Report on the hydrosphere. Irrational use of water and ways to solve problems

The report on the hydrosphere will briefly tell you about one of the components of the planet - the water shell of the Earth.

Message about the hydrosphere

Hydrosphere is the water shell of the planet. It occupies 71% of its area in the form of oceans and seas, rivers and streams, lakes and reservoirs, swamps and glaciers.

The parts of the hydrosphere are:

1. World ocean:

• Bays
• Straits
• water sushi

2.Surface water:

• Lakes
• Swamps
• Glaciers and mountain snow cover

3.Artificial reservoirs

4.Groundwater:

• Springs
• Mineral springs
• Geothermal springs

5.Permafrost

Thanks to the hydrosphere, the water cycle occurs in nature. Therefore, water does not dry out on Earth. Water evaporation occurs at any time of the year. Water evaporates from the surface of the water surface and rises upward in the form of steam. Then the steam gradually cools and turns into clouds and clouds. From them, water flows as rain or snow back into the oceans and onto land. That part of the water that falls on land is absorbed into the ground, part immediately evaporates, and another part flows down the rivers again into the seas and oceans. And the process of the water cycle begins all over again. So it happens all the time.

What is the importance of the hydrosphere?

The hydrosphere is an important part of life on Earth. What can we say if life itself originally arose in water. Its significance is expressed in the following aspects:

• Fresh water

More than 98% of the water on Earth is in the seas and oceans. Land accounts for less than 2%. And only 2% of the waters of the hydrosphere are fresh water, and the rest is salt water. It is amazing what role fresh water plays in the lives of animals and humans, who use it in everyday life, in industry and agriculture.

• Climate

The water shell of the planet determines a favorable climate on the planet for human life. As you know, water tends to heat up slowly and cool down slowly. In other words, it accumulates a huge amount of solar heat. It is noteworthy that the water of the seas and oceans, warmed up over the summer, warms the air on the planet in winter, making it more humid and soft.

The hydrosphere is the discontinuous water layer of the Earth. Standardly, it includes the totality of the waters of the World Ocean, groundwater, glaciers and continental surface waters. The broader semantic meaning of the hydrosphere implies the inclusion of atmospheric water and the water of living organisms in this list.

The total volume of the hydrosphere of the entire planet is about 1,533,000,000 km³. The total mass of the entire hydrosphere is 275 times greater than the total mass of the atmosphere. Ocean waters cover more than 70% of the planet's surface and make up most of the volume of the hydrosphere - almost 97%. The hydrosphere intersects with the biosphere throughout its entire thickness, and it is this indicator that is considered to be the point of origin of life on Earth.

Composition of the hydrosphere

The hydrosphere is a complete, unclosed one, in which all waters are not only interconnected and united into a single natural system, but also interact with other spheres of the planet, including the biosphere and geosphere.

As part of the hydrosphere, salty ocean waters occupy 96.4% of the volume, the amount of glacial waters does not exceed 1.86%, the share of all groundwater accounts for about 1.68%, and the lowest figure belongs to surface waters of land - 0.02%.

The hydrosphere is continuously replenished with water from the atmosphere, lithosphere, and is also saturated as a result of numerous natural processes. This mechanism also has the opposite effect. Thus, the decomposition and synthesis of water are stable phenomena of the hydrosphere throughout the entire period of existence.

The segments that make up the hydrosphere differ not only in the properties of the environment, but also in the properties of water compositions. Despite this, the hydrosphere is a single hydrological cycle, united by various forms and types of water cycle.

Despite the relatively insignificant volume in the total mass of the hydrosphere, land surface waters are of greatest importance.

These water resources are not only the main source of water supply, but also play an important role in irrigation and water supply. The volume of fresh water available for use does not exceed 0.3%. The general water cycle promotes water exchange and restores the amount of river and fresh water that makes up the hydrosphere. The fastest renewal of biological water occurs, which is part of all living organisms, flora and atmospheric phenomena. The longest period of renewal occurs on glaciers, deep underground waters, and the waters of the World Ocean.

Problems of the hydrosphere

Lake Peneur was freshwater until 1980, but now it is a salt water body. The reason for these changes was the accident in November 1980

La Plata is a wonderful place where many rare animals and plants live. Will humanity be able to save them all during the impending environmental disaster?

Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world, has a rich and varied nature and plays a huge role in the natural balance of the planet.

The Volga is one of the largest rivers in Russia. A unique natural complex that is under the threat of environmental disaster.

There are a lot of substances that pollute fresh water. Their entry into water bodies can be either a consequence of human activity or the result of natural processes. There are simple rules on how to make water cleaner and more suitable for life.

The Amazon River, the longest and deepest in the world, amazes with its amazing flora and fauna. Where else in the world can you find such a riot of colors and life forms?

One of the world's largest rivers flows in Central Africa, crossing the equator twice. The Congo River is of great importance not only for Africa, but for the whole world.

The earth's waterways - rivers - are under enormous pressure; human activity has turned them into dumping grounds for waste and garbage.

Pollution of the world's oceans is directly related to the existence of humanity; if these problems are not solved today, an environmental disaster may occur tomorrow

The Sea of ​​Azov is a unique natural object. It is important to preserve it in its pure form as it is the source of material and spiritual wealth of our country.

The importance of the hydrosphere

The hydrosphere plays an important role for all humanity. Water resources are transport, a source of electrical energy and serve as components of a diverse raw material base.

The hydrosphere participates in the processes of formation of the planet’s natural environment. With its participation, stone blocks are destroyed, organic compounds are dissolved, and soil formation processes are activated. The presence of water is a necessary condition for the migration of most compounds and chemical elements.

The hydrosphere is the basis of the geological and biological cycle of substances and affects atmospheric processes. It is involved in heating and cooling air masses, and also steadily saturates them with moisture. The hydrosphere is the main participant in shaping the climate and weather on the planet.

High mobility and heat capacity, coupled with the ability to easily change state, allow the hydrosphere to regulate the thermal regime of the planet by transferring huge volumes of thermal mass over significant distances.

The aquatic environment is necessary in the life processes of flora and fauna, and is involved in the extraction of underwater deposits of ore and oil. Most of human production and economic activity is based on water resources. The hydrosphere is the most important guarantor of protecting the entire planet from overheating and helps prevent a global thermodynamic crisis.

To correctly understand the structure of polymers, you need to know.

When working with hazardous chemicals, it is necessary to thoroughly understand the nature of their danger. You will read about this in ours.

Preservation of the hydrosphere

Despite the ability of river and fresh groundwater to actively to renew, rational exploitation of all components of the hydrosphere is required.

Taking care of water resources is an extremely pressing problem in modern society. Rational use consists of protecting water spaces from various types of pollution. The maximum damage is caused by industrial wastewater, and solving the problem of their discharge into the aquatic environment can significantly improve the condition of the hydrosphere. It is advisable to apply methods to improve technological processes, limit the volume of discharges into water bodies and modernize treatment and recycling facilities.

A combination of innovative technologies and a competent legislative framework will make it possible to effectively protect the hydrosphere from destructive anthropogenic impacts.

The hydrosphere is the discontinuous water layer of the earth. What does it contain? How is it distributed on our planet? Why is life unthinkable without her?

Hydrosphere represents one of the geological shells of our planet. It includes oceans, seas, all water bodies on land (rivers, lakes, swamps and reservoirs), groundwater, glaciers and snow cover. The main component of the hydrosphere is water.

The hydrosphere is often considered as a global open system that occupies 75% of the globe's surface. The hydrosphere contains 1.5 billion km 3 of water, 96% of which comes from the World Ocean. In groundwater and soil waters, rivers, lakes, swamps, reservoirs and glaciers, water reserves are measured in millions of km 3 . There is much less water in the atmosphere, and its volume does not exceed 15 thousand km 3.

Water is the only chemical compound that exists in nature as a liquid, a solid (ice), and a gas (water vapor). Everyone knows that water under normal conditions is a colorless, transparent, odorless liquid. It has a number of amazing physical and chemical properties:

high surface tension (this property is associated with a significant capillary rise of water, which contributes to the nutrition of plants through the root systems);
high boiling and freezing temperatures;
specific enthalpies (heat content) of melting and evaporation are higher than those of most substances;
The density of water in the liquid phase is greater than the density of ice, so ice floats on the surface of the water, and reservoirs do not freeze to the bottom.

Water is an excellent solvent for many substances. Due to the high dissolving ability of water, it contains almost all chemical elements, of which the most important for living organisms. The abundance of dissolved elements turns the aquatic environment into a kind of “witch’s jelly”, in which the most fantastic transformations of energy, matter and information are possible. Almost all biochemical processes that ensure the vital activity of organisms are reduced to reactions in aqueous solutions.

In a broad sense, the boundaries of the hydrosphere are determined by the boundaries of the distribution of water as a chemical compound. The upper limit of water detection is at an altitude of 8–18 km, where water molecules decompose under the influence of UV radiation. The lower boundary of the water shell is located at a depth of about 10 km below the ocean floor and 6–14 km below the earth's surface. According to V.I. Vernadsky’s definition, the lower boundary of the hydrosphere is that region of the earth’s crust where, at high temperatures (up to 1800° C), not only decomposition processes occur, but also the synthesis of water molecules.

From an ecological point of view, the boundaries of the hydrosphere are defined more clearly and coincide with the boundaries of water bodies: marine and freshwater reservoirs and land watercourses.

The hydrosphere is a dynamically active shell. The horizontal transfer and mixing of water masses determines the constant redistribution of their properties, transmission over enormous distances and depths.

As already mentioned, about 96% of the volume of the hydrosphere falls on the World Ocean. Its main feature is conservatism and stability over time. Particularly surprising is the preservation of the constancy of the salt composition of ocean water: the percentage of main salts in it remains unchanged in any region of the ocean and at all depths, regardless of the degree of desalination.

The large heat capacity of water smoothes out extreme temperatures, leading to the accumulation of large amounts of heat, which creates favorable conditions for the development and spread of organisms throughout the water column.

The low variability of physical conditions in the World Ocean at one time contributed to the origin of life, and currently favors the maintenance of its greatest diversity. Of the 33 classes of plants known to biologists, representatives of 18 are found in the hydrosphere, and of 63 classes of animals - 60. It can be considered that the hydrosphere, and especially the World Ocean, are repositories of the species diversity of life.

It should be noted that the chemical composition of the blood of all animals (including humans) is close in composition to sea water. Having left the “sea element” on land, living creatures continue to maintain the familiar marine environment in their blood vessels. The functions of blood and sea water are basically the same. This is the transport of living cells, protein-carbohydrate complexes and dissolved gases.

Important properties of the oceanic environment, in addition to stability on a geological time scale, are also:

– continuity (unlike continental water bodies);
– continuous population and almost complete absence of lifeless zones;
– intensive circulation;
- the presence of ebbs and flows.

In the ocean, two main groups of habitats (biotopes) of plants and animals can be distinguished: these are coastal biotopes ( shelf zone) and open water biotopes ( pelagic).

Coastal biotopes have fairly distinct, delineated boundaries. They are usually located along the shelf in belts (stripes) parallel to the coastline, which replace each other as the depth increases.

In the pelagic part of the ocean, the structure of biotopes depends on the current regime and the characteristics of the circulation of water masses in each specific area. If there are stable connections between the entire water mass and the bottom (due to intense hydrodynamic transfer), a single biotope is formed.

Much more often, however, in the ocean a situation arises when contrasting water masses, differing in physicochemical regime, are located on top of each other like a layer cake. In this case, it is advisable to consider them as separate biotopes. Common features of pelagic biotopes are their large size and blurred boundaries.

How important are freshwater bodies and natural water in the Earth's hydrosphere?

The hydrosphere is formed by oceans, seas, land water bodies (rivers, lakes, swamps and reservoirs), as well as groundwater, glaciers and snow cover.

Compared to the ocean, fresh water covers a small portion of the Earth's surface; they account for only about 0.5% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. However, for humans, continental reservoirs and watercourses play just as important a role as oceanic ones.

Firstly, continental reservoirs and watercourses are the main source of fresh water for domestic and industrial needs. Secondly, freshwater ecosystems are used by humans as convenient and cheap waste processing systems.

Natural freshwater biotopes can be divided into two classes: stagnant bodies of water(lakes, ponds, oxbow lakes) and flowing watercourses(rivers and streams). There are no sharp boundaries between these groups, much less within each of them.

In general, stagnant bodies of water have little dynamic activity. Stagnant zones characterized by oxygen deficiency may appear in them.

The main feature of watercourses is the presence of a more or less pronounced current, which, as a rule, averages the distribution of physical conditions of the aquatic environment.

Under the influence of directed anthropogenic impact, a third, very extensive class of biotopes with intermediate properties was formed in the hydrosphere. This - reservoirs, combining the characteristics of reservoirs and watercourses.

Fresh water bodies differ from oceanic ones in the variety of conditions and high degree of discreteness. The isolation of continental reservoirs and watercourses from each other, the individuality of the hydrological regime and the greater dependence on the land environment create very significant differences between reservoirs even in geographically close areas. Artificial reservoirs are especially variable, some of which are subject to heating (discharge of warm water), others to severe pollution, and others to periodic drainage and freezing.

Fresh water on the planet makes up less than 3% of its total reserves, of which 75% is in the Arctic and Antarctic, 20% is groundwater and only 1% is concentrated in rivers, lakes and clouds. For many regions, the problem of fresh water is one of the most important environmental problems.

Natural water is a solution of salts, organic substances and gases. Mostly natural water is formed as a result of rainfall, less often it is of deep origin, that is, it is a condensation of vapors rising from the bowels of the earth.

The chemical composition of lake, river and groundwater varies widely and depends on the composition of rocks, soil cover and vegetation.

Currently, there are several classifications of the chemical composition of natural waters. For example, the following important characteristics are determined by hydrochemical indicators in natural waters:

1. The main compounds contained in water are called macro components. These include compounds of potassium, sodium, magnesium, and calcium. It should be noted that in ocean water, regardless of the absolute concentration, the ratio between the main components of the main salt composition always remains constant.

2. Concentration dissolved gases(oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and methane) is determined by their partial pressure.

3. Nutrients(waste products of organisms) - mainly inorganic compounds of nitrogen and phosphorus. Their concentration in fresh water bodies varies over a very wide range: from traces to 10 mg/l. Biogenic elements also include silicon compounds found in water in the form of colloidal or dissolved forms, iron compounds, mainly in the form of colloidal iron hydroxides or organic complexes.

4. Dissolved organic matter(DOM), that is, organic forms of nutrients. This group includes almost all classes of organic compounds. This group includes substances that give water odor and color.

5. Microelements. This group includes all metals, for example, copper, manganese. They are found in natural bodies of water in very low concentrations.

6. Living biomass bacteria and microorganisms.

Surface natural waters are characterized by a high content of insoluble substances, in particular organic compounds. In addition to particles of sand and clay, they contain loess, silty substances, various carbonates, bicarbonates, sulfates, chlorides, hydroxides of aluminum, manganese and iron, high-molecular organic impurities of humic origin (sometimes in the form of organomineral complexes), plankton, etc. The content of suspended particles in surface water bodies varies from a few units to tens of thousands per liter. The particle sizes of substances in suspension vary from coarse to colloidal.

Due to anthropogenic activity, another type of compound can be introduced into the chemical composition of natural waters - this toxic pollutants: heavy metals, petroleum products, organochlorine compounds, synthetic surfactants (surfactants), phenols. When natural water is chlorinated, dioxins can also form in it.

In total, natural waters contain about 50 chemical elements in noticeable quantities.

The hydrosphere, like all other geospheres of the planet, has natural radioactive background. Its main sources are isotopes of potassium, uranium, thorium, protactinium and their decay products. For example, more than 90% of the total radioactivity in seawater is formed by isotopes of uranium, thorium and radium. The natural radioactivity of rainwater can sometimes reach quite high values, which, however, decrease quite quickly over time. This is due to the presence in such water of short-lived decay products of the inert gas radon.

The natural water we use every day is not a simple chemical compound. It varies in different regions, and its chemical composition depends on the combined action of many factors.

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Including the total mass of water found on, below and above the surface of the planet. Water in the hydrosphere can be in three states of aggregation: liquid (water), solid (ice) and gaseous (water vapor). The Earth's hydrosphere, unique in the solar system, plays one of the primary roles in supporting life on our planet.

Total volume of hydrosphere waters

The earth has an area of ​​about 510,066,000 km²; Almost 71% of the planet's surface is covered with salt water, with a volume of about 1.4 billion km³ and an average temperature of about 4° C, not much above the freezing point of water. It contains almost 94% of the volume of all the Earth's water. The rest occurs as fresh water, three-quarters of which is locked up as ice in the polar regions. Most of the remaining fresh water is groundwater contained in soils and rocks; and less than 1% is found in the world's lakes and rivers. As a percentage, atmospheric water vapor is negligible, but the transport of water evaporated from the oceans to the land surface is an integral part of the hydrological cycle that renews and sustains life on the planet.

Hydrosphere objects

Diagram of the main components of the hydrosphere of planet Earth

The objects of the hydrosphere are all liquid and frozen surface water, groundwater in soil and rocks, as well as water vapor. The entire hydrosphere of the Earth, as shown in the diagram above, can be divided into the following large objects or parts:

• World Ocean: contains 1.37 billion km³ or 93.96% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• Groundwater: contain 64 million km³ or 4.38% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• Glaciers: contain 24 million km³ or 1.65% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• Lakes and reservoirs: contain 280 thousand km³ or 0.02% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• Soils: contain 85 thousand km³ or 0.01% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• Atmospheric steam: contains 14 thousand km³ or 0.001% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• Rivers: contain slightly more than 1 thousand km³ or 0.0001% of the volume of the entire hydrosphere;
• TOTAL VOLUME OF THE EARTH'S HYDROSPHERE: about 1.458 billion km³.

Water cycle in nature

Diagram of the cycle of nature

Involves the movement of water from the oceans through the atmosphere to the continents and then back to the oceans above, across, and below the land surface. The cycle includes processes such as precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, percolation and runoff. These processes operate throughout the hydrosphere, which extends approximately 15 km into the atmosphere and up to approximately 5 km deep into the earth's crust.

About a third of the solar energy that reaches the Earth's surface is spent on the evaporation of ocean water. The resulting atmospheric moisture condenses into clouds, rain, snow and dew. Humidity is a decisive factor in determining the weather. It is the driving force behind storms and is responsible for the separation of electrical charge, which is what causes lightning and therefore the natural ones that negatively affect some. Precipitation moistens the soil, replenishes underground aquifers, disrupts landscapes, nourishes living organisms, and fills rivers that carry dissolved chemicals and sediments back to the oceans.

The importance of the hydrosphere

Water plays an important role in the carbon cycle. Under the influence of water and dissolved carbon dioxide, calcium is eroded from continental rocks and transported to the oceans, where calcium carbonate is formed (including the shells of marine organisms). Carbonates are eventually deposited on the seafloor and lithified to form limestones. Some of these carbonate rocks later sink into the Earth's interior through the global process of plate tectonics and melt, releasing carbon dioxide (such as from volcanoes) into the atmosphere. The hydrological cycle, the cycling of carbon and oxygen through Earth's geological and biological systems, is the basis for sustaining planetary life and forming erosion and weathering of continents, and they stand in stark contrast to the absence of such processes on, for example, Venus.

Problems of the hydrosphere

The process of melting glaciers

There are many problems that are directly related to the hydrosphere, but the most global are the following:

Sea level rise

Sea level rise is an emerging problem that could affect many people and ecosystems around the world. Tide level measurements show a worldwide sea level rise of 15-20 cm, and the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) has suggested that the increase is due to expansion of ocean water due to rising ambient temperatures, melting mountain glaciers, and ice caps. Most of the Earth's glaciers are melting due to , and many scientific studies have shown that the rate of this process is increasing and is also having a significant impact on global sea levels.

Declining Arctic sea ice

Over the past few decades, Arctic sea ice has decreased significantly in size. Recent NASA research shows it is declining at a rate of 9.6% per decade. This thinning and removal of ice affects the balance of heat and animals. For example, populations decline due to a break in the ice that separates them from land and many individuals drown in attempts to swim across. This loss of sea ice also affects the albedo, or reflectivity, of the Earth's surface, causing dark oceans to absorb more heat.

Change in precipitation

An increase in precipitation can lead to floods and landslides, while a decrease can lead to droughts and fires. El Niño events, monsoons and hurricanes also influence short-term global climate change. For example, changes in ocean currents off the coast of Peru associated with an El Niño event can lead to changes in weather patterns throughout North America. Changes in monsoon patterns due to rising temperatures have the potential to cause droughts in areas around the world that depend on seasonal winds. Hurricanes, which intensify as sea surface temperatures rise, will become more destructive to humans in the future.

Melting permafrost

It melts as global temperatures rise. This most affects the people living in this area, since the soil on which the houses are located becomes unstable. Not only is there an immediate effect, but scientists fear that thawing permafrost will release huge amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) into the atmosphere, which will greatly affect the environment in the long term. Those released will contribute to further global warming by releasing heat into the atmosphere.

Anthropogenic human influence on the hydrosphere

Humans have had a significant impact on the hydrosphere of our planet, and this will continue as the Earth's population and human needs increase. Global climate change, river flooding, wetland drainage, flow reduction and irrigation have put pressure on existing freshwater hydrosphere systems. The steady state is disrupted by the release of toxic chemicals, radioactive substances and other industrial wastes, as well as the leakage of mineral fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides into the Earth's water sources.

Acid rain, caused by the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from the burning of fossil fuels, has become a worldwide problem. Acidification of freshwater lakes and increased concentrations of aluminum in their waters are believed to be responsible for significant changes in lake ecosystems. In particular, many lakes today do not have significant fish populations.

Eutrophication caused by human intervention is becoming a problem for freshwater ecosystems. As excess nutrients and organic matter from wastewater from agriculture and industry are released into water systems, they become artificially enriched. This affects coastal marine ecosystems, as well as the introduction of organic matter into the oceans, which is many times greater than in pre-human times. This has caused biotic changes in some areas, such as the North Sea, where cyanobacteria thrive better and diatoms thrive less.

As the population increases, the need for drinking water will also increase, and in many areas of the world, due to changing temperatures, fresh water is extremely difficult to obtain. As people irresponsibly divert rivers and deplete natural water supplies, this creates even more problems.

Humans have had a great impact on the hydrosphere and will continue to do so in the future. It is important to understand the impact we have on the environment and work to reduce negative impacts.

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The watery shell of the earth, which includes oceans, seas and continental water masses, snow cover and glaciers.
Oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, groundwater and ice sheets cover almost 71% of the earth's surface. The planet's water resources in liquid, gaseous and solid states amount to 1.6 billion cubic meters. km. This is 1/800th the volume of the Earth. The hydrosphere is a fairly mobile element of the geographical envelope.
It forms its intermittent watery shell. The average depth of the ocean is 3.8 km, the maximum Mariana Trench of the Pacific Ocean is 11,034 km. About 97% of the mass of the hydrosphere is made up of salty ocean waters, 2.2% is glacial water, the other part is groundwater, lake and river fresh water. The region of the biosphere in the hydrosphere is represented in its entire thickness, but the greatest density of living matter occurs in the surface layers, warmed up and illuminated by the rays of the sun, as well as coastal zones.
In general terms, the hydrosphere is divided into the World Ocean, surface waters and groundwater. Most of the water is concentrated in the ocean, much less in the continental river network and groundwater. There are also large reserves of water in the atmosphere, in the form of clouds and water vapor. More than 96% of the volume of the hydrosphere is made up of seas and oceans, about 2% is groundwater, about 2% is ice and snow, and about 0.02% is land surface water. Some of the water is in a solid state in the form of glaciers, snow cover and permafrost, representing the cryosphere.
Surface waters, occupying a relatively small proportion of the total mass of the hydrosphere, still play a vital role in the life of the terrestrial biosphere, being the main source of water supply, irrigation and water supply. Moreover, this part of the hydrosphere is in constant interaction with the atmosphere and the earth's crust.
The interaction of these waters and mutual transitions from one type of water to another constitute a complex water cycle on the globe. Life on Earth first originated in the hydrosphere. Only at the beginning of the Paleozoic era did the gradual migration of animals and plant organisms to land begin.

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