The dark continent in European shackles. Dark Continent

North Africa

Egypt

• In the extreme northeast of Africa is Egypt, which had one of the most ancient civilizations. It is crossed from south to north by the Nile, which is very important for Egyptian agriculture. It is crossed in the east by the Suez Canal.
• Descendants of the ancient Egyptians - Copts- profess a unique direction of Christianity. Their language used in worship is derived from ancient Egyptian and their alphabet from Greek. In general, Christians in Egypt are officially 8%, and unofficially 16.
  • The apocryphal Gospel of Judas is written in Coptic.
• Until recently, Egypt was one of the most popular destinations among Russian tourists. Low price, all-inclusive hotels, warm sea, good service, sights, shopping, diving, camel rides - what else is needed for complete happiness? But after the bombing of the plane by Islamic terrorists, all this raspberry was covered.
• Now the entire north of Africa is occupied by Arabs. Common, as in Asia (which is why Egypt, Libya and Algeria are often included in the Middle East). They burned the Library of Alexandria, the same one that the Alexandrian Patriarch Theophilus burned in 391. However, even before him, in 273, the main part of the library was destroyed by the Roman Emperor Aurelian. And before him, most of the library burned down when, at the instigation of Cleopatra, Caesar arranged a showdown with her brother/husband Ptolemy.
  • There is also a lost city in the desert called Djedu (Busiris).
• The Arabs call everything west of Egypt " Maghreb" - that is, "Sunset".

Libya

• To the west of Egypt lies Libya - a former Italian colony (more precisely, a conglomerate of three colonies - Tripolitania, Cyrenaica and Fezzan) and the main area of ​​​​combat operations in Africa during the Second World War. There was quite a lot of oil and Gaddafi's rules. At one point, the patience of first the local population, and then the NATO members, ran out, and Libya began to be bombed. The revolution won, but the revolutionaries are still dividing the country.
  • There is also a lost city in the desert of Leptis Magna.

Algeria

Tunisia

• Tunisia is located northeast of Algeria - for Europeans, from a tourist point of view, it is the same as Antalya for Russians.
  • In ancient times, on the site of the current Tunisian capital, Carthage was located (and the bay near which it is located is still called Ras Kartage - “Carthaginian”). The Carthaginian commander Hannibal fought with the Romans and was eventually defeated. Ceterum censeo Carthaginem delendam esse!
  • But when the Vandals settled in Tunisia 6 centuries later, the Romans received an answer. In all seriousness, the Vandals marched on Rome with the cry: “Let us avenge Carthage!” Very funny, considering that the Vandals are an East German people close to the Goths, and the inhabitants of Carthage are Semites, descendants of the Phoenicians.
  • The latter circumstance gave Hitler reason to claim that the Romans did the right thing by destroying Carthage.
  • Tatooine is located in Tunisia! More precisely, Tataouine.

Morocco

• Even further west lies Morocco. Oranges are grown there. The territory of Western Sahara is also located here, most of which was absorbed by Morocco, although formally it has its own government (meeting in Algeria).
• In the Middle Ages, Moroccan pirates terrified the entire Mediterranean and beyond (they even reached Ireland and Iceland!). Only the Americans were able to break their back at the beginning of the 19th century.
• Morocco remained an independent state for quite a long time - only in 1911 the country was finally divided: most of it became a colony of France, and the northern coast went to Spain.
• The Moroccan Sultanate was the first state to recognize the independence of the United States.
  • The division of Morocco twice (in 1905 and 1911) almost led to the Franco-German war.
  • Spain still controls two cities in Morocco - Ceuta and Melilla, captured during the Reconquista.
• Almost all of North Africa is occupied by the Sahara Desert. Among the sands there are rare oases where date palms are grown. And camels make multi-day journeys between oases.
• In the western Sahara there lives such a people - Tuaregs, which is unlike its neighbors. Women there do not cover their faces, but men wear Talgemust, covering the face (a Tuareg must kill a stranger who sees his face in order to wash away his shame with blood, which is why the Tuaregs have a peculiar reputation among other Muslims). Women are free to choose a partner, know ancient writing and sit in oases, while men engage in trade and travel around the Sahara.
• And suddenly there are two ski resorts in Morocco!

South Africa

• South Africa was explored by the good Scot David Livingston.

South Africa

The Big Hole is a huge inactive diamond mine in Kimberley, South Africa.

• There is the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Agulhas, Table Mountain, the Drakensberg Mountains, the Orange (in honor of the Dutch Orange dynasty), Crocodile, Olifants (or Elephant) rivers and the funny name Limpopo, where Hippopo walks.
• There is also a good climate, a lot of diamonds and gold, and therefore there are a lot of white people who live in South Africa.
  • White people are divided into Boers (aka Afrikaners- descendants of the Dutch, as well as the French, Germans, Scots... in general, various Calvinists) and the English. Traditionally, the Boers were farmers, security forces and officials, while the British ran the business. There were bad relations between them for a long time, which resulted in the Anglo-Boer War.
  • Then the Boers created a regime apartheid and began to oppress blacks and other non-whites.
  • In fact, they have been doing this throughout history, but since 1948 they began to do it more harshly and carefully. For example, they legally divided the entire population into whites (the highest class); Indians and Chinese (1st grade); “colored” - descendants of white men and non-white women, as well as Malays - descendants of slaves who retained the Muslim religion (2nd class); and black (3rd grade).
    • South Africa was the only country in the world where Asians were not allowed into places “only for whites” for any money (in other countries with open racism, the presence of a lot of money opened any doors for Asians). The only exception, dating back to Axis times, were Japanese citizens.
    • “Pencil test” - if a pencil stuck into curly hair was held, the person was considered black, otherwise colored. It has happened that fraternal twins with slightly different curls were identified as different races.

• Now there is no white apartheid, but it is still bad in South Africa, because crime is still high.
  • In fact, crime rates vary greatly by area. The more poor and unemployed, the higher it is. And the poor and unemployed are mostly blacks, especially those who have come in large numbers.
  • Some believe that white apartheid simply gave way to black apartheid.
    • Complete nonsense. Apartheid is discrimination and segregation based on racism. Black racism, of course, exists, although it cannot always be distinguished from class hatred. There is discrimination, but these are not restrictions for whites, but benefits for blacks. But there is no mandatory segregation - only voluntary. (In the sense, voluntarily performed by blacks in relation to whites).
  • The Afrikaner language is called Afrikaans. Essentially a local dialect of Dutch. But it differs so much from the European version that it is easier for a Dutchman to talk to a Boer in English.
• They still live in South Africa Zulus. This is another very cool people.
• The Anglo-Zulu War of 1979 is famous. Three battles are particularly noteworthy:
  • The first battle of Isandlwana: 20 thousand Zulus with spears against 1,700 British with single-shot rifles and two batteries of artillery (cannons + Congrave rockets) + self-confidence incompatible with life: the lord who commanded the army, instead of preparing for the battle, sat down to dine leisurely and decorously, leaving preparations for the battle is left to chance. Result: the blacks destroyed everyone who wore a red uniform.
  • The failed assault on Rorke's Drift: 140 British, due to their small numbers, did not show self-confidence, but prepared as much as possible for defense and withstood the assault of the 4,000-strong army.
  • The last battle of Ulundi: 24 thousand Zulus with spears and a thousand captured rifles against 17 thousand British, who this time, in addition to artillery, also took with them Gatling guns. Considering the number of British, even without machine guns a zerg rush would not have worked.
• Cape Town is located on the Cape of Good Hope. In the port of Cape Town, with cocoa on board, “Jeanette” adjusted the rigging...
• South Africa has the Kruger National Park, the continent's first protected area.
  • The Boers created it when they killed a bunch of animals and were afraid that soon there would be no one to hunt.
• And South Africa is the only owner of nuclear energy in Africa and the only state in the world that created nuclear weapons and then voluntarily eliminated them. There is also another developed military industry known all over the world for tanks on wheels and multi-charge hand grenade launchers, and other prodigies.
• Previously, South African blacks were called Kaffirs. Then this word became a very rude insult, much worse than “kike.”
  • Despite the fact that “kafr” is the local pronunciation of the Arabic “kafir” (“infidel,” i.e., non-Muslim)! So in reality, Boers are also Kaffirs!
• Blacks practice polygamy. Unlike Muslims, they can have as many wives as they want, as long as they can pay lobola- ransom. Previously, it was 11 cows, but now few people can afford such luxury.
  • The king of the small state of Swaziland (renamed Eswatini in 2018) can. Every year, at the reed dance, he chooses another virgin as his wife.
• Also, according to tradition, young men are circumcised before being initiated into men.
• South Africa has the Kalahari Desert. They live there bushmen(san). These are savages who still hunt and gather. They are small and yellow-skinned, have narrow eyes, and the females have large buttocks. And in the language there are such sounds that a European cannot pronounce! What does it matter to a European: no one but them can pronounce such sounds! (Except for their neighbors Zulus and Xhosa, whose languages ​​also have such sounds, but not many).
  • There are more Hottentots(Khoi-Koins), who are related to the Bushmen, but are much more civilized.
• South Africa is a member of BRICS (More Economically Developed Colonial Countries Brazil, Russia, India, China, South + Africa).
• The South African anthem is “hybrid” - the first two verses are from “God Bless Africa”, with two verses in three languages ​​(Xhosa, Zulu and Sesotho), the third and fourth are the first verse of the old anthem “The Voice of South Africa”, in Afrikaans and English respectively.

Zimbabwe

• Zimbabwe is located next to South Africa. It is named after the giant elliptical structures built from stone without the use of mortar. European colonialists attributed the discovered ruins of Great Zimbabwe to a “mysterious white civilization,” because they could not believe that local “savages” could build such a thing. And this was done by the ancestors of the Shona people!
• Then the Ndebele (Matebele), pressed by the Boers, came there under the leadership of the leader Mzilikazi. These warlike people, close to the Zulus, quickly showed the peaceful Shona who was boss in the forest.
• Since the 1880s it had been the private property of a firm owned by the famed oligarch Cecil Rhodes, a genius and a villain.
• Then - the English colony of Southern Rhodesia (there was also Northern Rhodesia - now Zambia).
• In 1965-79 there was the self-proclaimed white colonists (and not recognized by anyone) Republic of Rhodesia.
• In 1979 it transformed into Zimbabwe-Rhodesia.
• At the end of the year, the state began to be called Zimbabwe (led by the immortal, permanent Mugabe).
  • The comrade promised the whites that he would not offend them. And I didn’t offend. Firstly, according to the peace treaty, for 10 years the government of Zimbabwe could not make decisions on changing the status of property, and secondly, there was no time for that: a year after the elections, armed clashes began between former allies in the revolutionary struggle: the pro-Soviet ZAPU Joshua Nkomoa , who was supported by about 25% of voters in the elections (mostly from his Ndebele people), and the pro-Chinese ZANU Robert Mugabe, for whom more than half of the voters (mostly from his Shona people) voted. And this continued until 1987-88, until they managed to come to a peace agreement.
  • At the same time, due to populist decisions and the emigration of white specialists, the economy began to crumble. By 1991, inflation reached 40%. This forced them to take out a loan from the IMF and adopt a program of economic reforms, which allowed them to temporarily improve the situation. At the same time, discussions began on the issue of confiscating land from whites, but the first time the decision did not pass, they were limited to the possibility of forced purchase of unprofitable farms with compensation for infrastructure, money for which Britain provided. And then a scandal emerged: in the first list of 70 farms, each one turned out to be highly profitable, and government officials appropriated the farms from the amended list. Then came the droughts in 1992-95, followed by the Chimwenje uprising, then again problems in the economy and blackmail of Britain in order to get more money. And when it became clear that the money would not be given, the crisis was growing, and the rating was rapidly falling, Mugabe took extreme measures. In 2000, activists seized several white farms without permission. Mugabe legitimized such actions and called whites “enemies of the state,” and a few years later he issued a law according to which only blacks (and his Chinese friends) could run companies. As expected, famine and hyperinflation arose, and Western countries also imposed sanctions. An active black and white opposition emerged, which Mugabe, by hook or by crook, crushed again, albeit without bloody repression. Now Zimbabwe does not have its own monetary system at all.
  • At the end of 2017, everyone was so tired of the evergreen Mugabe that the military overthrew him, however, treating him and his wife very humanely - they assigned a hefty one-time and ongoing allowance. And soon the lands began to be returned to white farmers in order to improve the economy.
  • Regarding the high efficiency of white farmers: the fact is that these were large farms that had money for agricultural equipment, the purchase of fertilizers and other things. The taken lands, in fact estates, were divided equitably among numerous local peasants, resulting in a bunch of small poor farms cultivating the land by hand with a hoe, not to mention the lack of money to buy anything, which led to a significant decrease in productivity. In addition, the previous owners had the experience of managing large-scale commercial enterprises, absorbed with their father’s milk, and often had special education.
• The Zambezi River with Victoria Falls flows between Zimbabwe and Zambia. And next to it is the country of Mozambique.

Namibia

• To the northwest of South Africa is Namibia, named after the fearsome coastal Namib Desert. Previously it was owned by the Germans. When the natives in N. XX century staged an uprising there, the Germans responded with genocide. A sort of dress rehearsal for the Holocaust. After this, the outrages committed by the Boers and the British could pass for childish pranks.
  • However, for the most part, the data on “this outrage” was collected by England to serve as “propaganda” during the First World War, and there are reasonable doubts about their reliability. The bottom line: the rebel Herero and Nama tribes were forced into territories controlled by the British in order to avoid a repetition of the Anglo-Boer scenario. It turned out, however, it was still very ugly, but it’s still difficult to talk about targeted genocide.
• In 1918, the South Africans took Namibia for themselves (as a trophy after participating in the First World War on the side of the mother country) and for a long time did not want to give it independence.
  • And in World War II they fought on the side of the metropolis in North Africa.
• There are still a lot of Germans living in Namibia. And the language of international communication, suddenly, is Afrikaans.
• There is also an ethnic group called Rehoboth Basters(named after the town of Rehoboth). These are the descendants of bastards born from Boer men and their concubines - Hottentotok, raised by their fathers, but not accepted into “white” society. They later migrated north from the Cape and now bear that name with pride. Some of them went not to the north, but to the east and, under the influence of missionaries who believed that being illegitimate was bad, changed their self-name to Griqua.

Angola

• North of Namibia is Angola - a former colony of Portugal, to which Portugal clung tooth and nail.
• In the 17th century Queen Nzinga led an unequal struggle against the Portuguese.
• After liberation from Portugal, a civil war began in Angola, in which Cuba (with the support of the USSR) and South Africa (with the support of the USA) periodically intervened.

Zambia

• Few people know, but at the beginning of the space race between the USSR and the USA, the National Space Agency of Zambia planned to quickly become a leader by sending people and animals to the Moon and Mars. A training camp was built on an abandoned farm, in which candidates for afronauts (so named to spite the Soviet cosmonauts and American astronauts) walked on their hands, swung on a swing followed by cutting a rope, and rolled down a slide in an iron fuel barrel. To launch into orbit, the design of a catapult system began, the D Kalu-1 spacecraft, ready for flight, was demonstrated to journalists, and the first space flight was planned for October 24, 1964. Alas, due to lack of funding, the pregnancy of the first Afronaut and active opposition On the part of the intelligence services of the USSR and the USA, the space program was curtailed.

Rest of Africa

Who said that blacks are wild?

• It is inhabited by blacks. They just jumped off the palm tree and live only thanks to handouts from Western countries. But they themselves don’t know how to do anything - just run through the jungle with a Kalashnikov assault rifle.
  • In fact, for a couple of millennia, blacks have known not only agriculture and cattle breeding, but also iron processing and other crafts. In the Middle Ages, large early class states existed in Africa, some of which survived until the very end of the 19th century. Who is interested - google “History of Ethiopia” and look w: Historical states of Africa (crossing out the names of the colonies and Boer republics).
• People live in the west Dogon. They are very good at astronomy!
  • This is a duck. There are Dogons, but they don’t have secret knowledge.
• They live in equatorial forests pygmies. These are also savages who are still engaged in hunting and gathering, but are even shorter than the Bushmen, have lost their language, and outwardly differ little from the blacks.
• And in the center of Africa was the Sokoto Caliphate. There, along with the neighboring sultanates, there were real African knights, dressed from head to toe, along with their horses, in thick quilted armor, that is, not made of iron, but of thick multi-layer quilted fabric. They also had iron, but it was enough for weapons, but not for full armor.
• Europeans took many millions of slaves from West Africa to America. One place was called the Slave Coast.
• The Arabs also took many slaves from East Africa. They also settled on the coast, taking part in the formation of the Swahili people and their language. The word "safari" comes from it. It is also the official language in several countries in the region.
• East Africa is occupied by high plateaus, and the local people are adapted to the low oxygen content in the air. Therefore, they make excellent stayers. Blacks also love to play football and even join Russian clubs. Whites in South Africa play rugby, and Indians living there play cricket.
• In West Africa there are countries with funny names - Burkina Faso (formerly Upper Volta - no, there was no Nizhnyaya), Cape Verde (Cape Verde Islands) and Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast).
• There are many terrible tropical diseases in Black Africa - malaria, sleeping sickness, which is carried by the harmful tsetse fly, Ebola fever and a bunch of other fevers. And there are also many HIV-infected people there (as well as among blacks in South Africa).
  • Fewer new cases of HIV infection are being reported in many African countries. Condoms rule! And thanks to the Catholic Church, which encourages their use.

Kenya

• Live in Kenya Maasai. This is another cool people. They have many cows, but they do not eat meat, but drink blood and milk (literally) and are not afraid to go out with a spear against a lion.
• Barack Hussein Obama, father of US President Barack Hussein Obama Jr., was born in Kenya.
• Timon the meerkat and Pumbaa the warthog also lived there. Hakuna Matata!

• A. S. Pushkin's ancestor Ibrahim (Abram) Hannibal was taken from Ethiopia. Or maybe from Cameroon. Or maybe from somewhere else. But Ethiopians still consider Pushkin their national poet.
• Geographer w: Junker, Vasily Vasilyevich explored Central Africa.
• N. S. Gumilyov traveled to Ethiopia twice and dedicated many poems to Africa.
• Nicholas II gave Ethiopia 60 thousand Berdankas (removed from service with the Russian army due to their replacement with Mosinki), half of which reached the recipient (the second was intercepted by the British). In addition to rifles, Ethiopia received 5 million rounds of ammunition and five thousand sabers. The gift was very useful in the first Italo-Ethiopian war.
  • In the first Italo-Ethiopian war, a detachment of volunteers took part under the leadership of Captain Leontyev, who, in gratitude from the Ethiopians, received the title of count and the rank of colonel general, not counting the Order of Solomon and the Order of the Star of Ethiopia.
• Emigrants who left the country after the October Revolution (and during the years of perestroika) came to South Africa. Some of these emigrants became military experts under the Ethiopian emperor just before the second Italo-Ethiopian War, when the Italians this time brought tanks.
• The USSR played a decisive role in the construction of the Aswan Dam in Egypt. And in general he helped young states a lot - in exchange for assurances of building socialism and minerals.
  • Including weapons and military specialists - for example, during the wars in Angola, Mozambique, Algeria, between Egypt and Israel, between Ethiopia and Somalia.
• Moscow University, specially designed for the education of foreigners, is officially named after Lumumba, and unofficially the university and its dormitory are called lumumbyatnik and lumumbarium.
• We have Afro-Russians. Not much, but there it is. And in Abkhazia there are Afro-Abkhazians, and quite a lot - relative to the total population of this small country. They are considered to be the descendants of slaves brought here by the Turks.

Famous personalities

Politicians

• Frederik de Klerk, the last white president of the state, who shared this prize with him. Fighters for the cause of the white race compare him with M.S. Gorbachev and accuse him of betrayal and the collapse of the country.
  • In fact, his only fault is that he took the lid off the boiling pot. Of course, hot steam burns. But if you don’t take it off, it will eventually explode so that no one will find it too small!
  • Among the Boers, there aren't a lot of politicians.
• Nelson Mandela, Xhosa, famous anti-apartheid fighter (see terrorists for you, guerrillas for us), leader of the ANC. He served 27 years in prison, and when he was released, he did not take revenge and received the Nobel Peace Prize. Became the country's first black president.
• His successor Govan Mbeki, also a Xhosa, is the son of his comrade Thabo Mbeki. Unremarkable for anything other than AIDS denial.
• Jacob Zuma, his successor, Zulu. Famous mainly for his friarism. Unlike Mandela, who received an excellent education thanks to relatively liberal racial laws and the high position of his family, he is a dropout. It is therefore not surprising that in response to the accusation of raping an HIV-positive woman, he justified himself by saying that he had taken a shower. He also has 4 wives. There were more, but one got divorced and another died. At the beginning of 2018, the opposition cited several hundred facts of corruption and embezzlement on the part of Zuma, after which the ruling party clearly explained to him: either he would leave voluntarily, or he would be forced to leave. Zuma thought about it and left voluntarily, assuring the public of his innocence.
• Cyril Ramophosa, the former leader of the ANC-friendly trade union COSATU, a representative of the small Venda people, more intelligent than his predecessor, came to power.
• South Africa also has two Nobel Peace Prize laureates: Xhosa Desmond Tutu, priest (1984) and Zulu Albert Luthuli (1960).
• A whole bunch fighters against the colonialists who became the first presidents of independent states:
  • Ahmed ben Bella (Algeria).
  • Antonio Agostinho Neto (Angola, MPLA leader), poet.
    • José Eduardo dos Santos, second president.
    • Jonash Savimbi (leader of UNITA), opponent of dos Santos (until the civil war).
  • Thomas Sankara (Burkina Faso, for the sake of diversity - not the first, but known for his reforms).
  • Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana).
  • Patrice Lumumba (DR Congo, first prime minister).
    • Moise Tshombe, enemy of Lumumba, separatist rebel from Katanga.
    • Laurent-Désiré Kabila, who overthrew dictator Mobutu.
  • Gamal Abdel Nasser (second president of Egypt). Led the overthrow of King Farouk. He was one of the 3 founders of the Non-Aligned Movement, along with D. Nehru (India) and Josip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia).
    • Anwar Sadat (third president). Killed for reconciliation with Israel).
  • Kenneth Kaunda (Zambia, President and Prime Minister in 1 bottle).
  • Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia.
    • Abel Muzorewa, who came to an amicable agreement with Smith, is the Prime Minister of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia. Moderate supporter of independence, bishop.
  • Robert Mugabe of ZANU, next prime minister (later president). Shona nationality (mother); Since 2000, he has moved into the category of dictators (not crazy ones).
    • Joshua Nkomo (leader of ZAPU), initially an opponent of Mugabe (until the civil war), then an ally. Nationality is Ndebele.
  • Sam Nujoma (Namibia), leader of SWAPO.
  • Samora Machel (Mozambique), leader of FRELIMO. Died in a plane crash on South African territory (and, possibly, as a result of an operation by its special services).
    • His widow later became Mandela's third wife and, thus, the only first lady of two states!
    • Joaquín Alberto Chissano (Chisanu), his successor.
  • Idris al-Sanusi, recognized by Italy as the emir of the Cyrenaica region, fled to Egypt after the Nazis came to power, and in 1951 became the king of independent Libya.
  • Leopold Sédar Senghor (Senegal), poet and philosopher, one of the founders of the theory of negritude (the essence is the concept of identity, self-worth and self-sufficiency of the Negroid race).
  • Julius Nyerere (Tanganyika/Tanzania).
  • Nicholas Gerard Victor Grunitsky (Togo). The second president, the son of an ethnic Pole from Germany and an African princess.
  • Habib Bourguiba (Tunisia).
  • Mengistu Haile Mariam (Ethiopia). Overthrew Emperor Haile Selassie and made friends with the USSR.
• A whole bunch of dictators of varying degrees of madness:
  • Mobutu Sese Seko (DR Congo).
  • Muammar Gaddafi, the officer who orchestrated the overthrow of the king of Libya in 1969 and became an immortal, permanent, half-mad dictator - until war and death in 2011.
  • Samuel Doe (Liberia), president in 1980-90, organizer of a military coup, treacherously and brutally killed during the civil war.
    • Charles Taylor (ibid.), president 1997-2003, civil war organizer and war criminal.
  • Daniel arap Moi (Kenya), second president.
  • Mohamed Siad Barre (Somalia).
  • Idi Amin (Uganda). He became famous for his mass repressions: in 8 years he killed about 2% of the country's population. He also fought with Tanzania, expelled all Asians and allowed a plane with Israelis, which was hijacked by Palestinian terrorists, to land at Entebbe airport. The Mossad always worked like clockwork.
    • Joseph Kony (ibid.). Not Amin yet, but no better. He declared himself a prophet and the voice of the Holy Spirit, and created the military group “Lord's Resistance Army,” which is fighting against President Museveni. And to replenish this army, militants are abducting en masse children “untouched by the sins of the modern world.”
  • Jean-Bedel Bokassa (CAR). The president of the country, in 1976, proclaimed himself emperor. Compared to other dictators, he pushed the pedal into the earth’s crust: periodically he feasted on people. While he was friends with France, his eccentricities turned a blind eye. But when he became friends with Gaddafi's Libya, the French sent paratroopers and restored the good old CAR and the former president.
  • Francisco Macias Nguema (Equatorial Guinea). He instilled such fear in the inhabitants of the country that when in 1979 his own nephew overthrew him and sentenced his uncle to death, there was not a single person in the entire country who would agree to carry out the sentence. We had to order mercenaries from Morocco.
  • Buka Bitch Dimka (Nigeria). Caliph for an Hour, a lieutenant colonel in the Nigerian army who came to power with bayonets.
  • Olesugun Obasanjo (ibid.). Lieutenant General of the same Nigerian army. He overthrew Suka Dimka and organized a tribunal that sentenced Buka to death.

• A number of other famous personalities:
• Nsingwayo Khoza - induna (adviser to the king), the first of the Zulu military leaders who managed to defeat significant forces of the British (the second and last was Mnyamana Buthelezi), the triumphant of Isandlwana, the national hero of South Africa... and at the same time a noble alconaut and the owner of a beer belly!
  • Moshweshwe I, inkosi of the Suto people in 1822-70. Successfully maintained the independence of the state (now Lesotho), and was eventually forced to accept the British protectorate.
  • Jacob Morenga and Hendrik Witbooi, Nama chiefs during the 1904-07 rebellion. (Namibia).
  • Kofi Annan, 7th UN Secretary General (Ghana).
  • Boutros Boutros-Ghali, 6th UN Secretary General (Egypt) (and son of the prime minister of dependent Egypt in the early 20th century), Copt.
  • Ernesto Che Guevara, participant in the war in the DR Congo against Mobutu.
  • Winston Churchill, in his youth, took part in the wars in Sudan (1898) and South Africa (1899-1900).

Others

• Christian Barnard performed the world's first heart transplant in the glorious city of Cape Town at the Groote Schuur Hospital. He also dabbled in writing: in collaboration with Z. Stander, he composed the novel “The Unwanted Elements” (The Unwanted, 1974)
  • He was assisted by a self-taught black surgeon, Hamilton Naki, but in 1967 this had to be hidden.
• Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature:
  • Egyptian bigamist Naguib Mahfouz (1988);
  • Nigerian Wole Soyinka, writing in Yoruba and English (1986);
  • White South Africans: Jewish Nadine Gordimer, whose father is from Lithuania, (1991) and
  • John Maxwell Coetzee writing in English Ethnic Afrikaner (2003).
  • And also Dorris Lessing, winner from Britain (2007). In 1925-49. she lived in Zimbabwe.
  • South African Laurens van der Post is also worthy of mention. Mother is German, father is Dutch. A participant in World War II and the author of memoirs, which were adapted into the film “Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence.”
  • And South African Olive Schreiner (mother is English, father is German), an ardent opponent of colonialism and racism, who began writing back in the 1890s. and was highly appreciated by Russian critics.
  • South Africa, for obvious reasons, has a lot of writers in general. Especially, for obvious reasons, whites. And interestingly, mostly not racists
• But the country was not lucky with Nobel laureates in the field of science.
  • Allan McLeod Cormack, a native of Johannesburg, worked in the USA since 1957, and received a prize in physiology or medicine in 1979.
  • Max Theiler, a native of Pretoria, worked in the USA from 1951 and in the same year received a prize in physiology or medicine.
  • Sydney Brenner, a native of Germiston, completed his postgraduate studies at Oxford and in 2002 received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for Britain.
  • Aaron Klug, whom his parents moved from Lithuania to South Africa at the age of 2, moved to Britain in 1949 and received a prize in chemistry in 1982.
  • Michael Levitt, a native of Pretoria, moved to Britain in 1964 and received a prize in chemistry in 2013.
  • Brain drain... The only one who didn't drain is Barnard. He openly opposed apartheid policies and stated that he did not receive the Nobel Prize only because he was a white South African.
• Suddenly John Tolkien, a native of Bloemfontein!
• Elon Musk, a billionaire and fan of private space exploration, a native of Pretoria, left for Canada.
• Mark Shuttleworth, operating system developer Ubuntu. And the second space tourist!
• A few famous Afrikaners:
  • Charlize Theron, a Hollywood blonde American actress who adopted a black child.
  • The director of the film "District No. 9" is Neill Blomkamp.
  • Sharlto Copley, who became famous for his leading role in the film in the line above.
  • Infamous runner Oscar Pistorius (see Heroic Perseverance).
  • And who cares about politicians (mostly racists of varying degrees of frostbite), the military (similarly) and athletes, whom few people know outside the country.
• Africa in general is famous for its athletes, especially Eastern Africa for its long-distance runners.
• Wangari Maathai (Kenya). Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize (2004) for creating the Green Belt social movement, which restored destroyed forests.
• Omar Sharif. Egyptian artist.
• Cesaria Evora is a Cape Verdian singer who supported all the schools in her country at her own expense. To draw attention to the problem of poverty in her homeland, she performed exclusively barefoot.
• José Afonso is a Portuguese singer who lived a considerable part of his life in Angola and Mozambique and sympathized with left-wing anti-colonialists. It was also reflected in creativity (see section “Music”).
• Hjalmar Thesen, South African writer. According to Wiki, "his father was half English, half Norwegian, and his mother was born in Canada to Scottish parents." We have articles on our website about his books “Return” and “Dangerous Neighborhood”.

Where is it found?

Literature

• N. S. Gumilev. There are many poems about Africa, including the entire collection “Tent”.
• K. Chukovsky, “Aibolit” and “Barmaley”!
• J. Verne, “The Fifteen-Year-Old Captain,” “Five Weeks in a Balloon,” “The Adventures of Three Russians and Three Englishmen in South Africa.”
• G.-R. Haggard, series about Allan Quartermaine.
• L. Boussenard, “Adventures in the Land of Lions”, “Diamond Thieves”, “Captain Daredevil”.
• R. Kipling, “The light went out.”
  • In general, he has written a lot about Africa. There are so many poems: “South Africa”, “Dust” and many others. Mainly, of course, on war-related topics.
• D. Conrad, “Heart of Darkness”.
• I. Efremov, “On the edge of the Oikumene.”
• His “Andromeda Nebula” is the African Mven Mass.
• Joy Adamson, Born Free, The Spotted Sphinx, Pippa Challenges.
• A. Shklyarsky, “The Adventures of Tomek on the Dark Continent” and “Tomek in the Land of the Pharaohs.”
• G. Senkevich, “The Adventures of Stas and Nelly.”
• I. Hanzelka and M. Zikmund, “Africa of Dreams and Reality.”
• Ray Bradbury, the story “The Veldt” (and the Soviet film adaptation of several stories of the same name) - virtual Africa that has become real.
• Wilbur Smith, a lot of things.
• E. Yevtushenko, poem “Senegalese Ballad”. Suddenly it’s not about Senegal, but about South Africa.
• Agatha Christie, “Ten Little Indians” (“Philip Lombard, in February 1932 you doomed twenty people from an East African tribe to death”), “A Pocket Full of Rye” (talking about a mine in Western Africa), the novel “Death on the Nile” (“Murder on the Ship Karnak”).
• James Hadley Chase, "The Vulture is a Patient Bird" (The Ring of the Borgia). Filmed as a TV series.
• A. Camus, “The Stranger” - the action of the novel takes place in Algeria.
• The Strugatsky Brothers, World of Noon:
  • “Noon, XXII century” - the famous hunter Mboga, a pygmy.
  • “Distant Rainbow” - Gaba, tester.
• Heinlein, “Tunnel to Heaven” - describes the romance between the main character Rod and the Zulu woman Carol.
• The “Piranha” cycle by A. Bushkov - along with Latin America and a little Asia.
• Alexander Afanasyev, “White’s Burden” - about the preparation and conduct of a coup in modern (and rapidly sliding into the Middle Ages) South Africa.
• Frederick Forsythe Dogs of War

Movie

• “The Secret of the Blackbirds” is a Soviet film adaptation of Christie’s novel “A Pocket Full of Rye.”
• Probably the gods have gone crazy (“The Gods Must Be Crazy”, South Africa) and the sequels are about the clash between the Bushmen and modern civilization.
• "Lethal Weapon" 2 - among the characters there are several white employees of the South African diplomatic mission: several bad guys, racists and drug dealers, and a good girl.
• “Beasts of No Nation” - civil wars through the eyes of a boy soldier.
• "War Witch" - civil wars through the eyes of a girl soldier.
• "King Solomon's Mines" in assortment.
• “Four Feathers” in assortment.
• "Zulu" and the prequel "Rise of the Zulu".
• “Angelica and the Sultan” is a film adaptation of the novels by A. and S. Golon.
• "Nowhere in Africa." Film adaptation of the novel by Stephanie Zweig (1932-2014).
• "Saving Desert". Desert of Death - Inversion: During World War II, German immigrants hide in the Kalahari to avoid being interned by the colonial authorities of what is now Namibia.
• (Pseudo)documentary by Gualtiero Jacopetti and Franco Prosperi "Goodbye Africa".
• “Only lovers will survive” - Eve lives in Tangier, where she and Adam flee after Ava drinks Ian dry .
• Several episodes of the series “Strike Back” take place in Africa (season 3 - so in full).
• “April Captains” - it was the desire to end the colonial war (which all the officers-heroes of the film attended) that united the conspirators, who were quite different in their views (as in real life).
• "Sahara"

TV series

• Killing Power - The Cape of Good Hope story arc takes place in South Africa.

Cartoons

• w: Madagascar (animated film) and sequels.
• w: The Lion King and its sequels.
• French animated series "Cassai et Lac" (originally "Samba et Leuk le lièvre").

Comics

• “Tintin in the Belgian Congo” - in all fields. To fully get used to the trope (and the stereotypes associated with it), the old, complete, black and white version is strongly recommended.

Music

• Yu. Vizbor, “Madagascar” (The mountains sleep sensitively...), “The story of technologist Petukhov” (I’m sitting somehow, brothers with an African...).
• A. Gorodnitsky, “The Wife of the French Ambassador” (I don’t dream of Tanya or Gali), “Island of Grief” (Ah, black Africa, the island of Grief), “Black Madonna” (In the cathedral, among the bottomless icons...).
• A considerable part of the work of José Afonso:
  • “Um homem novo veio da mata” - dedication to the Angolan anti-colonial fighters from the MPLA;
  • “Menina dos olhos tristes” - about a girl who was waiting for a Portuguese soldier from the colonial war, but only got a coffin;
  • "Canção do desterro" is about the Portuguese migrant poor.

The history of Russia's interest in Africa goes back almost three centuries. But this does not mean at all that Moscow’s policy in this direction is mature. On the contrary, after the upheavals of the 1990s, the integrity of actions was lost, and, one might say, only recently has Russian policy on the Dark Continent become conscious.

Kopek saves Africa

Surprisingly, Russia’s interest in Africa arose back in the 18th century - in 1721, Peter I ordered an expedition to explore Madagascar and even wrote a letter to a certain “king of Madagascar” in which he called himself his “friend.” Then the trip to the island never took place, but at least it became clear that the Dark Continent came into the sight of the empire.

The interest shown in full “materialized” only after two and a half hundred years. In 1960, the Soviet Union relied on African states, which began to actively throw off the colonial burden - naturally, in the hope of the coming communist revolution. By the 1980s, “Marxism-Leninism” still won in a number of countries, for example in Ethiopia, Congo and Benin. But, as a rule, his supporters failed to gain a foothold in power.

Victories also had a second side to the coin. Supporting “their” regimes cost the USSR a pretty penny, and the supposedly socialist-oriented governments themselves did not in fact strive to carry out the corresponding reforms. Their policy could rather be considered opportunistic: just a little - and they were ready to hide under the wing of the United States, especially if they promised more money.

It is natural that in the 1990s, when Russia abandoned African ambitions in order to solve pressing problems and withdrew from any politics in Africa, ties with most countries of the continent were severed. Only in the 2000s, having recovered from the shocks and become stronger, Moscow again turned its attention to Africa. But it is still difficult to call the renewed interest substantive.

Everything has its place

Russia's regional priorities are clearly structured in the recently approved Concept of the country's foreign policy. Africa is given a very unenviable place in the document - last. The final section of the paragraph on priorities states that Russia will develop diverse interaction with African states. It is proposed to do this both “through political dialogue” and through “the development of mutually beneficial trade and economic relations.” At the same time, the development of partnerships with the African Union and regional organizations is called an important component of the common future.

At the same time, it is necessary to make an important clarification. Africa in the concept, in fact, is unofficially divided into two parts - northern and sub-Saharan. North Africa is given much more attention in the document - on a par with the Middle East. Here we are talking about joint neutralization of security threats and “strategic dialogue.”

This can be explained quite simply: historically, Russia has managed to maintain closer ties with the North African countries – primarily Egypt and Algeria. Interaction with the latter is based both on close economic cooperation, including in the oil and gas industry and the arms sector, and on political interaction, for example on issues of combating terrorism.

The figures are also indicative: in 2017, Russia’s main trading partners in Africa were Egypt and Algeria. They accounted for 1.15 and 0.79 percent of the country's foreign trade turnover. For comparison, the share of South Africa, with whose leadership Moscow has the closest political relations thanks to BRICS, accounted for only 0.14 percent. Although, in fairness, it must be admitted that it is the Republic of South Africa that is the main importer of products to Russia on the Dark Continent.

Don't miss the moment

Meanwhile, South Africa and Egypt, although they are the richest countries on the continent, they are gradually ceasing to be the driving forces of the African economy.

The pace of economic growth on the continent speaks volumes about this. In 2017, for the first time in five years, sub-Saharan countries were expected to recover economic growth to an average level of 2.6%. But already in 2018, according to forecasts of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), growth was expected to accelerate to 3.4%, and in some countries even to “take off”: in Ethiopia to 8.5% of GDP, in Guinea – to 6, 7%, in Senegal – up to 6.5%. These figures are much nicer than 3-4% for Egypt and Algeria and 0.3% for South Africa.

Perhaps it was these fundamental changes that prompted the Russian Foreign Minister to undertake a five-day tour in the first half of 2018, during which he visited Angola, Namibia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Ethiopia.  According to Olga Kulikova, a researcher at the Center for the Study of Russian-African Relations and Foreign Policy of African Countries at the Institute of African Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, during the negotiations the main emphasis was probably placed on the development of trade and economic relations.

In particular, in her opinion, Russia may be interested in extracting or purchasing resources from African countries, tropical agricultural products, and increasing the supply of fruits and vegetables to Russia, which have largely replaced products from EU countries that were subject to counter-sanctions.  Moscow is also interested in supplies of Russian agricultural products (for example, grain), as well as fertilizers, engineering products, weapons and equipment to Africa.

We must not forget about the export of Russian services and technologies, for example, the construction of nuclear power plants, other infrastructure facilities (hydroelectric power plants, light industrial plants, processing of agricultural raw materials), cooperation in oil refining, and even Russian launches of African satellites.

And for politics, Kulikova is sure, there is not much room for politics in relations between the Russian and African sides. Although it was interesting for Russia to gain support from the states of the Black Continent in major international organizations, including the UN. In addition, it is possible that the issue of new African countries joining BRICS will also appear on the agenda in the near future.

However, politics, in full accordance with the precepts of Karl Marx, is still a superstructure over the economy. This means that Russia should not focus on cooperation only with the countries of North Africa. Otherwise, when new “economic tigers”, now African, appear in the world, the moment for establishing relations with them will be missed.

Africa or whatever we call it Black Continent- the second largest continent on the entire earth, if we consider that the first in volume is the Eurasian continent, which occupies a fifth of the entire soil of planet Earth. Only the Suez Canal, created by human hands, separates Africa from the giant Eurasia. The western coast of Africa faces the stormy Atlantic Ocean, while the eastern coast is washed by the waves of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The fertile fields of the Mediterranean coast give way to the Atlas Hills in the north-west of the continent and the hot sands of the Sahara, the most spacious desert in the world. The Nile River, which begins its flow from Central Africa and floats towards the north, helped people live in the deserts of ancient Egypt for many centuries.

Fields covered with little grass and shrubs located south of the Sahara are being replaced by savanna. In the Equatorial region and the large Zaire River basin there are very extensive tropical rainforests. In the east Black continent Deep depressions and breaks in the crust are more common than flat and smooth plains. Stretching from North to South is a gigantic gap known as the East African Rift, the densest sections of which are marked by chains of deep lakes and bounded by deep faults.

From the Ethiopian Highlands to the Kenya Hills, Kilimanjaro and the Rwenzori Ranges there are also beautiful hilly ranges. South Africa also has savanna areas and barren wastelands of the Kalahari and Namib. The meadow fields on the rising hills of the South, called the veldt, end at the steep cliffs of the Drakensberg Hills. To the southwest, the mountain range descends to Cape Agulhas, the southernmost point of the mainland. In modern times, only Black Continent you can see large herds of wild animals walking through the fields. In the savannah you can hear the trumpets of elephants and the loud roar of lions; in the depths of the cool tropical forests live some families of gorillas - very strong, but kind, by the way, very similar to people, monkeys. African rivers are also home to very predatory and dangerous crocodiles.. Avid tourists are highly discouraged from approaching these seemingly harmless creatures. There have been many recorded accidents involving crocodiles.

In addition to the dry bushes of South Africa, there are also pebble-like plants called stone plants. In the sands of wastelands, no matter how strange it may sound, bright pumpkins ripen, entangled in numerous grassy stems. Unfortunately, the wild Black Continent under great danger. Many species of animals were caught or destroyed by treacherous hunters, and their areas of residence were destroyed. This is why solving the problem of conserving Africa’s nature is not so easy. To achieve this goal, a large amount of financial expenditure is required. Humanity is obliged to seek and find new ways of living on this, the only planet on which intelligent beings live, while not destroying the nature of planet Earth.

• BLACK CONTINENT
  Black Continent (about...
• BLACK in the Directory of Settlements and Postal Codes of Russia:
  353438, Krasnodar, ...
• BLACK
  BOX" (slang) - a marketing technique, a model of buyer behavior that reflects the purchase decision-making process, where only the buyer’s behavior during ...
• BLACK in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  KNIGHT" (slang) - a company that makes an unsolicited offer to any company about its ...
• BLACK in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  MARKET - a set of economic relations between sellers and buyers of goods and services that develop in violation of current legislation. Is one of…
• BLACK in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  NAL is a concept that has become widespread among Russian entrepreneurs of the post-perestroika period. In the broadest sense of the word, it means cash, the cash register of a business...
• BLACK in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  BROKER - a realtor who, as a rule, works alone and does not have the appropriate license issued by the licensing chamber, offering the usual range of services...
• BLACK in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  CAPITALISM is a term used in the United States and means the creation of new firms under the management and ownership of ...
• BLACK in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  ENTRANCE is a method for a UK bank to increase money market liquidity through the mediation of one of the accounting...
• BLACK in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
  TUESDAY (OR OTHER DAY OF THE WEEK) is a common term to denote a sharp drop in market conditions, a collapse in the financial ...
• BLACK in the Dictionary of Economic Terms:
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• CONTINENT in the Big Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  the same as...
• CONTINENT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron:
  cm. …
• CONTINENT in the Modern Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  the same as...
• CONTINENT
  the same as...
• CONTINENT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  a, m. The largest piece of land surrounded by seas and oceans; ...
• BLACK in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -th, -oe; black, black, black and black. 1. Colors of soot, coal. Ch. crepe (mourning). Black pieces (in chess). Black...
• CONTINENT in the Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  , -a, m. Same as the mainland. II adj. continental, -aya, -oe. K. climate (characteristic of the interior parts ...
• BLACK
  "BLACK BOX", a term used by Ch. arr. in systems engineering to designate systems, structure and internal. the processes of which are unknown or very complex; ...
• BLACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  BLACK TEA is made from the tops (with leaves) of young shoots (flesh), which are subjected to withering, twisting, fermentation, drying (as a result, proteins disintegrate, ...
• BLACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  "BLACK MARKET", the sphere of illegal speculative trade in scarce (usually consumer goods) ...
• BLACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  "BLACK PRINCE" ("Black Prince", nickname - after the color of his armor), Edward, Prince of Wales (1330-76), one of the English. military leaders at the 1st stage...
• BLACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  BLACK POWDER, see Black powder...
• BLACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  "BLACK REDEVELOPMENT", illegal newspaper of the same name. org-tions, 1880-81, Geneva - Minsk, 5 issues. Editors: G.V. Plekhanov, P.B. Axelrod, Ya.V. Stefanovich, L.G. ...
• BLACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  "BLACK PERIOD", populist. organization in St. Petersburg in 1879-82. It arose after the split of “Land and Freedom” and retained its program: the denial of water. struggle...
• BLACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  BLACK STEAM, one of the types of pure steam...
• BLACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  BLACK BEAR, same as baribal...
• BLACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  BLACK WOODPECKER, the same as yellow...
• BLACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  BLACK Sasha (real name and last name Al-Dr. Mikh. Glikberg) (1880-1932), Russian. poet. Since 1920 in exile. Created by ironic. mask of apolitical...
• BLACK in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  CHERNY Gorimir Gorimirovich (b. 1923), mechanic, academician. RAS (1981). Prof. (since 1958) and dir. (1960-92) Institute of Mechanics, Moscow State University. Tr. By …
• CONTINENT in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  "CONTINENT", Russian. lit., social-political. and religious magazine, since 1974 published in Berlin, Munich, since 1990 - Paris (ed. V.E. Maksimov), ...
• CONTINENT in the Big Russian Encyclopedic Dictionary:
  CONTINENT, the same as...
• CONTINENT in the Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia:
  ? cm. …
• BLACK
  black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, …
• BLACK in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, black, …
• CONTINENT in the Complete Accented Paradigm according to Zaliznyak:
  continents, continents, continents, continents, continents, continents, continents, continents, continents, continents, continents, continents, ...
• BLACK in the Popular Explanatory Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Russian Language.
• CONTINENT in the Thesaurus of Russian Business Vocabulary:
  Syn: ...
• CONTINENT in the New Dictionary of Foreign Words:
  (lat. continentens (continentis)) continent is the largest piece of land, surrounded on all or almost all sides by seas and oceans; ...
• CONTINENT in the Dictionary of Foreign Expressions:
  [lat. continentens (continentis)] continent - the largest piece of land, surrounded on all or almost all sides by seas and oceans; V …
• CONTINENT in the Russian Language Thesaurus:
  Syn: ...
• BLACK
  agate, slate-black, velvety-black, joyless, gloomy, hopeless, brown-black, raven, bitter, dirty, thick-black, rear, earthy-black, villainous, evil, malicious, blue-black, punishment, curly, deciduous, ...
• CONTINENT in the Russian Synonyms dictionary:
  mainland...
• CONTINENT in the New Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova:
  m. One of the main large parts of land, washed by oceans and seas; ...
• CONTINENT in Lopatin’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  continent,...
• CONTINENT in the Complete Spelling Dictionary of the Russian Language:
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• BLACK in the Spelling Dictionary:
  black; cr. f. black, black, black and...
• CONTINENT in the Spelling Dictionary:
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• BLACK
  with dark skin (as a sign of race), black Ghetto for blacks (n.) in the USA. black In Rus' at 12 - 17 ...
• CONTINENT in Ozhegov’s Dictionary of the Russian Language:
  == …
• BLACK in Dahl's Dictionary:
  black, suit, darkest, soot color, opposite. white and generally colored. The cow is black (zhukola), and the horse is black. Cheren arapchenok, ...

Black RGB color coordinates HEX #000000 (r, g, b) (0, 0, 0) (c, m, y, k) (0, 0, 0, 100 †) (h, s ... Wikipedia

BLACK oh, oh; black, a, oh. 1. The darkest of all colors, having the color of soot, coal (opposite: white). Ch. color. The suit is black. What a paint. What a dirt. Ch. puppy. With a jet black beard. Eyes like coal (very black). Wha... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary

Black Continent, Negritosia Dictionary of Russian synonyms. Africa noun, number of synonyms: 3 continent (15) ... Dictionary of synonyms

AFRICA- a continent in the Eastern Hemisphere, the second largest after Eurasia. The territory of the mainland is clearly divided into several regions. The countries of North Africa are washed by the Atlantic Ocean from the west, the Mediterranean Sea from the north, and the Red Sea from the east.... ... Large current political encyclopedia

Kazimierz Nowak Kazimierz Nowak (also Kazimierz Nowak, Polish. Kazimierz Nowak; 1897, Stry October 13, 1937, Poznan) ... Wikipedia

Second Boer War Anglo Boer Wars Boer partisans Date 1899 1902 ... Wikipedia

Anglo Boer Wars Boer partisans Date 1899 1902 ... Wikipedia

Igor Schestkow Birth name: Epstein Aliases: Schestkow Epstein Date of birth: January 12, 1956 Place of birth: Moscow Citizenship ... Wikipedia

Books

• Black raid. Travel diary of a trip to Africa in the expedition of the automobile society "Citroen" 1924-1925, Yakovlev A.. In 1924-1925, the artist Alexander Yakovlev, as part of an expedition organized by the management of the Citroen factories, took part in a unique motor rally across the entire African continent.…
• Black wind, white snow. The New Dawn of the National Idea, Clover Charles. One of the best books of 2016 according to The Economist Charles Clover was the Moscow bureau chief of the Financial Times for more than five years. In his book he traces the roots of the new Russian...