Comparison of adverbs in Russian. Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs

Qualitative adverbs are the richest semantic group of adverbs in quantitative terms. These adverbs, as a rule, are motivated by adjectives and inherit from them not only the lexical meaning of the root, but also degrees of comparison. The forms of comparative degrees of adverbs largely coincide with the forms of comparative degrees of adjectives.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs Comparative

1) simple (synthetic) – louder, faster;

2) analytical – louder, faster.

Excellent

1) simple (synthetic) – absent;

2) analytical – louder, louder than everyone else; more quickly, faster than everyone else.

The comparative simple form of adverbs is formed using suffixes - e:loud - louder;-her:strongly - stronger;-she:early - earlier.

Some adverbs have two variant comparative forms: far - further, further; early - earlier, earlier; late - later, later. It is possible to add a prefix By-:higher - higher; slowly - slow down.

The analytical form of the comparative degree is formed, like that of adjectives, by joining the positive degree of the word more (most):more loudly, most loudly. Regarding the inclusion of the word less There are different opinions. V.V. Vinogradov wrote: “... combinations of adjectives with the word less(due to the absence of correlative forms of the superlative degree) do not merge into a grammatical whole, are not “morphologized.” They retain the character of free syntactic chaining. Less acts only as an antonym to more" [Vinogradov, 1972, p. 203–204].

The opinion that only the word can act as a component of the analytical form more, is based on the fact that the comparative degree expresses greater intensity of the attribute, and the word less destroys this theory.

It is possible to form suppletive comparative forms: x good is better, little is less.

There is an opinion that analytical forms of the comparative degree have not only adverbs of qualitative characteristics, but also some adverbs ending in -ski, in...ski, in...ohm, For example: friendly - more friendly.

Superlative forms of adverbs are formed in the same way as adjectives - with the help of suffixes -ayshe, -ayshe, but are found extremely rarely, in a small group of words: most strictly, most deeply, most humbly, most honorably, most respectfully, highest, sweetest, most humble, most detailed, closest. These obsolete forms are used for stylistic purposes.

Analytical forms have components: 1) the form of a comparative degree and words all, all: fastest, most convenient; 2) positive form of adverb and word most: most understandable.

1. Degrees of quality of adverbs

Like adjectives, adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives express the degree of quality without comparison using suffixes of subjective assessment and special prefixes.

The degrees of quality of adverbs are formed:

1) using suffixes - onk-(-enk-), -ovat-(-evat-), -onechk-(-enechk-), -okhonk-(-yokhonk-):quietly, a long time ago, lightly, quietly, close etc. In this case, some of the suffixes are used to strengthen the attribute ( often, quickly etc.), the other - to express the weakening of the sign ( too little, too early);

2) using attachments pre-, once-, all-, archi-, super-:calm, beautiful, extremely modern, extremely elegant;

3) by repeating adverbs: far, far, quickly, quickly etc.

Word formation of adverbs

Adverbs are formed from adjectives, nouns, participles, gerunds, etc. The most productive are suffixal and prefix-suffixal methods of word formation. Let's briefly look at the main methods.

1. Suffixation. The most productive way is to form adverbs using a suffix -O from adjectives: freely, quickly, moderately, difficultly, conveniently, daily, highly, faithfully, deftly, fervently, undeservedly, stubbornly, sadly, cheerfully.

From adjectives to skiy, -tskiy adverbs with a suffix are formed -And: brotherly, friendly, barbaric, bossy, brave.

Adverbs defiantly, threateningly, irritatingly, excitingly, pleadingly, lovingly and so on, having the suffix -e, are motivated by the corresponding present participles of the active voice.

Adverbs can be motivated by nouns ( in the afternoon, in the morning, in spring, sometimes, at a trot, on horseback, around, instantly, home, single file), numerals ( five, three times, once), verbs ( silently, jogging, alert), adverbs ( not enough, often, briefly, a long time ago, quietly, waddle). In some cases, word formation is closely intertwined with adverbialization - the replenishment of adverbs due to transition from other parts of speech. Thus, nouns have undergone adverbialization eveningohm , springO th, in which the former ending has turned into a suffix.

2. Prefixation. Adverbs are formed from corresponding adverbs using prefixes Not- (not far, not for long), for-(before dark, in advance), to- (until now); from pronouns ( forever, to here, from here).

3. Prefixation with suffixation. Adverbs can be motivated by adjectives ( businesslike, still, apparently, comradely, like a dog, manually, in the distance, locked up, dry, again, occasionally, to the right, tipsy, rashly, old-fashioned), pronouns ( in our opinion, in my opinion), nouns ( really, draw, half, above, on top, in front, next morning, married), numerals ( three of us, ten of us, nine of us), verbs ( at a glance, at a glance), adverbs ( for a long time, a lot).

4. Addition: half-lying, half-joking.

5. Suffixation with addition: in passing, on its own.

6. Prefixation with suffixation and addition: half-heartedly, in a low voice, at exorbitant prices.

How to distinguish a comparative adverb from an adjective?

Naturally, you can distinguish the comparative degree of adverbs from the comparative degree of adjectives that coincides with it in the text, and in the text you should immediately pay attention to WHAT the word explains.

The comparative degree of adverbs usually explains the VERB, and the comparative degree of adjectives explains the NOUN (or the word that replaces it).

1) Parents never scolded their children, they did wiser.

2) Grandma still wiser parents.

In the first example sentence, the highlighted word explains the verb from which it is put

question parents did HOW? -- wiser. This is an adverb wise => wiser.

The second sentence explains the noun from which another question is asked:

grandma WHAT? -- wiser. This is an adjective wise => wiser.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to do this and it happens that many people confuse one with the other.

In order to distinguish/distinguish between a comparative adverb and an adjective, you need to ask a question about the word.

• His car is faster than mine (which one?).

  Let's go home quickly (How?).

In the first case it is an adjective, and in the second it is an adverb. An adjective has a modifier to which it refers (the car is faster), but an adverb does not.

Distinguishing an adjective from an adverb in the comparative degree is quite simple. It is enough to know that the adjective answers the question what? which? which? for how long? depending on the gender. The adverb answers the question how? Where? Next comes the context of the sentence. For example, in the sentence the sun is shining brighter, the word more clearly answers the question how? Therefore it is an adverb. In the sentence, the headlights on this car shine brighter, than on the other word answers the question by how much more clearly? Here the word appears in the comparative degree of the adjective.

Good question. Due to the fact that the degrees of comparison of qualitative adjectives and adverbs are formed in the same way, mistakes are often made in their definition.

Without context It is impossible to understand which part of speech a word belongs to, so the first thing you need to do is determine its position in the sentence.

For example:

We've risen higher along the slope.

This house higher everyone.

Adverb is a circumstance, answers the questions how? Where? and other questions of adverbs, and also denotes a sign of action, therefore it is used together with the verb from which the question is asked. We rose (where?) higher.

Adjective comparatively acts as a predicate, answers the question which? and denotes a feature of an object - used together with a noun. The house (which one?) is higher than all.

Sometimes it can be very difficult to distinguish an adverb from an adjective if they are both in the comparative degree. Therefore, it is necessary to ask a question from the main word to this adverb or adjective. Adverbs usually answer the question how, adjectives which. Everything is decided only by a narrow context.

Since it is possible to distinguish an adverb and an adjective only in context, let’s give examples and use them to explain the differences:

1) Dad higher mothers by ten centimeters.

We ask a question to the subject noun: what is dad like? tall/above. An adjective refers to a noun (feature attribute).

2) On the steps to the entrance to the temple, dad was higher moms.

We ask a question to the predicate verb: is it located where? high/above. An adverb refers to a verb (a sign of action).

In order to be able to find the difference between an adverb in the comparative degree and an adjective, you need to ask the right questions about the word being defined.

Example: An old man is wiser than a young man (what kind of old man? or even what? - wiser). In this case it is expressed by a short adjective.

Example: The old man acted wiser than the young man (acted what? - wiser). Here it will already be an adverb.

Accordingly, look at the questions and find out the part of speech.

Most often, if a question is asked from a defined word, which is a noun, then it is an adjective. If from a defined word, expressed by a verb, it means an adverb.

My mother is (what?) wiser (adj.) than me.

He acted (how?) wiser (adverb) than others.

Adjectives depend on nouns, and adverbs depend on verbs (most often).

According to the context, probably.. After all, if it’s a comparative degree, then there must be something and with what it’s being compared..

Distinguish an adverb from an adjective in the comparative degree can be done as follows.

If the adjective is in the comparative degree, then it is implied that there are 2 different objects between which the comparison is being made.

Thus, such an adjective is like a connecting link between 2 members of the sentence.

For example:

My girlfriend (what?) younger(than who?) than my sister.

An adverb, on the other hand, refers to only one word, and there is no mention in the sentence of the object to which something is being compared.

For example:

Do you look (what?) younger in these clothes.

That is, the adverb here answers the question how?, and it cannot be used to ask an additional question to another member of the sentence.

You need to read the sentence itself, then you can understand in what sense this word is used, for example as an adjective or as an adverb. The adjective is what (aya, oe, ie, go,..), while the adverb answers the question how. You just need to grasp the meaning of the word.

Introduction

Adverbs most often denote a sign of action. Using degrees of comparison, we can characterize the degree of manifestation of the characteristic expressed by the adverb.

Degrees of comparison have adverbs ending in -o(s) , formed from qualitative adjectives.

For example: go fast - go faster - go faster than everyone else.

Scheme 1

Comparative degree

The comparative degree denotes greater or lesser degree of manifestation of the characteristic.

The comparative degree has two forms - simple and compound.

Simple comparative degree formed from the stem of an adverb without -o(-ko, -oko) using suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe .

For example: heat o - heat her(-to her) ,

loud o - louder e ,

wounds o - early she,

deep eye - deep same.

Adverbs good, bad, little form a simple form of comparative degree non-standardly: good is better, bad is worse, little is less.

In colloquial speech we use adverbs formed from the simple form of the comparative degree using the prefix By- . Such adverbs denote a small measure of the manifestation of a characteristic. For example: cheaper → By cheaper

better → By better

lighter → By lighter

The difference between the simple comparative degree of an adverb and the corresponding form of an adjective

The simple form of the comparative degree of adverbs coincides with the corresponding form of the adjective. Compare:

adjective: funny - more fun;

adverb: funny - more fun.

You can distinguish the simple comparative degree of an adjective from an adverb in the same form by several characteristic features of these two parts of speech:

verb adverb

For example: Summer We spend our holidays (how?)more fun , than winter ones.

noun adj.

INmy brother as a childBrotherwas(Which?)more fun , howsister.

Compound comparative degree formed by adding to words more (less) adverbs in initial form. For example: warm - warmer, loud - less loud.

The compound comparative degree of adverbs is often used in comparative phrases with the word how and is a circumstance. For example: Anya does her homework more diligently than Olya.

Superlative degree of comparison denotes the greatest or least degree of manifestation of a characteristic.

Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not have simple superlative comparisons. The remainders of the simple comparative degree are presented only in obsolete expressions: most humbly Thank you, most humbly I bow.

Compound superlative adverb is formed in two ways:

1. Addition to words most or least adverbs in initial form.

For example: highly - most highly, seriously - least seriously.

2. Combination of a simple comparative degree of an adverb with words total or everyone. For example: high - above everyone else; seriously - most seriously.

The difference between a compound superlative adverb and the corresponding form of an adjective

Compound superlative adverbs with words everyone/total coincides with the corresponding form of adjectives. They can be distinguished by the same characteristics that distinguish the forms of the simple comparative degree ( see table).

For example: verb adverb

My friend draws(How?) the most beautiful of all .

noun adj.

Sister my friend was (what?) the most beautiful of all!

References

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.

1. Didactic materials. Section "Adverb" ().
2. Adverb as part of speech ().
3. Adverb as part of speech ().
4. Parts of speech in Russian ().

Homework

Exercises№ 212, 214. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - M.: Education, 2012.

Task No. 1. First write down proverbs and sayings with the comparative degree of adjectives, and then with the comparative degree of adverbs. Underline the words in the comparative degree as parts of a sentence.

1.You won’t find a better friend than your mother. 2. It is better to know a lot than to have a lot. 3. And the forest makes more noise when there are a lot of trees. 4. It is easier to lose a friend than to find one. 5. Listen more, talk less. 6. You can’t grow higher than yourself. 7. Food tastes better after work. 8. Squint less - you will see more. 9. Less horse - less cart.

Task No. 2. From these adverbs, form all possible forms of degrees of comparison.

Close, soon, low, distinct, far, good, beautiful, clean, wide, rare, tight.

Task No. 3. Correct the mistakes of careless students.

1. Most of all, I love summer. 2. Our athlete ran faster than everyone else. 3. The Rostov Kremlin was built earlier than the Moscow Kremlin. 4. The music played louder. 5. The guide talked about the history of the Moscow Kremlin more interestingly than what is written in the book.

Each of the existing parts of speech has its own characteristic features. All of them are divided into groups according to meaning, so their features are completely different. Some parts of speech help to compare one object or quality with another. Thanks to this, categories such as comparative and superlative degrees appeared. We will look at what they are in more detail in our article.

Degrees of comparison

Every schoolchild knows that adverbs differ from other groups of speech in that they can form different ones. They are called a form of a word that changes due to the comparison of one quality with another.

As a rule, there are three subgroups:

• Positive degree. It stands in such a way when it is not compared with any other. For example: beautiful (in itself), cold (without comparison with what was before or will be later). It is also called the initial degree, and in linguistics it is scientifically defined as positive.
• Comparative degree. The word in this form is used when one quality of an object or some phenomenon is correlated with another. For example: big - bigger (than the first one), sad - sadder (than it was before).
• Superlative. It is used if they want to express the highest quality indicator among others similar to it. For example: light - the brightest (the most), cheerful - the most fun.

Adjective

Of the variety of parts of speech, the role of forming degrees is assigned only to adjectives and adverbs. It’s not difficult to explain: each of them denotes the quality of the item and its condition. And it’s not at all difficult to compare them with each other.

It is formed in two different ways:

In difficult cases, it is not possible to form a simple comparative degree. Then only the complex one is used. Such examples include the word “heavy”.

The superlative degree has two methods of formation:

• Simple. The suffixes -eysh or -aysh are added to the base (adjective): dear - dearest.
• Difficult. It is formed with the help of auxiliary words “most”, “all”: the kindest, kindest of all.

Sometimes the prefix -nai is added for strengthening: the best is the best.

Adverb

This special part of speech practically does not change, has no endings and no system of declensions. But at the same time she has another ability. Just like an adjective, an adverb has a superlative and comparative form.

The latter is formed using:

An adverb in the superlative degree is rarely formed with the help of the suffixes -ayshe, -eyshe: most humbly, most strictly. We can often find such forms in the literature of past centuries.

As a rule, the words “total” (fastest) and “maximum” (as short as possible) are most often used.

For intensification, the prefix -nai is used: most.

Bottom line

Every day we compare one object, quality or phenomenon with another. In oral speech, we don’t even think about the ways that help us with this. Now we know how comparative and superlative degrees are formed in writing. Do not forget that only adverbs have this feature. No matter how you do this - with the help of suffixes or use special words, do not forget that not all forms have existence. In this case, it is worth checking them in a dictionary.

Adverbs ending in -o(-e) formed from qualitative adjectives can have degrees of comparison, for example: took off high- took off higher, took off higher, took off above all. Adverbs have two degrees of comparison: comparative And excellent.

The comparative degree of adverbs has two forms - simple And composite. The simple form of the comparative degree is formed using suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she, in this case the final -o(-e), -ko:

hurt - sick to her (-her), it became easy - easier e, thin - thin she .

The compound form of a comparative adverb is a combination of the word more and the original form of the adverb, for example: cut off more subtly, belonged more carefully.

The superlative degree of adverbs, as a rule, has a compound form, which is a combination of two words - the comparative degree of the adverb and the pronoun of all (total): did the best.

234. Form simple comparative forms from these adverbs and write them according to the model. Read the synonyms for the highlighted word in the box. Make sentences with three of them.

Graceful - graceful her ; confident, unbridled, steady, beautiful, excited, majestic, energetic, comfortable.

Hot - hot e ; loud, expensive, ringing, strong, strict, dry, quiet, simple, sharp, bright, cool, hard, often, cheap.

Close - closer e ; smooth, liquid, short, low, rare, narrow, sweet, high, wide.

furiously
violently
uncontrollably
indomitable
unbridled
furiously
more convenient
wider
sweeter

235. Read the text. Determine its theme. First, write down phrases with comparative adverbs, then with the rest. In what other meaning is the word “sabantuy” used in Russian? Tell us about one of the Russian national holidays or about the holiday of other peoples of Russia.

STATE HOLIDAY OF TATARSTAN - SABANTUI

Sabantuy is an ancient holiday of the Tatar people, it is held after the end of field work, in June. They prepare for Sabantuy in advance - they clean the house more thoroughly, stock up more treats for guests, and more thoughtfully choose gifts for the winners of competitions.

The collection of gifts is carried out on the eve of the holiday, on Saturday. In villages, young men ride around on horses with a cheerful song, collecting gifts - towels, scarves, etc. They are attached to the horses' bridles. The more gifts collected, the richer the rider’s horse is decorated.

The place for the celebration is determined in advance; most of all, it looks like a stadium for competitions. At the ceremonial opening of Sabantuy, one of the district leaders congratulates those gathered on the national holiday. This is followed by the entertainment part - performances by singers and dancers.

Then various competitions are held, most of all the attention of the audience is attracted by the national wrestling - keresh. Various kinds of comic competitions bring cheerful excitement: running with a spoon in your mouth with an egg placed on it, running with buckets on a rocker filled with water. Fighting with sacks full of hay causes a lot of laughter. Very popular are tug-of-war, tug-of-war, climbing on a high smooth pole with a prize suspended at the top, etc. At the same time, competitions of singers, readers, and dancers are held. Young people enthusiastically lead round dances and organize dances.

Name words that sound the same. Ask them questions. What parts of the sentence are they?

1. My brother is taller than me.
2. My brother jumps over the bar higher than me.

The comparative degree of an adverb is a circumstance, refers to a verb and answers the question how? And the forest makes more noise (how?) when there are a lot of trees. (Proverb)

236. Read Russian proverbs and sayings. Copy and underline the comparative adverbs. Think of two situations in which you can use these proverbs and sayings.

Better the bitter truth than a sweet lie. More science means smarter hands. The ears do not grow above the forehead. More action, less words. You can't jump over your head. Talk less, hear more. You can't yawn wider than your mouth. There is no beast stronger than a cat. Below average. It's better to see once than to hear a hundred times. It couldn't be worse. If you drive more slowly, you will continue. A day later, a day earlier - what's the difference. You won't be whiter than snow.

237. Dictation. Underline the adverbs. What do they mean? Make up three sentences with participial phrases.

Ra(s, h)red-hot stone, very thinning taiga, recently built(n, nn) ​​power plant, heating..greenhouse below, industrial wood, heated in some places underground springs(?), the predawn(n, nn) ​​hour, a stripe flaring up (in) the sky, lava rising..rising upward, a fire(n, nn) ​​stream scattered everywhere blocks, a thick geyser shrouded in steam.