What is 2nd person in Russian? Academic writing in third person

Writing in third person is easy, you just need a little practice. Its use in academic, that is, educational or scientific texts means the abandonment of the pronouns “I” or “you,” usually in order to achieve a more objective and formal style. In fiction, third person can take the form of various points of view—the point of view of an omniscient author, a limited third person narration (of one or more focal characters), or an objective third person narration. Choose for yourself which one you will use to tell your story.

Steps

Academic writing in third person

Use third person for all academic writing. When describing research findings and scientific evidence, write in the third person. This will make your text more objective. Whether for academic or professional purposes, this objectivity is important so that what you write comes across as unbiased and therefore more trustworthy.

Use the correct pronouns. In the third person we talk about people “from the outside.” Use nouns, proper nouns, or third-person pronouns.

Third person pronouns include: he, she, it, they and their forms in all cases - his, her, theirs, him, her, them, them and so on.
People's names are also suitable for use in the third person.
Example: " Orlov believes otherwise. According to his research, earlier statements on this topic are incorrect."

Avoid first person pronouns. The first person assumes the personal point of view of the author, which means that such a presentation appears subjective and based on opinion rather than facts. In an academic essay, the first person should be avoided (unless the assignment specifies otherwise - say, to state yours opinion or results yours work).

Avoid second person pronouns. Through them you speak directly to the reader, as if you knew him personally, and your writing style becomes too familiar. The second person should never be used in scientific writing.

Talk about the subject in general terms. Sometimes the author needs to make a reference to the subject without naming him specifically. In other words, he needs to mention a person in general, and not some already known person. In this case, the temptation to write “you” usually arises. However, in this case it would be appropriate to use a noun of a generalized nature, or a pronoun - indefinite, attributive or negative.
Avoid redundant “he or she” constructions. Sometimes modern authors write "he or she" instead of "he" even though the subject is initially mentioned in the masculine gender.
- This use of pronouns is dictated by political correctness and is the norm, for example, in English, but in Russian it usually only makes the phrase redundant. After the noun “scientist”, “doctor”, “child”, “person” you can and should write “he”.
- Incorrect: “The witness wanted to give anonymous testimony. He or she I was afraid of getting hurt if him or her the name will be known."
- Correct: “The witness wanted to give anonymous testimony. He I was afraid of getting hurt if his name became known.”
The omniscient author's point of view
1. Move focus from one character to another. When you write fiction from the point of view of an omniscient author, the narrative jumps from one character to another rather than following the thoughts, actions and words of one character. The author knows everything about each of them and about the world in which they live. He himself decides which thoughts, feelings or actions to reveal to the reader and which to hide from him.
  - Let's say there are four main characters in the story: William, Bob, Erica and Samantha. At different points in the story, the writer should depict the actions and thoughts of each of them, and he can do this within the same chapter or paragraph.
  - Example: “William thought Erica was lying, but he wanted to believe she had a good reason. Samantha was also sure that Erica was lying, and besides, she was tormented by jealousy, since Tony dared to think well of another girl.”
  - Authors of omniscient narratives should avoid sudden leaps - do not change the views of a character within the same chapter. This does not violate the canons of the genre, but is a sign of narrative looseness.
2. Disclose any information you wish. From the point of view of an omniscient author, the story is not limited to the experiences and inner world of a single character. Along with thoughts and feelings, the writer can reveal to the reader the past or future of the characters directly during the course of the story. In addition, he can express his own opinion, evaluate events from a moral perspective, describe cities, nature or animals separately from scenes involving characters.
  - In a sense, an author writing from this point of view is something of a “god” in his work. The writer can observe the actions of any character at any moment, and, unlike a human observer, he not only sees external manifestations, but is also able to look into the inner world.
  - Know when to hide information from the reader. Although the author can say whatever he wants, the work can benefit from a bit of understatement, when some things are revealed gradually. For example, if one of the characters is shrouded in an aura of mystery, it would be wise to keep the reader away from his feelings until his true motives are revealed.
3. Avoid using first and second person pronouns. First person pronouns - "I", "we" and their forms - can only appear in dialogue. The same applies to the second person - "you" and "you".
  - Avoid using first and second person in narrative and descriptive text.
  - That's right: “Bob said to Erica, ‘I think this is pretty scary. What do you think?”
  - Wrong: “I thought it was pretty scary, and Erica and Bob agreed. What do you think?
Limited third person narration (one character)
1. Choose a character from whose point of view you will tell the story. In limited third-person narration, the author has full access to the actions, thoughts, feelings, and views of a single character. He can write directly from the perspective of that character's thoughts and reactions, or he can step aside for a more objective story.
  - The thoughts and feelings of the other characters remain unknown to the narrator throughout the text. Having chosen a limited narrative, he can no longer freely switch between different characters.
  - When the narration is told in the first person, the narrator acts as the main character, while in the narration from the third person everything is exactly the opposite - here the author moves away from what he writes. In this case, the narrator can reveal some details that he would not have revealed if the story was told in the first person.
2. Describe the character’s actions and thoughts “from the outside.” Although the writer focuses on one character, he must consider him separately from himself: the personalities of the narrator and the hero do not merge! Even if the author relentlessly follows his thoughts, feelings and internal monologues, the narration must be told in the third person.
  - In other words, first person pronouns (“I”, “me”, “my”, “we”, “our”, etc.) can only be used in dialogue. The narrator sees the main character's thoughts and feelings, but the hero does not turn into a narrator.
  - Correct: “Tiffany felt terrible after the fight with her boyfriend.”
  - That's right: "Tiffany thought, 'I feel terrible after our fight.'"
  - Incorrect: “I felt terrible after the fight with my boyfriend.”
3. Show the actions and words of other characters, not their thoughts and feelings. The author knows only the thoughts and feelings of the main character, from whose position the story is told. However, he can describe other characters as the hero sees them. The narrator can do everything that his character can; he just cannot know what is going on in the heads of other characters.
  - The writer can make guesses or assumptions about the thoughts of other characters, but only from the point of view of the main character.
  - That's right: "Tiffany felt terrible, but seeing the expression on Karl's face, she realized that he was no better - or even worse."
  - Incorrect: “Tiffany felt terrible. However, she didn’t know that Karl was even worse.”
4. Do not reveal information that the hero does not possess. Although the storyteller may digress and describe the setting or other characters, he should not talk about anything that the character does not see or know. Don't jump from one character to another within the same scene. The actions of other characters can only become known if they happen in the presence of the hero (or he learns about them from someone else).
  - Correct: “From the window, Tiffany saw Karl approach the house and ring the doorbell.”
  - Incorrect: “As soon as Tiffany left the room, Karl breathed a sigh of relief.”
Limited third person narration (multiple focal characters)
1. Switch from one character to another. Limited narration from the perspective of several characters, called focal, means that the author tells the story from the point of view of several characters in turn. Use the vision and thoughts of each of them to reveal important information and help advance the plot.
  - Limit the number of focal characters. You should not write from the point of view of multiple characters, so as not to confuse the reader and not to overload the work. Each focal character's unique perspective should play a specific role in the narrative. Ask yourself what each of them contributes to the development of the plot.
  - For example, in a romantic story with two main characters - Kevin and Felicia - the author can give the reader the opportunity to understand what is going on in the souls of both of them, describing events alternately from two points of view.
  - One character may receive more attention than another, but each focal character must receive its share at some point in the story.

Faces in the Russian language are an important morphological feature of independent parts of speech. Having a good command of this rule, you can easily determine the type of one-part sentences, as well as correctly compose

The Russian language is rich in its verbal diversity, but even among such a huge selection there is a basis, the foundation of the language. This basis is the independent parts of speech. in the Russian language can “teach” how to correctly write complex spellings of verbs, correctly coordinate them with other parts of speech, and also correctly compose aspectual forms. A verb is one of the main independent parts of speech, denoting the “action” of an object performed by someone/something. The main morphological features of a verb include: conjugation, aspect, tense, persons. The Russian language in the “chest of knowledge” has two conjugations, which again, only a good knowledge of faces will help to correctly determine.

So, there are three types of faces in Russian: 1st person, 2nd and 3rd.

Since person is a sign of a verb that determines “who” or “what” performs an action, it must be defined using pronouns.

The first person indicates that the action is performed by the narrator himself (this means that the personal pronoun “I” must be substituted for the verb): I listen, I see. As for the plural, the pronoun “we” is substituted here: we do, we cook.

The second person indicates that the action is performed by the narrator’s interlocutor (substitute the pronouns “you” - in the singular, or “you” in the plural): you did, you know, you saw, you worked. It is the knowledge of the second person that helps to determine: for this, the verb must be presented in conjunction with the pronoun “you” and at the end the 1st or 2nd conjugation will be clearly visible (if the verb has the ending EST, then this is the 1st conjugation, but if ending ISH, then - II-e).

Persons in Russian also have a third form, which indicates the subject of the action. In this case, the verb should be supplemented with the pronouns “he/she/it” for the singular and “they” for the plural: they are in a hurry, it is shining, he is drawing, she is playing.

Thus, having mastered this rule well, you can avoid many grammatical and also knowledge of this rule helps in determining the type of one-part simple sentence.

They can be impersonal, indefinitely personal and definitely personal. Sentences of the first type are characterized by verbs in the initial form (infinitive), as well as impersonal verbs. It is worth noting that a feature of this type of one-part sentence is the expression of the verb in it through the word “no”.

In definite personal sentences, verbs of the 2nd person are most often found, both in the plural and in the singular.

Indefinite personal ones include verbs of the 3rd person (that is, with the pronoun “someone/they”).

Faces in the Russian language are a defining feature of parts of speech. They help you combine words correctly, write their suffixes/endings correctly, and also correctly express your thoughts.

The verb is one of the most important units of language. Without it, it is impossible to construct an elementary simple sentence. That is why you should know how to correctly use verbs, taking into account the subject performing the action and the object to which this action is directed.

In Russian there are 3 persons of the verb.

1st person for verbs

From a semantic point of view, the first person expresses an action that is performed by the speaker or speakers. To determine the 1st person of a verb, it is necessary to determine the number. In Russian, the category of number is expressed as plural and singular.

To determine the 1st person form of the verb, you need to substitute the pronouns “I” or “we”. If the result is a harmonious combination, and the verb has not lost its meaning, then it is 1st person.

Let's look at this with an example. Let’s say the verb “read” is 1st person, since it can be put together with the pronoun “I”: I read. But the word “read” is no longer suitable. You can't say" I'm reading".

2nd person for verbs

The 2nd person form of a verb denotes an action that is performed by an indirect object, and in conversation by an interlocutor. 2nd person is determined by the pronouns “you” and “you”. It is worth noting that in Russian the word “you” has 2 meanings: addressing a group of people and addressing a respected, senior person in rank or age.

The facial forms of verbs sometimes cause spelling difficulties. When writing 2nd person verbs, conjugations must be taken into account. This is how the endings are written in the 2nd conjugation - ish, -ite (you scream, you scream) and 1 conjugation - eat, eat (you eat, you sing).

3rd person for verbs

Third person verbs denote an action that is directed at an object or a person not participating in the conversation. They are defined by the pronouns “he, she, it” in the singular and “they” in the plural.

The facial forms of the verb have some peculiarities. Thus, in the 3rd person the indicators of the gender category are erased. For verb forms of the 3rd person singular there are the same endings: - no, -it. Let's look at examples:

He is sitting. She is sitting. It sits.

As can be seen from the example, the action can be performed by masculine, neuter and feminine persons, but the verb will be the same.

For plural verbs, 3rd person verbs have endings - at in 2nd conjugation and - yat in the first conjugation. For example, they write(1 conjugation) and they are sitting(2nd conjugation).

Impersonal verbs

There are impersonal verbs in the Russian language. Such words denote an action that does not have a subject, that is, an action that occurs on its own. Sentences with these verb forms lack a subject.

Impersonal verbs can mean:

1. Actions and natural phenomena. For example: It's freezing outside. We cannot substitute a pronoun and find out who exactly performed this action.

2. The human condition. This includes a small group of verbs. For example, I'm not feeling well.

3. Desired action required. For example, it would be warmer.

As a rule, impersonal verbs have the forms:

a) infinitive ( it will freeze);

b) subjunctive mood ( it would be dawn).

It should be remembered that impersonal verbs never change in number or person. They are a stable form. Impersonal verbs have forms of all moods, except the imperative. If the verb is in the imperative mood, then it is definitely not impersonal (for example, the word " get dark" does not allow the imperative mood).

If we analyze the entire system of verb persons in the Russian language, we can conclude that there is nothing complicated in their definition. It is enough to know the main endings and accompanying pronouns. It turns out something like stable formulas.

It is worth noting that in the Russian language the system of persons represents a special category. It will be easier to use it if you know about other variable features - conjugation, tense, number and moods that verbs can have.

The Russian language has a lot of grammatical categories. These include the category of person, the category of tense and mood of verbs, the category of gender, etc. The study of categories and their grammatical expressions together provides objective knowledge about the morphology of the language.

Category of person in Russian

There are 3 persons in Russian - first, second and third. Its forms express the relation of the action to the speaker. To correctly determine the 1st, 2nd, 3rd person in the Russian language, you need to know the basic pronouns that express its semantics. Let's look at the table.

So, we have 3 persons in Russian. The table above shows which pronouns you should focus on when identifying a person.

The 1st person shows the attitude towards the action of the speaker or speakers. Speakers are participants in an action or conversation.

The 2nd person form expresses the attitude of the action towards the interlocutor or interlocutors. They are also part of the conversation.

The 3rd person forms have a dual nature. They can express, firstly, the attitude of the action towards the person (people) not participating in the conversation. Moreover, they are indirect participants in the action. Secondly, the 3rd person forms in Russian express the relation of an action to an object or something inanimate.

Not all pronouns can be identified with a person. As you know, pronouns are divided into several categories: personal, reflexive (it is one - itself), possessive, interrogative-relative, negative, demonstrative and attributive. Only personal pronouns have the category of person, and they are all listed in the table above. It should be remembered that for personal pronouns the category of person is one of the most important, and most importantly, unchangeable categories.

Person category of verbs

Verbs have a clearly defined category of person in the Russian language. Many foreigners learning the Russian language find it difficult to readjust, because when the persons change, the endings of the verbs automatically change. It is also worth noting that not all forms of verbs have persons in Russian. So, for example, in past tense forms it is impossible to determine the person. For example, take the verb “read”. Let's try to identify his face: “I” read, “you” read, “he” read. It is clearly visible that when the persons change, the verb itself does not change. His face can only be determined in context. Compare: “I read a book.” - "Paul was reading a book."

The same phenomenon is observed in plural forms: “we” read, “you” read, “they” read. Likewise, a face can only be contextual.

An interesting phenomenon is observed in present tense forms. In the 3rd person, the gender category of future tense verbs is erased. Let's compare: “She is painting a picture” and “He is painting a picture.” If we take the verb “writes” without context, it becomes unclear whether a person of male or female gender performs this action.

1st person for verbs

Persons in Russian are mainly indicated by endings on verbs. Verbs of the first person singular (in the present and future tenses) have endings -U or -Yu. For example: I’m writing, reading, calling, screaming. Verbs of the 1st and 2nd conjugations have the same endings in the 1st person, so when writing 1st person verbs people make fewer spelling mistakes.

2nd person for verbs

2nd person in Russian verbs has its own characteristics. They are associated with verb endings. As you know, endings in verbs depend on the conjugation. So, verbs of the 1st conjugation have the ending -EAT in the singular and -ETE in the plural. For example, eat, come in. Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have an ending -LOOK in the singular and -ITE in the plural. For example, you call, shout. The 2nd person of verbs can be recognized either in a certain context or by a special ending.

3rd person for verbs

As mentioned above, the 3rd person in Russian is determined by the pronouns “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”. 3rd person verbs have their own ending paradigm. For verbs of the 1st conjugation these are the endings -ET in the singular and -YUT in the plural (he, she, it reads, they read). Verbs of the 2nd conjugation have endings -IT And -AT (YAT) in the plural - he, she, it calls, they call.

If you know the inflections that determine the faces of verbs in Russian, then there will be no problems with the formation of new forms. It is also worth noting that knowing the category of a person helps when writing words. Verb endings are one of the most difficult spellings in the school curriculum. Knowing the faces will help you navigate the choice of ending.

Conclusion

The morphological category of person is the most important in the Russian verb system. Personal forms help determine who is acting: the speaker himself (the subject of communication), - walking, washing; speaking together with others: walking, washing; interlocutor (communication recipient) - walk, wash; interlocutor with others: walking, washing; not participating in the dialogue (object of communication) - walking, washing, walking, washing. The face is one of the most fickle signs. Therefore, the student often faces the question of how to determine

Leisurely analysis

The verb has three persons: 1. walking 2. walking 3. walking; 1. silent 2. silent 3. silent.

They differ not only from each other, but also in the plural: ( read, read, read; build, build, build). is not correlative in meaning to the singular number: I'm writing- the speaker acts, we write- someone else joined the speaker. It is not yet entirely clear how to determine the person of the verb? And we're not in a hurry. For now, remember three well. Remember all the pronouns by person: 1st person: I, we; 2nd person: you, you; 3rd person: he, (she, it) they. Learn to find the appropriate meaning for a particular verb. For example: verb flying. The rest is up to your taste: if you don't like it" I'm flying" or " they are flying", look again!

Other meanings

Personal forms of the verb, in addition to those indicated above, can have other meanings. For example, the 1st person plural form can become “the author’s we,” that is, imply the 1st person singular: We already touched verb tense definitions, now let's get started to the analysis of the characters. Although this clearly sounds different: I I'm still trying to explain to you... The 1st person plural form in emotionally charged speech is sometimes used in the meaning of the 2nd person singular: Oh, what We got big!(addressing the only child present). Verbs of the 2nd person singular appear in the meaning of the 1st person singular in generalizations: You you won't understand, seven Fridays a week. Everyone must use the 2nd person singular plural as a sign of respect: You Wonderful playing on the violin! Also, personal verbs can become indefinitely personal or generalized personal - when the actor is unknown or if the action applies to everyone at once and to no one in particular: Taking off the head, going through the hair don't cry (generalized-personal); Football on TV transmit (vaguely personal).

Determining the person of the verb

Let's get down to the most important thing - how to determine the person of the verb. The first step is to ask the verb a question that is appropriate in meaning.

1 person: what am I doing? And what are we doing? (pronouns I, We) walking, walking.

2nd person: What are you doing? and what are you doing?(pronouns you, you) walking, walking.

3rd person: what are they doing? and what are you doing?(pronouns he/she/it, they) walking, walking.

The table of verbs will help you remember even faster how to determine the person of a verb. Draw it and practice, sign the invented examples of verbs with a pencil, erase it, and start again.

About the richness of the Russian language

We have so many verbs that from time to time we will come across ones that are not suitable for this table. What is it, how to determine the person of a substandard verb? It's a matter of time. In the literal sense - time. Define it! And you will see that verbs in the past, as well as indefinite form, do not have a person! Here is the infinitive (indefinite form): verb get treatment. Me (I) it's time to get treatment. But in the same way, invariably, it's time get treatment And you (you), And them (they) and so on. The same story happens. It is enough to substitute the correct pronouns and ask the appropriate questions, the verbs will be defined immediately and will be obedient in later life!