Agroclimatic resources. Types of winter

Agroclimatic resources refer to climate resources in relation to agricultural needs. Air, light, heat, moisture and nutrients are called the life factors of living organisms. Their combination determines the possibility of vegetation of plant or vital activity of animal organisms. The absence of at least one of the factors of life (even in the presence of optimal options for all others) leads to their death. Various climatic phenomena (thunderstorms, cloudiness, winds, fogs, snowfalls, etc.) also have a certain effect on plants and are called environmental factors. Depending on the strength of this effect, plant vegetation is weakened or strengthened (for example, with strong winds, transpiration increases and the plant’s need for water increases, etc.).

Light. The factor that determines the energy basis of the entire diversity of plant life (their germination, flowering, fruiting, etc.) is mainly the light part of the solar spectrum. Only in the presence of light does the most important physiological process, photosynthesis, arise and develop in plant organisms. When assessing light resources, the intensity and duration of illumination (photoperiodism) are also taken into account.

Warm. Each plant requires a certain minimum and maximum heat for its development. The amount of heat required by plants to complete the vegetation cycle is called the biological sum of temperatures. It is calculated as the arithmetic sum of average daily temperatures for the period from the beginning to the end of the plant's growing season. The temperature limit of the beginning and end of the growing season, or the critical level limiting the active development of crops, is called biological zero or minimum. For different ecological groups of crops, the biological zero is not the same. For example, for most grain crops of the temperate zone (barley, rye, wheat, etc.) it is +5°C, for corn, buckwheat, legumes, sunflowers, sugar beets, for fruit shrubs and tree crops of the temperate zone +10°C, for subtropical crops (rice, cotton, citrus fruits) +15°C.

Moisture. The most important factor in plant life is moisture. During all periods of life, a plant requires a certain amount of moisture for its growth, without which it dies. Water is involved in any physiological process associated with the creation or destruction of organic matter. It is necessary for photosynthesis, provides thermoregulation of the plant organism, and transports nutrients. During normal vegetative development, cultivated plants absorb enormous volumes of water. Often, from 200 to 1000 mass units of water are consumed to form one unit of dry matter (B. G. Rozanov, 1984).

Agroclimatic zoning is the division of a territory (at any level) into regions that differ in the conditions of growth, development, overwintering and production of food. whole cultivated plants.

1. Division according to the degree of heat supply.

Cold belt. The sum of active temperatures does not exceed 1000°. These are very small heat reserves; the growing season lasts less than two months. Since even at this time temperatures often drop below zero, farming in open ground is impossible. The cold belt occupies vast areas in northern Eurasia, Canada and Alaska.

Cool belt. Heat supply increases from 1000° in the north to 2000° in the south. The cool belt extends in a fairly wide strip to the south of the cold belt in Eurasia and North America and forms a narrow zone in the southern Andes in South America. Agriculture is of a focal nature, concentrating in the warmest habitats.

Moderate zone. The heat supply is at least 2000° in the north of the belt and up to 4000° in the southern regions. The temperate zone occupies vast territories in Eurasia and North America: it includes all of foreign Europe (without the southern peninsulas), most of the Russian Plain, Kazakhstan, southern Siberia and the Far East, Mongolia, Tibet, northeastern China, the southern regions of Canada and the northern areas of the USA. On the southern continents, the temperate zone is represented locally: this is Patagonia in Argentina and a narrow strip of the Chilean Pacific coast in South America, the islands of Tasmania and New Zealand. The duration of the growing season is 60 days in the north and about 200 days in the south.

Warm (or subtropical) zone. The sums of active temperatures range from 4000° on the northern border to 8000° on the southern border. Territories with such heat supply are widely represented on all continents: the Eurasian Mediterranean, the predominant part of the United States and Mexico, Argentina and Chile, the south of the African continent, the southern half of Australia, and Southern China.

Hot belt. Heat reserves are practically unlimited; they everywhere exceed 8000°, sometimes more than 10,000°. Geographically, the hot zone occupies the most extensive land areas of the globe. It includes most of Africa, most of South America, Central America, all of South Asia and the Arabian Peninsula, the Malay Archipelago and the northern half of Australia. In the hot zone, heat ceases to play the role of a limiting factor in the placement of crops. The growing season lasts all year round, the average temperatures of the coldest month do not fall below +15°C

2. Subdivision based on differences in annual moisture regimes.

A total of 16 areas with different values ​​of the growing season moisture coefficient are identified:

• 1. Excessive moisture during the growing season;
• 2. Sufficient moisture during the growing season;
• 3. Dry growing season;
• 4. Dry growing season (probability of droughts more than 70%);
• 5. Dry throughout the year (the amount of annual precipitation is less than 150 mm. HTC for the growing season is less than 0.3);
• 6. Sufficient moisture throughout the year;
• 7. Sufficient or excessive moisture in summer, dry winter and spring (monsoon climate);
• 8. Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer (Mediterranean climate type);
• 9. Sufficient or excessive moisture in winter, dry summer
• (Mediterranean climate type)
• 10. Insufficient moisture in winter, dry and arid summers;
• 11. Excessive moisture most of the year with 2-5 dry or dry months;
• 12. Dry most of the year with sufficient moisture for 2-4 months;
• 13. Dry most of the year with excess moisture for 2-5 months;
• 14. Two periods of excess moisture with two dry or arid periods;
• 15. Excessive moisture throughout the year;
• 16. The temperature of the warmest month is below 10 C (humidification conditions are not assessed).

Table 5

Composition of agricultural land

Compiled from: Russia and countries of the world, 2006: stat. Sat./Rosstat.-M., 2006. -P.201-202.

climatic atmospheric speed transport

Agroclimatic resources of a territory are assessed using agroclimatic indicators that have a significant impact on the growth, development and productivity of agricultural crops and determine the supply of plants mainly with heat and moisture. Under conditions of sufficient moisture supply, plants make maximum use of solar heat and accumulate the greatest amount of biomass. When there is a lack of moisture, the use of heat is limited and the more, the lower the moisture supply, which leads to a decrease in productivity.

The sum of average daily air temperatures above 10 °C is taken as the main agroclimatic indicator that determines heat resources and the need for them in agricultural crops, since it characterizes the period of active growing season for most plants.

Differentiation of a territory according to the conditions of moisture supply is usually made by the moisture indicator, which most often represents the ratio of precipitation to evaporation. Of the large number of indicators proposed by various scientists, the most widely used are the hydrothermal coefficient G.T. Selyaninova, moisture indicators P.I. Koloskova, D.I. Shashko, S.A. Sapozhnikova.

For wintering crops, an additional assessment of the climate of the territory based on overwintering conditions is necessary.

Currently, a new direction has been determined in agroclimatic research: agroclimatic resources are assessed as the climatic opportunities that any territory has for obtaining agricultural products, and the form of presentation of agroclimatic resources is information on crop productivity depending on the climatic characteristics of the territory. A comparative assessment of the biological productivity of the climate (agroclimatic resources) is expressed in absolute (yield in c/ha) or relative (score) values.

The influence of heat resources and the ratio of heat and moisture on biological productivity is taken into account by the complex indicator D.I. Shashko - bioclimatic potential (BCP):

where Kr(ku) is the growth coefficient based on the annual indicator of atmospheric moisture; t > 10 o C - the sum of temperature values ​​above 10 o C, expressing the heat supply of plants in a given location; tak(base) - the base sum of average daily air temperature values ​​during the active growing season, i.e. the amount against which the comparative assessment is made.

Different sums of temperature values ​​can be taken as base values: 1000 o C - for comparison with productivity at the border of possible mass field farming; 1900 o C - for comparison with the national average productivity characteristic of the southern taiga forest zone; 3100 o C - for comparison with productivity under optimal growth conditions characteristic of the foothill forest-steppe regions of the Krasnodar Territory.

In the above formula, the growth coefficient (biological productivity coefficient) Kr(ku) is the ratio of the yield under given moisture conditions to the maximum yield under optimal moisture conditions and is calculated by the formula

Kr(ku) = lg (20 Kuvl),

where Kuvl = Р/d is the coefficient of annual atmospheric humidification, equal to the ratio of the amount of precipitation to the sum of average daily values ​​of air humidity deficiency. At a value of Kuvl = 0.5, optimal conditions are created for the moisture supply of plants. Under these conditions, Kp(ku) = 1.

The productivity of individual crops, gross output, profitability, etc. are associated with the BCP. In Russia, the average productivity of crops over a wide area (cereals) corresponds to the value of BCP = 1.9, which is taken as the standard (100 points). The transition from BKP to points is carried out according to the formula

Bk = Kr (ku) = 55 BKP

where Bk is the climate index of biological productivity (relative to the average productivity for the country), point; 55 - proportionality coefficient, determined by the relationship between the average values ​​of the BCP and grain productivity at the level of agricultural technology of state-owned plots.

Bioclimatic potential, expressed in points, serves as the main indicator for assessing the agroclimatic significance of the climate and approximately reflects the biological productivity of zonal soil types, since productivity depends on soil fertility and characterizes the favorableness of the climate. Thus, to assess agroclimatic resources, an integral indicator was used - the climatic index of biological productivity Bk, the range of variation of which over the territory of Russia is given in Table. 29.

The areas with the most favorable ratio of heat and moisture resources for plant development have the highest agroclimatic potential. An excess or deficiency of one of them leads to a decrease in climate productivity.

Table 4 Range of changes in the specialized indicator of agroclimatic resources

The best agroclimatic conditions in Russia are observed in humid subtropical areas - on the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory. In the Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Adygea, the Bk indicator has maximum values ​​- 161 and 157 points. This figure is somewhat lower in the Central Black Earth regions (Belgorod, Kursk, Lipetsk, etc.) and in the slightly arid regions of the North Caucasus (Kabardino-Balkarian, Ingush, Chechen republics). Agroclimatic resources that provide an average level of productivity are formed in the central and western regions of the European part of Russia, as well as in the monsoon regions of the Far East - 80 -120 points.

Zoning of agroclimatic resources according to the complex indicator Bk refers to the type of general zoning, since it makes it possible to characterize in general the climatic resources of the territory for agriculture (farming). Along with this, special (or private) zoning is of great importance, which is carried out in relation to individual agricultural crops based on taking into account the climate requirements of these crops and assessing the climate’s compliance with these requirements.

BCP values, calculated based on the arrival and ratio of heat and moisture, are used both for a general assessment of biological productivity and for a special assessment of the productivity (yield) of ecological types of agricultural crops. A special assessment of biological productivity based on BCP values ​​can only be used within the cultivation area of ​​specific crops. In Russia, the area of ​​cultivation of the main grain crops (the territory of mass farming) includes the southern taiga forest, forest-steppe, steppe and dry steppe zones.

To assess biological productivity in general for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation within their territories, the weighted average yield values ​​for the area of ​​arable land are determined, calculated based on the zonal productivity (c/ha) of a specific crop and the Bq values ​​of agricultural land in a given area. For all crops, calculations are carried out using the same methodology. It should be noted that, unlike complex climate resources for other areas of the economy, the resources for the listed six crops do not add up to the total amount of agroclimatic resources. This is due to the specifics of the geographical distribution of cultivation areas of these crops in Table. 30.

Agroclimatic resources of spring wheat yield vary throughout the country from 3.9 c.u. in the Astrakhan region up to 14.8 USD. e. in the Bryansk region, which in absolute terms corresponds to a change in yield from 10 to 36 c/ha. The most favorable agroclimatic conditions for the formation of a spring wheat harvest are observed in the European part of Russia - in the Bryansk, Smolensk, Kaluga, Moscow, Vladimir regions, the Republic of Mari El, etc. To the south and north of these regions, deterioration of conditions is observed: to the north - beyond due to a decrease in heat, to the south - due to an increase in climate dryness. This deterioration is uneven, especially in the western regions of the European part of Russia, where there is a strip of increased productivity - Pskov, Kaliningrad, Kursk, Belgorod regions, with values ​​​​(29-34 c/ha) (Table 31).

Table 5 Agroclimatic resources of crop yields and Bq

The arid south-eastern regions of the European part of Russia are characterized by low and reduced productivity, very low productivity - 4-7 c.u. (10-17 c/ha) - the Astrakhan region, the Republic of Kalmykia and Dagestan differ.

Table 6 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agroclimatic resources, spring wheat yield

For other spring grain crops (barley, oats), the patterns of spatial distribution of yield, determined by the ratio of heat and moisture resources, are largely preserved. Differences arise due to the unequal requirements of cultures for environmental conditions.

Spring barley requires less heat than other cereal grains and is highly resistant to drought. In this regard, agroclimatic conditions for the cultivation of barley in Russia are generally more favorable than for wheat. The area of ​​the highest barley yield values ​​- 33-34 c/ha - is located in the Central region of the European part of Russia (in the Vladimir, Moscow, Kaluga, Smolensk regions). From the south, the Central Black Earth region is adjacent to a zone of increased productivity - 27-32 c/ha, which extends east to the Perm region inclusive (Table 6).

Oats are a low heat-demanding but moisture-loving crop. It is more susceptible to drought than barley and spring wheat. When agroclimatic resources deviate from optimal ones, especially with increasing temperature and decreasing humidity, the oat yield decreases.

Table 7 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agroclimatic resources of spring barley yield

Oats are a plant of temperate climate, therefore, in most of the European part of Russia, favorable conditions are created for its cultivation (Table 33). The high productivity zone is located north of the Voronezh, Tambov, Penza, and Ulyanovsk regions.

Table8 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agroclimatic resources - oat yield

The productivity of winter grain crops (wheat and rye), unlike spring grain crops, is determined by the agroclimatic conditions of the warm and cold seasons. The advantage of winter crops over spring crops is that winter crops effectively use soil moisture in the autumn and early spring periods and are therefore less susceptible to summer drought. The main factors limiting the spread of winter crops are overwintering conditions, which are determined by the duration of the cold period with negative temperatures, the severity of winter, as well as the height of snow cover and climatic factors of transition periods - from autumn to winter and from winter to spring. Overwintering is a very important period in the life of winter crops; it is often accompanied by damage and even death of plants. The most common causes of damage are freezing, damping off, soaking, bulging and the formation of an ice crust. Winter wheat and winter rye are characterized by different winter hardiness, have their own specific characteristics and react differently to the same unfavorable overwintering conditions.

Winter wheat is less adapted to overwintering conditions compared to winter rye and is grown mainly in climatic zones characterized by relatively mild winters and sufficient snow reserves. In the European part of Russia it is cultivated almost everywhere; in the north and east, its crops are limited due to damping off and low temperatures in winter.

The area of ​​optimum productivity of winter wheat is located in the northwestern and Central non-chernozem regions of the European part of Russia (Pskov, Novgorod, Bryansk, Moscow, etc.) with values ​​of 36-38 c/ha. To the north, south and east of the optimum zone, the yield decreases due to various unfavorable conditions of both warm and cold periods (Table 34). The deterioration of the agroclimatic conditions for the growth of winter wheat in the warm period occurs due to lack of heat and excess humidity (north of the European part of Russia), low air temperatures (northeast of the European Plain), high air temperatures and insufficient humidity (southeast, south Volga region). A decrease in yield due to poor wintering in the northern and north-eastern regions most often occurs as a result of damping off, when a thick snow cover is established over slightly frozen soil. As you move southwest, the frequency of damping off decreases. In the southeastern regions, the negative factor of overwintering is mainly the freezing of crops. In agroclimatic terms, damping off with excess moisture in the north and freezing with a lack of moisture in the southeast bring the regions closer in yield.

Table 9 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agroclimatic resources, winter wheat yield

Among other grain crops, winter rye is distinguished by its highest frost resistance and is less likely to die during overwintering than winter wheat. The winter rye culture can be cultivated in almost all climatic zones of our country, but it grows best in the Non-Black Earth zone of the European part of Russia and the Central Black Earth regions (Table 35). In total, the zone of increased productivity, having values ​​> 27 c/ha, includes 16 constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Areas with an average level of productivity occupy much larger areas compared to areas for winter wheat and are located not only in the European, but also in the Asian part of Russia (in the Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Kurgan, Tomsk, Kemerovo regions, and the Republic of Khakassia).

Table 10 Values ​​of the main specialized climatic indicator of agroclimatic resources of winter rye yield

Potatoes are one of the most important agricultural crops and occupy second place in the food balance of our country after bread. In Russia, vast areas are occupied by potatoes; it is cultivated from the Arctic to the southern borders of the country, however, the agroclimatic conditions for growing potatoes are not always favorable for its optimal growth and development. Potatoes are a plant of temperate, humid climates. Its most stable harvests are obtained in the middle latitudes - in most of the forest and forest-steppe zones of the European part of Russia and Siberia. In these zones, heat and moisture conditions for potato growing are close to optimal. In the southern regions of the country, high air temperatures and drying out of the upper layers of soil not only retard the growth of tubers, but also cause climatic degeneration of potatoes, which leads to the production of poor-quality seed material. In the northern regions, waterlogging against the background of low air temperatures causes the cessation of growth and rotting of tubers.

The Non-Chernozem Zone, especially its central and western regions, has the most favorable agroclimatic conditions for growing potatoes in the European part.

The Central Black Earth region and the Middle and Lower Volga regions are characterized by low productivity. In this territory, none of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation has such favorable climatic opportunities for obtaining high potato yields as the Non-Black Earth Zone.

Table 11 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agroclimatic resources of potato yield

The assessment of agroclimatic resources for the yield of individual agricultural crops characterizes the climatic productivity of these crops based on the existing practice of their cultivation (Table 12) and reflects the level of productivity achieved in state variety testing areas, i.e., with a high level of agricultural technology.

Table 12 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agroclimatic resources (biological climate productivity)

The yield resources of various crops, expressed in comparable indicators - conventional units - make it possible to perform a summary assessment of the potential climate for the complex of crops considered. The results show that both in the Central Black Sea Region and in Russia as a whole, there is no republic, territory or region where agroclimatic resources would be completely optimal for the entire complex of crops (Table 34). Conditions for farming are very favorable in the central and western regions of the Non-Black Earth zone of the European part of Russia and the Central Black Earth regions.

Agroclimatic resources for the yield of individual crops, expressed as a percentage of their total value (see Table 38), represent a comparative assessment of climatic conditions, which makes it possible to correctly determine the composition of cultivated crops and their share in crop rotations. Due to the influence of specific local conditions on plants, crops can change places in terms of their productivity in different regions of the Russian Federation.

Table 13 Values ​​of the main specialized indicator of agroclimatic resources and the yield of a complex of agricultural crops

To calculate the cadastral value of agroclimatic resources, data from the State Statistics Committee of Russia on the sown areas of agricultural crops and prices of gross crop production for various (harvest and lean) years are used. At the same time, the average Russian cost of crop production per 1 hectare of agricultural land was equated to the value of agroclimatic resources, which characterizes the national average productivity. This determines the price of 1 cu. e. agroclimatic resources. Then, based on the values ​​of climatic resources known for each administrative-territorial unit, the cadastral value of agroclimatic resources, normalized per unit area (1 ha), is calculated, and an area assessment of the cost of agroclimatic resources for agricultural land, including arable land, perennial crops and fallow lands, is made (see table 39). In this case, natural hayfields and pastures are not taken into account, as are lands that are not cultivated areas. The uniform estimated prices of 1 USD used to estimate the cost. e., established relative to the national average productivity, actually exclude the influence of interregional differences in socio-economic conditions of agriculture on price indicators and make it possible to obtain the cost of agroclimatic resources directly.

Table 14 Cost of agroclimatic resources

Possession of rich soil and agroclimatic resources in the modern world is becoming one of the key factors for stable development in the long term. In conditions of increasing overpopulation in some countries, as well as stress on soils, water bodies and the atmosphere, access to sources of quality water and fertile soil is becoming a strategically important advantage.

Agroclimatic resources

It is obvious that soil fertility, the number of sunny days per year, and water are distributed unevenly on the surface of the planet. While some regions of the world suffer from a lack of sunlight, others experience excess solar radiation and constant droughts. In some areas, devastating floods regularly occur, destroying crops and even entire villages.

It is also worth considering that soil fertility is far from a constant factor, which can vary depending on the intensity and quality of exploitation. Soils in many regions of the planet tend to degrade, their fertility decreases, and over time erosion makes productive agriculture impossible.

Heat as the main factor

Speaking about the characteristics of agroclimatic resources, it is worth starting with the temperature regime, without which the growth of agricultural crops is impossible.

In biology, there is such a thing as “biological zero” - this is the temperature at which a plant stops growing and dies. This temperature is not the same for all crops. For most crops grown in central Russia, this temperature is approximately +5 degrees.

It is also worth noting that the agroclimatic resources of the European part of Russia are rich and diverse, because a significant part of the central European region of the country is occupied by black soil, and water and sun are abundant from spring to early autumn. In addition, heat-loving crops are cultivated in the south and along the Black Sea coast.

Water resources and ecology

Considering the level of industrial development and increasing environmental pollution, it is worth talking not only about the quantity of agro-climatic resources, but also about their quality. Therefore, territories are divided according to the level of heat supply or the presence of large rivers, as well as the ecological cleanliness of these resources.

For example, in China, despite significant water reserves and large areas of farmland, there is no need to talk about the complete provision of this densely populated country with the necessary resources, because the aggressive development of the manufacturing and mining industries has led to the fact that many rivers are polluted and unsuitable for the production of quality products.

At the same time, countries such as Holland and Israel, having small territories and difficult climatic conditions, are becoming leaders in food production. And Russia, as experts note, is far from taking full advantage of the advantages of the temperate zone, in which a significant part of the country’s European territory is located.

Technology at the service of agriculture

The more people inhabit the Earth, the more pressing the problem of feeding the planet's inhabitants becomes. The load on soils is growing, they are degrading, and the area under cultivation is decreasing.

However, science does not stand still, and after the Green Revolution, which made it possible to feed a billion people in the middle of the last century, a new one is coming. Considering that the main agroclimatic resources are concentrated on the territory of such large states as Russia, the USA, Ukraine, China, Canada and Australia, more and more small states are using modern technologies and becoming leaders in agricultural production.

Thus, technologies make it possible to compensate for the lack of heat, moisture or sunlight.

Resource Allocation

Soil and agroclimatic resources are distributed unevenly across the Earth. In order to indicate the level of resource provision in a particular region, heat is one of the most important criteria for assessing the quality of agroclimatic resources. On this basis, the following climate zones are determined:

• cold - heat supply less than 1000 degrees;
• cool - from 1000 to 2000 degrees during the growing season;
• moderate - in the southern regions the heat supply reaches 4000 degrees;
• subtropical;
• hot.

Taking into account the fact that natural agroclimatic resources are distributed unequally on the planet, in modern market conditions all states have access to agricultural products, no matter in which region they were produced.

Providing the possibility of conducting production: light, heat and moisture. These properties largely determine placement. The development of plants is favored by sufficient illumination, warmth, and good moisture.

The distribution of light and heat is determined by the intensity of solar radiation. In addition to the degree of illumination, the length of daylight hours affects the placement of plants and their development. Long-day plants - barley, flax, oats - require longer light hours than short-day plants - corn, rice, etc.

The most important factor for plant life is air temperature. The main life processes in plants occur in the range from 5 to 30 °C. The transition of the average daily air temperature through 0 °C, when it rises, indicates the beginning of spring, and when it decreases, it indicates the onset of a cold period. The interval between these dates is the warm period of the year. A frost-free period is a period without frost. The growing season is the period of the year with a stable temperature above 10 °C. Its duration approximately corresponds to the frost-free period.

The sum of temperatures during the growing season is of great importance. It characterizes heat resources for agricultural crops. In Russian conditions, this indicator is generally within the range of 1400-3000 °C.

An important condition for plant growth is a sufficient amount of moisture. The accumulation of moisture depends mainly on the amount of precipitation and its distribution throughout the year. From November to March, snow falls in most parts of the country. Their accumulation creates a snow cover on the soil surface. It provides a supply of moisture for plant development and protects the soil from freezing.

The best combination was formed in the Central Black Earth, North and partly in the Volga economic regions. Here, the sum of temperatures during the growing season is 2200-3400 °C, which makes it possible to grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beets, sunflowers, heat-loving vegetables and fruits.

In the main territory of the country, the prevailing temperature ranges from 1000 to 2000 °C, which by world standards is considered below the cost-effective level. This applies primarily to Siberia and: here the sum of temperatures in most of the territory ranges from 800 to 1500 ° C, which almost completely excludes the possibility of cultivating agricultural crops. If the isoline of temperature sums of 2000 °C on the European territory of the country runs along the line Smolensk - Moscow - Ufa, then it descends further south - to Kurgan and Barnaul, and then appears only in the south of the Far East, in a small territory of the Amur region, the Jewish Autonomous region and Primorsky Krai.

Agroclimatic resources are the ratio of heat, moisture, light necessary for growing crops. They are determined by the geographical location of the territory within climatic zones and natural zones. Agroclimatic resources are characterized by three indicators:

The sum of active air temperatures (the sum of average daily temperatures above 10°C), conducive to the rapid development of plants.

The duration of the period with active temperatures (growing season) during which temperatures are favorable for plant growth. There are short, medium-long and long growing seasons.

The provision of moisture to plants (determined by the moisture coefficient).

Humidification coefficient is determined by the ratio of heat and moisture in a certain area and is calculated as the ratio of annual precipitation to evaporation. The higher the air temperature, the greater the evaporation and, accordingly, the lower the humidification coefficient. The lower the humidification coefficient, the drier the climate.

The distribution of heat and precipitation on the globe depends on latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonation. Therefore, according to the availability of agroclimatic resources on Earth, agroclimatic zones, sub-belts and humidification zones are distinguished. On the plains they have a latitudinal location, and in the mountains they change with altitude. For each agroclimatic zone and sub-zone, examples of typical agricultural crops are given, specifying the duration of their growing season. The “Agroclimatic Resources” map has been supplemented with the “Winter Types” map. It will help characterize the prerequisites for the development and specialization of agriculture in the countries of the world.

The diversity of agroclimatic resources depends on the geographical location of the country. These resources are inexhaustible, but their quality may change with climate change and under the influence of human economic activity.

Agroclimatic resources - climatic conditions taken into account on the farm: the amount of precipitation during the growing season, the annual amount of precipitation, the sum of temperatures during the growing season, the duration of the frost-free period, etc.
Agroclimatic resources are climate properties that provide agricultural production opportunities. They are characterized by: the duration of the period with an average daily temperature above +10 °C; the sum of temperatures for this period; the ratio of heat and moisture (humidification coefficient); moisture reserves created by snow cover in winter. Different parts of the country have different agro-climatic resources. In the Far North, where there is excessive moisture and little heat, only focal agriculture and greenhouse farming are possible. Within the taiga north of the Russian Plain and most of the Siberian and Far Eastern taiga it is warmer - the sum of active temperatures is 1000-1600 °, rye, barley, flax, and vegetables can be grown here. In the zone of steppes and forest-steppes of Central Russia, in the south of Western Siberia and the Far East, there is sufficient moisture, and the sum of temperatures is from 1600 to 2200 °, here you can grow rye, wheat, oats, buckwheat, various vegetables, sugar beets, and fodder crops for livestock needs. The most favorable agroclimatic resources are the steppe regions of the southeast of the Russian Plain, the south of Western Siberia and the Ciscaucasia. Here the sum of active temperatures is 2200-3400°, and you can grow winter wheat, corn, rice, sugar beets, sunflowers, heat-loving vegetables and fruits

17.Land resources(land) occupy about 1/3 of the planet's surface, or almost 14.9 billion hectares, including 1.5 billion hectares occupied by Antarctica and Greenland. The structure of the land in this territory is as follows: 10% is occupied by glaciers; 15.5% – deserts, rocks, coastal sands; 75% – tundra and swamps; 2% – cities, mines, roads. According to FAO (1989), there are about 1.5 billion hectares of soil suitable for agriculture on the globe. This represents only 11% of the world's land cover. At the same time, there is a tendency to reduce the area of ​​this category of land. At the same time, the availability (in terms of one person) of arable land and forest land is decreasing.

The area of ​​arable land per person is: in the world - 0.3 hectares; Russia – 0.88 hectares; Belarus – 0.6 ha; USA - 1.4 hectares, Japan - 0.05 hectares.

When determining the availability of land resources, it is necessary to take into account the unevenness of population density in different parts of the world. The most densely populated countries are the countries of Western Europe and Southeast Asia (more than 100 people/km2).

A serious reason for the decrease in land areas used for agriculture is desertification. It is estimated that the area of ​​desertified lands is increasing annually by 21 million hectares. This process threatens the entire landmass and 20% of the population in 100 countries.

It is estimated that urbanization consumes over 300 thousand hectares of agricultural land per year.

Solving the problem of land use, and therefore the problem of food supply, involves two ways. The first way is to improve agricultural production technologies, increase soil fertility, and increase crop yields. The second way is the way to expand agricultural areas.

According to some scientists, in the future the area of ​​arable land can be increased to 3.0–3.4 billion hectares, that is, the total area of ​​land that can be developed in the future is 1.5–1.9 billion hectares. These areas can produce products sufficient to supply 0.5–0.65 billion people (the annual increase on Earth is about 70 million people).

Currently, approximately half of the area suitable for agriculture is cultivated. The limit of agricultural soil use reached in some developed countries is 7% of the total area. In developing countries in Africa and South America, the cultivable portion of the land is approximately 36% of the cultivable area.

An assessment of the agricultural use of soil cover indicates great unevenness in the coverage of agricultural production in the soils of different continents and bioclimatic zones.

The subtropical zone has been significantly developed - its soils are plowed to 20–25% of the total area. The small area of ​​arable land in the tropical zone is 7–12%.

The agricultural development of the boreal zone is very small, which is limited to the use of sod-podzolic and partly podzolic soils - 8% of the total area of ​​these soils. The largest tracts of cultivated land fall on the soils of the subboreal zone - 32%. The main reserves for expanding the area of ​​arable land are concentrated in the subtropical and tropical zones. There are also considerable potential opportunities for expanding arable land in the temperate zone. The objects of development are, first of all, sod-podzolic and sod-podzolic swampy soils occupied by unproductive hayfields, pastures, shrubs, and small forests. Swamps are a reserve for the expansion of arable land.

The main factors limiting the development of land for arable land are, first of all, geomorphological (steepness of slopes, rugged terrain) and climatic ones. The northern border of sustainable agriculture lies in the band of 1400–1600° active temperature sums. In Europe, this border runs along the 60th parallel, in the western and central parts of Asia - along 58° north latitude, in the Far East - south of 53° north latitude.

The development and use of land in unfavorable climatic conditions requires considerable material costs and is not always economically justified.

Expansion of arable land areas should take into account environmental and conservation aspects.

The high supply of mineral resources to the world economy does not in itself solve the problems associated with meeting the economic needs of individual countries for mineral raw materials.

There are significant gaps between the distribution of production forces and mineral reserves (resources), and in a number of regions these gaps have increased. Only 20-25 countries have more than 5% of mineral reserves of any one type of raw material. Only a few of the largest countries in the world (Russia, USA, Canada, China, South Africa, Australia) possess the majority of their species.

Allocation of resources and capacity of the manufacturing industry.

ORS accounts for approximately 36% of the world's non-fuel mineral reserves, 5% of oil and 81% of manufacturing output. A fairly limited number of explored mineral raw materials are concentrated in them in significant quantities - chromites, lead, zinc, potassium salts, uranium raw materials, rutile, ilmenite, bauxite, uranium, iron ore. Among the ORS, Australia (uranium, iron and manganese ores, copper, bauxite, lead, zinc, titanium, gold, diamonds), South Africa (manganese, chrome ores, vanadium, gold, platinum group metals, diamonds, urn), Canada have the largest mineral resources (uranium, lead, zinc, tungsten, nickel, cobalt, molybdenum, niobium, gold, potassium salts), USA (coal, oil, gold, silver, copper, molybdenum, phosphate raw materials).

About 50% of the world's non-fuel mineral resources, 2/3 of oil reserves and about half of natural gas are concentrated on the territory of the RS, while developing countries produce less than 20% of manufacturing products. In the depths of this subsystem of the world economy there are 90% of industrial reserves of phosphates, 86% of tin, 88% of cobalt, more than half of the reserves of copper and nickel ores.

RSs also show quite significant differentiation in their availability of mineral reserves. The vast majority of them are concentrated in about 30 developing countries. Thus, the Gulf countries have 2/3 of the world's oil reserves. In addition to the oil-producing countries of the Middle East, Brazil (iron, manganese ores, bauxite, tin, titanium, gold, niobium, tantalum), Mexico (oil, copper, silver), Chile (copper, molybdenum), Zambia (copper, cobalt) should be highlighted. . Modern Third World countries are, as a rule, less well supplied with raw materials than the PRS in the early stages of their development.

Eastern European countries have significant proven reserves of mineral raw materials. The richest country in the world in natural resources is Russia, where 70% of the world's reserves of apatite ore, 33% of natural gas reserves, 11% of coal, 13% of the world's iron ore reserves, 5% of the world's oil reserves are concentrated. The mineral resources of the Russian Federation are 3 times greater than in USA, and 4.4 times than in China.

Consumption and production of mineral raw materials. Industrialized countries consume over 60% of mineral raw materials, 58% of oil and about 50% of natural gas. As a result, in this subsystem of the world economy there is a large gap between the production and consumption of mineral resources. The United States imports 15-20% (in value terms) of the mineral raw materials it needs, while consuming up to 40% of the world's mineral resources, primarily fuel and energy. EU countries import 70-80% of consumed mineral raw materials. Their own resources are concentrated in only a few of the main types of mineral raw materials - iron ore, mercury, potash fertilizers. Japan imports about 90-95% of mineral raw materials. PRS, having approximately 40% of mineral resources, consume 70% of these resources.

One of the difficult problems of Western European countries and the United States is meeting the need for oil. Thus, the United States accounts for about 25% of world oil consumption, while its share in world oil production is only 12%. Japan is almost entirely dependent on oil imports.

In developing countries (including China and Vietnam), where about 79% of the world's population lives, up to 35% of mineral resources are concentrated, about 16% of the world's mineral raw materials are consumed. Under the influence of industrialization, their demand for mineral resources is increasing. So, in the 90s. global demand for oil, ferrous and non-ferrous metals increased mainly due to the NIS of Asia and Latin America. Currently, oil and gas consumption is greatly influenced by China's booming economy. Due to the high quality of mineral resources in these countries and the low cost of labor, the development of the raw materials sector is not accompanied by a significant increase in production costs.