Greetings, dear reader.

At the beginning of learning English, you can encounter so many things that are frightening and incomprehensible that it is not difficult to discourage all desire to learn. But if you approach the issue wisely, you can achieve significant success. Today, so that the desire to learn does not run away, the lesson will be devoted to a topic from the very “basics”: “Pronouns of the English language.”

With experience, I have come to the conclusion that any information needs to be sorted into shelves. Therefore, I will give you everything in a table, with translation and even pronunciation.

Let's get started, I guess.

Personal pronouns

The first thing you should become familiar with when learning a language is personal pronouns. This is what we use in speech every day. I, we, you, he, she, them, us, you... - all this forms the basis of any proposal. At the initial stage, 50% of your proposals will start with them. The rest will naturally contain nouns. Below in the table you can study them visually.

Possessive pronouns

« What's mine is mine! “- or a story about how to understand what kind of word “possessive” pronouns are. Mine, hers, his, theirs, ours - that's what hides behind this word. By the way, another 20% of your words will begin with these words: my mother- my mother,her dog- her dog.

By the way, if you thought that everything would end so simply, then you were sorely mistaken, because we have not yet discussed absolute possessive pronouns.

You probably have a question, what is the difference. The difference is that after these pronouns we do not use nouns. Let's look at an example:

It is my pen . - This is my pen.

The pen is mine. - This pen my.

The ball is his. - This ball his.

And note that in sentences with possessive pronouns the logical stress shifts to their side! The importance of who owns the thing comes first here!

Demonstrative pronouns

Often in speech it is necessary to use demonstrative pronouns. That, those, these, this - all these forms of pronouns are very often used in both written and spoken language. Let's take a closer look at how we can use them.

Reflexive pronouns

Probably not everyone has heard what reflexive pronouns are. Somewhere in 3rd grade Shocked schoolchildren begin to clutch their heads in search of an explanation. This is understandable, because in Russian we rarely use them in principle, and we are just starting to learn English.

If you still have questions that I could not answer in this lesson, ask them in the comments. If your thirst for knowledge requires more, subscribe to my newsletter. Regular and professional help in learning the language awaits you. For both children and adults, I have the most valuable and useful information from my experience.

See you!

P.S. Don’t forget to consolidate the information received, and then you can take it by storm)).

Pronoun- a part of speech that denotes persons, objects, phenomena that have already been previously mentioned in speech or text, and replaces them. A pronoun is usually used in a sentence instead of a noun or adjective, sometimes instead of an adverb or numeral. Thus, pronouns allow you to avoid repeating the same nouns, adjectives, and other parts of speech.

English pronouns differ in person, number, gender (only in the 3rd person singular) and case. A pronoun must agree with the noun it refers to. Accordingly, if a noun is singular, then the pronoun replacing it must be singular, and vice versa. If the noun is feminine, then the pronoun must be feminine, and so on.

For example:
The train was late, it had been delayed.
Train was late He was stuck somewhere.

The trains were late, they had been delayed.
Trains were late, They were delayed somewhere.

Grammatically pronouns in English are divided into several types. They are presented in the table below. Each type of pronoun will be discussed in more detail in the following sections.

• Personal Pronouns in English

- these are pronouns I, we, he, she, it, we, they. The main purpose of personal pronouns is to replace nouns if it is clear from the context what or who we are talking about.

Pronouns I And we refer to the speaker, and correspond to the Russian pronouns “I” and “we”. They are first person pronouns ( I has a singular form, we– plural form).

For example:
I am free now.
Now I free

We have to go.
We must go.

Pronoun you refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, and is a second person pronoun. Please note that in modern English you always has a plural form, and, accordingly, the verb after it always follows in the plural form. In Russian, it corresponds to both the pronoun “you” when addressing a group of people, or one person (in a polite form), and the pronoun “you”, depending on the context.

For example:
You are a good worker.
You/You good worker.

You have finished your assignments successfully.
You successfully completed their tasks.

Pronouns he, she, it, they, are third person pronouns. All of them have a singular form, except the pronoun they, which has a plural form. In addition, pronouns he And she are used to refer to male and female people respectively, and the pronoun it denotes all inanimate objects, events, phenomena, etc. (that is, corresponds to the neuter gender in Russian). Also it often used to refer to animals.

Pronoun they used to refer to both people and objects:

Pronoun it can also be used in relation to people when the speaker is trying to establish the identity of the interlocutor:

It used in disjunctive questions when the subject is expressed in words nothing,everything And all:

Everything is all right, isn't it?
It's okay, isn't it?

Nothing happened, did it?
Nothing happened, right?

It can be used as an introductory subject or object in such sentences where the subject or object is actually expressed by an infinitive or subordinate clause. In Russian, in such cases, the pronoun it there is no equivalent.

For example:
It is not easy to solve this math problem.
It's not that easy to solve this math problem.

It used as a formal subject that does not have its own meaning in statements about time, weather, temperature, distance, etc.:

It is raining.
It's raining.

It is six o"clock.
Six o'clock.

It is a cold day.
Cold day.

Personal pronouns in English have different forms, depending on the case. Distinguish nominative case of personal pronouns (Subject Pronoun), And subject case of personal pronouns (Object Pronouns).

Nominative	Subjective case
I	me – to me, me, by me, etc.
You	you - you, you, by you, etc.
He	him - his, him, etc.
She	her - her, her, etc.
It	it – his/her, him/her, etc. (about inanimate objects)
We	us – to us, us, us, etc.
They	them – theirs, them, by them, etc.

• I and Me: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

• For example:
  I am a teacher (not me).
  I- teacher.

  Give that to me(and NOT I).
  Give it to me to me.

  Sometimes it is difficult to choose the correct pronoun and speakers make mistakes when using them. Choose between I / Me it is more difficult when these pronouns are paired with another pronoun or noun. In this case, they must be used in accordance with the rules for using the subject or object in a sentence.

  For example:

  Which is correct?

  "It was I who did the homework." or "It was me who did the homework."
  This I did my homework.

  Simplify the statement:

  "I did the homework." So"It was I who did the homework." is the correct option.

  me(and NOT I).
  The teacher gave homework to my friend and to me.

  If you don't understand why the above sentence is correct, just simplify it again. Break down the offer by participant.

  The teacher gave the homework to my friend.
  +
  The teacher gave the homework to me.
  =
  The teacher gave the homework to my friend and me.

  Personal pronouns in the nominative case in a sentence serve as the subject or nominal part of the predicate:

  Mike hasn't come back yet. He is still in his office.
  Mike hasn't returned yet. He's still at work. ( he replaces proper name Mike, and performs the function of the subject.)

  Personal pronouns in the subject case in a sentence serve as a direct or indirect object:

  We called her to congratulate her.
  We called her to congratulate her. ( In this sentence the pronouns her serve as a direct complement.)

  We apologized to him.
  We apologized to him. ( In this sentence the pronoun him performs the function of an indirect complement.)

• Reflexive Pronouns in English

Reflexive pronouns in English formed from possessive pronouns with the addition of a particle –self for singular and –selves for plural.

	Personal pronoun	Possessive pronoun
The only thing number	I	myself
	You	yourself
	He	himself
	She	herself
	It	itself
Plural number	We	ourselves
	You	yourselves
	They	themselves

English reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and object of the sentence are the same person, or, in other words, when the action is directed towards oneself.

For example:
Alice saw herself in the mirror.
Alice saw myself in the mirror.

John doesn't know what to do with himself.
John doesn't know what's wrong yourself to do.

In Russian, reflexivity can be conveyed by a verb particle –xia or –sya:

We had to explain ourselves to the teacher.
We had to explain yourself in front of the teacher.

In addition, reflexive pronouns in English can be used to emphasize that an action is performed independently, without outside help.

For example:
She herself admitted her mistake.
She herself admitted her mistake.

The manager spoke to me himself.
Manager myself talked to me.

I myself cleaned the house.
I myself cleaned up the house.

Reflexive pronouns can often be used instead of personal pronouns after words as, like, but (for), And except (for):

These shoes are especially designed for fast runners like yourself(= like you).
This shoe is specially designed for such fast runners as How are you.

Everybody was happy except myself(= except me).
Everyone was happy except me.

Some verbs are not used with reflexive pronouns. As a rule, such verbs are the same in Russian and English.

For example:
Suddenly the door opened. (AND NOT Suddenly the door opened itself.)
Suddenly the door opened.

His books are selling well. (AND NOT His books are selling themselves well.)
His books are good for sale.

I tried to concentrate. (AND NOT I tried to concentrate myself.)
I tried concentrate.

However, some such verbs in Russian and English do not coincide:

He washed and shaved in the morning.
In the morning he washed up And shaved.

She feels happy.
She feels happy.

• Interrogative Pronouns in English

Interrogative pronouns in English are used to ask questions. Some of them can only specify people (for example, " Who") and some on objects and people (for example, " What"). They are not divided into singular and plural, therefore they have only one form. Interrogative pronouns introduce the so-called. special questions, which cannot be answered simply “yes” or “no”.

There are the following English interrogative pronouns:

who? - Who?
whom? - whom? to whom?
what? - What? Which?
which? - Which? which?
whose? - whose?

For example:
What is her phone number?
Which does she have a phone number?

What do you want?
What do you need?

As can be seen from the table, interrogative pronouns in a sentence can serve as a subject, object or possessive pronoun.

Subject	Addition	Possessive pronoun
who	whom	whose
which

Pronoun who refers to persons and is used without a subsequent noun or pronoun. When consumed who the predicate, as a rule, has a singular form.

Exceptions are those cases when the questioner knows that the answer to his question will be a plural noun.

Pronoun whom is the indirect case form of the pronoun who and is used as a question word in the complement function, especially in formal style. In colloquial speech, these functions are performed by the pronoun who.

For example:
Whom did you phone? (= Who did you phone?)
To whom did you call? ( The first option has a more formal tone.)

For whom will you vote?
For whom will you vote? ( Official speech.)

Pronoun what has two meanings - "what?" and "which one?" Meaning "what?" pronoun what is used separately, while in the meaning “which?” pronoun what is part of the interrogative group at the head of the question.

For example:
What is your name?
How is your name?

What film are you watching?
Which are you watching the movie?

Pronoun which translated as “which?”, “which?” and offers a choice from a limited number of items, unlike the pronoun what, which rather requires characteristics, or offers a choice from an unlimited number that is not predetermined.

For example:
Which jumper do you like?
Which do you like the jumper? ( This means one of several presented.)

What jumpers do you like?
Which do you like jumpers? ( This means in general, regarding coloring, model, etc.)

• What and Which: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns - and Which, And What are used in interrogative sentences, and both are translated as " Which", "which", etc. Which can also be translated as " which", "which", etc.

What used in questions where the number of possible answers is unknown in advance. The questioner knows that there are many answers to the question asked, and wants to hear from the answer only the options that interest him.

For example:
What movie did you go to see?
Which did you go to see the movie?

Which used in questions where the number of answers is already known in advance.

For example:
Which shoes should I wear with this dress – my blue ones or my black ones?
Which Should I wear shoes with this dress - blue or black?

Often in the same situations you can use both Which, And What, depending on what the speaker means.

For example:
Which bus goes into the center?
Which does the bus go to the center?

What bus shall I take?
On Which do I need to take the bus?

Both proposals are possible. In the first sentence, the speaker probably means fewer possible buses than in the second sentence.

Note: about pronouns What And Which You can also read in the section on interrogative pronouns.

Pronoun whose- "whose?" in a sentence it functions as possessive pronouns, expressing ownership. And can be used immediately before the noun it refers to, or used independently, without a subsequent noun, similar to the absolute form of possessive pronouns.

For example:
Whose car did you drive in?
IN whose were you driving?

Whose is this book?
Whose is this a book?

• Demonstrative Pronouns in English

As the name suggests, they are used to indicate something or someone.

Demonstrative pronouns can have singular and plural forms:

This(units) and These close speaker.

That(units) and Those(plural) indicate an object or person located at a distance from the speaker.

In addition to indicating distance in space, pronouns this, these, that, those, may indicate distance in time. This And these can indicate something that has already happened, or is about to happen, pronouns that And those may indicate something that just happened or happened some time ago.

For example:
Listen to this. It's going to be interesting.
Listen This. This will be interesting.

Watch this. It's worth seeing.
Look This. It's worth seeing.

Did you see that? That was wonderful!
You This did you see? This it was wonderful!

Who said that?
Who This said?

Sometimes demonstrative pronouns in English can act not only as independent words (as described above), but also as definitions of nouns. In this case they are also called demonstrative adjectives.

For example:
This book is mine.
This my book.

What is that noise?
What This for the noise?

These flowers are very beautiful.
These the flowers are very beautiful.

Those days were the best.
Those the days were the best.

This horse is faster than that horse.
This the horse is faster than that horse.

Sometimes pronouns that And those can be used to avoid repeating the same words:

The streets of Mumbai are busier than those of Paris. (= The streets of Mumbai are busier than the streets of Paris.)
The streets in Mumbai are more congested than the streets in Paris.

In the example above the pronoun those used to avoid repeating words the streets. In the singular, in such cases the pronoun is used that.

• Relative Pronouns in English

Relative pronouns in English (who, whom, that, which) are used to introduce subordinate clauses, and introduce additional information about someone or something already said.

For example:
I know the book that you are describing.
I know the book you're talking about. ( In this sentence that replaces a previously specified word book, and enters additional information.)

In a subordinate clause that introduces relative pronouns, they can serve as the subject. In this case pronouns can be used who, which, that. Who used to refer to people which– to designate objects, that can refer to both people and objects.

For example:
The boy who stole the watch was punished.
Boy, which stole a watch and was punished.

It is a book which will interest children of all ages.
This is a book which will interest children of all ages.

The people that/who live next door keep having all-night parties.
People, which live next door and continue to have nightly parties.

These are the keys that open the front and back door.
These are the keys which open the front and back doors.

Also pronouns who, whom, which And that can perform the function of a complement in a subordinate clause. In this case the pronouns who And whom interchangeable, but whom has a somewhat formal connotation.

• Who and Whom: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronoun Who used as subject (about other uses of the pronoun Who see That, Which and Who). In simple terms, anywhere in a sentence where pronouns can be used I, she or he, you can also use Who.

In interrogative sentences Who used when talking about a person or group of people who did something, or when asking someone's name. Factual, in informal speech and writing pronouns Who used very often.

Pronoun Whom used in formal language as the object of a verb or preposition.

Please note

Pronoun Whom rarely used in questions.

For example:
To whom do you wish to speak? ( It sounds old-fashioned, pompous and unnatural.)
WITH by whom do you want to talk?

Attention

If you can't decide what to use, try the test" he or him" – try rewriting the sentence using pronouns he or him.

For example:
"He took out a photo of his son, whom he adores." – “He adores he.” Sounds wrong. So it will be right"He adores him."

Based on the above, it follows that they serve two purposes: they serve as the subject or object of a subordinate clause, and, at the same time, they connect the main clause with the subordinate clause.

For example:
I have found the car keys. You were looking for them.
I have found the car keys which you were looking for.
I found the car keys which you were looking for.

This is Mr. Peter. You met him last year.
This is Mr. Peter whom you met last year.
This is Mister Peter whom you met last year.

Indefinite Pronouns in English

Indefinite pronouns in English indicate unknown, uncertain objects, signs, quantities. They do not point to specific objects or people, but are used to describe them in general.

For example:
None of them have come yet.
Nobody one of them hasn't arrived yet.

Some are born great, some achieve greatness.
Some great people are born, but some become great.

Nobody came to his rescue.
Nobody did not come to his rescue.

Somebody has let the cat in.
Someone let the cat in.

Few escaped unhurt.
Few managed to get out unscathed.

Indefinite pronouns can take singular, plural, or change their number form depending on the context.

Below is a table with all the indefinite pronouns, indicating what number form they can take.

Singular		Plural	Singular or plural
anybody- anyone	anyone- someone	several- some	all- All
anything– anything	each- every	both- both	more- more
either– any (of two)	everybody- All	others- other	some- some
everyone- All	everything- All	few- A little	most- majority
much- a lot	nobody- nobody	many– a lot	none- no one, nothing
neither– none (of two)	no one- nobody	any- any
nothing- nothing	one- one
other- another	somebody- anyone
someone- someone	something something

Many indefinite pronouns in English can be used as adjectives:

One day my prince will come.
My prince will come one day.

He is man of few words.
He is a man of few words.

Some milk was split.
Some milk was spilled.

• Any and Some: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Pronouns Any And Some are determinants. They are used when talking about indefinite quantities, numbers, in cases where the exact quantity or number is not important. Mainly, Some used in declarative sentences, and Any- in interrogative and negative. To Russian Some And Any, as a rule, are not translated.

For example:
I asked the barman if he could get me some sparkling water I said, "Excuse me, have you got any sparkling water?" Unfortunately they didn't have any.
I asked the bartender if he could get me some sparkling water. I said, "Excuse me, do you have sparkling water?" Unfortunately, they didn't have it.

Please note

Sometimes Some can be found in interrogative sentences, and Any- in affirmative sentences.

Some used in interrogative sentences if the question is an invitation, a request, or if a positive answer to the question asked is expected.

For example:
Would you mind fetching some gummy bears while you"re at the shops?
Please buy me some gummy bears while you're at the store.

Any can also be used in affirmative sentences if it comes after a word that has a negative or restrictive connotation.

For example:
"She gave me some bad advice." "Really? She rarely gives any bad advice."
She gave me bad advice. - Seriously? She rarely gives bad advice.

Note: pronouns Any And Some belong to the type of indefinite pronouns. Such pronouns are discussed in more detail in the section on indefinite pronouns.

• Much and Many: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Adverbs Much And Many used mainly in interrogative and negative sentences meaning " many". There are also synonyms of these adverbs - a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, large amounts of, etc., depending on the context.

Interrogative sentences

How much (how much = how much)... + uncountable nouns

For example:
How much sugar do you take in your coffee?
How many do you put sugar in your coffee?

How much money do you want for this?
How many(money) do you want for this?

Do you have much work to do?
At your place many work?

How many (how many = how many)... + countable nouns

Negative sentences

In negative construction sentences Not Much And Not Many usually translated as " few", "A little".

For example:
He doesn't earn much money ( noun money- uncountable).
He earns few (= A little) money.

Not many people have heard of her ( noun people- countable).
Few heard about her.

Barbara doesn't have many friends.
At Barbara's few (= A little) friends.

• Each and Every: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

Both pronouns have the same meaning – “each”. The general rule for using these pronouns is that Each used when talking about two or more objects or things, Every– when we are talking about three or more objects or things.

For example:
The orange was split into two halves; each half was given to them. (AND NOT...every half.)
The orange was divided into two parts, and every part was given to them.

Pronoun usage Each it is preferable when the described things or objects are presented separately, the use of the pronoun Every It is preferable when the described things or objects are presented as a whole.

For example:
Each boy in the class was given a present.
Every boy a gift was given in class. ( Each one separately.)

Every boy in the class went on a picnic.
Every boy (= all boys) went on a picnic in class. ( All the boys are as one.)

Every, but not Each, can be used with abstract nouns:

You have every reason to be happy. (AND NOT You have each reason to be happy.)
Do you have every reason be satisfied.

Likewise, Every(but not Each) can be used with cardinal nouns:

Buses leave every ten minutes. (AND NOT...each ten minutes.)
Buses run every ten minutes.

• Little and Few, A Little and A Few: rules of use, translation, example, difference, difference in meaning

As an adverb Little, so and adverb Few means " few", "small, insufficient amount of something". The difference is that Little used with Not, A Few- With countable nouns.

For example:
They have very little money.
They have very few money.

There seems little hope.
There seems to be hope few.

Hey very much little at lunch.
He ate a lot few at lunchtime.

Only few people can afford to pay such prices.
Few who can afford such prices.

I know few places that I could recommend to you.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you.

Please note

Adverbs Little And Few have a somewhat negative connotation.

For example:
I know few places that I could recommend to you. = I would like to be able to recommend more places, but unfortunately there aren't more.
I few I know places that I can recommend to you. = I wish I could recommend more places to you, but unfortunately there are no other places.

If before adverbs Little And Few the indefinite article is used a, they acquire a positive connotation and have a meaning similar to the word some – "some", "some amount", "A little"etc.

A Few used with countable nouns.

For example:
We need to get a few things in town.
We need something pick up in the city.

We've got a few cakes left over from the party. = We've got some cakes left over from the party.
We have some left over from the evening some cakes.

A Little used with .

For example:
With a little training Mike could do very well.
A little With practice, Mike will succeed.

• Use of the pronoun all in English

The pronoun all in English can be used both as an adjective pronoun and as a noun pronoun. All means "all", "whole", "all", etc.

More often all used with uncountable nouns and with plural nouns (in this case there must be more than two objects being described).

For example:
All children need love.
To all children need love. ( Pronoun all children. )

I love all music.
I like all (= all, different) music. (Pronoun all used with an uncountable noun music. )

All the guests turned up.
All invited came. ( Pronoun all used with a plural noun invites. )

If all used with a plural noun, the verb usually also has a plural form. After an uncountable noun, the verb has a singular form.

For example:
All cheese contains fat.
Any (= all) cheese contains fats.

All the lights were out.
All the lights were extinguished.

Pronoun all followed by a noun is not usually used as a subject with a verb in the negative form. In this case, as a rule, the design is used not all + noun + positive verb.

For example:
Not all birds can sing. (NOT All birds cannot sing.)
Not all birds can chirp.

All or All of

Before a noun without a determiner (articles, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, etc.), it is used all:

All children need love.
All cheese contains fat.
All lights were out.

Before a noun with a determiner (for example: the, my, this, etc.), can be used as all, so all of:

All the lights were out. = All of the lights were out.
All the lights were extinguished.

I have invited all my friends to my birthday party. = I have invited all of my friends to my birthday party.
I invited all my friends to my birthday.

Used before a personal pronoun all of:

All of us love music (AND NOT All us love music.)
We all love music.

I have invited all of them. (AND NOT...all them.)
I invited them all.

Using all with nouns and pronouns

Pronoun all can define both nouns and pronouns, and is usually placed before the word being defined.

For example:
I have invited all (of) my friends.
I invited all my friends.

All of us love music
We all love music.

I love all of you.
I love you all.

All of us are going to the movies.
We're all going to the cinema.

All can be used after the defined pronoun if it serves as a complement:

I love you all. (= I love all of you.)
I love you all.

Give my love to them all. (= Give my love to all of them.)
Say hello to them all from me.

I have made you all something to eat. (= I have made all of you something to eat.)
I prepared food for you all.

Using all with verbs

All can be used with a verb that functions as the subject of a sentence.

If the verb consists of only one word, and is not a form be(i.e. is, am, are, was, were), all any used in negative and interrogative sentences, and may have a connotation of doubt, disbelief, or denial. To Russian pronoun any, as a rule, is not translated.

For example:
Is there any water in the bottle?
There is in the bottle water?

Have you got any friends?
Do you have Friends?

Are there any witnesses?
Eat witnesses?

Do you need any help?
Help needed?

I haven't got any money.
I have no money.

I have hardly any food in the larder.
In my pantry almost no food.

You never give me any help.
you to me never don't offer help.

Also any often used after a conjunction if:

If you need any help, let me know.
If you will need help, let me know.

Any, no, not any

Please note that the pronoun itself any has no negative meaning. It takes on a negative value only together with the partial not.

For example:
See that you don't do any damage. (AND NOT See that you do any damage.)
Try not to cause any damage.

Instead of a combination not any you can use a pronoun no, which means the same thing, but has a more expressive connotation.

For example:
He has got no friends. He has no (no) friends. (More expressive than He hasn't got any friends. )

Any and any of

Before pronouns and nouns with a determiner (for example, the, this, my, your, etc.), the form is used any of.

For example:
Do any of these books belong to you?
belongs to you at least one of these books?

I don't think any of us want to work tomorrow.
I think, none of us doesn't want to work tomorrow.

She doesn't like any of my friends.
None of my friends she doesn't like it.

It is important to note when a noun after any of has a plural form, the verb following the noun can also take a plural form, or it can take a singular form.

For example:
If any of your friends is interested, let us know. ( Formal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, let us know. ( Informal option.)
If any of your friends are interested, please let us know.

Using any with singular countable nouns

Pronoun any is the equivalent of the article a/an, but in the plural. It is often used before plural and uncountable nouns.

"Which is your boy?" " The one in the blue shirt."
Which child is yours? - The one in the blue shirt.

"I"d like to buy a magazine." " This one?" "No, that one."
I want to buy a magazine. - This? - No, that one over there.

"Can you lend me a pen?" "Sorry, I haven't got" one."
Can you lend me a pen? - Sorry, I don’t have a pen.

I"ve already read this book, I"m going to get a new one.
I have already read this book and am going to buy a new one.

As can be seen from the examples above, one can be used to replace any specific noun (when it is clear what exactly is being discussed) - in this case one used with a definite article, or with a demonstrative pronoun, and to replace a common noun - in this case one used either without an article or with an indefinite article if the noun is preceded by an adjective.

To replace a plural noun, use ones.

For example:
Green apples often taste better than red ones.
Green apples often taste better than red ones.

In what cases can one/ones be omitted?

Substitute words one/ones may be omitted immediately after superlative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns, some indefinite pronouns ( either, neither, another), as well as after some other qualifiers ( which, whichever, etc.).

For example:
I think my dog ​​is the fastest (one).
I think my dog ​​is the fastest.

Either (one) will suit me.
Any will suit me.

Let us have another (one).
Let's take one more.

"Which (one) would you like?" "That looks the nicest."
Which one would you like? “That one over there is the best.”

Substitute word one not used immediately after possessive pronouns ( my, your, etc.), indefinite pronouns some, any, both, and also after numbers.

For example:
Take your coat and pass me mine. (AND NOT... my one.)
Take your coat and give me mine.

I need some matches. Have you got any? (AND NOT... any ones?)
I'd like some matches. Do you have?

"Are there any grapes?" "Yes, I bought some today." (AND NOT... some ones today.)
Are there any grapes? - Yes, I bought it today.

However, please note that one will be used in all the above cases if an adjective is used.

For example:
"Are there any mangoes?" "Yes, I bought some sweet ones today."
Do you have any mango? – Yes, I bought sweet mangoes today.

"Has the cat had her kittens?" "Yes, she had four white ones." (AND NOT... four white.)
Has your cat already given birth to kittens? – Yes, she gave birth to four white kittens.

One not used to replace uncountable and abstract nouns.

For example:
If you haven't got fresh cream I will take tinned cream. (AND NOT... tinned one.)
If you don't have fresh cream, I'll use canned cream.

The Dutch grammatical system is very similar to the English system. (AND NOT... the English one.)
The grammatical system of the Dutch language is very similar to the grammatical system of the English language.

Substitute word one and pronoun it

To replace a noun that has been very clearly marked, a pronoun is used it, not a word one.

Compare:
"Could you lend me a bicycle?" "Sorry, I haven't got one."
Can you lend me a bike? - Sorry, I don't have a bike.

"Could you lend me your bicycle?" "Sorry, I need it."
Can you lend me your bike? - Sorry, I need him.

One as an indefinite pronoun

Pronouns one or you can be used to describe people in general.

For example:
One / you should not do such an unkind thing as that.
There is no need to do such unkind deeds.

One / you should love one "s / your country.


Please note that the pronoun one has a more formal tone than you.

Pronoun one not used to describe people in general, unless the speaker himself refers to them, the pronoun you not used to describe people in general unless the speaker is one of them.

For example:
One / you must believe in something.
A person needs to believe in something.

In the sixteenth century people believed in witches. (AND NOT ... one / you believed in witches, since this pronoun does not include either the speaker or the interlocutor.)
In the sixteenth century, people believed in witches.

In American English, in sentences where it is used one, in order to indicate one, pronouns are often used he, him, his, himself. In British English, the possessive form is usually used in this case one – one's And oneself.

Compare:
One should love his country. ( AmE)
One should love one's country. ( BrE)
Everyone should love their country.

• Reciprocal Pronouns in English

English reciprocal pronouns (one another, each other- each other, one another) indicate that some action is performed jointly, or some persons or objects are compared with each other.

For example:
Peter and Mary kissed each other.
Peter and Mary kissed each other.

With the help of reciprocal pronouns, the same idea can be expressed twice as briefly and simply.

For example, a sentence

On their wedding day John gave Mary a gold ring and Mary gave John a gold ring.
On their wedding day, John gave Mary a gold ring, and Mary gave John a gold ring.

using a reciprocal pronoun each other can be expressed more simply:

On their wedding day Mary and John gave each other gold rings
On their wedding day, Mary and John gave to each other gold rings.

Differences between pronouns each other And one another No. However, when talking about more than two people or things, the pronoun is often preferred one another.

For example:
The students in this classroom help one another.
Students in this class help to each other.

A word that denotes an object or a sign of an object, but does not name it, is called a pronoun. Pronouns are divided into several groups, each of which has its own grammatical characteristics.

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns change by case: if they are used in a sentence as a subject, then they stand in nominative case; if they are used as a complement, then they stand in objective case.

The pronoun "I" is always capitalized. The pronouns "he / she" are used to refer to animate persons; "it" - in relation to inanimate objects, abstract concepts and animals. The pronoun "they" is used to refer to both animate and inanimate objects.

Possessive pronouns. (Possessive Pronouns)

Possessive pronouns serve as modifiers of nouns and always take place before the nouns they define. Unlike the Russian language, where there is a pronoun “svoy”, used with all persons, English possessive pronouns are used strictly in accordance with the pronouns. If there is a need to use a possessive pronoun without a noun, then there is a special form called the absolute form.

In English, possessive pronouns are used much more often and are simply obligatory with nouns denoting parts of the body, items of clothing and relatives, and possessive pronouns are used instead of a noun to avoid repetition

Julie's car is red. Mine is blue.

Possessive pronouns are used without an apostrophe.

The dog wagged its tail.

“It"s” is not a possessive pronoun or adjective — it means “it is”:

It's not my dog.

Reflexive pronouns. (Reflexive Pronouns)

Pronouns ending in “-self (-selves in the plural)” are called reflexive. Reflexive pronouns show that the action named in the sentence is directed at the person who performs it, therefore the reflexive pronoun must be related in form to the subject.

Forms of reflexive pronouns

Use

1. When the subject and object are the same:

I hurt myself. (I got hurt.)

The band call themselves “Dire Straits”.

He shot himself.

2. When a preposition is used

I bought a present for myself.

She did it by herself. (She did it alone.)

That man is talking to himself.

3. When we want to emphasize the subject

I"ll do it myself. (No one else will help me.) - I will do it myself.

They eat all the food themselves. (No one else had any.)

Demonstrative pronouns. (Demonstrative pronouns)

Demonstrative pronouns change according to numbers. Moreover, the pronoun “this” denotes an object located next to the speaker, and “that” - at a considerable distance; “that” can also be translated into Russian by the words “this, this”. In a sentence, demonstrative pronouns can be used as a subject, a noun modifier, or an object.

This is my father. And that is my uncle.

This is my father. And there is my uncle.

I don't like these apples. I don't like these apples.

They are too sour. They are too sour.

This is not salt. It's sugar. This is not salt. This is sugar.

Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns include all, each, either, neither, both, some, any, no, none, much, many, little, few, other, one.

Some, any, no

To indicate that they mean a certain number of (several) countable objects or a certain amount of substance, in English the pronoun “some” is used in affirmative sentences, and “any” in interrogative and negative sentences. These pronouns are usually pronounced without stress and do not allow any articles to be used before the noun.

Some - several, a little

Any- any amount

No - no, not at all

Take some glasses from that shelf. Take some glasses from that shelf.

Pour some water in them. Pour water into them.

Don't take any books from the case. Don't take books from the closet.

Have you got any money? Do you have any money?

The pronoun "any", in turn, can be used in affirmative sentences to mean "any", for example:

Take any cup you like. Take any mug you like.

The pronoun "no" has a negative meaning "no" and explains the noun, for example:

There is no milk in the jug. There is no milk in the jug.

He has no friends. He doesn't have (any) friends.

From the pronouns "some, any, no" complex pronouns can be formed: "somebody - anybody - nobody; something - anything - nothing; somewhere - anywhere - nowhere", and the same rules of use in different types of sentences apply to them as for "some, any, no". Pronouns formed with "-body" are used only in relation to people and are combined with a verb only in the singular. Pronouns formed with "-thing" are used to refer to inanimate objects and concepts.

There is somebody in the office. There is someone in the office.

Is there anybody at home? Is anyone at home?

I saw nobody in the garden. I didn't see anyone in the garden.

There is something wrong with him. Something happened to him.

He can do anything for you. He will do anything for you.

If you use negative pronouns "nobody, nothing" in a sentence, then the negative particle "not" is not required, since in English there can only be one negation.

Nobody knows anything about it. Nobody knows anything about this.

There is / There are

If they want to emphasize the presence or absence of an object or person in a certain place, the sentence begins with the construction “there is / there are (plural)”, followed by a noun denoting this person or object and the circumstance of the place. Translation of such a construction begins with the adverbial location:

There are many English books in his library. There are many English books in his library.

There is a chair at the table. There is a chair at the table.

The form of the verb "to be" in such constructions agrees with the first noun that follows it.

There is a dictionary and some books on the shelf. There is a dictionary and several books on the table.

There are flowers and a box of chocolates on the table. There are flowers and a box of chocolates on the table.

Are there any letters for me? Are there any letters for me?

Is there milk or juice in the jug? Is there milk or juice in the jug?

How many books are there in your library? How many books are in your library?

Negation can be formed in two ways: using the negative pronoun “no” or the negative particle “not” and the pronoun “any”.

There is no note for you. There is no note for you.

There isn't any news in her letter.

Many, few, a few, much, little, a little.

Pronouns "many, few, few, several". The pronouns "many" - a lot and "few" - are rarely used only as definitions for countable nouns in the plural.

They have many friends in London. They have many friends in London.

He has few friends. He is very lonely. He has few friends. He is very lonely.

There are many ways to solve this problem. There are many ways to solve this problem.

The pronouns "much" - many and "little" - are rarely used with uncountable nouns (abstract concepts, substances...).

There is little milk in the cup. There is not enough milk in the cup.

We spend a lot of time on this experiment. We spend a lot of time on this experiment.

Do you have much money on you? Do you have a lot of money with you?

I have very little time. I have very little time.

The combination “a few” means “several” and is used only with countable nouns; with uncountable nouns the combination “a little” is used, which means “little”.

Will you give me a little water? Can you give me some water?

I bought a few apples. I bought some (several) apples.

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns include the pronouns who who, what that, who (by profession), which, whose whose, which which. Interrogative pronouns are used to form special questions.

Who headed our delegation to the Trade Unions Conference? Who headed our delegation at the Trade Union Conference?

Doesn't always know what is what. He always knows what's what.

What do you know about the World Peace Council? What do you know about the World Peace Council?

If an interrogative pronoun is combined with a preposition, the preposition is usually placed at the end of the sentence:

What are you reading about? What are you reading about?

Whom are you speaking to? Who are you talking to?

The pronoun who refers to persons, the pronoun what refers to objects. But the pronoun what can also refer to persons when asked about profession or occupation:

Who is that? - That is Mister N. Who is this? - This is Mr. N.

What is Mister N.? - He is an officer. Who (by occupation, by profession) is Mr. N.? - He is an officer.

Pronoun in English, it is a part of speech that can replace (noun pronouns) or (adjective pronouns). Pronouns are some of the most used words in the language.

There are many pronouns, they are divided into several categories:

Personal pronouns

Denotes a face: me, you, she, he, it etc. They are used in two cases: nominative And objective.

I love my sister. – I I love my sister.

He is my boss. - He's my boss.

We are the champions. - We are champions.

This is my cat Lucy. - This my cat Lucy.

Someone's table their bikes yesterday. - Someone stole it yesterday their bicycles,

You can see our family in the picture. – You can see our family in this photo.

Is that your opinion? - This yours opinion?

Possessive pronouns-nouns

Noun pronouns are used, as you might guess, instead of . In a sentence they perform the function of , or the nominal part of the predicate.

My pencil is broken, please give me yours.– My pencil is broken, please give it to me. your(yours replaces your pencil)

Her car is blue, mine is white. - Her car is blue, my– white (mine instead of my car).

Your team is strong but not stronger that ours. – Your team is strong, but not stronger our(teams).

Demonstrative pronouns in English

Point to a person or object, in Russian it is that, that, these, that etc. There are only two such pronouns in English - they have singular and plural forms.

You may ask, where is the line between “near” and “far”? There is no such line expressed in centimeters; you just need to rely on common sense. In Russian, we use the words “this” and “that” in the same way.

This man – this person (well, there he is, standing next to him).

That man – that person (not present here or the one standing aside).

These photos – these photographs (pointing with my finger).

Those photos – those photographs (they hang on your wall at home).

For good movie examples of using this and that, check out this video:

Reflexive pronouns

Reflexive pronouns mean that the action is directed by the actor towards himself; they are used as objects after some verbs. They are formed using endings -self, -selves, they join pronouns my, our, your, him, her, it, the, indefinite pronoun. In Russian, particles perform a similar function -sya, -sya at the end of the verb.

Protect yourself! - Defend yourself!

Don't hurt yourself- Don't get hurt.

There are cases when reflexive particles are used in Russian, but in English the same words are used without a reflexive pronoun. For example, in Russian we say: wash, shave, dress, bathe, hide. In English the corresponding to wash, to shave, to dress, to bathe, to hide usually used without reflexive pronouns:

I washed, dressed and shaved. – I washed, dressed and shaved.

Hide in the cardboard box. – Hide in a cardboard box.

I'd like to bathe. - I would like to take a swim.

Also, reflexive pronouns are used to strengthen, like Russian words yourself, yourself, yourself, yourself.

I heard it myself! - I heard it myself!

He di it himself- He did it himself.

A common mistake is to say I’m feeling myself fine \ I feel myself fine (I feel fine). Actually correct: I’am feeling fine \ I feel fine.

Reciprocal pronouns

Reciprocal pronouns are pronouns like “each other”. There are only two of them: each other(each other), one another(one another). In theory, each other- this is when two persons or objects, and one another- when there is a lot. In practice, no one pays much attention to these subtleties, especially in colloquial speech.

They don't talk about each other. - They don't talk about each other.

They often see one another. – They see each other often.

Please note that the preposition comes before the pronoun, and is not wedged into it, as in Russian. Compare:

They talk about each other – They say each other O friend.

Interrogative pronouns

Questions are asked using these pronouns, there are only four of them:

1.Who (whom)– who, whom, to whom.

Who is this person? – Who this person?

Who is here? – Who Here?

2.Whose– whose, whose, whose, whose.

Whose is that noise? – Whose Is this noise (who is making noise)?

Whose car is parked by the house? – Whose is the car parked at the house?

3. What- What.

What are you doing? – What are you doing?

What is going on? – What happening?

4.Which– what, which (which of several)

Which part of the task is hard for you? – Which part of the task is difficult for you?

Which student in your group had the best result? – Which student in your group has the best result?

Note: whom is who in the objective case, if who is “who,” then whom is “whom.” Who is often used instead of whom.

Who (whom) did you see there? – Whom did you see there?

Who (whom) can I ask for help? – Whom can I ask for help?

How to choose between I and Me?

Pronouns deserve special mention I and me, in which even native speakers often get confused. As stated above, I used as a me– object of action, . Here are simple examples:

I am looking for an interesting movie. – I I'm looking for an interesting film.

My sister was looking for me. - My sister was looking for me.

It would be a grave mistake to confuse these two pronouns:

Me is looking for an interesting movie.

My sister was looking for I.

But even children learning English as a foreign language rarely make mistakes. The difficulties begin in more complex sentences.

Case one: Anna and I\me went to the park

In sentences with two subjects like “Anna and I went to the park,” there is a choice between pronouns:

• Right: Anna and I went to the park.
• Incorrect, but found in colloquial speech: Anna and me went to the park.
• Unacceptable: Me went to the park.

The first option (Anna and I) is considered correct, because here I plays the role of subject. However, in colloquial speech the second option (Anna and me) is often used, which, however, offends the ears of educated people. But notice there are two subjects here. The option “Me went to the park” is not used and sounds very illiterate.

Case two: My father is talking to I\me and Anna

There are two additions here. If there was one addition here, everything would be clear: My father is talking to me. But when this pronoun is paired with another noun, even native speakers sometimes get confused.

• Right: me.
• Wrong: My father is talking to Anna and I.

Case three: John is taller than I\me

There are three possible options here, in short, they are all correct, there is a slight stylistic difference.

• John is taller than I am. – grammatically correct, most complete version, sounds official, serious.
• John is taller than I. – a grammatically correct option, also formal.
• John is taller than me. – grammatical correctness is ambiguous; this option is more common in colloquial speech.

The latter option is used more often and sounds more natural. Some linguists recognize it as correct, but some do not. This is a complex linguistic question due to the fact that scientists do not agree on whether than conjunction or preposition.

Another nuance of designs with than me is that a double understanding is possible. For example:

• me I(I love this dog).
• Mary loves her dog Jim more than me. – Mary loves her dog Jim more than me.

In this case, it is better to write the sentence more fully:

• Mary loves her dog Jim more than I do.
• Mary loves her dog Jim more than I love him.

Pronouns are one of the most important parts of speech in any language, replacing an object, person, or attribute. To use pronouns correctly in speech, you need to know their meaning, categories and declension rules.

Pronoun classes

There are a total of 10 groups of pronouns in the English language, and students have been familiar with some of them since the 3rd grade. Let's list them:

• Personal;
• Possessive;
• Returnable;
• Mutual;
• Index fingers;
• Interrogative;
• Relative;
• Connecting;
• Uncertain;
• Negative.

Personal pronouns

This is the most popular class of pronouns, used to replace persons and objects. Personal pronouns have two forms - the nominative case (when they act as the subject) and the objective case (similar to all other cases of the Russian language, except the nominative).

How personal pronouns change can be seen in the table “Declination of pronouns in English”, which also shows the transcription for words.

It is easy to notice that personal pronouns change by person, number, case and gender (only in the 3rd person). Look at the following sentence:

He can't tell us the secret. (He couldn't tell us the secret.)

The pronoun He (he) is the subject and is in the nominative case, the pronoun us (to us) acts as a complement.

The pronoun I (I) is always capitalized, no matter what part of the sentence it appears in.

Possessive pronouns

Such pronouns answer the question “whose?”, showing which person the object belongs to. They have two forms - attached and absolute. The following table of pronouns in English lists possessive pronouns with translation and pronunciation.

The adjunct form is used when it is followed by a qualifying noun. For example:

This is my daddy. (This is my daddy.) - After the word MY comes the noun DADDY.

The absolute form is used when the qualified noun comes before the pronoun or is omitted altogether. Take a look at the options:

This pen is mine. (This pen is mine.) - PEN stands before the word MY.

It’s your bike and these are ours. (This is your bicycle, and these are ours.) - In the second part of the sentence, the noun “bicycles” is missing.

Reflexive pronouns

This class of pronouns suggests that the action of the object is directed towards itself or is performed independently. Pronouns with the meaning “himself, sama, samo, sami” are called intensifying.

He doesn't love himself. (He doesn't like himself.)

Reciprocal pronouns

Such pronouns show that the actions of objects are directed towards each other. They exist in the form of two expressions: each other (in the amount of two items) and one another (more than two items).

Mary and Peter hated each other. (Mary and Peter hated each other.)

Demonstrative pronouns

The purpose of these pronouns is to indicate objects, persons and their characteristics. In the table you can see how demonstrative pronouns are pronounced.

These clouds are big. (These clouds are big.)

Interrogative pronouns

Similar pronouns are used in question sentences. The table shows how these words are read.

The form whom is no longer used in modern English and is replaced by who.

Who are you talking to? (Who are you talking to?)

Relative pronouns

We deal with such pronouns in subordinate attributive clauses (they answer the question “which (which)?”)

Check out the examples:

Conjunctive pronouns

This group of pronouns, like the previous one, is used in the subordinate clauses of a complex sentence. Unlike relative clauses, an additional clause is introduced, not a attributive clause. This category includes words such as:

• Who (Who);
• What (who, what);
• Which (whom);
• Whose (which, whose).

I didn’t understand who came. (I didn’t understand who came.)

Negative pronouns

These pronouns are used to express negation in negative sentences.

The verb in sentences with negative pronouns will always be in the affirmative form!

So, negative pronouns include:

• No (none - can be placed before any noun);
• None (none of);
• Neither (neither of the two);
• Nobody (no one - in relation to people);
• Nothing (nothing - in relation to objects).

She has no money. (She doesn't have (any) money.)

Indefinite pronouns

The largest group of pronouns, which has various types, and the most problematic for children just learning English. This, first of all, includes the pronouns some (some) and any (any), which form the following series of cognate words:

• Some - somebody (someone), something (something), someone (someone);
• Any - anybody (anyone), anything (anything), anyone (anyone).

Pronouns formed from some are used in affirmative sentences. Pronouns with any in affirmative sentences have the meaning “any”, but are more often used in questions and negations and are not translated in any way.

In addition, the group of indefinite pronouns includes the following pronouns:

• Each (each is about a group of objects);
• Every (each of the objects separately);
• Either (one or the other);
• Everybody (everyone) (every person);
• Everything (every object, everything);
• Other (other);
• Another (another, one more);
• Both (both, both);
• All (all, all, everything, everything);
• One (instead of a repeated noun or in an impersonal clause).

Indefinite pronouns are used when it is not possible or necessary to accurately indicate a person, object, their characteristics and quantity.

Examples:

• You have everything. (You have it all)
• Give me another whiskey. (Give me some more whiskey)

What have we learned?

There are ten groups of pronouns in English. These are personal, possessive, reciprocal, reflexive, demonstrative, interrogative, relative, connective, negative and indefinite pronouns. Each category of pronouns has its own characteristics and rules of use that must be learned.

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