The Russian language is very beautiful and multifaceted, but not only words play a huge role, but also pronunciation itself - how a person speaks, how correctly and accurately he expresses his thoughts.

Today we are starting a small series of wonderful lessons on speech development. Lesson one - Articulation, in which we will learn how to achieve clear and beautiful speech and train the articulatory apparatus.

We watch practical exercises for developing articulation in the video, and below, as always, a little theory (for those who are especially curious:)

Articulation is the formation of sounds using the speech apparatus. In order for speech to be clear, distinct, and beautiful, it is necessary to achieve the correct pronunciation of each consonant and vowel separately.

To begin with, let’s take a general look at the structure of the speech apparatus. The oral cavity is limited in front and sides by the teeth, above by the palate, and below by the tongue. These organs of the speech apparatus are involved in the formation of articulate sounds.

Behind the hard palate, the mucous membrane forms a fold - the soft palate. Its sides merge with the walls of the pharynx, and the lower part remains free and passes into the uvula.
The space between the soft palate and the root of the tongue is called the pharynx. Behind the pharynx is the pharyngeal cavity, which divides into the esophagus and the larynx or upper part of the windpipe.
On the first ring of the windpipe lies the cricoid cartilage, which serves as the base of the larynx and remains motionless, but muscles that control the movement of other cartilages are attached to it.
On the narrow, forward-facing part of the cricoid cartilage lies the mobile thyroid cartilage.
On either side of the posterior expanded part there are two small arytenoid cartilages.
The vocal cords are stretched between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages in such a way that a glottis remains between the cords.

The thyroid cartilage can rise and fall, and the arytenoids can close and move apart. This causes the vocal cords to stretch and relax.
The pitch of the tone depends on the tension and length of the vocal cords (women have a higher voice because their cords are shorter than men's).
Following the larynx is the windpipe or trachea, bronchi and lungs. The bronchi, entering the lungs, are divided into branches ending in vesicles - alveoli.
The lungs are two semi-cones lying in the chest cavity.
The lungs are bounded below by the diaphragm - a muscular bell that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Articulation of vowel sounds

When we pronounce vowel sounds, the exhalation should be completely silent and warm.

Articulation sound U- fold the mouth into a tube. We exhale air into a narrow ring of lips.

Sound Y- open the lips, move the teeth apart to the distance of the little finger, the lower jaw is slightly in front (bad bite), the exhaled air should not spread along the walls of the larynx (this will give an unpleasant sound), but go out into the middle of the hole between the teeth.

Articulation sound I- the distance between the teeth is the tip of the little finger, the upper jaw over the lower jaw (correct bite). During exhalation, make sure that the air goes directly into the hole between the teeth, without hitting the upper teeth, otherwise there will be a whistle.

Sound O- the mouth is in a ring, wider than in the U. The air comes out in a warm, wide stream.

Before you begin to articulate the sounds A and E, you should learn to open your larynx wide. To do this, close your lips tightly, pinch your nose with your fingers and pronounce the sound M (mm-mm) several times.
You can clearly feel the lifting of the palate, the expansion of the larynx, and if you clasp your throat with your hand, you can feel the pharynx bulging forward.
Do this exercise twenty times every day for two weeks, then try to yawn for real, maintaining the same position.

Sound E- open the lips horizontally, the distance between the teeth is the thumb, the larynx is open wide, the velum is raised. We direct the exhalation into the middle of the teeth; the air should not flow through the oral cavity. Articulation of sound A - the larynx is wide open, the palate is raised, the mouth is a large ring, the lower teeth are closed with the lip. The exhalation is very warm.

When the articulation of vowel sounds separately is mastered, we begin to combine sounds:

U - U - S - S

U - U - I - I

U - U - O - O

U - U - E - E

U - U - A - A

We monitor the uniformity and smoothness of the movement of the diaphragm (you cannot exhale in jerks) and the accuracy of opening your mouth and unclenching your teeth. You need to make it a habit to move your diaphragm correctly.
Do the exercise faster and faster every day. It is required to bring the mobility of the lips and diaphragm to a relaxed ease.

Articulation of consonants

Consonant sounds, as well as vowels, must be placed with the correct exhalation. This alone will help correct mild speech impediments.
You need to clearly understand which parts of the speech apparatus (tongue, teeth, lips) are involved in articulation and what force of air flow is needed to pronounce a consonant.
The consonant sound must be pronounced brighter and stronger than in colloquial speech.

The mechanism for taking in air when pronouncing vowels remains the same for consonants. When exhaling, make sure that the air does not touch the ligaments (with a strong exhalation) and does not spread across the oral cavity (with a weak exhalation).

Sound P- formed when the lips part. Close your mouth, take in air using lower breathing, bring it to your closed lips and tear them apart with the force of the air flow.

Articulation sound B- sound is also produced when the lips part. Close your lips tightly and exhale forcefully and throw them out. Do not mix in any vowel sound.

T sound- formed with the help of the tongue. Make sure that the air is directed only to the tongue, without touching the ligaments, otherwise it will give an unpleasant hoarse sound. You need to work long and hard on the T sound. This destroys the sluggishness of the tongue, develops its elasticity and strength.

Sound D- is also formed by the movement of the tongue. The tip of the tongue, resting on the same place where the T is formed, seems to be glued to the palate. The tongue is pulled down by the air flow.

Sound X- formed when the back of the tongue approaches the soft palate. If you pronounce the sound X while exhaling forcefully, it will be sharp and unpleasant. If you exhale lightly and pass it through the larynx, you will get a quiet, soft sound.

Sound K- occurs when the same organs of speech close, in a small tongue. With the help of a strong short exhalation, the air is instantly released from the larynx.

Sound G- also occurs when the back of the tongue closes with the soft palate, but lower. Imitating a baby, say “ag-g-gu.” You will clearly feel the place where the sound comes from. When pronouncing the sound G, make sure that the sound is clear, without any admixture of K or X.

Articulation sound N- press the tongue firmly against the palate. The tip of the tongue rests on the upper teeth, which are slightly open. The lips form a horizontal slit. Direct a light stream of air onto the tip of your tongue, but not into your nose. Pinch your nostrils with your fingers and fix the position of the speech apparatus on the sound N. Then pronounce N with an open nose, without strengthening or weakening the sound, otherwise the N will be mixed with nasality.

Sound M- pronounce M, closing your nostrils. The expansion of the larynx is clearly felt, a weak stream of air is directed into the lips, slightly tearing them. Fix the position of the mouth and the direction of the air, and then say M with an open nose, without weakening the lips or strengthening the sound so that the sound does not become nasal.

Sounds V and F- occur with the same mouth position. The upper lip is raised, the upper teeth are exposed, the lower lip is in contact with the upper teeth.

When articulating sound F a strong stream of air supplied by the movement of the diaphragm tends to penetrate the narrow opening between the upper teeth and lower lip.

When sounding B, the lower lip is lightly pressed against the teeth. The exhaled air is filtered, reminiscent of the sound of a cello. In terms of purity of pronunciation, the sound B is one of the most difficult. At first, the air flow should be insignificant so that the sound F does not mix with B and B does not lose its sonority.

Articulation L sound- first, the tongue is pulled up to the palate, and the tip rests against the upper teeth in the same place where the T is formed. A strong flow of air, hitting the front of the tongue, creates a sound. The larynx opens at the same time. Do this several times without removing your tongue. When you clearly feel the place where the tongue is formed, say L with your tongue lifted.

Sound R- produced by rapid oscillation or vibration of the front of the tongue. If the tip of your tongue is not very mobile or thick, pronounce the sound D strongly several times and immediately the sound R. You will get: drrrr.

Sound Ch- lips are softly opened. The lower lip does not press against the teeth. The distance between the teeth is very narrow, the front of the tongue approaches the dental part of the palate. To pronounce a pure Ch, the force of exhalation is of great importance. With a strong short movement of the diaphragm, give the maximum amount of air without delaying the exhalation. When exhaling for a long time, Ch sounds like Shch.

Sound Ts- the tongue articulates to the upper teeth. The lower lip is not pressed against the teeth. Otherwise there will be a lisp. A strong and short exhalation is aimed at the lower lip and chin. With prolonged exhalation, C will turn into C.

In order for the Ts and Chs to be short, you must close your mouth immediately after releasing the sound.

Sound C- the tongue is easily raised to the teeth. Open lips, the lower lip slightly behind the lower teeth to avoid a lisp. Exhale long and forcefully, the air flow is directed towards the chin. Make sure that the tip of your tongue is not between your teeth.

Sound Sh- teeth are exposed, lips are open, the distance between the teeth is insignificant. The tongue is free, not pressed anywhere, articulates to the dental part of the palate. The air stream is directed at the lower teeth, causing them to feel cold. If the lower lip is pressed against the teeth, or the lower jaw is in front of the upper jaw, this will cause a lisp.

Sound Shch- position of the mouth - as with Sh, but the front part of the tongue articulates closer to the dental part of the palate. A very long and strong exhalation is required.

Sound Z- position of the mouth - as with S. The sound Z is fed by a small amount of air. The air stream barely perceptibly falls down. The tip of the tongue is set into slight vibration. If the tongue stops vibrating, S may join the sound Z. Therefore, in order for the sound Z to be clear, you need to pronounce it briefly and immediately close your mouth.

Sound Zh- the teeth are bare, the lips are softly open, the distance between the teeth is small, the tongue is raised, but does not come into contact with the palate and teeth. The amount of exhaled air is insignificant; its vibration is felt on the tongue.

The consonant sounds T, D, P, B, K and G are formed by a short movement of air. These sounds cannot be extended without adding some vowel to them.

In the sounds X, L, R, Zh, Sh, Shch, N, M, V, F, Z, S, in addition to strength, there is also a duration of sound. These sounds are produced both in the lower and upper breathing.

The sounds Ch and Ts, if extended, turn into Ш and С. For ease and clarity of pronunciation of the sounds Ts and Ch, they should be repeated as often as possible, connecting with the sounds:

P-H, T-H, K-H, F-H, S-H, H-H, Sh-H, Ts-H, H-H.

P-C, T-C, K-C, F-C, S-C, H-C, Sh-C, C-C, C-C

After all hard consonants have been mastered, we begin to work on soft consonants. Some consonant sounds are pronounced only firmly (Ts, Sh, Zh), others only softly (Shch, Ch).
All the rest are soft or hard, it all depends on the vowel that follows them. When we pronounce soft consonants, the column of air that feeds them is much weaker.

Particular attention should be paid to DY and T, since the sound Z is often mixed with Дь, and the sound C is often mixed with Ть. You need to open your mouth wider. The tip of the tongue is directed towards the front of the palate.

LH- a softened tongue moves deeper into the mouth, its tip touching the palate. The air flow does not tend to the tip of the tongue, but spreads along its sides.

Pb- the tongue vibrates lower than with a hard P, closer to the upper teeth. Sometimes it happens that the tongue fluctuates badly. In this case, train: d-d-d-d-d-d-r... Then move on to pure Pb. Make sure that RI does not appear instead of Pb.
avernus.ru

A small master class from the teacher of the Art of Speech courses at the St. Petersburg School of Television, Yulia Vyalova.

Good luck and success to you!!!

Based on the acoustic and articulatory characteristics of sounds.

I. Acoustic classification

Acoustically, speech sounds are divided into sonorant (sonorous) and noisy.

Sonorant - noises are either not present in them at all (vowels), or participate minimally (for example, sonorous consonants m, n, l, r, th);

In noisy ones (and these are only consonants), the timbre is determined by the nature of the noise.

Those. From an acoustic point of view, sounds are divided into vowels, consisting of tone, and consonants, formed by noise or a combination of noise and tone.

II. Articulatory classification

> considers speech sounds from the point of view of their pronunciation, i.e. articulation.

Articulation is the work of the speech organs (lungs; windpipe; larynx; vocal cords located across the larynx; oral cavity, lip cavity, tongue, etc.) aimed at producing speech sounds.

Based on their role in pronouncing sounds, the speech organs are divided into active and passive.

• - active organs of speech produce the movements necessary for the formation of sounds, and are thus particularly important for their formation. The active organs of speech include: vocal cords, tongue, lips, soft palate, uvula, posterior dorsum of the pharynx (pharynx) and the entire lower jaw;
• - passive organs do not perform independent work during sound production and play an auxiliary role. The passive organs of speech include the teeth, alveoli, hard palate and the entire upper jaw.

The articulation of each sound consists of three parts:

The initial transitional element is an attack (or excursion) of sound, when the organs of the speech apparatus from a calm state are rearranged to pronounce a sound into a working position

The stage of the stationary part is exposure, when the organs have established themselves for a given articulation,

The final transitional element is the indentation (or recursion) when the organs return to an inoperative state.

Vowel classification

Vowel sounds are speech sounds in the formation of which the outgoing stream of air does not encounter obstacles in the oral cavity, and therefore, acoustically, they are characterized by the predominance of a musical tone, or voice.

There are 6 vowel sounds in the Russian language: [a], [o], [e], [i], [s], [u]. They are most clearly heard under stress.

When pronouncing vowels, the tip of the tongue does not play a role; it is usually lowered down, and articulates the back of the tongue with its anterior, posterior, and less often middle parts.

Vowels are classified according to the following main articulatory features:

1) Row, i.e. depending on which part of the tongue is raised during pronunciation.

When raised (1-2-3) parts of the tongue are formed

• 1. front - front vowels (i, e, b),
• 2. middle - middle vowels (ы, ъ),
• 3. back - back vowels (o, u).
• 2) Lifting, i.e. depending on how high the back of the tongue is raised, forming resonator cavities of varying volumes.

The simplest scheme involves three lifts:

low vowels (a),

medium rise (e, o, b, b),

upper rise (i, s, y).

3) Labialization - the participation of the lips in the articulation of sound.

Depending on whether the articulation of sounds is accompanied by rounding of the lips extended forward or not,

different rounded (labial, labialized): o, u

and unrounded vowels.

4) Nasalization - the presence of a special “nasal” timbre that occurs depending on whether the palatine curtain is lowered, allowing a stream of air to pass simultaneously through the mouth and nose, or not.

Nasal (nasalized) vowels are pronounced with a special “nasal” timbre.

5) Longitude. In a number of languages ​​(English, German, Latin, Ancient Greek, Czech, Hungarian, Finnish), with the same or similar articulation, vowels form pairs, the members of which are contrasted in duration of pronunciation, i.e. vary

for example, short vowels: [a], [i], [o], [u] and long vowels: [a:], [i:], , .

For the Russian language, the length of vowels does not have a distinctive meaning, however, you can notice that vowels under stress are longer than in an unstressed position.

6) Diphthongization

In many languages, vowels are divided into monophthongs and diphthongs.

Monophthong is an articulatory and acoustically homogeneous vowel.

A diphthong is a complex vowel sound consisting of two sounds pronounced in one syllable. This is a special speech sound in which articulation begins differently than it ends. One diphthong element is always stronger than the other element.

There are two types of diphthongs - descending and ascending.

There are no diphthongs in Russian.

A diphthongoid is a stressed heterogeneous vowel that has at the beginning or end the sound of another vowel, articulatory close to the main, stressed one. There are diphthongoids in the Russian language: house is pronounced “DuoOoM”.

Classification of consonants

Consonants are speech sounds consisting only of noise, or of voice and noise, which are formed in the oral cavity, where the stream of air exhaled from the lungs encounters various obstacles.

There are 37 sound units in the consonant sounds of the Russian language

Consonants vary

• 2) By the presence or absence of a voice source
• 4) According to the place of noise generation
• 5) By timbre color (by hardness-softness).
• 1) According to the ratio of noise and voice
• (Acoustically, consonants differ in their noise-to-voice ratio and in the presence or absence of a vocal source.)

Sonorant sounds are characterized by the fact that in the composition of these sounds the voice predominates over noise. In modern Russian these include: l-l", mm", n-n", r-r", j.

Noisy consonants are characterized by the fact that their acoustic basis is noise, but there are noisy consonants that are formed not only with the help of noise, but with some participation of the voice.

consonant sounds are divided into:

A) Voiced:

sonants ([l-l"], [mm"], ]n-n"], ]rr"], [j]),

noisy voiced ones are formed with the help of noise accompanied by a voice. In modern Russian these include: [b-b"], [v-v"], [g-g"], [d-d"], [z-z"], [zh], [zh? " ].

B) Deaf: noisy deaf are formed with the help of noise, without the participation of the voice. When pronouncing, their vocal cords are not tense or vibrate. In modern Russian these include: [k-k"], [p-p"], [s-s"], [t-t"], [f-f"], [x-x], [ ts], [h"], [sh], [w?"].

Most noisy consonants of the Russian language are contrasted by deafness and voicedness:

[b] - [p], [b"] - [p"], [c] - [f], [v"] - [f"], [d] - [t], [d"] - [ t"], [z] - [s], [z"] - [s"], [g] - [w], [g] - [k], [g"] - [k"]

Unpaired voiced consonants are sonorants.

Unpaired deaf: noisy deaf: [w?"], [ts], [x-x"], [h"].

• 3) According to the method of noise generation
• (According to articulatory characteristics, the initial ones are the method of formation and place of formation).

Method of education: the essence of this method is the nature of overcoming an obstacle.

Based on this feature, 2 groups of consonants are distinguished:

Slotted (otherwise: fricatives, spirants, slotted, cleft, flow-through, blowing) - are formed when certain organs in the mouth, coming together, create a gap in which a stream of air produces friction against the walls of the passage: [f], [v], [s], [z], [w], [z], [sch], [j], [x], as well as glottal aspirates [h].

Closures - are formed when, in the path of a stream of air, the contacting organs create a complete barrier (bow), which either must be directly overcome, or the air stream should seek to bypass the bow; these consonants are divided into a number of subtypes depending on how the stop is broken.

Stoppers are divided into groups depending on the nature of the obstacle:

explosive. Their bow ends with an explosion (p, b, t, d, k, g);

affricates. Their bow passes into the gap without explosion (ts, h);

closure-passage. When pronouncing them, the speech organs are completely closed, but are not interrupted by air, since the air passes through the nose or mouth:

nasals, which have a stop without a stop (m, n).

lateral (oral, lateral) (l), in which the bow and fissure are preserved (the side of the tongue is lowered);

trembling (vibrants) (p), with the alternating presence of a bow and a gap.

4) According to the place of noise generation

According to the place of noise generation, i.e. Based on which speech organs take part in pronunciation, sounds are divided into labial and lingual.

A) Labial consonants, in which the barrier is formed using the lips or lower lip and upper teeth. In Russian, labials are divided into labiolabials ([b], [p], [m], [b"], [p"], [m"]) and labiodentals ([v], [v"] , [f], [f"]).

When producing labial sounds, the active organ is the lower lip, and the passive organ is either the upper lip (labial sounds) or the upper teeth (labial sounds).

B) Linguistic consonants. Depending on which part of the tongue creates a barrier, linguals are divided into:

Forelinguals can be dental [t], [d], [s], [z], [ts], [n], [l] and palatodental [h], [sh], [sch], [zh] , [p]

Middle tongue - middle palatal [j];

Rear lingual - posterior palatal [g], [k], [x].

Forelingual according to the position of the tip of the tongue:

dorsal (Latin dorsum - back): the front part of the back of the tongue approaches the upper teeth and the front palate (s, d, c, n);

apical (lat. arekh - top, tip), alveolar: the tip of the tongue approaches the upper teeth and alveoli (l, eng. [d]);

kakuminal (lat. cacumen - apex), or bifocal, during the articulation of which the tip of the tongue is bent upward (w, g, h) to the front palate, and the back is raised to the soft palate, i.e. There are two foci of noise generation.

5) By timbre coloring

The presence of timbre coloring is articulatory associated with the special work of the middle part of the back of the tongue towards the hard palate - palatalization or softening.

Palatalization (Latin palatum - hard palate) is the result of mid-palatal articulation of the tongue, complementing the main articulation of the consonant sound. Sounds formed with such additional articulation are called soft, and sounds formed without it are called hard.

The timbre coloring of consonants allows us to generalize all consonants into 2 large classes according to hardness and softness.

Unpaired on this basis: [j], [h], [sch]; [ts], [f], [w].

SOUNDS “S” AND “S”
The lips are stretched and slightly pressed against the teeth. The teeth are brought together at a distance of about 1 mm. The tongue is wide, the tip rests on the lower incisors. The back is curved, with a groove running through the middle of it. The lateral edges of the tongue touch the upper molars, preventing air from passing along the sides of the tongue. The exhaled cold stream of air passes along the groove of the tongue and is directed downward through the incisors. With a soft “s”, the back of the tongue is additionally raised, the entire tongue is more tense, and the tip of the tongue rests more strongly on the lower incisors.

SOUND "C"
The sound “Ts” is formed by merging two sounds “T” and “S”.
The lips are stretched into a smile. The teeth are closed or brought together.
The tip of the tongue, as when pronouncing the sound “C,” rests on the lower front teeth. The tongue is raised and arched. The anterior part of the back of the tongue meets the palate at the alveoli. At the moment of exhalation, the front part of the back instantly opens with the sky. The tip of the tongue is slightly withdrawn from the lower teeth.

SIZZING SOUNDS “SH, ZH, CH, SHCH”
The hissing sounds “SH, ZH, CH, Shch” have one place of formation: during their pronunciation, the wide tip of the tongue rises to the front of the palate and is located behind the upper incisors - these are “upper” hissing sounds. Hissing sounds can also be “lower”, which is less desirable. With lower sibilants, the tip of the tongue moves away from the lower incisors, and the back of the tongue rises towards the front palate. When pronouncing sibilants, the edges of the tongue should be pressed against the upper molars. When pronouncing sibilants, air passes through the gap (groove) that forms between the tongue and the hard palate.

SOUND "SH"
The lips are slightly rounded and extended forward. Teeth 1 mm apart. The tongue is wide, the spade-shaped tip of the tongue is raised to the upper alveoli (tubercles behind the upper incisors), but does not touch the hard palate, with which it forms a gap. The lateral edges of the tongue are tightly pressed to the upper molars. The exhaled air stream is plentiful and warm.

SOUND "H"
The lips are slightly pushed forward, but less than with “W”. The distance between the lips is 1 mm. The upper and lower position of the front part of the tongue is possible. In the “upper” position, the tip of the tongue is in a position close to the “upper” “W”; in the lower position, in a position close to the bottom “W”. In both cases, the edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars. The air voltage is strong.

SOUND "SH"
The sound “Ш”, like other hissing sounds, can be “upper” and “lower”. The position of the organs of articulation (lips, tongue, vocal cords) is the same as with the sound “Ch”. Usually the “upper” “H” corresponds to the upper “Sh”, and the “lower” “lower”.

SOUNDS “L” AND “L”
The tip of the tongue is slightly raised and meets the upper incisors. The root of the tongue is raised and pushed back, the middle part is lowered and takes a spoon-shaped form. The edges of the tongue are not adjacent to the molars, leaving a passage for air. With a soft “L”, the back of the tongue is lowered, and the front of the back of the tongue touches a much larger area of ​​the upper teeth and alveoli.
SOUNDS "R"
The tongue is wide, the lateral edges of the tongue are pressed against the upper molars. The front edge of the tongue is raised to the alveoli (tubercles behind the upper incisors) and comes into contact with them during vibration. The tip of the tongue vibrates under air pressure. The voltage of the exhaled air current is strong.

Sound "Рь"
The front edge of the tongue moves forward and falls lower and closer to the upper incisors, there is no vibration. The kick of the tongue rises higher, and the entire mass of the tongue is more tense. A short single-beat sound “Рь” is heard.

Vowel articulation

Good diction is the quality of speech necessary for people of all “speech professions.” Good diction means clarity, clarity of pronunciation of words, phrases, impeccability of the sound of each vowel and consonant.

The key to good diction, intelligible and clear pronunciation of sounds, words, and phrases is, first of all, the correct articulation of each sound.

Diction task

Before you start practicing pronunciation, vowels and consonants, it is useful to do preparatory exercises for your lips and tongue every time.

Gymnastics for lips

137. 1. Open your mouth. Place two fingers edgewise one on top of the other and lower the lower jaw to this distance. Place the tongue flat, lower the root of the tongue, raise the soft palate (small tongue). If the jaw does not drop well, place your elbows on the table, rest your chin on your hands, and, lowering your lower jaw, try to overcome the obstacle created by your hands.

138. 2. Pull the upper lip upward, exposing the upper teeth; The gums of the upper teeth should not be visible. At the moment of lip tightening, the facial muscles are in a calm state, the teeth are not clenched.

139. 3. Pull the lower lip towards the lower gums, exposing the lower teeth; the jaw is not tense.

140. 4. Alternate movements of the upper and lower lips:

a) raise the upper lip (open the upper teeth),

b) lower the lower lip (open the lower teeth),

c) lower the upper lip (cover the upper teeth),

d) raise the lower lip (cover the lower teeth).

During these exercises, the jaw is free, the teeth are not clenched.

141. 5. I.p.: the mouth is slightly open (the jaw is slightly lowered). Pull your upper lip tightly over your upper teeth, covering them so that the edge of the lip bends slightly inside your mouth. Then the upper lip, stretching to the sides, slides up, revealing the upper teeth, and returns to its original position.

All attention should be directed to the sliding movement of the upper lip.

142. 6.I.p..: the same as in exercise 5. Pull your lower lip tightly over your lower teeth, closing them so that the edge of the lip curls inside your mouth. Briefly hold your lip in this position, pull it down, exposing your lower teeth, and return it to its original position.

143. 7. Make a sliding movement with both lips at the same time. The starting position and nature of the movements are the same as in exercises 5, 6.

Gymnastics for the tongue

144. 1. I.p.: mouth wide open; the tongue lies flat, with a slight depression in the back; its tip slightly touches the lower front teeth, the root is lowered, as at the moment of a yawn. Stick your tongue out of your mouth as far as possible, and then retract it as deeply as possible, so that only a muscle lump is formed and the tip of the tongue becomes invisible. Then the tongue returns to its original position.

145. 2. I.p.: the same as in exercise 1. The lower jaw is motionless. The tip of the tongue either rises and presses against the roots of the upper front teeth, then falls, returning to its original position.

146. 3. I.p.: the same, but the mouth is half open. Stick your tongue out with a “shovel” (the tongue is given a flat, wide shape), so that its lateral edges touch the corners of the mouth. Then return the tongue to its original position.

147. 4. I.p.: the same as in exercise 3. Stick your tongue out with a “sting” (the tongue is given the most pointed shape). Then return the tongue to its original position.

148. 5. Alternately stick out your tongue either with a “shovel” or with a “sting.”

6. I.p.: mouth half open. Suck your tongue to the roof of your mouth, then open it with a clicking sound.

149. 7. I.p.: mouth wide open. Raise the tip of the tongue upward, touching the alveoli of the upper teeth, then lower it, touching the alveoli of the lower teeth. The jaws do not move closer together.

(In addition to these exercises, you will find others in any textbook on speech technique.)

Daily training for 5-7 minutes of articulatory gymnastics should be included in the mandatory, so-called “articulatory toilet”, and serve as preparatory work for classes on speech technique.

Some students, when practicing articulatory gymnastics exercises, accompany them with movements of the forehead, eyes, eyebrows, and sometimes with movements of the legs, head, and even swaying of the body. From the very first lessons on speech technique, it is necessary to ensure that the forehead, eyebrows, eyes, neck and body muscles are not tense, free, both in the process of articulatory gymnastics and while working on diction and literary pronunciation.

Articulation gymnastics exercises should be performed slowly, gradually warming up the muscles of the speech apparatus. A fast pace causes muscle tension.

To learn the correct movements of articulatory gymnastics, we recommend using a small mirror, which you should always have at hand.

The character of each vowel is determined by the position of the tongue, lips, and lower jaw. A stream of exhaled air passes freely through the oral cavity between the tongue and the palate, without encountering obstacles, and depending on the position the tongue occupies and the shape of the lips, a certain vowel sound is obtained.

There are 6 vowel sounds in Russian: and, uh, a, o, y, s and 4 iotated sounds: e (yeah ), I (yea ), yo (yo ), yu (yu ).

(Note that in some textbooks iotated vowels are called soft. This definition is incorrect: there are no soft vowels in the Russian language - there are only soft consonants.)

E, I, E, Yu do not indicate independent vowel sounds: they either indicate the softness of the preceding consonant (sang, kneaded - unlike pol, mal), or convey two sounds in writing: e (yeah ), yo (yo ), I (yea ), yu (yu ) (ate, pit, tree, drink ). The first of these sounds, designated in transcription as [th], is a consonant sound.

Depending on the participation of the lips in the formation of vowel sounds, they are divided into labialized, or labial, and non-labialized. There are two labialized sounds in Russian: oh (when pronounced, the lips are rounded and slightly moved forward), the remaining vowel sounds are non-labialized. Let's look at the articulation of vowels, sounds and consonants th .

150. AND - when pronouncing a sound, the mouth is slightly open, the teeth are exposed. The tip of the tongue touches the lower front teeth, the back of the tongue is raised high to the hard palate, the edges of the tongue are pressed against the lateral teeth. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.

151. E - the mouth is open more than when pronouncing a sound And , teeth exposed. The tip of the tongue is at the lower teeth, but does not touch them. The back of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.

152. A - the lower jaw is lowered, the mouth is open vertically by two fingers, the edges of the front teeth are slightly exposed. The tongue lies flat against the lower teeth. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.

153. ABOUT - lips slightly pushed forward and rounded. The tongue is pulled back. The back of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes freely through the mouth.

154. U - lips are pushed forward and have a rounded shape. The tongue is pulled back more than when making a sound O . The back of the tongue is raised high to the palate; the root of the tongue is strongly pushed towards the back wall of the pharynx. The soft palate closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.

155. Y - the mouth is open, as when pronouncing a sound And ; the back of the back of the tongue is raised to the soft palate, the tip of the tongue is pulled back. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose; air passes through the mouth.

It should be noted that intrapharyngeal articulation is directly dependent on the position of the tongue and lips. When spoken And The oral cavity has the smallest volume, and the pharyngeal cavity has the largest. When pronouncing a sound A the mouth is maximal, and the pharyngeal cavity is minimal.

156. AND - teeth are exposed, as when pronouncing a vowel And . The tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, and the back of the tongue is raised high to the hard palate, the edges of the tongue are pressed against the lateral teeth. The soft palate is raised and closes the passage to the nose.

When pronouncing each iotated vowel, the back of the tongue first actively rises to the hard palate, and then takes a position characteristic of the articulation of the main vowel. The lips also take the same position as when pronouncing the main vowel: I - like the sound A; e - like the sound e; e - like the sound O; yu - like the sound at .

If there is any distortion in the pronunciation of vowels, look for the reason in the work of the articulatory organs.

It is recommended to practice the pronunciation of vowel sounds in two ways: out loud and silently. With the silent method, we mentally pronounce each syllable, carefully monitoring the position of the tongue and the movements of the lips, which contributes to the formation of internal articulation. Movements of the speech organs should be relaxed, light, soft, and elastic.

To acquire more complete and in-depth knowledge of vowel sounds, we recommend the following literature: Dmitriev L.B. Vowels in singing//Questions of vocal pedagogy. - M., 1962. - Issue. L; Dmitriev L.B. The singer's vocal apparatus. - M., 1962; Morozov V.P. Secrets of vocal speech. - M., 1967. The information that you will find in these publications will help you, from the very first days of speech technique classes, learn to monitor the sound of your voice, the formation of sound during speech, and correct voice guidance.

We recommend that at first, when working on vowel sounds, and later on consonants, you use a small mirror to check the position of the organs of the articulatory apparatus and avoid any unnecessary movements. It is necessary to ensure that the neck is free, there is no tension in the facial muscles, eyebrows do not rise, and there are no wrinkles on the forehead.

There is a close relationship between all sections of work on speech technique. When practicing vowel sounds, and subsequently consonants, you need to monitor your breathing and the sound of your voice.

When pronouncing exercises on vowel sounds, watch the direction of the sound, its flight, achieve the correct message of the sound; It is necessary to eliminate the so-called open sound, nasal sound and ensure that the larynx is free.

For the busiest | | | | | | |

Lecture 2. Articulatory and acoustic characteristics of Russian sounds. Full phonetic analysis.

Plan.

1. Articulatory classification of consonant sounds by:

a) place of education,

b) method of education,

d) hardness/softness,

e) duration / brevity.

Detailed characteristics of the functioning of the speech apparatus in the formation of sounds of each group.

3. Typology of vowels according to:

a) the place where the tongue bends,

b) degree of tongue elevation,

c) participation of the lips.

Detailed articulatory characteristics and grouping of sounds.

4. Graphic interpretations of the articulatory classification of vowels of the Russian language.

5. Acoustic classification of sounds. The doctrine of distinctive features in general and Russian phonetics.

6. The order and methodology of phonetic analysis (transcription, stress location, syllable division, determination of types of syllables, characteristics of sounds)

7. Phonetic analysis in school practice.

1. Articulatory classification of consonant sounds.

The characteristics of consonants are made up of five main features: place of formation, method of formation, noise level, participation or non-participation of the voice, hardness-softness.

a) The place of formation of a consonant depends on which active organ does the main work and with which passive organ it closes or approaches. This is the place in the mouth where the air stream meets an obstacle. If the active organ is the lower lip, then the consonants can be labiolabial: [p, b, m] (passive organ - upper lip) and labiodental: [v, f] (passive organ - upper teeth). If the active organ is the tongue, then the characteristic of the consonant depends on which part of the tongue - anterior, middle or posterior - is involved in creating an obstruction and with which passive organ - the teeth, the anterior, middle or posterior part of the palate - the tongue approaches or closes. Forelingual there are consonants dental: [t, d, s, z, n] when the front of the tongue is directed towards the teeth, and anteropalatal: [r, w, w, h"], when it is directed towards the front of the palate. Middle language at the same time always and midpalatal: [j]. Rear lingual or midpalatal: [k", g", x"] or postopalatine: [k, g, x].

· Labiolabial [b, p, m]

· Labial-dental [v, f]

· Forelingual-dental [t, d, s, z, n, l, c]

· Forelingual-anteropalatal [r, w, g, h]

· Midlingual-mid-palatal [j]

· Posterior-medial palatal [g’, k’, x’, γ’]

Postlingual-posterior palatal [g, k, x, γ]

b) The method of formation of a consonant is a characteristic of an obstacle in the mouth in the path of an air stream. This obstacle is of two types: either a complete closure of the speech organs, or a gap between them. Therefore, all consonants are divided into two groups: occlusive and fricative.

Slotted (fricatives - from the Latin fricatio - “friction”) are formed as a result of the friction of an air stream against the edges of the adjacent organs of speech, representing a narrow gap. Slotted median are formed in the middle of adjacent speech organs: [v, f, h, s, g, w, j]. With slotted lateral air flows from the side of the mouth, between the side of the tongue and the teeth: [l, l"].

Stop consonants include the moment of complete cessation of the flow of air through the oral cavity. Depending on the nature of overcoming the stops, stops are divided into plosives, affricates, nasals, quavers. Explosive consonants contain two moments in their formation: first, there is a complete delay in the air stream and an increase in intraoral pressure as a result, and then a sharp opening of the speech organs and the breakthrough of the air stream into the resulting passage with a characteristic noise. These are, for example, [p, b, t, d, k, g]. Africates(or occlusive-frictional, fused) contain, like plosives, the same initial moment - a complete closure of the speech organs. But in the last phase, the closed organs do not suddenly open, but only open slightly, forming a gap for air to escape. These are, for example, [ts, ch"]. Nasals consonants are characterized by complete closure of the oral cavity and simultaneous lowering of the palatine (nasal) curtain; air flows freely through the nasal cavity: [m, n]. Trembling are formed by vibration, trembling of the tip of the tongue and its closing and opening with the alveoli: [p, p "].

Fricatives/fricatives

Lateral [l, l’]

Median [v, f, h, s, w, g, j, x, γ]

· Occlusive

Nasals [m, m’, n, n’]

Plosives [p, b, d, t, g, k]

Affricates (fused) [ts, h]

Trembling (vibrants) [r, r’]

c) voice/noise ratio. According to the noise level (degree of its intensity), consonants are divided into sonorous[r, l, m, n, j] and noisy[b, c, d, d, g, z, k, p, s, t, f, x, c, h", w]. The intensity of the noise of noisy consonants is much higher than that of sonorant consonants. This is explained by differences in the tension of the organs speech and in the strength of the air stream when pronouncing sonorant and noisy consonants. Noisy consonants are formed with greater muscle tension than in sonorant ones in the place of the oral cavity where an obstacle to the air stream occurs. Measurements of the intensity of the air stream emerging from the oral or nasal cavity during speech. , show that when pronouncing sonorant consonants, the force of the air stream is much weaker than when pronouncing noisy ones.

Based on the participation of the voice, consonants are divided into two groups: those pronounced with a voice (tone) and those without a voice. The voice occurs as a result of the fact that the vocal cords are brought together and tremble when a stream of air passes. This is how they are formed voiced consonants: [b, c, d, d, g, h]. The difference between sonorants and voiced noisy ones is that in voiced sonorants the voice (tone) usually prevails over the noise, and in voiced noisy ones the noise prevails over the voice. Without a voice, with the help of noise alone, they are formed deaf consonants: [k, p, s, t, f, x, c, ch", w]. When pronouncing them, the glottis is open and the vocal cords are relaxed.

According to the presence and absence of voice, i.e. according to voicedness and deafness, consonant sounds form pairs [b] - [p], [v] - [f], [g] - [k], [d] - [t] , [zh] - [sh], etc. The sound [ts] is dull. But it has a voiced pair - the sound [dz], which is pronounced in place of [ts] before the voiced consonant, for example, in the words bridgehead, special task, Spitsbergen, this was the father, end of the year. The same pair is made up of a voiceless [ch"] and a voiced [j"]. In the words alchba, nachbazy, lie down, the ball rolled, this daughter was pronounced not [h"], but its sonorous substitute [d"zh". It, like [dz], appears before a sonorous noisy consonant.

d) hardness / softness. Hard and soft consonant sounds differ in the articulation characteristic of each of these groups. When soft consonants are formed, the body of the tongue is concentrated in the more anterior part, and when hard consonants are formed, it is concentrated in the more posterior part of the oral cavity. [v"]il- [v]yl, [p"]il- [p]yl, [l"]yog- [l]og, [r"] poison- [r]ad. This basic horizontal movement is accompanied by tension and elevation of different parts of the tongue. When soft consonants are formed, the front part of the tongue tenses and rises towards the hard palate. When forming hard consonants, the back of the tongue tenses and rises towards the soft palate. Consonant sounds form pairs based on hardness and softness: [b] - [b"], [v] - [v"], [g] - [g"], [d] - [d"], [z] - [ z"], etc. [zh] has a pair [zh"], which is almost always double, long: vo[zh"]y - reins, dro[zh"]y - yeast. This is how many speakers of a literary language pronounce these words. (It is also acceptable to pronounce a hard [zh] in place of [zh "].)

Only [j] cannot have a hard pair. For the remaining soft consonants, raising the tongue towards the hard palate is an articulation additional to the main method of consonant formation. In [j], the raising of the middle part of the back of the tongue towards the hard palate is the main articulation. Without this articulation, no consonant sound arises at all.

e) duration / brevity

2. Pairing of consonant sounds in the university and school interpretation.

3. Vowel typology

Vowels, as already indicated, are purely tonal sounds. Having arisen in the larynx as a result of vibration of the vocal cords, the musical tone and voice acquires a special timbre in the supraglottic cavities. The mouth and pharynx are the resonators in which differences between vowels are formed. These differences are determined by the volume and shape of the resonating cavities, which can change as a result of movements of the lips, tongue and lower jaw.

The classification of vowels is based on three characteristics: a) the place where the tongue bends, b) the degree of vertical elevation of the tongue relative to the palate, c) the participation of the lips.

a) the place where the tongue bends, (according to the degree to which the tongue is advanced forward or pushed back horizontally), vowels are distinguished front row[i, uh], middle row[s, a] and back row[u, o]. When articulating the front, middle and back vowels, the tongue is concentrated in the front, middle or back of the mouth, respectively. The shape of the tongue can be different. When forming front vowels, the front part of the back of the tongue rises towards the front of the palate. When forming back vowels, the back of the back of the tongue rises towards the back of the palate. And when forming middle vowels, the tongue either rises with the middle part to the middle part of the palate, as sometimes happens when pronouncing [s], or lies flat, as when pronouncing [a]. The simplest table of Russian vowels is as follows (it is called the square of R.I. Avanesov):

b) the degree of elevation of the tongue. Vowels are distinguished by the degree of elevation of the tongue in relation to the palate top lift[i, s, y], medium rise[uh, o] and lower rise[A]. When articulating high vowels, the tongue occupies the highest position. In this case, the lower jaw usually moves slightly away from the upper, creating a narrow mouth opening. Therefore, high vowels are also called narrow vowels. When articulating lower vowels, the lower jaw is usually lowered to its lowest position, creating a wide mouth opening. Therefore, low vowels are also called wide.

c) participation of the lips. Based on the participation of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels ( labialized) and unrounded ( non-labialized). When rounded vowels are formed, the lips come closer, rounded and protrude forward, reducing the exit opening and lengthening the oral resonator. The degree of rounding can be different: less at [o], greater at [y]. The vowels [a, e, i, s] are unrounded.