definition: This the conversation did not bring relief.

Addition: In the village only about this and talked.

Attention! When pronouns are declined so many And How many The stress always falls on the first syllable: so much, about how many.

8. Determinative pronouns indicate a generalized attribute of an object: all, everyone, each, himself, most, any, other, different. They change by gender, number of cases, except everyone.

The sentence may include:

Subject: Not any capable of jumping from heights.

Predicate: Lara was different, any.

Definition: The sun has gone away All shadows.

Addition: About everything I don’t regret what happened.

9. Negative pronouns indicate the absence of an object: no one, no one, no one, no one, nothing. They are formed from interrogative pronouns with the help of the prefixes not-, ni-. They vary by gender, number and case, except nobody, nothing.

The proposal may include:

Subject: The night was dark, but nothing I wasn't happy.

Addition: Home no one there wasn't.

Definition: None persuasion did not help.

Spelling pronouns

1. To express politeness in letters, documents

Instead of the pronoun YOU, YOU are written.

2. Prefix COME- and suffixes –TO, -EITHER, -SOMEBODY

Written with a dash: someone, someone, someone, anyone, anyone.

3. Spelling NOT and NOR

4. Formation of pronoun forms

Personal pronouns

Possessive pronouns

3rd person plural: their(not theirs), his(not evony), etc.

Remember!

5. Use of 3rd person pronouns

1) They replace the noun closest to them. Violation of this rule leads to a change in meaning:

2) Collective nouns. cannot be replaced by plural pronouns.