Terrain diagram and basic rules

Their compilations

In the operational activities of internal affairs bodies, there is often a need to depict the area on a larger scale and in more detail than is shown on topographic maps. Since it is not always possible to plot all the necessary details on a map, especially when it is necessary to indicate the location of individual objects, landmarks and objects that were not previously plotted on the map. In this regard, plans, diagrams, cards and other graphic documents are widely used in the activities of internal affairs bodies, especially when it is necessary to graphically show a small area of ​​the area or an object.

A diagram is a graphic document drawn up on a map or terrain with more or less accurate adherence to scale, which displays only the local objects and individual relief details necessary for it.

General rules for drawing up diagrams. When drawing up terrain maps, certain rules must be followed. First of all, you should understand what the diagram is intended for, what data and with what accuracy need to be displayed on it. This will make it possible to determine the scale of the diagram, its dimensions and content, choose the method of drawing up the diagram, and to more accurately indicate any object on the diagram, magnetic azimuths and distances to easily identifiable local objects can be signed. To orient the diagram, in the free space an arrow shows the direction to the north, the ends of the arrow are signed with the letters C (north) and Y (south).

Under the bottom side of its frame the scale of the diagram (numerical or linear) is shown. In the case when the diagram is drawn up on an approximate scale, a reservation is made about this, for example, “scale, about 1: 3,000”, and when the scale of the diagram is not the same in its different directions, its value is not indicated, but then the distances are written on the diagram between objects.

When drawing up a diagram on a map at a certain scale, show the lines of the coordinate grid or their extensions beyond the frame of the diagram. Above the top side of the diagram frame, sign the name of the diagram and indicate the scale, nomenclature, and year of publication of the map on which the diagram was compiled.

Rice. ____. Conventional signs used on terrain diagrams:

1 – ravine; 2 – mound; 3 – pit; 4 – hill and ravine

When drawing up diagrams, local objects and landforms are depicted with conventional simplified topographical signs. With their size increasing by one and a half to two times compared to the map, and some of them being simplified, it is recommended to apply symbols on the diagram by hand, in this case, first you need to designate the symbol with a thin, barely noticeable line, and then, making sure it correctness, the outlined lines are finally drawn.

Plans, diagrams, cards are drawn up on separate sheets of paper. Drawing is done with a simple pencil, if possible by hand; All required dimensions are determined by eye. Drawing supplies required: a well-sharpened pencil, a set of colored pencils, a soft eraser, an officer's ruler, a triangle, a field compass. The quality of drawing largely depends on the choice and sharpening of the pencil. For drawing, it is better to use a pencil of medium hardness (No. 3, 3H, T and TM). The pencil should be sharpened as carefully as possible, giving the end a conical shape at least 2 cm long. The position of the pencil when working with a map is shown in the figure.

Rice. ________. Working with a pencil

The eraser should be soft and not leave marks on the paper when erased. The eraser should be erased in one direction, without pressing hard on the paper.

For greater clarity, some conventional signs (blocks of a populated area, river bank, etc.) are shaded by thicker lines on the shadow side. In this case, it is assumed that the light source is in the upper left corner of the sheet of paper, therefore all local objects that rise above the surrounding area are shown by signs, the lower and right sides of which are drawn with thick lines, and local objects representing recesses are shown by signs with thick lines above and below.

Settled areas are drawn in black in the form of closed figures, the outlines of which are similar to the configuration of the external boundaries of settlements.

Highway and improved dirt roads are depicted by two thin parallel black lines with a clearance of 1–2 mm, and dirt roads are drawn with one line, leading them to the approach to the populated area and making a small gap between the road and street signs.

Railways are drawn with a thick black line with transverse single, double or triple strokes showing the rut of the road.

Rivers are drawn with one or two blue lines. Inside the symbol of a river, depicted in two lines, as well as a lake and reservoir, several thin lines are drawn parallel to the coastline. The first line is drawn as close to the shore as possible, and towards the middle of the river or reservoir, the distances between the lines are gradually increased. If the river is narrow (up to 5 mm in the diagram), instead of solid lines, dashed lines are drawn along its bed.

The edges of the forest are shown with semi-oval symbols, connected by small ovals. Before drawing the boundaries of the forest with semi-ovals, it is necessary to mark its boundaries with a thin line, dots, etc., after which they draw a symbol along the intended line. If necessary, a symbol of trees is placed inside the contour, as on a map, with the necessary explanatory notes.

The bush is depicted as closed ovals of green color, elongated from left to right. First, draw one large oval measuring approximately 3 x 1.5 mm, and then draw three or four small ovals around it. As a rule, the boundaries of the bush are not shown.

The relief is drawn with brown horizontal lines, and relief details that cannot be depicted horizontally are drawn with conventional topographical signs. When depicting the relief with contour lines, their number will depend on the height of the mountain, i.e. The higher the mountain, the more horizontal lines there will be. In addition, the distance between the horizontal lines depends on the steepness of the slopes; the steeper they are, the closer they will be located to one another.

Elevation marks are signed in black and only those that are mentioned in service and combat documents.

Local objects that have the significance of landmarks, for the display of which conventional signs are not provided (stumps, broken trees, communication line supports, power transmission lines, road signs, etc.), are drawn on the diagrams in perspective, that is, as they look in real life .

Out-of-scale conventional signs, as well as conventional signs of vegetation cover, are drawn so that their vertical axis is perpendicular to the upper cut of the sheet.

Explanatory captions, names of settlements, digitization are placed parallel to the bottom (upper) side of the diagram, and signatures of the names of rivers, streams, lakes and tracts are made in italic font, placing them parallel to the symbols of rivers and streams and along the axes of greater length of the symbols of lakes and groves. Signatures related to the design of the diagram (document) and explanatory text are also written in italic font.

Everything that cannot be displayed on the diagram using conventional symbols is stated textually in a legend placed in the free margins of the diagrams or on its back.

(/ru-ru/Category/Geography - 6th grade -151/Default.aspx)

1) Define the concept:

An image of a small area of ​​terrain using symbols and in a reduced form is...

A miniature model of the Earth is...

An image of the entire earth or its large parts in a reduced form using symbols is...

A collection of geographical maps is...

2) Determine in what direction and at what distance from Moscow is:

4) The compass serves not only to determine the sides of the horizon, but also to determine the degree value corresponding to a given direction. Set the correspondence: direction - degree value.

Northeast a. 90 0

1. Southwest in. 45 0

   East 225 0

   South-East 135 0

5) What does it mean to navigate in space?

6)What is the meaning of a compass? How to navigate with a compass?

7) What is azimuth? In what direction will you return home if you walked along an azimuth of 270°?

8) How to navigate by the Sun, the North Star, and local signs?

10) In what direction are the objects located if their azimuths are 40, 60, 180, 270, 325°?

11) Convert the numerical scale to a named one and vice versa:

1: 1000; 1: 30 000; 1: 250 000; 1: 5 000 000;

in 1 cm - 10 km; in 1 cm - 200 m; in 1 cm - 750 km; in 1 cm - 500 m.

12) Determine the scale of the plan if a 5 km long road on it has a length of 20 cm.

13) Calculate the actual area of ​​the square, which on a map of scale 1: 35,000,000 is depicted as a square with a side of 1 cm.

14) Students walked north 5500 m. Draw the route on a scale of 1 cm - 1 km.

15) A student lives in the village of Staroye and walks to school, located 600 m from his home in the village of Novoye. Using symbols, draw this route on a plan at a scale of 1:5,000, taking into account that the student first crosses the river on a bridge, then passes through a mixed forest, on the edge of which, next to a spring, there is a forester’s house, after which he goes out onto the highway, and walks along it 100 m, to the school in the village of Novoe. The plan must fit into a square with a side of 15 cm.

16) Residents of the village of Staroye go on foot to the lake, located at a distance of 550 m from the village. Using conventional signs, draw on a plan on a scale of 1:5,000 the route to the lake, taking into account that you first need to cross a ravine on the river bank, then go through a meadow, on the edge of which there is a swamp, and then walk along a clearing in a coniferous forest for 100 m, to the shore of the lake. The plan must fit into a square with a side of 15 cm.

17) Determine in what direction and at what distance from Moscow is:

18) The sides of the horizon are determined using

1) level 2) compass 3) thermometer 4) ruler

19) What azimuth corresponds to the direction to the west?

20) The excess of a point on the earth’s surface above another point along a plumb line is called

1) relative height

2) absolute height

3) height

4) horizontal

21) A conventional line connecting points with the same height above sea level is

1) azimuth 2) berg line 3) horizon

4) horizontal

22) A reduced image of the Earth’s surface on a plane using symbols is called

1) drawing 2) aerial photograph 3) geographical map 4) diagram

Before making a decision on the construction of any economic facility, on the laying of roads, on the allocation of land, it is necessary to have an image of the given area. It can be in the form of a drawing or photograph. They are usually made from the surface of the Earth, so they do not always show what size and shape this area has; some objects obscure others. The image of the terrain can be in the form in which the terrain is shown from above, however, not all objects in them are similar to their actual appearance on the terrain, not all terrain objects can be identified (a separate tree, a bush, a key, a mill). There are no names of settlements on aerial photographs; it is difficult to determine the trees that make up the forests. The most convenient and complete way to depict the area is a plan.

A terrain plan is a drawing that depicts a small part of the earth's surface from above in a reduced form. It shows what the area is occupied with, what objects are located on it. Using the terrain plan, you can determine the relative position of these objects, the distance between them, a given location, and much more.

The importance of a site plan is enormous. He is a faithful assistant to a person in studying nature, farming, for tourism and in defending the country. In agriculture, a site plan is necessary to locate agricultural facilities, determine the size of arable land, hayfields, and pastures. According to the plans, the location for the construction of economic facilities, buildings, the laying of roads, communications, and power lines is determined. All these objects are first marked on the site plan. All emergency services have such plans. They allow you to quickly approach the scene of the accident.

A terrain plan, just like a map, is a reduced image of the earth's surface on a plane. But the plan is different from .

The plan depicts small areas of terrain, so they are drawn on a large scale, for example, 1 cm - 5 km. The maps show significant areas of the terrain - the continent, the state, the world as a whole. And they draw them on smaller scales: 1 cm - 1 km, or 1 cm - 100 km, 1 cm - 250 km.

When making plans, the curvature of the spherical surface of the Earth is not taken into account and it is considered that parts of the surface are a plane. When constructing maps, the curvature of the earth's surface is always taken into account.

The plans are highly detailed depictions of the area, down to a single tree. The maps show only large objects: large rivers, lakes, mountains, cities. On the map of Moscow many streets are clearly visible, and on the map Moscow is indicated with an asterisk.

The procedure for drawing up a diagram of a terrain area from a topographic map

Drawing up a plan or diagram on a map scale is most conveniently done by copying the necessary elements of its content onto a blank sheet. This is done using special paper or “through the light” through glass (window). But do not forget that the topographic basis on large-scale maps tends to become outdated and requires updating.

Drawing up a plan or diagram on a modified scale is done by squares (Fig. 7.7). In this case, proceed as follows.

On the map, an area that should be depicted on a larger scale is outlined in the form of a rectangle, and its sides are measured. The squares of the coordinate grid of the map that fall into the rectangle can be divided into smaller squares and the elements of the terrain can be transferred by eye or by plotting perpendicular distances from the sides of the rectangle.

A rectangle similar to this is built on a sheet of paper, changing its sides the required number of times. The square magnification factor will be proportional to the magnification of the scale.

When drawing up a map of a terrain area, populated areas are drawn, then hydraulic objects (rivers, lakes, etc.), road networks, power lines and communications. After this, the outline of the forest area is drawn, which is outlined by the conventional sign established for the diagrams, relief details and landmarks necessary for subsequent work. Upon completion of the preparation of the layout of the area from the topographic map, the lines forming additional squares are erased, leaving only the intersections of the coordinate grid.

The one resulting from its enlargement is signed.

Depending on the purpose, terrain plans are drawn up:

• on map scale;
• changed (usually enlarged) scale;
• approximate scale.

Drawing up a diagram on a map scale is most conveniently done by copying the necessary elements of its content onto transparent paper (wax wax, tracing paper, plastic

Rice. 7.7.

teak). Transparent paper is copied “against the light” through a window glass or through a special glass placed on a box with a light source inside.

On an approximate scale, diagrams are drawn up by eye. Work begins with an approximate drawing on paper from a map of the two points most distant from each other. In this case, the diagram maintains approximately the same relative position in direction as on the map.

After applying the topographic base (in pencil), everything unnecessary is erased with a soft eraser, and the rest is outlined with a black pen (Fig. 7.8).

The title is signed at the top, and a north-south arrow is placed in the upper left (right) corner of the diagram. At the bottom, in the middle, the numerical scale of the survey and its magnitude are indicated, on the left is the date of the survey, and on the right is the signature of the person who compiled the diagram.

Symbols with their decoding (explanation) can be indicated in the lower left corner of the diagram. There should be no frames or decorations. On the left side of the diagram sheet, 2–3 cm margins are left for filing documentation.

Rice. 7.8.

The essence, preparation and procedure for visual surveying of an area

Schemes of the area, incidents, etc., as a rule, are compiled using eye surveys. The essence of eye survey comes down to identifying on the ground and drawing on paper some of the most characteristic local objects and relief forms, followed by sketching the remaining details and details.

To carry out eye survey you must have:

• compass;
• sight line;
• pencil;
• elastic band;
• a blank sheet of paper mounted on a rigid base (cardboard, plywood, etc.).

The compass is located on the corner of the tablet so that it is convenient to use and does not interfere with sighting.

In cases where the survey needs to be done quickly and does not require special care, it can be done with only a pencil and paper.

First of all, you need to carefully study the area intended for shooting, and decide how it is more convenient to place the diagram on paper, what scale to choose, and from how many points to shoot.

There are several eye survey techniques used in drawing up terrain diagrams:

• shooting from one standing point;
• shooting from several standing points (stations).

Let's consider only the first method of visual shooting.

Surveying from one standing point (Fig. 7.9) is used when the drawing requires depicting a small open area of ​​terrain located directly around the standing point or in a given sector.

Order eye survey:

• a) strengthen the paper and compass on the tablet so that the SY line on its scale coincides with the side of the tablet. Then turn the tablet with the compass until the end of the compass needle coincides with the letter C on its dial;
• b) mark on the paper the point where the person taking the photo is located. Attach a target ruler to this point and, without changing the orientation of the tablet raised to eye level, rotate the ruler, aligning its top

Rice. 7.9.

an edge pointing towards the object being sighted, then draw a thin pencil line along the ruler;

• c) measure the distance from the standing point to the object being sighted, taking into account the chosen scale, mark on the drawn line the location of this object and apply its symbol. After this, magnetic azimuths are determined for 1–2 of the most durable landmarks and signed next to the symbols of these landmarks;
• d) fix the location of an object, for example, discovered material evidence, using the azimuth method, i.e. the magnitude of the angle in degrees formed by the given direction and the direction to north. For this purpose, from any stationary object, for example a tree, a house, it is necessary to measure an arbitrary base to the standing point (O) and determine its azimuth, then from point O determine the distance to the fixed object and its azimuth (Fig. 7.10);
• e) sight the remaining objects both from the starting point and from the point at which the first sighting was carried out. The intersection point of the sight lines marked on the plan (diagram) indicates the location of the object being fixed (method of notches).

In the case when it is necessary to depict a large area of ​​terrain on paper or when the entire area from one point

Rice. 7.10.

ki is not visible, this area is photographed from several standing points (stations) or bypass method in the following order.

Before you start shooting, you need to prepare your tablet, i.e. attach paper and a compass to it. After this, on a narrow strip of cardboard, which is fixed to the plan, a scale of steps is drawn on one side, and a linear shooting scale on the other (Fig. 7.11).

The area required for the topographical basis required for drawing up the graphic document is visually determined. A starting point is marked on the tablet, from which they begin to move around the perimeter of the site.

The survey is carried out by walking around the entire given area along routes that form closed polygons. The lines along which they walk around the site when shooting are called running lines. They are usually chosen along the roads. In the absence or insufficient roads, the running line can be the bank of a river or stream, the edge of a ravine, the edge of a forest, etc. The apexes of the rotation angles are called stations. An employee, moving along the running line from station to station and measuring distances in steps (using a speedometer), sequentially marks on the tablet local objects and relief details encountered along the way, plotting the distance measured from them to scale. You should leave the moving line only in exceptional cases, when some obstacle obscures your vision and interferes with shooting (Fig. 7.12).

Rice. 7.11.

Rice. 7.12.

If the entire terrain inside a given section can be viewed in detail from the running line, then it is removed in one round.

Otherwise, the area to be removed is broken into parts by additional moves (Fig. 7.13). In both cases, detours are carried out in such a way as not to pass along the same road several times and not return back.

Subsequent actions consist of determining on the ground and drawing on the tablet individual directions and points, along which the relief details necessary for drawing up the diagram are sketched.

Area diagram- a drawing on which the most characteristic local objects, as well as individual relief elements, are depicted with approximate accuracy.

Local objects are depicted on the diagram by topographical symbols, hills and depressions (heights, basins) - by several closed horizontal lines, and ridges and hollows - by fragments of horizontal lines that outline the configuration of these relief forms. At the same time, in order to speed up the work, the outline of the symbols of some local objects is simplified (Fig. 91).

Drawing up terrain maps using eye survey techniques. To carry out eye surveys, you need to have a compass, a sight line, a pencil, an eraser and a blank sheet of paper mounted on a rigid base (a piece of cardboard, plywood, etc.). In some cases, when shooting needs to be done quickly and does not require special care, it can be done with only a pencil and paper.

Let's consider some eye survey techniques used in drawing up terrain diagrams.

Shooting from one standing point (Fig. 92) is used when the drawing requires showing a small area of ​​terrain located directly around the standing point or in a given sector. In this case, shooting is performed using the circular sighting method in the following sequence.

A standing point is placed on a sheet of paper so that the area to be removed fits on this sheet. For example, if we are standing in the center of the area being photographed, then the standing point should be marked in the center of the sheet of paper; if we are standing in one of the corners or on the edge of the site, then a dot on the paper should be placed in the corresponding corner or on the edge of the sheet of paper. Then, having oriented the sheet of paper relative to the area being filmed, they fix it on some object (stump, bridge railing, trench parapet) and, without disturbing the position of the sheet, carry out the survey.

If you have to work holding a sheet of paper in your hand, then first draw the server-south direction on it. To do this, orienting a sheet of paper relative to the area being photographed, place the compass on it, release the needle brake and, when the needle calms down, draw a line parallel to the compass needle. In the future, make sure that the direction of the compass needle exactly coincides with the drawn north-south line. When it is necessary to orient the drawing again, for example after a break in work, put a compass on it so that the divisions 0° (N) and 180° (S) coincide with the drawn north-south direction, then rotate the drawing until the northern end of the arrow the compass will not stand against the 0° division (C). In this position, the drawing will be oriented and you can continue working on it.

In order to put this or that object on the drawing, after orienting the sheet, you need to attach a ruler (pencil) to the standing point indicated on it and turn it around the point until the direction of the ruler coincides with the direction of the object. Three rulers in this position draw a straight line along it from the standing point; this line will be the direction in which the object being drawn on the diagram is located. So, sequentially point the ruler at all other objects and draw directions for each of them.

Then the distances to the objects are determined and they are laid out in the appropriate directions from the standing point on the scale of the drawing or approximately, maintaining the approximate ratio of these distances in the drawing and on the ground. The points obtained in the directions will indicate the location of objects in the drawing. In the places of the points, conventional signs of the applied objects are drawn, in relation to which the remaining details of the terrain, located directly near the point of standing, as well as those located between the applied landmarks or near them, are visually applied. On the map of the area (Fig. 93), individual trees, bushes near the road, a section of an improved dirt road, ruins, a hole, etc. are marked in this way.

Shooting from several standing points is performed when it is necessary to show a relatively large area of ​​the terrain.

In this case, local objects are marked on the drawing with serifs, distance measurements, along the alignment, by the method of circular sighting, by the method of perpendiculars (see Section 5.2).

When preparing for shooting, it is necessary to secure the sheet of paper on which the shooting will be carried out on a solid base (tablet). A compass is attached to the same base so that the north-south line on the compass scale is approximately parallel to one of the sides of the tablet or sheet of paper.

For the speed and convenience of plotting distances measured in steps, it is necessary to make a step scale. This scale is built on a separate strip of paper or on the margin of the sheet on which the shooting is being carried out.

The scale of steps is built like this. Let us assume that the survey is carried out on a scale of 1:10000, i.e. 1 cm in the drawing corresponds to 100 m on the ground. The value of one pair of steps of the surveyor is 1.5 m. Therefore, 100 pairs of steps are equal to 150 m on the ground or 1.5 cm on the drawing. A 1.5 cm piece is laid on a straight line three, four or more times. Against the second division on the left, sign the number 0, and against subsequent divisions - the numbers 100, 200, 300, etc. Against the leftmost (first) division sign: 100 pairs of steps. In this way, a scale of steps is obtained (Fig. 94), each large division of which corresponds to 100 pairs of steps. In order for distances to be plotted with greater accuracy, the leftmost segment is divided into 10 small divisions of 1.5 mm, each of which will be equal to 10 pairs of steps.

Having such a scale, there is no need to convert pairs of steps into meters each time; It is enough to plot the number of pairs of steps taken to scale to get the distance on the shooting scale, which is plotted on the drawing.

The survey is carried out by walking around the site along the roads, the river bank, the edge of the forest, along the communication line, etc. The directions along which the survey is carried out are called running lines, and the points at which the directions of new running lines are determined and drawn are stations.

Let's look at the shooting procedure using the following example (see Fig. 99). At a height with a mound, they inspect a section of the area and outline walking lines along the route: a bridge - a fork in dirt and field roads - a height with a separate tree - a bridge.

Work at the first station (Fig. 95). Having determined the sides of the horizon and established that the site is mainly located from the first station (bridge) to the southeast, pin a standing point in the northwestern part of a sheet of paper and draw a north-south arrow on it. Orienting the tablet according to the compass and without losing the orientation, they draw a direction along the dirt road, and then to all characteristic landmarks visible from the standing point: a separate tree, a geodetic point, a barn, a mound. The names of the objects are written on these lines. Then, using a circular sighting method, they mark and draw the bridge (standing point), the section of the road from the bridge to the southwest, the section of the river to the bushes, a separate stone and a hole, mark the beginning of the ravine near the bridge and show a wetland area with meadow vegetation.

Work at the second station (Fig. 96). Having plotted the distance traveled from the bridge to the fork in the road on the scale of steps, orient the tablet in this direction and check its orientation using a compass. Then they sight and draw directions to a separate tree, geodetic point, mound and barn. As a result, the location of these objects turned out to be a straight serif in the drawing. After this, the road from the bridge to the standing point and further to the northeast is drawn and drawn, the outline of the forest is drawn and contour lines are drawn, meaning that from the standing point towards the field road the relief decreases.

Work in motion from the second station to the third (Fig. 97). Having walked along the road to the river, they stop and mark on the walking line the distance covered from the fork in the road in the direction of travel. This point will be the stopping point and at the same time it will indicate the position of the river. Having oriented the tablet, draw a river, continuing it from the area marked at the first station to the standing point and further to the east; an arrow placed near the river shows the direction of its flow; Then they sketch the bushes along the southern bank of the river, a wetland with meadow vegetation, the edge of the forest and a field road. Having assessed by eye the steepness and height of the slope, they additionally draw another horizontal line along the northern bank of the river and one along the southern bank, near the edge of the forest. Continuing further, they mark the place where the edge of the forest departs from the field road, and then move to the third height station with a separate tree.

Work at the third station (Fig. 98). The position of the third station was determined by notching from the first two stations. By setting aside the distance traveled for control, they make sure that the position of an individual tree is determined accurately. Then they draw the direction along the communication line to the bridge (the next running line) and the control directions to the mound and geodetic point (the barn is not visible).

After drawing the nearest local objects and relief details around the station on the tablet, moving along the running line, make a stop opposite the height with the geodetic point, notice the stopping point on the terrain, mark it on the drawing (along the running line) and go to the height with the geodetic point. Standing near the point (its position has already been determined by a notch), local objects and relief details located near the height with the geodetic point are drawn onto the drawing. Then they again go out to the running line and, walking along it, create a ravine. When approaching the bridge, they notice that the barn and a separate stone are on the same line (in alignment). Having determined your standing point (putting aside the distance traveled), apply a ruler to the conventional sign of the barn and to the standing point and see that the barn, stone and standing point are exactly on a straight line, i.e. make sure that the stone and the barn are placed correctly.

Having an almost completely drawn up diagram on the tablet, choose a place from which the entire site is clearly visible. In our example, such a place is a mound. Here the map of the area is finally drawn (Fig. 99). In this case, the mound and geodetic point, which are characteristic landmarks in a given area of ​​the area, are sketched in the margins of the drawing in perspective, i.e., as they are visible in nature.

Drawing up a map of the area. Based on the map, the layout of the area is drawn up in the following sequence (Fig. 100).

First, the area for which the diagram is being drawn up is indicated on the map, and all the squares of the kilometer grid included in this area are numbered. Then, on a blank sheet of paper, the same grid of squares is built, but of a larger size. For example, if from a map of scale 1:50000 it is necessary to draw a diagram at a scale of 1:25000, then each side of the square on paper should be twice as large as on the map. Having numbered the squares on paper in the same order as on the map, transfer all the necessary detours from the map to the diagram so that the location of local objects relative to the grid squares on the map and on the diagram is similar. When transferring topographical elements of the area to the diagram, adhere to the following rules and this sequence. First of all, local objects that are most characteristic of a given area are transferred, which create, as it were, the basis for the relative position of the most significant elements of the area (settlements, roads, rivers, lakes, forests, swamps, etc.). Then, using the grid of squares and the base obtained in the diagram, the remaining local objects and relief elements are transferred.

Signatures on the diagram should be placed in free spaces near the symbol of the item to which this signature refers, or inside the outline, if its size allows (river, forest, lake, etc.).

After this, the scale is labeled on the diagram, if necessary, the grid lines are digitized in the same way as on the map, and a north-south arrow is drawn.