Book vocabulary makes up a significant layer of the dictionary. Examples of book words: analogous (cf. stylistically neutral similar, similar), hypothesis (cf. assumption), argue (cf. prove), differentiate (cf.
Distinguish, delimit), silence (cf. silence), absolutely (cf. completely, completely: absolutely healthy - completely, completely healthy), etc.
The main areas of use of book vocabulary are various genres of book and written speech: scientific article, law, business correspondence, newspaper, radio and television correspondence, etc.
In terms of the nature and degree of expressive-stylistic coloring, book words are not the same. Particularly highlighted are words that, in addition to the general connotation of bookishness, have a connotation of solemnity; they form a group of sublime, or high, vocabulary. These are words such as, for example, good, proclaim, listen, inspired, sing, eyes, lips, homeland, accomplishments, coming, for, so that, etc. (as we see, among the sublime vocabulary there are many outdated words). The area of use of high vocabulary is some genres of poetry, as well as prose texts created on the occasion of any special events (cf., for example, anniversary articles and speeches).
High vocabulary can be used in artistic or journalistic text to create a comic effect. For example: “And this faithful guard, unexpectedly for everyone around him, was inflamed with an unbridled passion for the good that he was called upon to guard” (from a newspaper feuilleton).
In addition to high vocabulary, book vocabulary includes groups of scientific and official business vocabulary. Scientific, in addition to special terms (see § 82), include many words that accurately name certain phenomena, properties, actions and do not contain evaluations: analyze, actual, conclusion, identity, visual, identical, relatively, monograph, dissertation, structure and etc. 10-
Official business vocabulary includes words used primarily in the field of business relations between people and institutions and having a “clerical” connotation: such, for lack of, in view of, the above, the undersigned, plaintiff, defendant, record, authorize, etc.
More on the topic § 85. BOOK VOCABULARY:
- Book vocabulary. Book vocabulary groups. Derivational features of book words. Stylistic notes in explanatory dictionaries characterizing the book form of the modern language.
- Functional-style stratification of vocabulary. Colloquial and book vocabulary (varieties). Expressively colored vocabulary. The use of functionally fixed and express-colored vocabulary in various styles of speech. Stationery and stamps.
- RESTRUCTURING RELATIONS BETWEEN VARIETIES OF BOOK LANGUAGE AS A RESULT OF PUSHING BOOK LANGUAGE FROM SPOKEN LANGUAGE. DEVELOPMENT OF A GRAMMARICAL APPROACH TO BOOK LANGUAGE (XIV-XVI centuries)
Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including in a newspaper), and in business documents, and in fiction*, why They are difficult to assign to any particular style. These include: aboriginal, hypothesis, hyperbolize, view, disharmonize, given("this"), disorient, declarative, slapstick, introduction, emergence, innate, pompous, hegemony, illusion, illusory, intuition, eradication, dry up, for, origins, count, indifferent, proper, transformation, touch, illumination("image, display"), colleague, motive("cause"), punctual, original, unreal, find, sudden, prevail, due to the fact that, loss etc.
* So, for example, the word transformation can be found in the author’s language of the fiction writer, in journalistic and scientific works (below it is in italics): “At that time I was very busy transformation Konstantinovsky Land Survey School to the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute" (S. Aksakov); "Methods were demonstrated transformation telephone into a microphone that transmits received speech over a distance of hundreds of kilometers" (New World. 1971. No. 11. P. 176), etc.
In addition, bookish words are words that can hardly be said to be used in different styles of writing, but which are clearly uncharacteristic of casual conversation. These are, for example, memorable, excess, overthrow, gain etc.
Some book words stand out for their “scientific” character, gravitate towards (but do not belong!) to scientific terminology ( impulsive, intense, hypothesis, hyperbolize, prevail, illusory etc.), which gives grounds for some linguists to call them “general scientific words.” Others constitute a category that can conditionally be called book-literary ( overthrow, loss, mortal, hope, thirst, lofty, sweet-tongued, memorable, scourge, trend, powerful, unattainable, visit, pet, gain etc.). At the same time (this is worth emphasizing again) neither one nor the other belongs to any one style. So, hypothesis, intensive, identical, isolate, interpretation, ignore, transform, characterize and others are used not only in scientific works, but also in journalism (and some of them, such as, intense, transformation, characterized, and in official business documents); words introduction, implementation, implementation etc. are characteristic not only of the language of journalism, but also of the language of official business documents; book and literary plunge, crave, memorable, scourge, fermentation, unattainable etc. are inherent not only in the language of fiction, but also in the language of journalism, etc.
The “bookishness” of book vocabulary can be different. In some cases it is not very noticeable, not very distinct; words with such a faint bookishness are called moderately bookish*. These include many verbal nouns in -nie, -nie, -ie, formed from stylistically neutral and moderately literary verbs: arising, taking, touching, weighing, receiving, touching, considering, walking etc., as well as nouns such as significance, exile, incident, origins, measure, enemy, innovation, appearance, inhabitant, object(in the meaning of “a phenomenon, object, person to which someone’s activity, someone’s attention is directed”), carnage etc. The words are also moderately bookish congenital, lofty(And pomp), significant(And significantly, significance), visible(visibly), perverted(perverted, perversity), sophisticated(sophisticated, sophistication), sudden(suddenly, suddenness), unattainable(unattainable), immemorial;inexhaustible, repeated(repeatedly, repeated), charming(charming, charming), seductive(seductively), erect, lay down, arise, renew, infuse(hope, faith) choose, get rid of("to eradicate"), isolate, dry up, resent, decapitate, effectuate, characterize;very, from the outside, must;something, several(meaning "to some extent": " some tired"), some, as a result, since etc.**
* The authors of the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which bookish vocabulary is in principle distinguished (with the mark “bookish.”), do not give marks to moderately bookish words, considering them stylistically neutral. More or less consistently, this vocabulary is qualified as book vocabulary in the "Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language" according to d ed. D.N. Ushakova.
** You can indicate that some, i.e. moderate, bookishness distinguishes gerunds and participles formed not only from moderately bookish, but also from stylistically neutral verbs.
In other words, “bookishness” is felt much more clearly. That is why they are called purely bookish. This: altruism, hypothesis, doctrinaire, hypothetical, hyperbole, hyperbolize, hypertrophied, for, illusory, indifferent, colleague, lapidary, nuance, unshakable, neophyte, bearer, nostalgia, promised, clothe, foreseeable, acquire, odious, burden, prerogative, pet, piety, precedent, zealous, truism etc.
A significant part of bookish words (moderately and strictly bookish) do not express any emotional assessment, but only name some phenomena, objects, properties, actions (usually of an abstract nature). In many cases, they have an inter-style synonym that completely matches their meaning: given – this;hyperbolize - exaggerate;someone - someone;significant - big;a few - a little;for, since - because;lapidary - short;once upon a time - once upon a time etc.
But among the book vocabulary there are also words that, in addition to denoting the corresponding phenomena, properties, actions, also contain their assessment - positive or negative, disapproving. This evaluation of words is usually indicated in explanatory dictionaries by the corresponding mark (“iron.” - ironic, “joking.” - humorous, “with a tinge of disapproval,” “with a tinge of disdain,” etc.) or by the interpretation of the meaning itself. Litter "shutl." stands, for example, in the words great, green, dwelling, clothe (and vestments) and some etc.; marked "iron." we find with the words mortal, lofty, most humble, panacea, notorious, person(in the meaning of “person”, “personality”), etc. And the evaluative value of such words as doctrinaire, vandalism, insinuation, obscurantist, spotlight etc. shown in dictionaries with a corresponding explanation of the meaning of the word. For example:
Vandalism– merciless destruction and destruction of cultural and artistic monuments*.
Doctrinaire- a person who blindly and pedantically follows any particular doctrine; scholastic, reciter.
* In this and other interpretations given below, words expressing an assessment of the phenomenon or person they call are highlighted.
Vocabulary of book styles (also called “vocabulary of written speech”*) are words that are typical for book presentation, are used primarily in written speech and are not typical for ordinary, casual conversation.
* See, for example: Modern Russian language / Ed. D.E. Rosenthal. 4th ed. M., 1984. P. 82, etc.
As can be seen from the definition, for a correct understanding of what kind of vocabulary we are talking about, we must remember two parts of this definition: the one where the characteristic characteristic of this vocabulary is stated ("... such words and phrases that are characteristic of book presentation are used mainly in written speech...") and those where another sign is denied ("...uncharacteristic of ordinary casual conversation").
If we forget about the second part of the definition, then we can, firstly, erroneously classify all words that are found in books and in written speech as the vocabulary of book styles, and secondly, we may not consider bookish words that are sometimes used in casual conversation to be bookish ( although they are uncharacteristic for him).
From what has been said, it is clear that the term “vocabulary of book styles” is to some extent arbitrary: after all, we are talking not only about words that are typical specifically for books, but also about words that are typical for newspapers, and for the speech of a speaker, and for business papers*.
* The term “vocabulary of written speech” is also conventional to a certain extent. It also cannot be taken literally, since many words in the speech of the speaker or speaker are also not characteristic of ordinary, relaxed conversation. They resemble the language of books and therefore also belong to the vocabulary of written (book) styles.
So, words used in written speech, in books, uncharacteristic for the conversation of people connected by informal relationships, casual conversation, belong to those that make up the vocabulary of book styles.
In the vocabulary of book styles, several categories of words are distinguished: scientific vocabulary (medical, biological, chemical, etc.), production and technical *, official business, social journalistic, poetic and, finally, words that are difficult to assign to any or a certain style of written speech (they could be called “general book”). In the future, they will be called “book words”** (for more information about them, see the section “Book words”).
* Scientific and production-technical words, which belong to non-national vocabulary, are not discussed in detail in this section for the following reasons. When using them directly, i.e. when used in specialized literature, in the trade press, they appear as devoid of any expressive properties, since they are the officially accepted names of the corresponding special objects and phenomena.
In the same case, when they are used outside of special contexts, their properties coincide with the properties of “book” or neutral words. The question that arises with such use about functions and methods of entering them into non-specialized text is of independent interest for the problem of using non-popular words, which is not directly related to the problem of using stylistically colored vocabulary.
** From the above it is clear that the term “bookish” is used (as part of the term “Vocabulary of Book Styles”) both in relation to all words that are not typical for casual conversation, and in relation to a certain part of these words.
Official business vocabulary is given in dictionaries with the mark “official.” - official.
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary does not have a single mark in dictionaries. In Ushakov's Dictionary, the words of this group are labeled "newspapers." - newspaper, "public." – journalistic or “rhetoric.” – rhetorical (sometimes “bookish.” and less often “poet.”). In the "Dictionary of the Russian Language" S.I. Ozhegov and in the 4-volume “Dictionary of the Russian Language” of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the words of newspaper and journalistic vocabulary are marked “high.” – high (or are given without any markings). The 17-volume Dictionary of the USSR Academy of Sciences does not highlight this vocabulary in any way.
Poetic vocabulary is usually given with the mark “poet.”, and sometimes with the mark “high.”.
Finally, the last category of words in the vocabulary of book styles, which we agreed to call “bookish,” is usually accompanied by the label “bookish.” (and sometimes with the mark “high,” i.e., the same as the words of newspaper, journalistic and poetic vocabulary).
And now in more detail about the named groups of vocabulary of book styles.
Book words
Book words (vocabulary of book styles) are words that are found in scientific literature (in articles, monographs, textbooks), and in journalism (including in a newspaper), and in business documents, and in fiction*, why They are difficult to assign to any particular style. These include: aboriginal, hypothesis, hyperbolize, view, disharmonize, given ("this"), disorient, declarative, slapstick, introduction, emergence, innate, pompous, hegemony, illusion, illusory, intuition, eradication, dry up, for, origins , count, indifferent, proper, transformation, touch, lighting (“image, display”), colleague, motive (“reason”), punctual, original, unreal, find, sudden, prevail, due to, due to the fact that, loss, etc. .
* So, for example, the word transformation can be found in the author’s language of the fiction writer, in journalistic and scientific works (below it is in italics): “At that time I was very busy transforming the Konstantinovsky Land Survey School into the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute” (S. Aksakov); “Methods have been demonstrated for converting a telephone into a microphone that transmits received speech over a distance of hundreds of kilometers” (New World. 1971. No. 11. P. 176), etc.
In addition, bookish words are words that can hardly be said to be used in different styles of writing, but which are clearly uncharacteristic of casual conversation. These are, for example, memorable, excess, overthrow, gain, etc.
Some book words stand out for their “scientific” character, gravitate (but do not belong!) to scientific terminology (impulsive, intense, hypothesis, hyperbolize, prevail, illusory, etc.), which gives grounds for some linguists to call them “general scientific words” . Others make up a category that can conventionally be called bookish and literary (overthrow, loss, mortal, hope, thirst, lofty, sweet-tongued, memorable, scourge, trend, powerful, unattainable, visit, pet, gain, etc.). At the same time (this is worth emphasizing again) neither one nor the other belongs to any one style. Thus, hypothesis, intensive, identical, isolate, interpretation, ignore, transformation, characterize, etc. are used not only in scientific works, but also in journalism (and some of them, such as intensive, transformation, characterize, and in official -business documents); the words introduction, assign, implementation, etc. are characteristic not only of the language of journalism, but also of the language of official business documents; bookish and literary terms: to overthrow, to crave, memorable, scourge, fermentation, unattainable, etc. are inherent not only in the language of fiction, but also in the language of journalism, etc.
The “bookishness” of book vocabulary can be different. In some cases it is not very noticeable, not very distinct; words with such a faint bookishness are called moderately bookish*. These include many verbal nouns na -nie, -enie, -tie, formed from stylistically neutral and moderately literary verbs: emergence, taking, touching, weighing, receiving, touching, considering, walking, etc., as well as such nouns such as significance, exile, incident, origins, measure, enemy, innovation, appearance, inhabitant, object (in the meaning of “a phenomenon, object, person to which someone’s activity, someone’s attention is directed”), massacre, etc. The words innate, pompous (and pompous), significant (and significantly, significance), visible (visibly), perverted (perversely, perversity), sophisticated (sophisticated, sophistication), sudden (suddenly, suddenness), unattainable are also moderately bookish. (unattainable), immemorial; inexhaustible, repeated (repeatedly, repeatedly), charming (charming, charming), seductive (seductively), erect, lay, arise, renew, instill (hope, faith), choose, get rid of ("eradicate"), isolate, dry up, indignant , behead, implement, characterize; very, from the outside, must; something, somewhat (in the meaning of “to some extent”: “somewhat tired”), some, as a result, since, etc.**
* The authors of the 4-volume Dictionary of the Russian Language, in which bookish vocabulary is in principle distinguished (with the mark “bookish.”), do not give marks to moderately bookish words, considering them stylistically neutral. More or less consistently, this vocabulary is qualified as book vocabulary in the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, ed. D.N. Ushakova.
** You can indicate that some, i.e. moderate, bookishness distinguishes gerunds and participles formed not only from moderately bookish, but also from stylistically neutral verbs.
In other words, “bookishness” is felt much more clearly. That is why they are called purely bookish. These are: altruism, hypothesis, doctrinaire, hypothetical, hyperbole, hyperbolize, hypertrophied, for, illusory, indifferent, colleague, lapidary, nuance, unshakable, neophyte, bearer, nostalgia, promised, clothe, foreseeable, find, odious, burden, prerogative, pet, piety, precedent, zealous, truism, etc.
A significant part of bookish words (moderately and strictly bookish) do not express any emotional assessment, but only name some phenomena, objects, properties, actions (usually of an abstract nature). In many cases, they have an interstyle synonym that completely coincides with them in meaning: given - this; hyperbolize - exaggerate; someone - someone; significant - large; a few - a little; for, since – because; lapidary – short; once - once upon a time, etc.
But among the book vocabulary there are also words that, in addition to denoting the corresponding phenomena, properties, actions, also contain their assessment - positive or negative, disapproving. This evaluation of words is usually indicated in explanatory dictionaries by the corresponding mark (“iron.” - ironic, “joking.” - humorous, “with a tinge of disapproval,” “with a tinge of disdain,” etc.) or by the interpretation of the meaning itself. Litter "shutl." It stands, for example, with the words great, green, dwelling, clothed (and vestments) and some. etc.; marked "iron." we find in the words mortal, pompous, all-low, panacea, notorious, persona (in the meaning of “person”, “personality”), etc. And the evaluative value of such words as doctrinaire, vandalism, insinuation, obscurantist, projector, etc. shown in dictionaries with a corresponding explanation of the meaning of the word. For example:
Vandalism is the merciless destruction and destruction of cultural and artistic monuments*.
A doctrinaire is a person who blindly and pedantically follows a particular doctrine; scholastic, reciter.
* In this and other interpretations given below, words expressing an assessment of the phenomenon or person they call are highlighted.
Official words
Official words are words characteristic of the language of business papers, official documents - orders, decrees, instructions, certificates, reports, resolutions, official letters, etc.: incoming (outgoing) (about documents), collection, above-mentioned, above-mentioned, above-mentioned, capable, premarital, homeownership, subsidy, testator, tenant, memorandum, residence, lessor, presence, due, tenant, failure to leave, non-identification, failure to provide, non-payment, failure to appear, following, capable, transmitting, reside, complicity, party (about a person or an institution entering into business contact), notify, notice, loss, theft; prepositions at the expense of, along the line, in business, henceforth to, in part, for the purpose, in fulfillment, etc. All this vocabulary is non-evaluative, which is predetermined by the scope of its application, which excludes the possibility of expressing emotions and subjective assessments.
Newspaper and journalistic words
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is vocabulary typical for articles on political topics, works of a socio-economic and political nature, for oratory, newspapers.
A significant layer of it consists of words that give the statement a solemn, pathetic character, which is why they are usually called “lofty.” These include: selfless, proclaim, crucible, herald, banner, messenger, listen (“to closely follow something”), inscribe, daughter, son (“about people as bearers of the best traits of their people, their country”), irresistible (irreducible, invincible), indissoluble (indissoluble, indissoluble), step, create (creation), toast, champion, life-giving, bold (audacious, boldness), selfless (selfless), accomplish, accomplishment, now, commandment, chosen one, leadership, herald, godina, yes (in the function of a particle: “Long live the First of May!”), etc.
Among the high newspaper and journalistic vocabulary there are words that express a positive assessment of the phenomenon, object, person, etc. called with their help. In explanatory dictionaries, the value of these words is reflected in the interpretation. For example:
Daughter is about a woman who is closely, blood-connected with her people and country.
A citizen is a conscious member of society.
The chosen one is the one who is chosen to perform some high duties.
Such lofty words as coming, now, leadership, toast, accomplish, crucible, army, etc. do not contain evaluations. Indicative in this regard in dictionaries are those interpretations of the above words in which only interstyle synonyms are used. For example:
Complete - complete.
Now - now.
Leadership - leadership, leadership.
Some of the words of newspaper and journalistic vocabulary (they are not high) express irony or contempt: clique, greyhound writer, pygmy, foam remover, puppet, puppet, mercenary, etc.
Newspaper and journalistic vocabulary also includes words that are not emotionally charged, characteristic specifically of the language of modern newspaper, radio and television practice (they are also not among the high ones). A distinctive feature of such words is, in most cases, the figurative nature of their “newspaper” use. These are: service (“household service”, “customer service”, etc.), kaleidoscope (“news kaleidoscope”), formula (“success formula”, “speed formula”), orbit (“in the football orbit”), news, pulse (“pulse of the planet”), country (“country of philately”, “journey to the land of health”), mosaic (“foreign mosaic”), trip (“get a start in life”, “trip to great art”), contact, dialogue (“dialogue between filmmakers from different countries”), etc.
Some of the words (as well as phrases) figuratively used in the newspaper, typical for the newspaper, radio, are used to express a positive attitude towards the named object, phenomenon: dynasty (“sports dynasty”, “miner’s dynasty”), green outfit, labor landing, etc.
Poetic words
In the vocabulary of book styles there are words that are called poetic. At first glance, the recognition of some words as specifically poetic may seem strange: after all, modern poets actively use a variety of categories of vocabulary - bookish, and (very widely) colloquial, and colloquial (for the content of these terms, see pp. 126 and 128) and even special. Nevertheless, in modern poetic texts there are words that are characteristic specifically of the language of poetry. It is significant that the authors of the modern "Dictionary of Synonyms of the Russian Language" ed. A.P. Evgenieva labels poetic words with the mark “trad.-poet.” (traditional poetic), thereby emphasizing that the tradition of using special words in poetry, unique to it (or most characteristic of it) words is alive. Poetic words include: lot (“fate, fate”), muse, sovereign, fatherly, oak grove (“forest in general”), eyes, azure, azure, unspeakable, darling, scarlet, crimson, sweet, crown (“decorate with a wreath” ), sing, pearl, blush, red, click, prophetic, coming*, non-silent, send, after, boat, bosom, crystal (“clear, pure, transparent”), luminary, down, shelter (“protection, cover”) , stain, oh!, flame, etc. Some of them have an archaic connotation (in explanatory dictionaries they are labeled “obsolete.”, in addition to the label “poet.”). These are words such as down, lot, muse, after, womb, send down, boat, flame, brow and some. etc.**
* Also used in newspaper language.
** Here are a few examples from modern poetic texts that contain archaic poetisms:
In the village I am grateful to the house
And grateful to the roof, grateful to the stove,
Especially when the trees bend down
And the wind extinguishes the stars like candles.
(D.Sam.)
Not a house on a high rampart,
I am the memory of your home.
Not your friend, a friend sent down by fate,
I am the sound of a distant shot.
(A. Tark.)
Thanks to these powerful monuments,
Theater lights, purple banners
And thanks to the midnight gatherings,
Where everyone is called and everyone is replaced
With the mighty crest of the new surf, -
The wave washes away the wave, and again
The blue bosom sparkles with life.
(P.Ant.)
It is these words that for the most part are used mainly in poetry, while others are azure, unspeakable, coming, sweet, crimson, blush, etc. - can be found both in fiction and journalism. Strictly speaking, these latter lose their predominant assignment to poetry and lyrical prose and merge with other solemn high words (therefore, in the section devoted to the use of vocabulary of book styles, they are considered without special indication that they are also poeticisms).
§ 88. According to linguistic tradition, the following vocabulary stands out against the background of neutral vocabulary: 1) book-written and 2) oral and spoken speech. In dictionaries, the first is marked as “book”, the second as “colloquial”.
Book vocabulary refers to words that are used exclusively or predominantly in the written and book sphere; introducing them into colloquial speech gives it a touch of bookishness. Actually, all categories of words with functional and stylistic overtones given in the previous section are included in book vocabulary, although the latter is not limited to the marked series of words. In the book vocabulary there is a layer of words with the coloring “bookish” and layers of words with a double coloring: “bookish and official business”, “bookish and scientific”, “bookish and journalistic”, “bookish and poetic”. At the same time, book vocabulary can have various types of expressive and emotional coloring.
Examples of book vocabulary: analogy, anomalous, antipode, apologist, apotheosis, a priori, aspect, association, vandalism, vassal, variation, vote, persecution, statehood, disorientation, dequalification, declarative, unanimity, for, isolation, impulse, quintessence etc. In part, this category of words is close to general scientific vocabulary, and in part - to commonly used ones.
Colloquial vocabulary is words that, being literary, give speech a colloquial character. Being introduced into book and written speech, they violate the unity of style. Examples: gasp, joke, balam, chase, to pieces, fidgety, grumbling, waddle, cry, dress up, bungler, reveler, cheap, malicious, greedy, hitch, sucker, mischief, snapped up, tender, slap, get sick, push through etc.
The difference in stylistic coloring between book and colloquial vocabulary is more noticeable when comparing synonyms (where they exist) and against the background of neutral vocabulary. Wed:
The vocabulary of conversational stylistic coloring (at the same time characteristic of the predominantly oral form of everyday communication) is correlated with the colloquial everyday functional style and has its coloring.
§ 89. At the same time, the vocabulary of oral and everyday speech can be differentiated according to the “degree of literariness.” As the name suggests, this is a normative aspect, not a stylistic one. However, the layers of vocabulary that make up the spoken vocabulary are stylistically colored differently and differ in their areas of application. Therefore, this aspect can also be considered as functional-stylistic (in the broad sense of the word).
According to the “degree of literaryness” and according to the stylistic coloring accompanying one or another “degree,” the vocabulary of oral and colloquial speech is represented by the following varieties:
1) strictly colloquial vocabulary (which has already been discussed), often with a touch of familiarity;
2) colloquial vocabulary.
Spoken words themselves do not violate the norms of the literary language and are limited only by the sphere of use (oral and everyday), while colloquial words seem to stand on the verge of literary use and even usually go beyond the boundaries of the literary language. (Colloquial speech is usually defined in comparison with dialect vocabulary. Vernacular is the vocabulary of a low-culture urban environment, known and used, unlike dialect, everywhere.) Vernacular speech is usually divided into coarse (non-literary) and non-coarse (acceptable in everyday oral speech).
Examples of non-rude vernacular: nonsense, feeding, weasel, idle talker, stingy .; huge, stupefied, cowardly, flimsy", get up in arms, lie, bawle, squeeze, catch a cold, reproach, blurt out, yell, strum, spout etc.
Rubo-colloquial vocabulary (vulgarisms): nonsense, firebrand, pentyukh, belly, snout, bitch, mug, hakhal, trash, punks; eat, smack, crack(There is), stitch up(translated), get high(with someone) bark, lick(kiss), etc. As you can see, this includes swear words.
There are also colloquial words that, while violating the norms of the literary language, do not have evaluative or stylistic coloring (except for the signs that define a given word as colloquial non-literary). Therefore they are not considered here. Examples of similar words: see, quickly, ahead of time, theirs, click, kid, here, go(introductory word) dress up(bargain) click, passion(Very), frighten, ill, very(Very). They are used in fiction to characterize characters in speech.
Colloquial vocabulary, although undesirable, is possible in the sphere of written and book communication and only violates stylistic norms (and even then not always: the use of colloquial words is completely justified in journalism, even in scientific polemics, not to mention fiction). It is known that the modern Russian literary language is characterized by a tendency to spread the means of colloquial speech in various spheres of communication. Colloquial speech, especially rude language, is unacceptable in any sphere of literary speech, with very rare exceptions and with a clear stylistic motivation. It is used, for example, in journalism - to express indignation or in fiction - as a means of verbal characterization of a character from a certain social environment. However, in these cases, even in the oral and everyday sphere of communication, the use of colloquial vocabulary should be limited and stylistically motivated. In any case, the speaker must be aware that in such and such a case he is using a colloquial word.
Among the extraliterary vocabulary of oral and colloquial speech, dialectisms should also be mentioned. However, these words, unlike the vast majority of colloquial words, do not themselves have a stylistic connotation. They act in a nominative function, naming objects and phenomena. Of course, among dialectisms there are expressively colored words, but they appear as such in the system of dialectal, not literary speech. So, dialectisms are not a stylistic (or at least not specifically stylistic) layer of the vocabulary of a common language, and a non-literary language at that. Although, as is known, they can and are used for stylistic purposes, especially in fiction, most often as a means of creating local color and speech characteristics of characters. In this book, dialectisms will not be specifically considered.
However, in connection with the process of interaction between the literary language and dialects, the gradual inclusion of some dialectisms in the literary dictionary, as well as in connection with the tradition of using dialectisms in fiction, there is a basis for considering the ethos of the layer of non-literary vocabulary in our classification. From a functional point of view (that is, in terms of its functionality and tradition of use), dialect vocabulary has stylistic potential and can, with a certain reservation, act as one of the stylistic reserves of the dictionary.
In the lexical system, there are often cases when the same word simultaneously has several stylistic connotations (from the point of view of different stylistic aspects). For example: drink(bookish, rhetorical), creator(bookish, rhetorical), clique(book, pub., contempt), painted(colloquial, disdainful), dunce(colloquial, contemptuous), etc.
In addition, there are cases when this or that expressively-emotionally colored word, depending on the context, can modify the shade of its stylistic meaning, i.e. has a peculiar polysemy of shades. For example, in different contextual conditions the following words can acquire different, sometimes even opposite, stylistic connotations - from disapproving or ironic to affectionate (however, they are unable to be neutralized): liar, darling, news, brother, fool, admirer, bigwig, peering etc. Stylistic colors of vocabulary are both a historical and changing phenomenon. The changes cover a range of both emotional-expressive and functional-stylistic colors. Among the latter, terms (especially scientific and business ones) are more stable in color.
Examples of changes in emotional-expressive coloring: battle, battle(from previously neutral and even lofty they turn into playful and ironic), if you please(previously respectful - now humorous), inquire(bookish, solemn - ironic), recline(same) etc.
An example of a change in functional-stylistic coloring: the most humble(previously book-official - now ironic). Wed. also a change in the emotional connotation of words in the post-revolutionary period: master, lady, bureaucrat, official, owner and in post-perestroika: opposition, business, entrepreneur, repentance.
§ 90. All noted variations of stylistically colored vocabulary are revealed, as indicated, against the background of stylistically neutral vocabulary and in connection with contextual conditions and stylistic devices. Neutral in this regard is vocabulary that, being used in all spheres of communication and genres, does not introduce stylistic shades into them and does not have an emotionally expressive assessment, for example: house, table, father, mother, mountain, strong, blue, read, sew, do, through, right, seventh etc. Neutral vocabulary, which makes up a huge fund of the dictionary, is interpreted, however, as such, usually in its basic meanings and typical (generally accepted and commonly used) conditions of use.
It is neutral in the vocabulary and in its most ordinary functioning. At the same time, in real life use, especially in oral speech, in fiction and journalism, so-called neutral words are capable of acquiring the most diverse and unexpected emotional, expressive and even functional stylistic colors. Thus, in these cases, words turn from neutral to stylistically colored (contextually).
In relation to artistic speech, the term neutral vocabulary turns out to be conditional and even simply untenable. After all, this vocabulary makes up the vast majority of words in prose works of art (especially in the author’s speech). Moreover, with the help of these means (although not only these, i.e. not only lexical), a true artist of words achieves unusually bright, impressive imagery. The task of the stylistic researcher is precisely to determine the stylistic significance of vocabulary that is neutral in the general linguistic sense.
