The Russian language is complex, but logical. Many things in it can be calculated on the basis of classical thoughts about the structure of the world. The transitivity of a verb is also easily determined based on both the name of its category (transitive means denoting an action that passes to some object) and a number of grammatical features unique to it. Let's try to figure out how to easily and quickly see its transitivity in a verb?
First of all, we must understand that the transitive verb is associated not only with the subject (I am sleeping), but also with the object (I wake up the child) of the action. Accordingly, the category of transitivity can be seen already at the semantic level: if a verb requires an addition, if without it it is incomplete in meaning, then most likely it will be transitive.
The object of action in transitive verbs is a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: for example, I meet (who?) him, brother (V.p.), I write (what?) a letter (V.p.) .
Transitive verbs containing negation or indicating part of the subject can be combined with nouns and pronouns in the genitive case without a preposition: for example, I didn’t buy (what?) milk (R.p.), I cut off (what?) bread (R. p.).
Unlike transitive verbs, intransitive verbs are not able to form semantic grammatical pairs with the above nouns and pronouns: for example, when talking about sleep itself, it is impossible to say “I am sleeping” who? what?, since the subject is sleeping on his own.
Most often, transitive verbs express the idea of direct physical influence of the subject on the object (I wash the dishes) or sensory interaction directed from the subject to the object (I love my mother). Intransitive verbs are usually associated with the semantics of movement or movement in space: for example, “I’m going” (you can say where I’m going or how I’m going, but you can’t say that “I’m going” and thereby impacting someone or something -influence) or “I am sailing” (you can say where I am sailing or on what, etc.).
Passive (the house was built by builders) and reflexive (I need money) verbs are never transitive.
In some cases, transitive verbs can be used without their “objective” object or even not have it at all in one context or another. In the first option, we are dealing with a reasonable omission of a word that is easily restored from the general meaning of the text and can be contained in previous or subsequent sentences (for example, in oral speech it is quite acceptable to say “I eat” without mentioning what exactly “I eat” since everyone who is with the speaker at this moment can already see this); in the second, we are talking about so-called labile verbs that acquire the category of transitivity or lose it in a certain context (for example, “I am writing” does not necessarily require an addition, since it can mean not so much an action aimed at a specific object, but rather the timeless occupation of a person, constantly writing different things).
Labile verbs are not recognized by all philologists. By default, it is generally accepted that in the Russian language there are only transitive and intransitive verbs. Accordingly, when encountering a verb in a text or colloquial speech that is similar to a transitive one, but does not have an object, a decision about the degree of its transitivity must be made based on its grammatical ability to be combined with nouns and pronouns in the accusative or genitive case without a preposition.
). It is grammatically opposed to an intransitive verb. Transitivity- a grammatical category of a verb expressing its aspect. From this point of view, a transitive verb is a verb of valency 2 or more:
I grow potatoes- the verb “to grow” is transitive, that is, it requires the addition of a patient (object of action). Without it, action is impossible (as a rule, “something” is grown).
The meaning of transitivity is that the agent (subject of the action) and the patient (object of the action) are separated, I perform an action with something.
I'm coming- the verb is intransitive, since the addition of a patient is impossible (in fact, you can “eat something”, but you cannot “go something”).
The meaning of intransitivity is that agent and patient are connected - roughly speaking, “I force myself to act.”
It often happens, however, that a verb has several meanings, some of which are transitive, while others are not.
I run - I'm running(verb in intransitive form).
I run a company - I run a company(the same verb in a transitive form).
Transitivity is interesting, firstly, for its connection with the semantics of the verb, secondly, for its rare plane of expression, and thirdly, for its relationship with the categories of voice and reflexivity.
In semantic terms, many verbs with the meaning of direct influence of the subject on the object are transitive ( beat, caress), sensory relationship ( love, hate) etc. Verbs with the meaning of movement are almost never transitive, since they cannot have a direct object.
The plan for expressing transitivity is interesting in that it goes beyond the scope of the word form, since its sign is the presence of a controlled noun. Transitive verbs are not verbs in the passive voice and reflexive verbs. For example, it is correct: “Vasya saved Dorimedont,” incorrectly: “Vasya saved Dorimedont,” “Vasya saved Dorimedont.” This happens because a verb in the passive voice describes the state of the object, not the subject's actions in relation to it. Reciprocity marks the direction of the subject's action towards himself, the mutual direction of the action, etc., which also excludes the presence of a direct object.
Stylistically, transitive verbs are often culturally marked. for example, in Russian it is considered uncivil to use a transitive verb without mentioning the object if it is not implied (for example: “What are you doing?” “I’m hitting”); although there are exceptions (“What are you doing?” “Eating”). At the same time, some transitive verbs, used without a corresponding noun, acquire additional euphemistic meaning. P. A. Vyazemsky wrote: “It is remarkable that in our common language the verb to take already implies bribes... The verb to drink also automatically equals the verb to get drunk” (See: Vyazemsky P. A. Poems, memoirs, notebooks. M ,1988).
See also
Literature
- Beloshapkova V. A. Modern Russian language. (any edition).
- Grammar of modern Russian language. M, 1970.
- Grammar of the modern Russian language in 2 volumes. M, 1980.
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
See what a “transitive verb” is in other dictionaries:
About the verb as a part of speech in the languages of the world, see the article “Verb”. In modern Russian, the initial (dictionary) form of a verb is considered to be the infinitive, otherwise called the indefinite form (according to the old terminology, the indefinite mood) of the verb.... ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Verb (meanings). A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions what to do? what to do? what did you do(a, and, o)?. The verb can be... ... Wikipedia
verb- ▲ part of speech expressing, change verb part of speech expressing a change or state (he is sleeping. he has fallen asleep. he is turning white). Communion. participle. bunch. transition. intransitive. verbal (# noun). mood:... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
transition- I B/ and A/ pr; 109 claim see Appendix II = transitional (intended for moving to another place, to another class, to another course, cf.: transitional and transitional tunnel, transitional and transitional exams) II A/ pr ; 109 See Appendix II... ... Dictionary of Russian accents
- stroked the cat;
- looked for the keys;
- wrote down the recipe, etc.
- fell asleep standing up;
- jump;
- fly.
Transitive verbs are those whose action passes to the subject. For example, write, read, eat, draw, look, warm, and so on.
Intransitive verbs are those whose action does not transfer to the subject. For example, laugh, study, fly, develop, and so on. It's very simple!
Transitive verbs, examples:
I read a magazine
watching a movie,
didn't drink tea
amassed a collection
ironing clothes
love life,
foamed the soap.
Intransitive verbs, examples:
thought about life
got ready to visit
get the flu,
wave a flag
stared at the fire.
Transitive verbs can be identified by conjugation; these are verbs of the second conjugation. Transitive verbs direct their action to an object and on this basis transitive verbs differ from intransitive verbs, which denote an action in itself. The tables contain definitions and examples of two types of verbs.
Transitive verbs are verbs after which you need to write an addition or clarification. And intransitive ones are independent verbs.
Examples of transitive verbs:
- Girl writes composition.
- The boy is already saw this movie.
Examples of intransitive verbs:
- Old man fell.
- Finally a bus arrived.
Some examples of transitive verbs: draw (landscape), listen (fairy tales), tell (news), carry (bag), give (flowers), bring (joy).
Some examples of intransitive verbs: dress, have fun, rejoice.
Transition the verb indicates that the action moves to another object. Transitive verbs are verbs that control the accusative case of a noun without pretext and the genitive case with negation, with the noun designating a part of the whole or, on the contrary, a large number of objects.
Examples of transitive verbs: draw a house, build an apartment, carry a basket, drank milk, ate jam, ate meat, picked mushrooms, did not learn the rules.
All other verbs are intransitive and returnable Same.
For example: getting ready for a trip, shaking your fist, growing, flying away, shivering, getting sick.
Determining whether a verb is transitive or not is very easy.
After the verb it is necessary to ask the question whom? or what?. If this can be done, then the verb is considered transitive; if not, then it is intransitive.
For example: I see (what?) a tree,
I know (what?) the rule,
I'm preparing (what?) soup.
BUT I admire (the question WHAT? cannot be asked),
I’m coming (you can’t ask such a question either).
There is a rule associated with transitivity. A verb is considered transitive if the noun in the accusative case next to it does not require a preposition. It is recommended to stand the birch bluntly. I look at the birch tree- look intransitive, because the noun in the accusative case comes with a preposition. I see a birch tree verb to see transition, because the noun came into vin. pad. without pretext. And everything like that. Very easy and simple.
The rule indicates that in transitive verbs the object of action (in our case the word birch, but in the text any word) can also be expressed in the genitive case. This happens in 2 cases: 1). It denotes a part of the whole: buy bread, drink water, 2). before the verb there is a negation in the form of a particle not: did not drink coffee in the morning.
The rest are intransitive. If you see a reflexive suffix -sya or -sya on a verb, it is intransitive. It turns out that there are fewer transitive ones than intransitive ones.
Verbs can be transitional And not transitional. In the first case, it means that the action of the verb extends to the subject.
This can happen, firstly, when a verb is used together with a noun in the accusative case without a preposition: write poetry, watch TV.
Secondly, it is used together with a noun in the genitive case, when there is a negative particle before the transitive verb (watched TV - didn’t watch TV), and also when the action extends to part of the object, and not to the whole object (took things - took things (part things).
Other verbs are not transitive: get involved in (what?) football.
If you take into account the transitivity/non-transitivity of the verb, you should pay attention to the meaning of the noun in the accusative case next to the verb, which should name the object of the action: stand for an hour (in line), - the noun is in the accusative case, and the verb is not transitive.
I think the above rule is more than clear. Based on this, we will now try to select a list of transitive verbs:
and intransitive verbs:
The division of verbs into transitive and intransitive is based on their meaning.
Transitional verbs denote an active action that is directed or transferred to an object (subject). Pointing to an object clarifies the meaning of the verb, makes it more specific ( break a glass - break an enemy, build a house - make plans). The meaning of transitivity is expressed syntactically: the name of the object with transitive verbs is in the form V.p. without pretext (write a poem, love a friend, feel joy).
!!! In the form of R.p. an object can stand in 4 main cases:
1) if the verb has a negation ( don't receive letters);
2) if the object is not used to its full extent ( drank milk, ate bread);
3) if the object is undefined ( We were looking for shelter);
4) if R.p. indicates that the object is taken for temporary use ( Let the car go to town).
Instead of a noun, some equivalent of it can act as a direct object in a sentence:
a) indefinite form of the verb ( I asked him show book);
b) subordinate explanatory clause ( I love, when the day goes out across the river );
c) direct speech ( He said: "I'll come tomorrow" ) ;
d) substantivized unchangeable word ( I bet you Fine ).
NOTES:
1. There is a small group of transitive verbs that, as a rule, are used without an object. With them, the object is thought of as the only possible one and therefore is easily restored: plow (land), sow (grain), eat, heat, pay, smoke, drink. Such verbs are called absolute.
2. The accusative case of the object should be distinguished from the accusative circumstance. Vinit. The case of circumstance, denoting a certain period of time or space, does not express an object. In this case, it denotes the measure of action, that is, it acts as a circumstance, and in that case, questions cannot be asked from the verb whom? What?, to which the direct object answers ( sit all day, sleep all the way).
Intransitive verbs denote an action that does not transfer to an object, and therefore they cannot have a direct object.
In addition, there is a group of indirect-transitive verbs, that is, those verbs that control an obligatory indirect object (a noun in the indirect case with and without a preposition, except V. p.). These verbs denote the attitude towards an object or the state of the subject, but do not express the transition of action to the object: be afraid of the dark, be proud of your brother, think about victory.
It should be noted that the meaning of transitivity is closely related to the LZ of the verb. Often the same verb in one literal phrase is transitive, and the other is intransitive (Compare: He reads the letter. – The child is four years old, and he is already reading.).
Entire semantic groups of verbs can be transitive or intransitive. For example, verbs of creation or destruction, destruction of an object, as a rule, are transitive ( sew a coat, break a glass).
TO intransitive include
Verbs of movement ( run, swim), position in space ( sit, hang), sound ( rattle, hiss), states ( be silent, be sick)
Verbs in – to act, -to sit, -it, denoting the occupation of the person named in the producing basis ( to be a hero, to idle, to carpenter)
Verbs to –xia(rejoice, wash)
Verbs formed from adjectives and nouns using a suffix -e- (turn white, cool down).
In this lesson we will talk about transitive verbs. Of course, the verbs themselves do not go anywhere. But the actions that they denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. You will learn how to distinguish transitive verbs from intransitive ones in this lesson.
Topic: Verb
Lesson: Transitive and intransitive verbs
1. The concept of transitive verbs
Actions that verbs denote can go directly to the object to which this action is directed. Such verbs are called transitional.
You can always ask a question from transitive verbs whom? or What?(questions in the accusative case without a preposition):
Write ( What?) letter
See ( whom?) boy
With intransitive verbs, the action does not pass directly to the subject.
You can ask any questions from intransitive verbs, except questions in the accusative case without a preposition:
Study ( how?) sports
Understand ( what?) to the muses ke
Refuse ( from what?) from help
It is important to correctly find the word to which the action denoted by the verb is directed. A transitive verb always carries with it a noun or a pronoun without a preposition, which is not just in the accusative case, but is the object of the action that the verb names:
See boy
See their
There may be cases when, despite the fact that the nouns are in the accusative case, the verbs are intransitive. Because these nouns are not the object of action, which are called verbs.
stand still hour
Wait a week
Transitivity/intransitivity of a verb is closely related to its lexical meaning. In one meaning a verb can be transitive, and in another it can be intransitive:
Learn at school.
The verb “teach” in the meaning of “teach” is intransitive.
Learn children.
The verb “teach” in the meaning “to teach” is transitive.
Editor rules manuscript.
The verb “rules” in the meaning of “corrects” is transitive.
Peace rules the man himself.
The verb “rules” in the meaning of “manages” is intransitive.
3. Sentences with transitive verbs
Sentences with transitive verbs can be either affirmative or negative. True, when negated, the accusative case of a noun can be replaced by the genitive.
He's a fly will kill .
In this case, with a transitive verb will kill noun fly is in the accusative case.
Compare the same sentence, albeit with a negative meaning.
He flies won't kill .
The accusative case of the noun is replaced by the genitive.
However, remember: despite this, the verb does not lose its transitivity.
Often in the store we can hear the following phrases:
Please weigh me some sugar.
Cut off that cheese.
Form R.p. with transitive verbs it is used so that we understand that only part of the subject is being said, and not about the subject as a whole.
In a similar situation, if we are talking about an object that is not divided into parts, V.p. is used:
Please weigh the pear for me.
Cut off that piece.
And if we are talking about an object that is divided into parts, we can use the form R.p.
References
- Russian language. 6th grade: Baranov M.T. and others - M.: Education, 2008.
- Russian language. Theory. 5-9 grades: V.V. Babaytseva, L.D. Chesnokova - M.: Bustard, 2008.
- Russian language. 6th grade: ed. MM. Razumovskaya, P.A. Lekanta - M.: Bustard, 2010.
- Definition of verb transitivity ().
Homework
1. Exercise 1.
Indicate transitive verbs, underline the subject and predicate.
Autumn has come. The trees in the forest turned yellow. Leaves cover the bare ground with a variegated carpet. Many birds flew away. The rest are busy, preparing for winter. Animals are also looking for warm housing, stocking up on food for the long winter: a hedgehog made a hole in dry leaves, a squirrel brought in nuts and cones, a bear is preparing its den.
2. Exercise 2.
From this text, write down phrases with transitive and intransitive verbs in two columns, determine the case of the noun.
1. Young birch leaves have always delighted me with their delicate greenery. The guys planted these birch trees when they were at school.
2. There is no longer a feeling of piercing dampness in the air.
3. The noise of the street burst through the open window.
4. I returned the book as soon as I read it.
5. He stood at the fence and held a dog on a leash.
3. Exercise 3.
Indicate the transitivity and intransitivity of verbs in the text.
1. Monkeys are very afraid of snakes. Even cobras frighten them, although cobras feed on lizards and mice and do not hunt monkeys. A little monkey saw a boa constrictor. She climbs the tree with lightning speed, grabs the branches and, petrified with horror, cannot take her eyes off the predator.
2. Find Sakhalin Island on the map, draw a straight line to the south, and when leaving the bay you will see a tiny dot, and above it the inscription “Seal Island”. This is a famous island. A whole herd of fur seals, valuable fur-bearing animals, swims there every spring..
