Arguments for composing the Unified State Exam – a large collection. List of used literature

You can make an impression on a person in just 4 seconds, and then fight with him for 4 years if this impression turns out to be negative. Within the first few seconds, our subconscious makes conclusions about his or her social status and personality. The fact that most of these conclusions will turn out to be incorrect is of little concern to us. We like to think that we can instantly evaluate a person. The first impression becomes even more dangerous in cases where it determines our future attitude towards a person. If we don't like someone at first sight. The temptation is great to behave negatively towards him or her. In this case, the interlocutors will probably answer us in the same way. And this will please us, since our first impression will be confirmed, and we will be pleased with our ability to immediately recognize a bad person. How true is our first impression of a person?

Speaking about the difficulties of correctly judging a person based on first impression, it is appropriate to recall the words of F.M. Dostoevsky, who, speaking about the shortcomings of simple photography of facts, thereby warned against dangerous categorical judgments about people only on the basis of first impressions. “Photographs,” wrote F.M. Dostoevsky, - it is extremely rare that they turn out to be similar, and this is understandable: the original itself, that is, each of us, is extremely rarely similar to itself. In rare moments, a human face expresses its main feature, its most characteristic thought... Photography catches a person as he is, and it is quite possible that Napoleon, in another moment, would have come out stupid, and Bismarck gentle.”

As it turns out, all of us, regardless of age and life experience, are influenced by three errors of first perception:

1. The mistake of superiority occurs when we meet a person who is superior to us in some way (prestigious car, fashionable clothes, expensive accessories, speech rich in incomprehensible terms, money, power, etc.). Because of which we, as a rule, overestimate him, that is, we treat him well in advance, we psychologically give such a person an advance of trust. But it also happens that not us, but we are superior in some way to a stranger, and then we begin to underestimate, put him a step lower than us, that is, we advance with our hostility, condescension and distrust. Both of these options have one very significant disadvantage. The fact is that superiority is recorded on one basis (for example, a prestigious car). And overestimation or underestimation of a person goes for many reasons (oh, since he has such a car, it means he has money, if he has money, it means he earns well, if he earns well, it means he is smart, etc.). In reality, this person may just be a driver or rent a car from a friend, but our opinion, based on the first impression of superiority, has already been formed. And we will remain under its influence for quite a long time.

I would like to focus on clothing in more detail:

person's clothes, all its external design, including attributes such as insignia, glasses, hair styling, awards, jewelry, etc.

In earlier times, this was so important that certain clothes not only could be worn by people of a certain status or social position, but had to be worn by them. There were certain rules about what and who could or could not wear. Thus, the task of recognizing status was quite simple at that time.

It can be stated quite definitely that even in our time, when there are no strict regulations and restrictions, the role of clothing in coding superiority remains significant. We can probably talk about the existence of an unofficial symbolic system of clothing and external attributes of a person, the elements or combination of elements of which are the hooks that direct the formation of the first impression according to the scheme of superiority.

Analysis of a person’s wardrobe (preferred style, shape, color and other features of clothing) in such a situation can provide a lot of information about such individual psychological characteristics of a person as his temperament, character, social status, etc. But since clothing also reflects some features of our unconscious (attitudes, psychological defenses, etc.), then about this area. What in clothing indicates superiority? First of all, the price, the higher it is, the higher the status. We “calculate” the price by seeing the quality of the clothing, which is directly related to the price. Knowing the frequency of occurrence of a given model (scarcity) and its relationship with fashion (fashionability), we can also judge the price of clothing.

• 2. Error in relation to us. The attitude error is built on the significance complex, which is an integral part of every person. We all want to be respected, to recognize our merits, to understand that we are unique and inimitable, we want to be an object of admiration. And there is nothing shameful in this; ambition (not hypertrophied) is the engine of our self-realization. The roots of the significance complex come from childhood, when we were praised for all the porridge we ate, for putting away our toys, for doing our homework well. Each of us feels the need for encouragement and kind, respectful treatment of ourselves. That is why, if a stranger treats us well, without aggression, with understanding, if he helps us in something, then we naturally begin to overestimate him. And, as in the mistake of superiority, we will advance trust to him, without delving into the essence of his personality, without understanding his shortcomings. For us, such a person is initially good. And all our future relations with him will be built precisely on these positions. We subconsciously begin to attribute positive characteristics to it and discard possible negative ones. From the above, it logically follows that if a person treats us poorly, biasedly, with prejudice or aggressively, then we will not understand the reasons for such behavior, but will simply form a negative opinion. And we will build further relations based on this assessment. We will stubbornly ignore its positive sides. In the future, it will be quite difficult for this person to overcome the negative barrier created by the first impression of him when meeting him.
• 3. The attractiveness bug The effect of this factor in human perception is that under its influence, some qualities of a person are overestimated or underestimated by other people. The operating pattern of this factor is such that if we like a person (outwardly), then at the same time we tend to consider him smarter, better, more interesting, etc., that is, again, to overestimate many of his personal characteristics.

For example, in the experiment, teachers were asked to evaluate the “personal affairs” of students and were tasked with determining the level of intelligence, plans for the future, and relationships with peers. The secret of the experiment was that the same case was given for evaluation, but with different photographs - “beautiful” and “ugly” children. Beautiful children received a higher assessment of their capabilities.

These data were also confirmed in an experiment by the American psychologist A. Miller, who, using the method of expert assessments, selected photographs of “beautiful”, “ordinary” and “ugly” people. He then showed these photographs to the subjects. In their assessment, the “beautiful” were superior to the “ugly” in all respects.

Numerous studies show that physical attractiveness influences assessment not only when its object is personality traits, but also when a specific result of a person’s activity is assessed. In confirmation of this, A.A. Bodalev gives the following example. Young people were asked to evaluate an essay written by a woman whose portrait was attached (in some groups of subjects a portrait of a beautiful woman was used, in others - an ugly one). This essay was rated more highly when it was believed that it was written by a beautiful woman.

So, the more externally attractive a person is to us, the better he seems in all other respects; if he is unattractive, then his other qualities are underestimated.

But everyone knows that at different times different things were considered attractive, that different nations have their own canons of beauty. This means that attractiveness cannot be considered only an individual impression, it is more of a social nature. Therefore, signs of attractiveness should be sought first of all not in this or that eye shape or hair color, but in social significance of a particular human characteristic. After all, there are types of appearance that are approved and not approved by society or a specific social group. And attractiveness is nothing more than the degree of approximation to the type of appearance that is maximally approved by the group to which we belong. A sign of attractiveness is a person's effort to look socially approved. The mechanism of perception formation according to this scheme is the same as with the superiority factor.

It is important to emphasize that the attractiveness factor strongly influences the content of the emerging idea of ​​a person only at the moment of forming the first impression. In the future, the evaluation of this person increasingly begins to be determined by the nature of interaction with him and the value of his deeds and actions.

Is it enough to look at a person to understand whether he can be trusted? If so, why do we so often make mistakes about people? The first impression of a person is not a reason to draw far-reaching conclusions about him; even it seems obvious to us. Why - answer experts from the University of Toronto.

The first impression of a person determines our opinion of him by 90%. Even when we learn facts that do not support our intuitive conclusions, we do not necessarily change them. Scientists from the University of Toronto argue that our earliest feelings about a person, formed when we first meet them, are so strong that we will internally resist any new information that contradicts them.

Know or feel?

Psychologist Nicholas Rule and his colleagues showed study participants photographs of 20 men one at a time, reporting only one detail about them - their sexual orientation. The photographs were pre-selected according to what looks are considered stereotypical for heterosexual and homosexual men. The researchers then tested how well the participants were able to remember (recall) what they were told about the people in the pictures. They were shown the photographs again, but in one case they were asked to answer immediately, and in the other they were given time to think. The results showed that participants were more likely to make judgments based solely on appearance when given no time. "When they weren't pressed to respond, participants were more likely to turn to their memory rather than their feelings," Rule says.

To make a good first impression, it is important to meet in person

What does it mean? “This means that not only should we not expect others to judge us objectively,” Rule says, “but we should also remember that our opinions of others are largely biased.” In other words, judging a book by its cover comes naturally to us, and we almost always do it. But it is also important that we may not change our minds even after we have already read it.

Is a good impression a matter of chance?

There is no guarantee that others will see us exactly the way we want. But psychologist Jeremy Besanz advises: “To make a good first impression, it’s important to meet in person.” This advice is based on a series of experiments in which he and his team analyzed and compared the first reactions from meetings with more than 1,000 people who either interacted with each other during a 3-minute live interview or watched a video of the person they were supposed to evaluate.

The results showed that while "the accuracy of the ratings was the same in both conditions," "negative ratings were much more common when the acquaintance was one-way, through viewing of the videotape." In other words, the participants were able to guess the person’s personality traits in any case. But when they saw a person only on a screen, they were more likely to focus on the negative aspects of his appearance and behavior than on the positive or neutral ones.

The same rule applies in romantic relationships. The impression of live communication is always better. People are more likely to trust their "gut" when dating someone, says researcher Paul Eastwick, which is why "it's difficult to really get to know someone by looking at a social media profile." This may be the reason why people so often feel disappointed when they meet their seemingly ideal partner offline. A good solution is to meet in person as soon as possible, so that the image created by fantasy does not overshadow the real person. Some experts even recommend that no more than a few weeks pass between online dating and meeting in real life.

First impression virus

If it is difficult to form an unbiased opinion even in relation to significant people, what about those whom we see for only a few seconds on the street or on television? But this is where the cause of many misconceptions and social problems lies. The first impression of a person underlies most of our prejudices - this applies primarily to racial and national stereotypes. For example, African-American men are more often portrayed negatively in Western media, often being shown as antisocial and criminal. These persistent negative attitudes can even force certain behaviors onto black men. That is, they, in turn, begin to behave as expected of them.

“When you see another person, your impression of them is also born,” Rule says. It only takes a split second to decide what your overall impression of a person will be. We may not be able to completely overcome its influence on our actions. The solution is not to try to change that first impression, but to wait a little before deciding what your relationship with a particular person will be like. The more time passes, the more we will be inclined to take into account the real state of affairs.

The problem of first impression

The British say: “You can’t make a first impression twice.” Therefore, for a speaker, the first meeting with his audience is extremely important.

Remember!

What should a speaker do when entering an audience?

Make a favorable external impression.

Perform standing.

Move around the audience.

Look at the audience.

Talk louder than usual.

Demonstrate your oratorical personality.

Start with smiles. The facial expression and smile in the first seconds of your speech are often much more important than the first words spoken. A “smiling” beginning increases the likelihood of success of the entire speech, as if saying: “ I treat you well, I accept you" .

A smile shows that you care about and are interested in the person, and you want to maintain contact with him, so learn to speak while smiling (Fig. 4).

First impression– very strong, bright and well remembered. In the future, it has to be refuted, changed, corrected, which always requires a lot of effort. It’s easy and pleasant to give in to the first impression, but it’s quite difficult to change it, so people do it reluctantly.

First impression is usually wrong. It has been found that most of the traits attributed to a person based on first impressions cannot be determined by his appearance or observed behavior.

First impression significantly depends on the age, life and professional experience of the listeners, their mood, that is, it is very subjective.

Rice. 4. Start your speech with a smile.

First impression very stable and persists for a long time: during the speech, changes in the speaker’s assessment amount to 4–6%, and for the factors “trust” and “attractiveness” - no more than 1%.

First impression is based on a visual image (Fig. 5). A person’s speech always makes the audience want to complement the speaker’s image with his visual image. The following experiment was carried out: one group of subjects was first asked to listen to a speech, and then shown a photograph of the speaker, and the other - vice versa. In both cases it was necessary to characterize the speaker. In the first case, when a photograph was presented after the speech, the speaker's characteristics changed to a greater extent than in the second case, when the photograph was evaluated first. Thus, the role of the visual image in the first impression cannot be overestimated.

Rice. 5. Evaluation of the speaker by the audience

Who is he?– scientist, deputy, man, woman, writer, commentator, journalist, etc.

What is he like?– external signs, communication skills, personal qualities.

It has been established that for the audience, the individual characteristics of the speaker are three times more important and “noticeable” than his role characteristics, and practically only they are remembered:

by 20% – external signs of the speaker;

by 34% – communication skills;

by 44% – personal qualities of the speaker.

Thus, the speaker’s individuality is remembered by 98%, and his role characteristics are remembered by only 2%.

It is known that “one is greeted by his clothes, but he is seen off by his mind.” If only this were always the case... This proverb applies only to long-term communication, and a short meeting between a speaker and an audience usually does not allow him to improve his impression of himself if he has not immediately managed to win the sympathy of the audience.

We must remember that a speaker is most often judged by his clothes, being assessed primarily by his external appearance. This explains the importance first impression for the speaker.

Studying the impact of communication, University of California professor A. Merabian found that the understanding of the speaker and the assessment of listeners depend on the following factors:

by 55%– what does it look like speaker;

by 38%– as he says speaker (stress, tone, intonation, etc.);

by 7%– what does he say speaker.

Words are only signs, and listeners give their own interpretation to the words of the speaker.