What do mats mean? Swear words very often come out of people from whom demons are cast out

Checkmate is an ambiguous concept. Some find it inappropriate, while others cannot imagine emotional communication without strong language. But it is impossible to argue with the fact that swearing has long become an integral part of the Russian language, and it is used not only by uncultured people, but also by fully educated representatives of society. Historians claim that Pushkin, Mayakovsky, Bunin and Tolstoy swore with pleasure and defended it as an integral part of the Russian language. Where did swear words come from, and what do the most common ones actually mean?

Where did the mat come from?

Many believe that obscene language dates back to the times of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, but historians and linguists have long refuted this fact. The Golden Horde and most of the nomadic tribes were Muslims, and representatives of this religion do not defile their mouths with swearing, and the biggest insult for them is to call a person an “unclean” animal - for example, a pig or a donkey. Accordingly, Russian swearing has a more ancient history and its roots go back to ancient Slavic beliefs and traditions.

By the way, the designation for the male causal place in Turkic dialects sounds absolutely harmless - kutah. The bearers of the fairly common and euphonious surname Kutakhov would be surprised to learn what it really means!

A common three-letter word, according to one version, is the imperative mood of the verb “khovat”, that is, to hide

Most experts in ethnography and linguistics argue that swear words originated from the Proto-Indo-European language, which was spoken by the ancestors of the ancient Slavs, Germanic tribes and many other peoples. The difficulty is that its speakers did not leave any written sources, so the language had to be reconstructed literally bit by bit.

The word “mate” itself has several origins. According to one of them, it once meant a scream or a loud voice - confirmation of this theory is the expression “Yelling obscenities,” which has come down to our times. Other researchers claim that the term comes from the word “mother,” since most obscene constructions send an unwanted person to a certain mother, or imply having sexual relations with her.

The exact origin and etymology of swear words also remains unclear - linguists and ethnologists put forward many versions on this matter. Only three are considered the most likely.

1. Communication with parents. During the times of Ancient Rus', old people and parents were treated with great respect and reverence, so all words with sexual overtones regarding the mother were considered a serious insult to a person.
2. Connection with Slavic conspiracies. In the beliefs of the ancient Slavs, the genitals occupied a special place - it was believed that they contained the magical power of a person, and when turning to it, willy-nilly, one had to remember those very places. In addition, our ancestors believed that devils, witches and other dark entities were extremely shy and could not stand swear words, so they used obscenity as a defense against the unclean.
3. Communication with peoples of other faiths. In some ancient Russian texts there is a mention that swearing has “Jewish” or “dog” origin, but this does not mean that non-Zentsurism came to us from Judaism. The ancient Slavs called any foreign beliefs “dogs,” and words borrowed from representatives of such religions were used as curses.

Some experts believe that swearing was invented as a secret language

Another common misconception is that the Russian language is the richest in obscene words of all existing ones. In fact, philologists identify from 4 to 7 basic constructions, and all the rest are formed from them with the help of suffixes, prefixes and prepositions.

The most popular obscene expressions

In Serbia, whose language is related to Russian, obscene words are much less taboo

• X**. The most common swear word that can be found on walls and fences around the world. According to Wikipedia, at least 70 different words and idioms are derived from it, ranging from the short and understandable “fuck you” to the more original “fuck you” or “fuck you”. In addition, this word can be called one of the oldest and most respected in the Russian language - many researchers believe that it dates back to the Proto-Nostratic language, formed in the 11th millennium BC. The most common theory of its origin is from the Indo-European skeu-, which meant "shoot" or "shoot". From him came the more harmless and censored word “needles.”
• Fuck. This word was once quite decent and often used - this is the name of the 23rd letter of the Cyrillic alphabet, which after the reform turned into the letter X. Researchers name various reasons for its transformation into an obscene statement. According to one theory, the cross was once called x*r, and defenders of paganism cursed the first Christians who actively spread their faith in Rus', telling them “Fuck you,” which meant “die like your God.” The second version says that in the Proto-Indo-European language this word was used to refer to a goat, including an idol of the patron of fertility, which had a large genital organ.

Everyone knows what Russian swearing is. Someone will be able to reproduce the Cossack swear word by heart, while others will have to turn to the famous “Dictionary of Russian Swearing” by Alexei Plutser-Sarno to clarify the meaning. However, for many, the history of the emergence of Russian swearing remains a mystery behind seven seals. How swearing is connected to Indo-European mythology, who is meant by “mother” in the swear language and why only men used to communicate in it - in the T&P material.

“The mythological aspect of Russian expressive phraseology”

B.A. Uspensky

Works by B.A. Uspensky, shedding light on the origin of Russian swearing, have become classic. Exploring this topic, Uspensky mentions its extreme taboo nature, in connection with which in the literary tradition only “Church Slavonicisms such as copulate, penis, reproductive organ, aphedron, seat” can be considered permissible. Unlike many Western European languages, other “folk” obscene vocabulary in the Russian language is actually taboo. That is why swear words were removed from Dahl’s dictionary, the Russian edition of Vasmer’s “Etymological Dictionary”, and Afanasyev’s fairy tales; even in academic collections of Pushkin’s works, obscene expressions in works of art and letters are replaced with ellipses; “Barkov’s Shadow”, known for its abundance of swear words (for example: Already the night with the *** [lustful] moon / Already the *** [fallen woman] in the downy bed / Falling asleep with the monk) was not published at all in many collections essays. Such a taboo of swearing, affecting even professional philologists, is connected, according to Uspensky, with “the chastity of censors or editors,” and Dostoevsky even speaks of the chastity of the entire Russian people, justifying the abundance of swear words in the Russian language by the fact that, in essence, they are not always mean something bad.

Images of peasants from the 12th–14th centuries: a peasant at work; resting peasant; games

Indeed, swearing can serve as a friendly greeting, approval, and expression of love. If it is so polysemantic, then the question arises: where did swearing come from, what are its historical roots? Uspensky's theory suggests that swearing once had cult functions. To prove this, we can cite examples of swear words and expressions from Russian pagan wedding or agricultural rituals, in which swearing could be associated with fertility cults. It is interesting that the Russian philologist Boris Bogaevsky compares Russian swearing with the Greek foul language of farmers. The Christian tradition prohibits swearing in rituals and everyday life, citing the fact that “shameful barking” defiles the soul, and that “Hellenic...words” [verbiage] is a demonic game. The ban on Russian “shamoslovya,” that is, obscene language, was directly related to the struggle of Orthodoxy against the pagan cults in which it was used. The meaning of the ban becomes especially clear in view of the fact that swearing “in some cases turns out to be functionally equivalent to prayer.” In pagan thinking, it was possible to find a treasure, get rid of illness or the machinations of the brownie and goblin with the help of swearing. Therefore, in Slavic dual faith one could often find two parallel options: either read a prayer in front of the attacking devil, or swear at him. Finding the roots of Russian swearing in pagan ritual spells and curses, Uspensky connects the so-called main formula of Russian swearing (“*** your mother”) with the archaic cult of the earth.

Only one person will be elected once a day in obscenity, -

The mother of cheese the earth will shake,

The Most Holy Theotokos will be removed from the throne

In connection with the dual-faith Slavic ideas about the “three mothers” - the earth mother, the Mother of God and the dear one - swearing, aimed at insulting the addressee’s mother, simultaneously conjures sacred mothers, desecrating the maternal principle itself. In this one can find echoes of pagan metaphors about the pregnancy of the earth and copulation with it; at the same time, this can explain the belief that the earth opens up under a swearing word or that swearing can disturb the ancestors (lying in the ground).

Having clarified the object of the obscene formula, Uspensky moves on to the subject: analyzing the forms of the expression “*** your mother,” he comes to the conclusion that previously the phrase was not impersonal. The desecration was carried out by a dog, as evidenced by older and more complete references to the swear formula: for example, “So that the dog takes your mother.” The dog has been the subject of action in this formula since at least the 15th century in many Slavic languages; Thus, “dog barking,” as swearing was called from ancient times, is associated with the mythology of the dog, “given by the dog.” The uncleanness of a dog is an ancient category that predates Slavic mythology, but is also reflected in later Christian ideas (for example, in the stories about the Pseglavians or the transfiguration of the Cynocephalus Christopher). The dog was compared to a Gentile, since both have no soul, both behave inappropriately; It was for the same reason that confessors were not allowed to keep dogs. From an etymological point of view, the dog is also unclean - Uspensky connects the lexeme “dog” with other words of Indo-European languages, including the Russian word “***” [female genital organ].

Thus, Uspensky suggests that the images of the desecrating dog and the earth mother in the phrase “f***ing dog” go back to the mythological marriage of the thunderer and the earth mother. The sacred marriage, during which the earth is fertilized, is desecrated in this formula by the travesty replacement of the Thunderer with a dog, his mythological rival. Therefore, an obscene phrase becomes a blasphemous spell, desecrating the divine cosmogony. In a later folk tradition, this myth is reduced, and the earth mother becomes the mother of the interlocutor, and the mythological dog becomes an ordinary dog, and then the phrase is completely depersonalized (the verb “***” [to engage in sexual relations] can correspond to any singular person) .

At a deep (initial) level, the obscene expression is apparently correlated with the myth of the sacred marriage of heaven and earth - a marriage that results in the fertilization of the earth. At this level, the god of the sky, or the thunderer, should be understood as the subject of action in obscene terms, and mother earth as the object. This explains the connection between swearing and the idea of ​​fertilization, which manifests itself in particular in ritual wedding and agrarian foul language.

“About swearing, emotions and facts”

A.A. Belyakov

A.A. Belyakov, referring to the legends of Russian folklore, traces the origin of swearing to the myth of the “Slavic Oedipus”: once a man killed his father and desecrated his mother. Then he gave the “obscene formula” to his descendants - in order to use it to bring curses of the ancestors on opponents or to call on the ancestors for help. Belyakov agrees that the deeper roots of this legend are in early pagan cults associated with the veneration of “the mother of the damp earth and the idea of ​​​​fertilization.”

“Obscene joke as a modeling system”

I.G. Yakovenko

I.G. Yakovenko, in his article on swearing, notes that traditional culture, patriarchal in nature, tends to profane the role of women. It is this motive that we see in obscene formulas - almost always they are associated with crude images of violence against women. Yakovenko contrasts the “sign of the highest danger” (“…” [female genital organ], the feminine principle) with the male phallus, the “protector sign,” citing as an example many obscene expressions. As it turns out, there are much fewer women’s obscene formulas than men’s; Moreover, the female paradigm is tinged with something wretched, false, related to misfortune, theft, lies (“..." [end], "..." [steal], "..." [liar]), while the male The swearing paradigm refers to taboo or danger. The harmful nature of a woman, perceived through the female symbol, the vagina, is emphasized in numerous proverbs and sayings, fairy tales and legends: we can recall those cited by V.Ya. Proppom's idea of ​​a "toothy vulva" with which the male hero had to fight.

Russian swearing is a form of existence of pagan consciousness in a monotheistic culture

Subsequently, the tradition of speaking obscene language passed from pagan cults into Russian buffoonery, which the state actively fought against starting from the 17th century. From the almost extinct buffoons, however, the tradition passed on to lubok, tavern songs, parsley theater, to fair barkers and so on. The taboo vocabulary of the patriarchal and pagan period of Russian culture continued to live in slightly different forms.

“Russian swearing as a male obscene code: the problem of origin and evolution of status”

V.Yu. Mikhailin

In the work of V.Yu. Mikhailina’s tradition of linking the genesis of Russian swearing to fertility cults is disputed; Despite the fact that Mikhailin largely agrees with Uspensky, he offers a significant refinement of his theory and examines the history of swearing from pagan cults to modern hazing. The connection between the theory of the “main myth” of Toporov and Ivanov with the mythological enemy of the Thunderer, the dog, does not suit him: “I will allow myself one single question. For what reason is the eternal opponent of the Thunderer, whose traditional iconography presupposes, first of all, not canine, but serpentine hypostases, in this context, takes the form of a dog, and takes it invariably and formulaically?”

Fertile land, according to the author, could not be associated with the masculine principle in the archaic: it is a purely female territory. On the contrary, the purely male territory was considered to be that which had to do with hunting and war, a marginal space in which a good husband and family man is ready to shed blood and rob, and a decent young man, who does not dare to look up at the neighbor’s girl, rapes the enemy’s daughters.

Mikhailin suggests that in such territories, swearing was once associated with the magical practices of male military alliances identifying themselves with “dogs.” That is why swearing was also called “dog barking”: symbolically, warriors were the embodiment of wolves or dogs. This can also explain the fact that until recently, swearing was predominantly a male language code.

In Indo-European culture, every man underwent initiation, one way or another accompanied by a period that can be designated as the “dog” stage. The “dog” warrior, living outside the home zone, in marginal territory, exists outside the culture of the hearth and agriculture. He is not full-fledged, not mature, has “combat rage”, part of which can be called the use of unacceptable swear words at home. “Wolves” and “dogs” have no place on human territory, for which their mere presence can be fraught with desecration: the corresponding norms and forms of behavior are strictly taboo, and their carriers, without undergoing purification rites and thereby turning from “wolves” back into people do not have basic civil rights. They, by definition, are carriers of the chthonic principle, they are magically dead and as such simply “do not exist.”

Thus, the formula “*** your mother” in male “dog” unions was a spell that magically destroyed the opponent. Such a spell symbolically compared the opponent to the son of a chthonic being, identified his mother with a bitch, and brought him into extremely marginal, non-human territory where such coitus could occur. Consequently, all swear words imply dog ​​genitals and animal coitus, which has nothing in common with human coitus, occurring in the home space and framed by ritual tradition and other signs of culture.

Subsequently, the purely male nature of swearing in Russia is transferred to a more general context. Since the revolutionary events of 1917, the language paradigm has undergone great changes. Swearing, along with Newspeak, becomes one of the means of communication of the patriarchal (albeit outwardly anti-sexist) elite. The Soviet camps also played a role, as did the increased interest in the exploitation of female labor - including in army structures, where swearing directly inherited the communication function of archaic male unions. Therefore, soon the taboo of swearing in a female or mixed environment ceased to be strong, and then became a thing of the past. The male obscene code has become universal.

Let's figure out where this infectious thing came from. The mystical origins of such a phenomenon as swearing go back to the pagan past. To protect themselves from the attacks of the demonic world, people of the pre-Christian era contacted it.

Where did the mats come from?

The spells that were addressed to pagan idols consisted of their names. And it was precisely during that period of time that the cult of fertility was widespread. Thus, most mats are associated with the genitals of a man and a woman.

The Slavs were also familiar with swearing. For example, the swear word of a girl of easy virtue “b...” is found on Novgorod notes and birch bark documents of the 12th century. It just meant something completely different. The meaning of the word was the name of a demon with whom only sorcerers communicated. According to ancient beliefs, this demon punished sinners by sending them a disease, which is now called “uterine rabies.”

Another word, the verb “e...”, is of Slavic origin, and is translated as to curse.

The remaining swear words are the names of pagan gods, or demonic names. When a person swears, he calls upon demons to attack himself, his family, his clan.

Thus, swearing is an appeal to demons, only it consists of spells and names of certain demons. The history of swearing shows this.

In other words, swearing is the language of communication with demons.

The effect of swearing on human health

Let’s just give 6 facts about the influence of swearing:

1. The effect of swearing on DNA

Human words can be represented in the form of electromagnetic vibrations, which directly affect the properties and structure of DNA molecules responsible for heredity. If a person uses swear words day after day, a “negative program” begins to be developed in DNA molecules and they are significantly modified. Scientists say: a “dirty” word causes a mutagenic effect similar to radiation exposure.

Swear words have a negative effect on the genetic code of the person swearing, are written in it, and become a curse for the person himself and his heirs.

2. Swear words travel along different nerve endings than ordinary words.

There is an observation by doctors that people suffering from paralysis, with a complete lack of speech, express themselves exclusively in obscenities. Although at the same time he is unable to say either “Yes” or “No”. At first glance, the phenomenon, although very strange, speaks volumes. Why does a completely paralyzed person exclusively utter obscenities? Is it really of a different nature than ordinary words?

3. The influence of the mat on water. Scientific experiment.

Sprouting technology has long been used in biology and agriculture.

The water is treated by some means, and the wheat grains are treated with this water.

Three types of words were used:

1. Prayer "Our Father"
2. Household mat, which is used for speech communication
3. The mat is aggressive, with clearly expressed expression.

After a certain time, the number of sprouted grains and the length of the sprouts are checked.

On the second day

1. 93% of the grains sprouted in the control batch
2. In a batch of grains processed by prayer - 96% of grains. And the longest sprout length, up to 1 cm.
3. In the batch treated with household mat - 58% grains
4. The expressive mat had such an effect that only 49% of the grains grew. The length of the sprouts is uneven and mold has appeared.

Scientists believe that the appearance of mold is the result of the strong negative impact of mats on water.

After a while.

1. The influence of household swearing - only 40% of sprouted grains remained
2. The effect of the expressive mat - only 15% of sprouted grains remained.

Seedlings placed in water treated with a mat indicate that this environment is not suitable for them.

Humans are 80% water. Draw your own conclusions, friends.

Here is a video proof of this experiment.

4. Swear words very often come out of people from whom demons are cast out.

This is recognized by all confessions: from Orthodox to Protestants.

For example, an Orthodox priest, Father Sergius, writes: “The so-called swearing is the language of communication with demonic forces. It is no coincidence that this phenomenon is called infernal vocabulary. Infernal means hellish, from the underworld.” It is very easy to be convinced that swearing is a demonic phenomenon. Go to a Russian Orthodox church during a lecture. And take a close look at the person who is being chastised with prayer. He will moan, scream, struggle, growl, and the like. And the worst thing is that they swear a lot...

Thanks to science, it has been proven that because of swearing, not only a person’s morality suffers, but also his health!

Ivan Belyavsky is one of the first scientists to put forward this theory. He believes that every mat is an energy charge that negatively affects human health.

It has already been proven that swearing comes from the sacred names of the gods. The word "mate" means "strength". A destructive force that affects a person’s DNA and destroys him from the inside, especially women and children.

5. Swear words have a detrimental effect on women

Abuse of swear words is detrimental to a woman’s hormonal levels. Her voice becomes low, testosterone is in excess, fertility decreases, and the disease hirsutism appears...

6. The influence of swear words on a person in countries where there is no abuse against the reproductive organs.

Another very interesting fact. In countries where there is no swearing indicating the reproductive organ, cerebral palsy and Down syndromes have not been found. But in the CIS countries these diseases exist. Unfortunately…

How to get rid of the influence of swearing?

You were once darkness, but now you are light in the Lord.

We have already proven the origin of swear words. Considered a scientific experiment. But the purpose of this series and the “Word of Encouragement” project is to encourage, to help overcome every vice that binds a person.

Here we will give a recipe for liberation from swear words, which is tested from personal experience. Just 5 simple steps.

Recognize

It is very important to recognize that swear words are a vice that has a destructive effect on a person. It is to admit, not to resist.

Repent

Warm repentance before God is very important.

He is the Lord, He knows everything. And He will help, but first just repent of the fact that this dirty language came out of your mouth.

Accept yourself as a new creation

If you have prayed the prayer of repentance, then you have become a new creation, a child of Almighty God. Until then, every person is a sinner, a product of the devil.

Many in the world say “Why reject swearing - it’s normal!” It's okay if you are a sinful person. And if you repented before God and asked for forgiveness of your sins, you have already become a new creation.

And you need to accept it

The Word of God says:

2 Corinthians 5:17 Therefore if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation; the ancient has passed away, now everything is new.

Start to think well of yourself, to think of yourself as God’s beloved child, as the one for whom the Lord gave His Son.

Trust God. You have become different inside.

Eph.5:8 You were once darkness, but now you are light in the Lord: walk as children of light,

Believe that words are capsules filled with power.

That's essentially what this series is all about. What we say is what we have.

But you, if you have already cursed, need to accept it again. Your swearing produced one effect in your life.

Now you need your words to bring good.

Col.4:6 Let your word always be with grace

Eph 4:29 Let no corrupt talk come out of your mouth, but only that which is good for edification of the faith, so that it may bring grace to those who hear.

This means that every time you open your mouth, ask God for wisdom, so that your words will bring grace and benefit to those listening.

Dedicate your mouth, your tongue to God.

This is not just a resolution: “I’ll stop swearing since the New Year.”

It is a decision that your mouth belongs to the Lord, the Creator of heaven and earth. And with your lips you will only bless God and His creation.

James 3:9-10 With it we bless God the Father, and with it we curse men, created in the likeness of God. From the same lips comes blessing and curse: it should not be so, my brethren.

If you dedicate your mouth to God, it will not be easy. But even when you stumble, remember that the word of God says “it must not happen.” God does not give impossible tasks. If it is written in His Word, then it is real. And this means that it is possible to live in such a way as not to utter curses and swear words against loved ones.

Word of Encouragement

I want to end in a very good place.

Remember that you will give an account for every word. And if you say a lot of good things into the lives of your loved ones, bless your wife/husband, children, parents, employees - God will bring these words to judgment. And from these words you will be justified. So says the Word of God

Matthew 12:36-37 But I tell you that for every idle word that people speak, they will give an answer on the day of judgment: 37 For by your words you will be justified, and by your words you will be condemned.

Than from social status and age.

The widespread belief that teenagers swear many times more than mature people fails on Russian roads, in auto repair shops and undignified drinking establishments. Here people do not restrain impulses that come from the heart, splashing out a wave of their negativity on their interlocutor and those around them. In most cases, the use of swearing is due to a lack of vocabulary or the fact that a person is not able to express his words and thoughts in a more cultural form.

From the point of view of esotericism and religion, a scolding person decomposes himself from the inside and has a bad influence on the surrounding space, releasing negative energy. It is believed that these people get sick more often than those who keep their tongues clean.

Obscene language can be heard in completely different layers. Often in the media you can find reports about yet another scandal involving famous politicians or movie and show business stars who publicly used profanity. The paradox is that even those who use swear words to connect words in a sentence condemn this behavior of celebrities and consider it unacceptable.

The attitude of the law towards the use of profanity

People use foul language regardless of profession, income and level of education. However, for many, the presence of elderly people, young children and work that requires polite interaction with people is a deterrent.

Resourceful people found a way out of the situation a couple of decades ago: along with swearing, a surrogate appeared in oral speech. The words “damn”, “star”, “to get out” do not seem to be obscenities in the literal sense of the word and cannot fall under the corresponding article by definition, but they carry the same meaning and the same negative as their predecessors, and such words are constantly being replenished.

On forums and in news discussions, the use of strong words is usually prohibited, but surrogates successfully bypassed this barrier. Thanks to the emergence of an obscene surrogate, parents no longer hesitate to use it in the presence of children, harming the cultural development of their child, introducing the immature to the use of swear words.

Taboo vocabulary includes certain layers of vocabulary that are prohibited due to religious, mystical, political, moral and other reasons. What are the prerequisites for its occurrence?

Types of taboo vocabulary

Among the subtypes of taboo vocabulary, one can consider sacred taboos (on pronouncing the name of the creator in Judaism). The anathema to pronouncing the name of the intended game during a hunt belongs to a mystical taboo layer. It is for this reason that the bear is called “master” in baiting, and the word “bear” itself is derived from the phrase “in charge of honey.”

Obscene vocabulary

One of the most significant types of taboo vocabulary is obscene or obscene vocabulary, in common parlance – obscene language. From the history of the emergence of Russian obscene vocabulary, three main versions can be distinguished. Proponents of the first hypothesis claim that Russian swearing arose as a legacy of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Which in itself is controversial, given that most obscene roots go back to Proto-Slavic origins. According to the second version, abusive lexemes once had several lexical meanings, one of which over time replaced all the others and became attached to the word. The third theory states that swear words were once a significant component of occult rituals of the pre-Christian period.

Let's consider lexical metamorphoses using the example of the most iconic formulations. It is known that in ancient times, “poherit” meant “to cross out a cross.” Accordingly, the cross was called “dick”. The expression “fuck you all” was introduced into use by ardent supporters of paganism. Thus, they wished Christians to die on the cross by analogy with their own god. Needless to say, current users of the language use this word in a completely different context.

Swearing also played an important role in rites and rituals of pagan origin, usually associated with fertility. In addition, it should be noted that most conspiracies for death, illness, love spells, etc. abound in obscene lexemes.

It is known that many lexical units, now considered obscene, were not such until the 18th century. These were completely ordinary words that denoted parts (or features of the physiological structure) of the human body and more. Thus, the Proto-Slavic “jebti” originally meant “to hit, hit”, “huj” - “a needle of a coniferous tree, something sharp and prickly.” The word “pisda” was used to mean “urinary organ.” Let us remember that the verb “whore” once meant “to talk idle talk, to lie.” “Fornication” is “deviation from the established path”, as well as “illegal cohabitation”. Later both verbs merged into one.

It is believed that before the invasion of Napoleonic troops in 1812, swear words were not particularly in demand in society. However, as it turned out in the process, hazing was much more effective in the trenches. Since then, swearing has confidently taken root as the main form of communication among the troops. Over time, the officer stratum of society popularized obscene language to such an extent that it became urban slang.

Video on the topic

Sources:

• how swearing (taboo vocabulary) appeared in 2019
• Taboo words and euphemisms (profanity) in 2019
• (OBVIOUS SPEECH AND OBVIOUS USE) in 2019

Modern dictionaries and reference books explain the term “expletive language” as a category of language related to obscene language. Often a parallel is drawn, or even a complete synonymization of the concepts of “abusive language” and “obscene”. It is assumed that swear words include only obscene, obscenely vile, vulgar words and expressions. And abusive language itself is regarded as a spontaneous reaction to certain events or sensations.

Instructions

According to the definition of swear words as part of obscene language, there is a certain thematic classification of swear words and expressions:
- emphasized negative characteristics of a person, including obscene definitions;
- names of taboo body parts;
- obscene names of sexual intercourse;
- names of physiological acts and the results of their administration.

Everything would be too simple and clear if not for one “but”. You don’t need to be a professional linguist not to trace the similarities in words and expressions: “abusive”, “self-assembly”, “battlefield”, “decoration”. Some linguists explain this similarity by its origin in the vocabulary of the predecessor of the Indo-European language. The lexical unit of the proto-language - “br”, could mean the common property of the tribe, food, and was the basis for the word formation of many terms from which the words “take”, “brushna”, as well as “bor”, “bee-keeper” were derived. It is assumed that the expression “abuse” could come from military spoils, and “battlefield” is a field of spoils. Hence the “self-assembled tablecloth” and, characteristically, “burden/pregnancy/pregnancy”, as well as agricultural terms - “harrow”, “furrow”.

Over time, words associated with the reproduction of offspring were grouped into the category of “swear words,” but they did not belong to obscenity vocabulary. Swear words were classified as taboo; only priests could use them and only in cases prescribed by custom, mainly in erotic rituals associated with agricultural magic. This guides the hypothesis about the origin of the word “mate” - agriculture - “swear words” - “mother - cheese”.

With the adoption of Christianity, the use of swear words was completely prohibited, but among the people, most words in this category were not positioned as offensive. Until the 18th century, modern swear words were used as an equal part of the Russian language.

Video on the topic

Please note

The list of swear words is not constant - some words go away or lose their negative connotation, such as the word “ud”, which is not perceived by contemporaries as anything other than the root of the word “fishing rod”, but in the 19th century was prohibited for use at the legislative level as a designation of male sexual organ.

The list of dirty words is quite wide. Surely you have had to catch the following constructions in your interlocutor’s speech: “in general”, “as if”, “this”, “well”, “so to speak”, “this is the same”, “what’s his name”. The word Ok (“okay”), which came from the English language, has recently become very widespread among young people.

Weedy words are an indicator of general and speech culture

Among the verbal garbage there is also something that is considered indecent in any cultural society. We are talking about profanity. Elements of obscene language, without a doubt, indicate an extremely low level of general culture. Swearing carries a very strong expressive charge. In some cases, socially acceptable substitutes for obscene words are used, for example, “Christmas trees.” It is better to refrain from even such seemingly harmless expressions, even if the situation encourages an emotional reaction.

If you notice signs of dirty words in your speech, try to take control of them. Awareness of a speech deficiency is the first step towards eliminating it. Constantly monitoring the quality of your speech will help you express your thoughts more accurately and become a pleasant conversationalist.

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RUSSIAN MAT

Every person in Russia from very early childhood begins to hear words that they call obscene, obscene, obscene. Even if a child grows up in a family where they do not use swear words, he still hears it on the street, becomes interested in the meaning of these words, and pretty soon his peers explain the swear words and expressions to him. In Russia, attempts have been made repeatedly to combat the use of obscene words and fines have been introduced for swearing in public places, but to no avail. There is an opinion that swearing in Russia flourishes due to the low cultural level of the population, but I can name many names of highly cultured people of the past and present, who belonged and belong to the most highly intelligent and cultural elite and at the same time - great swearers in everyday life and not They avoid swearing in their works. I do not justify them and do not encourage everyone to use swear words. God forbid! I am categorically against swearing in public places, against the use of obscene words in works of art, and especially on television. However, swearing exists, lives and is not going to die, no matter how much we protest against its use. And there is no need to be hypocrites and close your eyes, we need to study this phenomenon both from the psychological side and from the point of view of linguistics.

I started collecting, studying and interpreting swear words as a student in the sixties. The defense of my Ph.D. thesis took place in such secrecy, as if it were about the latest nuclear research, and immediately after the defense, the dissertation was sent to special library depositories. Later, in the seventies, when I was preparing my doctoral dissertation, I needed to clarify some words, and I was unable to obtain my own dissertation from the Lenin Library without special permission from the authorities. This was the case quite recently, when, as in the famous joke, everyone pretended to know diamat, although no one knew it, but everyone knew mate, but pretended not to know it.

Currently, every second writer uses obscene words in his works, we hear swear words from the television screen, but still for several years not a single publishing house to which I offered to publish a scientific explanatory dictionary of swear words decided to publish it. And only abridged and adapted for a wide range of readers, the dictionary saw the light of day.

To illustrate the words in this dictionary, I widely used folklore: obscene jokes, ditties that have long lived among the people, were often used, but were published in recent years, as well as quotes from the works of classics of Russian literature from Alexander Pushkin to Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Many quotes are taken from the poems of Sergei Yesenin, Alexander Galich, Alexander Tvardovsky, Vladimir Vysotsky and other poets. Of course, I could not do without the works of Ivan Barkov, without “Russian Treasured Tales” by A. I. Afanasyev, without folk obscene songs, poems and poems, without modern writers such as Yuz Aleshkovsky and Eduard Limonov. A treasure trove for researchers of Russian swearing is the cycle of hooligan novels by Pyotr Aleshkin, which are almost entirely written in obscene words. I could illustrate this dictionary only with quotations from his works.

The dictionary is intended for a wide range of readers: for those interested in swear words, for literary editors, for translators from Russian, etc.

In this dictionary, I did not indicate in what environment the word functions: whether it refers to criminal slang, youth slang or the slang of sexual minorities, because the boundaries between them are quite fluid. There are no words that are used in one environment. I also indicated only the obscene meaning of the word, leaving other, ordinary meanings outside of it.

And one last thing. You are holding in your hands the explanatory dictionary “Russian swearing”! Remember that it contains only swearing, obscene, obscene words. You won't meet anyone else!

Professor Tatyana Akhmetova.