You have studied the section of morphology, which examines a special form of the verb - the gerund. During the lesson you will be able to repeat the morphological features of a gerund, which combines the features of a verb and an adverb. You will also remember the rules for isolating and using participles, writing participles with the particle NOT and the stylistic use of participles.
An adverbial phrase may not denote the action of the subject:
a) if it refers to an infinitive indicating the action of another person: He asked to talk about the trip, giving as many details as possible.
b) if it is used in an impersonal sentence with an infinitive: When moving on to a new topic, you should start by explaining the basic concepts.
Rice. 2. Particle NOT with different parts of speech ()
Participles are written with a negative particle NOTseparately, except in cases when the gerund is not used without NOT.
For example: perplexed, indignant, hating.
Participle despite written with NOT separately, but a pretext despite written with NOT together.
Compare:
He spoke without raising his eyes and despite on those present. He came out despite indignation of those present.
Participial phrases are mainly part of book speech. They are characterized by great expressiveness, due to which they are widely used in the language of fiction. This feature of adverbial constructions is visible from the following example:
Writer Dmitry Vasilyevich Grigorovich, talking about his literary endeavors, recalls a conversation with F.M. Dostoevsky. “I had it written like this: When the organ grinder stops playing, the official throws a nickel from the window, which falls at the feet of the organ grinder. “Not that, not that,” Dostoevsky suddenly spoke irritably, “not that at all!” You sound too dry: the nickel fell at your feet... You should have said: the nickel fell on the pavement, ringing and bouncing...” This remark - I remember very well - was a revelation for me. Yes, indeed, ringing and bouncing - it turns out much more picturesque, it completes the movement...”
Homework
№ 181; № 184; № 185 (Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade." Textbook.- M.:Education, 2012 ) .
Exercise: Copy the text by inserting the missing commas and opening the parentheses. Underline the participial phrases.
That winter, a young she-wolf walked in the pack, having (not) forgotten her childish amusements. During the day, the wolves curled up into balls and dozed, and she jumped up, spun around, trampling the snow and waking up the old people. The wolves (reluctantly) got up and poked their cold noses at her, and she playfully snapped, biting their legs. The old she-wolves curled up and without raising their heads looked at the young prankster.
One night the she-wolf got up and ran into the field, and behind her, the old men shook with their tongues hanging out. The wolves then remained lying down and they ran after the pack.
The wolves ran along the road and shadows glided behind them, breaking in the snow. The snow sparkled like diamonds in the moonlight. The ringing of bells was heard from the village. It seemed as if the stars that had fallen from the sky began to ring as they rolled along the road. The wolves, stuck up to their bellies, retreated into the field and lay down with their muzzles turned to the village. (125 words) (According to I. Sokolov-Mikitov)
Didactic materials. Section "Communications"
Rules of the Russian language. Participle.
Lectures and electronic textbooks. Participle.
4. Website about Russian language and literature ().
Stylistics of parts of speech. Participle.
Literature
1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade." Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
2. Baranova M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. “Russian language. 7th grade." Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
3. “Russian language. Practice. 7th grade." Ed. Pimenova S.N. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. "Russian language. 7th grade. At 3 o'clock." 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012
In the Russian language there are special parts of speech adjacent to a noun or verb. Some linguists consider them to be special verbal forms and explain this by the presence of similar features.
Morphological features
Let's consider in detail, what are participles and gerunds. Even ancient grammarians noted their duality, so they gave them a name meaning “involvement” in a noun or verb.
Communion
Declined, that is, it changes according to gender, number, case, and has a short and full form. At the same time, it has the properties of a verb. For example, having the form:
- checking notebooks (imperfect form) – the one who checks (what is he doing?);
- checker (perfect form) – the one who checked (what did he do?).
Besides , time matters. This is a permanent feature of data having the form either present time(creating) or past(built). There is also the presence of a return form (recognized Xia).
It is characterized by the presence of two voices - passive and active. Passive participles denote a sign of an object experiencing an action (parcel received - parcel received). Real ones reflect the attribute of an object that independently produces an action (a running person is one who runs himself).
From all of the above, the conclusion follows: this part of speech denotes an attribute of an object by action, manifested in time.
Participle
The term originated in the 18th century and means " attitude to action”, as indicated by the first part of the word “dee-” (doer, action). In modern grammar, this name has a part of speech that denotes additive action in relation to the main thing expressed by the verb. Therefore, this form has verbal characteristics:
- view perfect(opening), imperfect (closing);
- repayment(pretending sya).
Perhaps this is where the similarity of the parts of speech under consideration is limited, but there are numerous differences.
How are they different?
First of all, it should be noted that it does not change, that is, it does not decline or conjugate. Therefore, in his morphemic composition no inflection. On the contrary, the endings of participles are their distinguishing feature.
The questions they answer will help you distinguish between these verb forms:
- Full Communion(which (-th; -oe, -ies) ?); short (what (-a; -o, -s)?).
- Participle(what by doing? what by doing? how? in what way?).
Another difference is the different syntactic role. The participle performs the function of an adverbial circumstance (Bending, winding, the river into the distance.). Short Communion is only a predicate (The doors to the world of beautiful dreams are open.). The complete one could be:
- definition (Foaming waves crashed against high, inaccessible rocks.);
- part of a compound nominal predicate (The bread was moldy).
Suffixes
The formation of participles and gerunds occurs in a suffixal way.
Participles are formed from verbs of the corresponding form. Table 1.
| View | Suffixes | Examples |
| Perfect | -v, -lice, -shi | Throwing, bending, saving |
| Imperfect | -a(-i); -uchi (obsolete forms) | Counting, sneaking |
It is the suffixes of participles and gerunds that indicate that words belong to one or another part of speech.
Important! When forming perfective forms, the suffixes -а, -я are not used: incorrect use: after looking, correct use: after looking.
Participles are not formed from the following imperfective verbs:
- ending in -ch (to take care of, burn the stove and others);
- having the suffix -nu- (pull, go out, shout and others);
- run, stab, climb, plow, want, beat, twist, drink, eat, pour, anger, sew, tear, wait, bend, sleep, lie.
The condition for correctly choosing a vowel in the suffixes of present participles is knowledge of the conjugation of verbs. Table 2.
Please note! Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. There are no present tense forms for the verbs: protect, shave, wake, call, write, drink.
Table 3
Table 4
The choice of vowel before -н (н) is determined by the infinitive suffix:
Spelling with NOT
Both parts of speech are written with NOT together, if not used without it, for example: disliked, hating.
In other cases, the gerund s is not always written separately, except for words with the prefix nedo-, which means “less than it should be,” “poorly,” for example, having neglected to look after a child. Compare: without finishing watching the film, that is, without finishing watching the film.
The particle "not" should be written separately with the short form of participles (not embroidered), as well as with the full form in the presence of explanatory words (a novel not published on time), negation (far, at all, never, not at all, not at all, and others) or opposition (not started, but finished) .
Use of one and two letters "n"
Double letter -nn- in the suffixes of full participles it is written, if available:
- prefix: beveled, welded (but: uninvited guest);
- dependent words: steamed in the oven;
- suffixes -ova-, -eva-, -irova-: canned, delighted;
- the word is formed from a perfect verb without a prefix (exception: wounded): deprived.
At the end of short forms there is always one -n-: founded, unpacked.
Isolation of syntactic constructions
This is common punctuation error- incorrectly placed punctuation marks in sentences containing adverbial and participial phrases. The reason lies in the inability to distinguish them from each other, to determine the boundaries of these structures, and to find the word to which they refer.
Let's find out under what conditions they stand out adverbial and participial phrase. Let us present the rules existing in the language with examples.
Participial phrase
Explains a noun or pronoun, is a definition, is isolated if:
- personal: Lulled by his mother's tender words, he slept soundly. I, who knew every path in the surrounding area, was appointed senior reconnaissance group.
- stands after the noun being defined: The soldier, stunned by a shell, fell on the battlefield.
- has a circumstantial meaning of reason or concession: Tired after a long journey, the tourists continued their journey. The tourists continued on their way (despite what?), although they were tired after a long journey. Left to their own devices, the children found themselves in a difficult situation.
The children are in a difficult situation (why?) because they are left to their own devices.
Participial phrase
It denotes the additional action of a predicate verb, is a circumstance, and is always isolated: Rising waves, the sea raged. The old man walked with a limp on one leg.
Important! The exception is phrases that have become stable expressions, such as: holding your breath, headlong, sticking out your tongue, carelessly.
Compare two sentences:
- Sticking out his tongue, the dog was breathing heavily (The dog stuck out his tongue).
- The boy ran with his tongue hanging out (he ran quickly).
In the first case, the sentence contains an adverbial phrase. In the second, the expression “sticking out your tongue” has a figurative meaning. It is easily replaced by one word, the adverb “quickly”, therefore, is, which is not isolated.
Common grammatical errors
The most common mistake is incorrect agreement of the participle with the word being explained, caused by the inability to correctly define it. This can be seen in the following example:
Tikhon was a weak-willed man who completely obeyed his mother, Kabanikha.
The writer asked a question from the word Tikhon, although the participle “submitted” explains another word - “man”. The correct option is:
Tikhon was a weak-willed man (what?), completely subordinate to his mother, Kabanikha.
Passive and active participles are often confused:
There was a winning one among the lottery tickets.
From what is written it turns out: the ticket was won, although the thought is different: the ticket was won, therefore, we use the word won.
When using gerunds, it is important to take into account that both actions, main and additional, must refer to the same person. If this is not done, we will get phrases like this: Comprehending the depth of spiritual values, the hero’s worldview changed.
The additional action expressed by the gerund refers not to the hero who performs the action, but to the word “worldview.”
Correct option: Comprehending the depth of the spiritual values of the people, the hero changed his worldview.
For the same reason, this part of speech cannot be used in impersonal sentences that convey a state rather than an action: Having deceived the mother, the children felt bad.
Communion and gerund: what's the difference? Participial and participial phrases - a simple explanation
Participial phrase
Conclusion
It is impossible to imagine the speech of an educated person without verb forms. The first help to comprehensively characterize the subject. The latter make it possible to simplify speech, to replace a number of homogeneous predicates, denoting not the main action, but a secondary, additional one. If you learn to understand participles, you will be able to make your speech beautiful, bright, and understandable, which is important for achieving success in life.
How to prepare for task A4?
A4 does not require much time and labor. But we'll have to figure something out.
To do this, it is best to refer to examples.
Examples:
Alyoshka was sitting on the windowsill, dangling his legs.
There is a person performing actions. This Alyoshka. Two actions are performed: sat And chatted. One action is basic, and the other is additional: sat- basic, chatted- additional (usually people swing their legs when they sit). Both actions are performed simultaneously.
After kissing her son, the mother left the room.
There is a person performing an action. This mother. Two actions were performed sequentially: kissed - additional, came out - basic:
Having looked at the examples, let us remember what the gerund means.
It is important to realize three points:
1) there is a person performing actions, a producer of actions (one or more),
2) two actions are performed, main and additional (both actions are performed by one person (object) or persons (objects),
3) the main action is expressed by a verb, and the additional action by a gerund.
Examples:
Climbing the mountain, he saw the sea.
This means that
1) he got up
2) he saw it
Therefore: 1) there is an actor: He, 2) he performed the following actions: I got up and saw 3) the main action is expressed by a verb saw, additional - gerund getting up.
Having climbed the mountain, tourists saw the sea.
This means that
1) tourists have risen (several action producers)
2) tourists saw
Therefore: 1) there are actors: tourists, 2) they performed the following actions: got up and saw 3) the main action is expressed by a verb, the additional action by a gerund.
Such two-part simple sentences are the most typical examples of the use of participial phrases in speech.
Are there sentences constructed differently? There are. Let's look at them below.
In preparation for the Unified State Exam, I complete practice tasks.
Definitely a personal proposal. There is a character: this is evidenced by the form of the verb. There is no subject, but it can be restored. Here it can be the personal pronoun of the 1st person singular. I.
Consequently, the use of participial phrases is possible in definite personal sentences with a predicate, an expressed verb in the 1st or 2nd person singular forms. or plural It is important that such proposals relate to a situation in which there is an actor or actors and the actions they perform: main and additional.
When preparing for the Unified State Exam, complete practice tasks.
Definitely a personal proposal. There is a character: the imperative sentence is addressed to him. The predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed by a verb in the form of the imperative singular. Propositions of this kind correspond to a situation in which there is an actor and the actions he performs: main and additional.
When preparing for the Unified State Exam, you need to complete practice tasks.
There is no subject, the predicate is expressed by a verb in the indefinite form of the verb (=in the infinitive form). In such sentences the following words are required: necessary, possible, must, follows (should, should), has to (had to, had to, would have to), succeeded, cannot, impossible, should not, does not have to, failed. In such sentences, personal pronouns in the form D.p. are frequent: me, us, you, you, him, her, them, which will designate the character.
Attention:
Participial phrases are not possible in impersonal sentences.
In Russian you cannot say: Having climbed the mountain, it became completely dark.
Right: When he (I, she, we, they, etc.) climbed the mountain, it became completely dark.
Participles are not possible in passive constructions.
In Russian you cannot say: Having climbed the mountain, they wrote a poem.
Right: Climbing the mountain, he wrote a poem.
Participles are not possible in sentences with personal pronouns in D.p., unless they include an infinitive.
In Russian you cannot say: It was difficult for us while preparing for the Unified State Exam.
Right:When we were preparing for the Unified State Exam, it was difficult for us.
Participles are not possible in sentences with personal pronouns in V.p., unless they include an infinitive.
In Russian you cannot say: While taking the Unified State Exam, he was shaking with excitement.
Right: When he took the Unified State Exam, he was shaking with excitement.
So, in order to complete task A4 correctly, you need to choose a sentence in which both actions are performed by the same person or by the same persons. The meaning of the character must be expressed by a noun or pronoun in the I.p. Designs with D.p. must include an infinitive.
A participial phrase is a participle with dependent words. It is used to add an action that is not the main one, but is also important. The participial phrase always refers to the predicate verb and is emphasized as a circumstance. It turns out that the subject performs both the action of the phrase and the action of the predicate.
Example: Having completed his story, Mikhail immediately sent a letter to the editor.
Mikhail did two things at once: he finished the story and sent the letter. The main action is the second, so the first is transformed into an adverbial form.
Punctuation marks for adverbial verbs
The participial phrase, like the single participle, is separated by a comma. It can appear in any part of a sentence: at the beginning, at the end, and in the middle. This does not change the placement of signs.
- I jumped out of the tree and ran home.
- My father fell silent, looking at me, and sighed heavily.
- Masha perked up when she heard rustling behind her.
Rules for composing sentences with participial phrases
- The participial phrase is used only when it denotes an additional action of the same person as the main verb.
Example: Valentina Stepanovna entered the room, closing the door behind her. (Main action - entered the room, additional action - closed the door)
- You cannot use an adverbial phrase if its action is performed by a person other than the one performing the main action.
Example: Looking at the picture, I liked the jug and the vase.
Important! You can correct the error in such sentences by transforming them.
Example: When looking at the picture, I liked the jug and the vase.
- An adverbial phrase is always separated by a comma, unless it is a phraseological unit.
Example: Andrey worked on the project carelessly.
Examples of participial phrases in fiction
- He walked slowly, but with long steps, lightly supporting himself with a long and thin stick. (I.S. Turgenev, “Notes of a Hunter”)
- The dog was dozing, resting his head on his front paws. (M.N. Bulgakov, “Heart of a Dog”)
- Finding nothing, he stood up and took a deep breath. (F.M. Dostoevsky, “Crime and Punishment”)
Participles and participial phrases, as well as participial phrases, are a characteristic feature of written speech, primarily of the official business and scientific style. They are rare in spoken language. Moreover, it is not recommended to use gerunds in oral speech at all!
But since the participle is a book form, its use often causes difficulties.
When using gerunds and participial phrases in speech, you should pay attention to a complex of factors.
1. It should be remembered that the action expressed by a gerund can only refer to the active subject.
For example, in one of his stories A.P. Chekhov cites an entry in the complaint book of the official Yarmonkin: Approaching this station and looking at nature through the window, my hat flew off. In addition to other speech and grammatical errors, this statement also contains an error in the use of gerunds. The subject of this sentence is a noun hat. In accordance with grammatical rules, it turns out that it was the hat that drove up to the station and admired the beauty of nature outside the window.
In order to correct the sentence in accordance with the norms, it is necessary to change the construction: transform the addition I have(it is the subject of the action) into the subject: Approaching the station I lost my hat.
An exception to this rule is gerunds, which refer to the infinitive expressing the action of another person:
His house was full of guests, ready to entertain his lordly idleness, sharing his noisy and sometimes violent amusements(Pushkin).
In this case, the action of the gerund sharing refers to the supplement guests and grammatically depends on the infinitive amuse.
The phrase proceeding from may not refer to the subject, since the form proceeding is no longer perceived as a gerund:
The calculation is based on average production rates.
2. Precisely because the action of the gerund refers to the subject, gerunds cannot be used in impersonal sentences, that is, where there is no active subject expressed by the nominative case form.
For example: Returning home, I felt sad. Such a statement will be grammatically incorrect, since the action of the gerund returning refers to the supplement to me. To correct a sentence, you must either transform it so that the object becomes the subject (cf.: Returning home I felt sad), or replace the gerund with a predicate verb or with a subordinate clause (cf.: When I was returning home, I was sad).
It is allowed, although not encouraged (!), to use gerunds in those impersonal sentences that include an infinitive ( When returning home, you need to stop at a bakery on the way).
3. For the reason stated above, the use of gerunds in passive (passive) constructions is not allowed, that is, in those sentences where the subject does not indicate the real subject (it is usually expressed by an addition in the instrumental case), but the object of the action.
The predicate in such sentences is usually expressed either by the passive participle (cf.: A soldier was wounded in the head by a grenade fragment), or a reflexive verb with the suffix -sya (cf.: The house is being built by workers). Sentences like:
Coming out of the encirclement, the fighter was wounded in the head; Having found the necessary funds, the house is being built by the workers of our trust.
To make such sentences correct, you must either replace the participial phrase with a synonymous construction, or transform the passive construction into an active one:
When leaving the environment the fighter was wounded in the head by a shrapnel; When a fighter left the encirclement, he was wounded; Having found the necessary funds, the workers of our trust began building a house.
Wed: Arriving in the city of my childhood, I will definitely meet my school friends and my first teacher.
5. Participles usually cannot be combined as homogeneous members with other adverbs or with the predicate. Currently, sentences that can be found in 19th-century literature would be grammatically incorrect:
Pechorin, wrapped in an overcoat and pulling his hat down over his eyes, tried to make his way to the doors(Lermontov); Cavalry Guards galloped, but still holding horses(L. Tolstoy).
Exceptions form participles (most often in the perfect form with the meaning of a state as the result of a previous action), which begin to acquire the characteristics of an adverb. Usually these are circumstances of the course of action. But they can only be homogeneous with circumstances that perform the same function in a sentence!
The lady sat down in a chair sometimes sideways, sometimes tucked in legs(A.N. Tolstoy).
6. The place of the adverbial phrase in the sentence is relatively free. At the same time, there are certain tendencies in placing the participle before or after the predicate.
Before the predicate verb Usually a gerund is used, which denotes the action preceding the action expressed by the predicate verb:
Taking out a handkerchief, Sergei handed it to me(Sergei first took out a handkerchief and then handed it to me).
Before the predicate verb Usually there is also a gerund indicating the cause or condition of the action, since the cause or condition always precedes the effect:
Frightened, Tonya screamed(Tonya screamed because she was scared, and she was scared at first, and then she screamed).
After the predicate verb Usually a gerund is used with the meaning of a subsequent action:
The horse fell, crushing my leg(First the horse fell and then crushed my leg).
7. When using a perfect or imperfect gerund, it is necessary to take into account its semantic relationship with the predicate verb and the form in which the verb appears.
Participle imperfect form usually used if the action expressed by the gerund coincides in time with the action expressed by the predicate verb:
Smiling, she extended her hand to me; Smiling, she extended both hands towards me.
Participle perfect form indicates an action preceding the action expressed by the predicate verb:
Smiling, she extended her hand to me.
When using perfect and imperfect gerunds, word order and other factors should be taken into account. In addition, it is necessary to pay attention to which of the actions is expressed by a gerund and which by a predicate verb. Otherwise, the sentence may become incorrect or inaccurate in terms of the meaning it expresses.
So, in a sentence: Approaching the river, the riders stopped their horses- there is a semantic inaccuracy. The imperfect gerund indicates the coincidence in time of two actions expressed by the verb and the gerund, but in reality the riders first drove up to the river and then stopped the horses. Therefore, it is more appropriate to use the perfect participle: Having approached the river, the riders stopped their horses.
Let's give another example: Newspapers report that Kent went crazy after jumping out of a twentieth-story window.. In this case, the verb should be replaced by a gerund, and the gerund by a verb ( Losing his mind, Kent jumped out of the window). Otherwise, the situation expressed in the sentence will be diametrically opposite to what was in reality. The perfect participle indicates an action that precedes the action expressed by the predicate verb. Therefore, if we leave the original construction ( Kent went crazy after jumping out of a twentieth floor window), then we can decide that Kent first jumped out of the window and only then (in flight) went crazy. And this is nonsense!
