What is the significant part of speech? Are pronouns conjugated? What groups of parts of speech exist in Russian?

In modern Russian there are 12 parts of speech: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, adverb, verb, participle, gerund, preposition, conjunction, particle, interjection. Participle and gerund are special forms of the verb.

Parts of speech are divided into independent, auxiliary, and interjections. In the Russian language there are also words that do not belong to any part of speech: the words “yes” and “no”, modal words, onomatopoeic words. Modal words express the attitude of a statement to reality: undoubtedly, true, fact, certainly, perhaps, probably, maybe, perhaps, tea, it seems, probably and others. They usually act as introductory words. These are unchangeable words, are not connected with other words in the sentence, and therefore are not members of the sentence.

Note. Many scientists do not consider the participle and the gerund as separate parts of speech and refer them to the verb group. According to such scientists, there are 10 parts of speech in the Russian language. In a number of school programs (for example, in the textbook by T.A. Ladyzhenskaya), another part of speech is distinguished: the category of state. Use the material in this article taking into account your school curriculum.

Parts of speech diagram

Independent parts of speech are divided into changeable (inflected or conjugated) and unchangeable. Let's show the parts of speech of the Russian language in the diagram:

Parts of speech table

The part of speech is characterized by: 1) general meaning, 2) morphological features, 3) syntactic role. Morphological characteristics can be constant or variable. Unchangeable independent parts of speech, auxiliary parts of speech, and interjections have only constant morphological characteristics. Independent parts of speech are members of sentences, auxiliary parts of speech and interjections are not. From the point of view of these characteristics, consider the parts of speech of the Russian language:

The pages of independent and auxiliary parts of speech contain tables with a detailed and comparative description of the meanings, morphological features and syntactic role of parts of speech. We will show a generalized table of meanings and morphological features of all parts of speech of the Russian language.

Presentation materials

Materials on parts of speech for preparing presentations for students in grades 5-7. Click on the desired picture - it will open in a separate tab, press CTRL+S on your computer or select the save icon on your mobile device to save the picture.
Pictures with the diagram.

The vocabulary of an adult includes about one hundred thousand words. Dahl's dictionary contains twice as many of them. To avoid semantic confusion, words are usually grouped by principle of partial affiliation. For a better understanding, let’s look at what an independent part of Russian speech is.

Principles of classification

Morphology deals with the study of words, where all words are defined as independent parts of speech and. They are classified according to several criteria:

1. Semantic – generalized meaning of the group. For example, to designate an object, a noun is used.
2. Morphological – an indicator of modification of a word form. It can be constant or change when moving to another gender.
3. Syntactic - the property of words to be linked into a constructive sentence and to be its members.

Researchers classify words in different ways. There is no consensus on how many parts of speech there are. The generally accepted rule is allocation of 10 speech groups.

Numerals are studied only at school. Academics equate them to adjectives. The dispute also revolves around gerunds. Some linguists note manifestations of verbal properties in them. Others are confident that such forms need to be separated into independent (notional) parts of speech.

Some textbooks suggest classifying the words “nowhere”, “there”, “there” as adverbs. This is due to the difference in composition. When writing the article, we were guided by the literature approved Ministry of Education.

Groups

Let's look at what parts of speech there are. There are two large groups:

1. Significant - give objects names give their characteristics or indicate them. In fact, all the words are concentrated in this group.
2. Functional - determine the relationship between significant word forms, contribute to their connection in one sentence. They do not carry a semantic load and serve the constructive construction of speech.

Separate the group is made up of interjections. They express feelings. Let's imagine that a person cuts his finger while cooking. It is necessary to throw out emotions. A traumatized person can lament for a long time, using all known independent and auxiliary parts of speech. That is, describe the knife, the action performed, the signs it possesses (significant); using prepositions to determine the relationship with the subject (service). Or maybe just exclaim “Ay!”

Important! You can ask a question only to significant word forms.

We have placed the characteristics of parts of speech and examples in the table.

Peculiarities

The rules state that significant words are:

1. Endowed with meanings that unite them into classes and distinguish them from others. Thus, the words bok and bull have different lexical, but the same grammatical meaning.
2. Name objects, signs and actions;
3. In a sentence they are the main or secondary members.

Depending on, what information about the subject the words give, they are separated:

• subject is a noun. Examples: spinach, newlyweds;
• belonging, quality and property - adjective - attractive, relevant;
• condition category;
• the order of arrangement of objects or number - numeral - twelve;
• action or state - verb (to modernize);
• additional action - gerund (breaking through);
• sign by action - participle (alluring);
• if a word does not name an object, properties or attribute, but points to them, it is a pronoun (why, our);
• sign of action, circumstances - adverb (for the first time, little, blindly).

Word forms

Independent and other parts of speech used in the Russian language are divided into constant and variable. Adjectives, nouns, pronouns, numerals are subject to declension. Verb and its derivatives are conjugated.

There are:

• shaping - the grammatical meaning changes (table - on the table);
• word formation – the lexical meaning changes (top – at the top).

The significant part of speech that remains unchanged is the adverb (on the side, now, always).

Some words may belong different speech groups. The word “everything,” depending on the context in the sentence, acts as one of the four parts of speech. Let's look at example sentences:

The whole lake is covered with ice - indicates a sign, is a pronoun.

You're still learning - answers the detailed question when?, a synonym for the adverb constantly.

Every day it gets darker earlier - it emphasizes the constancy of the increase, fulfilling the functions of a particle.

We nevertheless lifted a heavy load - a union, a synonym nonetheless.

What part of speech a word is is sometimes determined intuitively by meaning. “Milk glass on the floor” and “broken glass was thrown into the trash.” In the first phrase glass is a verb, in the second - a noun.

Morphological analysis

Complete grammatical characteristics of the word form called morphological analysis. The belonging of a word to a group, its properties and functions in a sentence are determined. For independent parts of speech, we give examples:

Let’s take the word “pillar” for analysis.

• we determine belonging: we ask the question what? Therefore - a noun;
• Let's examine the condition: pillar is a general name for inanimate objects. This means that the common noun is inanimate;
• We indicate the gender of the independent part of speech, according to the rules (masculine) and the form of declension - 2nd cl;
• We show the number of objects - singular nominative case;
• significance in a sentence - the main or minor member.

Likewise deal with words from other groups:

1. Let’s determine which part of speech is represented by the word “for the first time.” The word form gives the concept of the time of what is happening (when?). It cannot be transformed. This means that this adverb does not change and performs the function of an adverb. Secondary member of the sentence.
2. Know (what to do?). Verb, infinitive, 1st conjugation, transitive, imperfective, indicative. Membership in a sentence is determined by context.

We study independent parts of speech

What are the parts of speech in Russian?

Conclusion

If we give a simple definition of what an independent part is, then we can say that it is a designation of the property, quality or action of an object, which loses its meaning without using significant words.

Part of speech is a category of words defined by general features of syntax and morphology. In world languages, the classification of a name (noun, adjective) and the main verb, which determines the action of an object or its state, is more often used. Morphology divides all words into categories into independent and auxiliary. Interjections belong to a separate group.

Noun

A noun often acts as a subject, denotes an object or person, and provides answers to the main questions “who?” (for animate) or “what?” This part defines objects in a global sense.

• Things(house, car, column, stone).
• Persons(Human).
• Substances(acid, sugar, salt).
• Living things(deer, bear, dog).
• Facts and phenomena(concert, conversation, walking).
• Geographical places(America, Russia, Europe).
• Qualities and states(sadness, joy, euphoria).

Morphological and grammatical features of a noun

A common noun is a general name for a kind of individual objects (vase, book, table). It can be concrete, non-specific, abstract (friendship, life) and material (water, fire, ashes). Proper nouns are called specific object, which stands out from among homogeneous ones (Anna, Himalayas).

The part of speech has important attributes that are characteristic of many world languages. These include:

• A case grammatical category that carries an inflectional function. In Russian linguistics, six types are distinguished.
• Number is a quantitative designation of an object.
• Animation.
• Three gender structures that distribute words based on gender or lack thereof.
• According to these categories, the noun has its own declension paradigm (3 classes).

Adjective

In Russian, it denotes a feature of an object and gives an answer to the questions “which one?” and “whose?” Divided into three categories, which are a constant feature of morphology.

• Quality. Combined with the words “very” and “too”. Most adjectives of this order have two forms. There are three kinds of comparisons for a group.
• Relative. They define a feature that is impossible in a qualitative formulation. Expresses the relationship of an object to another object, matter, time, place, etc.
• Possessives. They indicate that an object belongs to an animate being.

An adjective is most often formed from a noun by adding a suffix or prefix. In syntax it plays the role of a predicate or definition.

Verb

A part of speech that identifies the state or activity of an object. Within a sentence it often acts as a predicate. In Russian the following signs are classified:

• Face– a category that defines the interaction between speaker and listener.
• Time– the relationship of the described situation to the present moment.
• Pledge– a verbal category that defines the connection of any action with an object and subject. In Russian there is a distinction between active and passive.
• Conjugation– inflection of the number or person of verbs.
• Mood– a category denoting modality (the speaker’s attitude to the object of the statement or reality).
• Aspect– a function showing the comprehension of an action over a period of time. It can be perfect or imperfect.

Features of numerals, pronouns and adverbs

A numeral is a part of speech that determines the quantity, permanent order and number of objects, provides answers to the questions “how many?” or “which?” Divided into four types of lexico-grammatical structure.

• Quantitative(thirty, forty).
• Collective(two, ten) - give an answer to the typical question “how many?”
• Fractional(seven eighths, three ninths).
• Ordinal(twenty-fifth, hundredth).

The pronoun defines characteristics, points to objects, quantities, but does not specifically identify them, i.e. completely replaces the main parts of speech. In the tradition of the Russian language There are several classes.

• Personal pronouns establish an object without naming it.
• Refundable express a reaction to the performer of the action.
• Undefined indicate limited information about the referent, as well as its signs and properties.
• Interrogative pronouns show that the speaker needs to define the subject (“who?”, “which?”).
• Demonstrators accurately identify the object and its location.

Adverb- a part of speech that never changes. Answers typical questions “where?”, “how?”, “how much?” and more often identifies a sign of action.

• According to its meaning, it is divided into detailed and definitive.
• Compiled using suffixes and prefixes.
• Qualitative adverbs synthesized through adjectives have a degree of comparison.

Participle and gerund - characteristics

The participle contains the characteristics of the verb and the adjective. Objective characteristics include the categories of gender, case and number. Education is built on appearance and transition.

A participle means an additional action in the presence of a main one. Combines the characteristics of both a verb and an adverb. Divided into perfect and imperfect forms. In a sentence, it takes on the role of a predicate or adverbial clause and is not conjugated. Sometimes denotes an additional action if adjacent to a predicate.

How many parts of speech are there in the job category?

Prepositions show the dependence of independent parts of a sentence on other words. They are classified by origin (ancient, new), structure, and also by structure. They have valence (inherence to case). Prepositions denote relations of space, time, cause, etc.

Conjunctions connect simple sentences in the structure of a complex sentence, and are also a unifying node of homogeneous members. Unable to conjugate or bow. Define relationships between syntax units. They differ in origin, use, meaning and composition.

The particle is designed to introduce certain shades of meaning and emotionality into a sentence, and sometimes acts as an assistant in the process of word formation. In its structure and functionality it is close to conjunctions and interjections. The meaning of a particle is determined by the attitude it exhibits . There are 4 categories:

• Subjunctive(let it go, come on).
• Negative(no, no way).
• Modal(interrogative, demonstrative, exclamatory, etc.).
• Particles are classified by origin and composition.

Note!

Linguistics does not classify interjections as either significant or auxiliary. It plays the role of signal words and is used to manifest any desire, requirement, call to action.

Video

This video will help you prepare for your Russian language exam and covers the topic "Parts of Speech".

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A noun denotes an object and answers the questions: who? What? whom? what? etc. Nouns are (river and Moscow), animate and inanimate (table and person), concrete (sock), abstract (laughter), collective (youth) and material (milk). Gender and also refer to the constant features of this part of speech, and number and case are non-constant. In sentences, nouns can act as any member: subject, predicate, object, modifier, and others.

An adjective denotes a characteristic or quality of an object and answers the questions: which? which? whose? The adjective changes in number, gender and case, but these categories depend on the noun with which it agrees, and therefore are not independent. By category, adjectives are qualitative (red), relative (iron, golden, institute) and possessive (granny, fox). In sentences, this part of speech most often acts as a definition.

The name names the number, quantity of objects or the serial number of a particular object. It answers the questions: how much? which? (Which?). According to their word-formation structure, numerals are divided into simple, complex and compound (three, fifty, twenty-five). According to lexico-grammatical properties - quantitative (ten), ordinal (first) and collective (two, ten).

A pronoun is a part of speech that does not name an object, quantity, or attribute, but points to it. According to the functional features and the nature of connections with other parts of speech, they distinguish personal (I, you), reflexive (myself), possessive (my, your, our), demonstrative (this, that, such), attributive (himself, most, everyone, every , all), interrogative (who? what?), relative (who, what), indefinite (someone, something) and negative (nobody, nothing) pronouns.

The verb denotes action. The meaning of action is reflected in the questions: what to do? ? what does it do? etc. The main grammatical features of a verb are aspect, voice, transitivity/, as well as tense, mood and number. The change in numbers and persons is called conjugation. The mood of a verb can be indicative, subjunctive and imperative.

The verb is usually the organizing center of the sentence.

Special forms of the verb are participles and gerunds (sometimes they are distinguished as separate parts of speech). A participle combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective, while a gerund combines the characteristics of a verb and an adverb.

The unchangeable parts of speech that denote a sign of an action, state, quality or object include an adverb. It can answer the questions: how? how? Where? to what extent? When? and others. According to their meaning, adverbs are divided into adverbial (on the left, rashly) and attributive (quietly, brilliantly, swimming).

Words of the state category are considered as a special group of adverbs. They express a state or evaluation of actions and are predicates in impersonal sentences.

Functional parts of speech

Functional parts of speech do not perform any independent syntactic function and do not have independent meaning, unlike significant parts of speech. They include three groups of words: this, conjunctions and particles.

A preposition expresses relationships between words. A conjunction connects homogeneous members of a sentence and parts of a complex sentence, and also expresses semantic relationships between these syntactic units. Particles are needed to give additional semantic shades to words and sentences or to form word forms.

A special category of words include interjections and onomatopoeic words. Interjections are used to express emotions: for example, surprise (ah), delight (wow), disappointment (alas), pain and other feelings. Using onomatopoeic words, various sounds made by animals, people, objects, etc. are reproduced: quack-quack, knock-knock, meow-meow, ku-ku.

Modern classification parts of speech in Russian is fundamentally traditional and is based on the doctrine of the eight parts of speech in ancient grammars.

Encyclopedic YouTube

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  In the “Russian Grammar” of 1755, Mikhail Lomonosov identified two main, or significant parts of speech: noun and verb, and six auxiliary parts of speech: pronoun, participle, adverb, preposition, conjunction and interjection.

  The course “Comparative Linguistics” by Philip Fortunatov (1901-1902) did not have the traditional division of words into parts of speech, and grammatical categories are distinguished there according to formal criteria:

  • full words: verbs, nouns, adjectives, infinitive, adverb, which are divided into conjugated, inflected and indeclinable;
  • partial words;
  • Interjections stand alone.

  Alexander Peshkovsky’s scheme is close to Fortunatov’s: the verb, noun, adjective, participle, adverb, gerund and infinitive are distinguished. Peshkovsky does not distinguish pronouns and numerals into independent parts of speech; function words are considered only in syntactic terms.

  Alexey Shakhmatov connected the doctrine of parts of speech with syntax and identified 14 parts of speech:

  • nominative: noun, adjective, verb and non-pronominal and non-numeral adverbs;
  • non-nominal: numeral, pronominal nouns, pronominal adjectives, pronominal adverbs;
  • auxiliary: preposition, connective, conjunction, prefix, particle;
  • separate interjection.

  In Vasily Bogoroditsky’s classification, semantic and syntactic features prevail over morphological ones. Words with an independent meaning are highlighted: noun, verb, personal pronoun; words with a lesser degree of independence: adjectives, numerals, demonstrative pronouns, participles, adverbs, gerunds; words without their own meaning: prepositions and conjunctions; Interjections are highlighted separately.

  Lev Shcherba distinguished significant words: nouns, adjectives, adverbs, quantitative words, state category, verb; function words: connectives, prepositions, conjunctions; and interjections.

  In the works of Viktor Vinogradov, parts of speech are highlighted as follows: noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun - in a state of decomposition, verb, adverb, category of state. In addition to them, Vinogradov defined particles of speech: particles in the proper sense, connective particles, prepositions, conjunctions; modal words; interjections.

  The article “On parts of speech in the Russian language” by Mikhail Panov (1960) contained a division into:

  • nouns, verb, gerund, adjectives and adverbs;
  • numerals and pronouns are distributed among other parts of speech;
  • particles of speech and interjections that are outside the system of parts of speech.