Active participles denote the attribute of an object which. Active and passive participles

The meaning of the participle, its morphological features and syntactic function

Communion - a special (unconjugated) form of the verb, which denotes the attribute of an object by action, answers the question which one? (what kind?) and combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. In a sentence Communion can be a definition or a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: Exhausted by the poisonous night, insomnia and wine, I stand, breathe in front of the brightening window opened into the fog (G. Ivanov); Nice started a glorious thing... (A. Akhmatova).(Together with dependent words, the participle forms participial phrase, which in school practice is usually considered one member of a sentence: exhausted by the poisonous night; into the fog with a brightening window.)

Signs of verb and adjective in participle

Note . Active/passive meaning and tense are expressed in participles using special suffixes.

Participle ranks

Participles are divided into active and passive.

Valid participles denote a sign of an object by the action that the object itself performs: running boy- sign boy by action run, which the boy himself does.

Passive participles denote the attribute of one object by the action performed by another object (i.e., the attribute of the object on which the action has been performed or is being performed): glass broken (by a boy)- sign glasses by action break, which commits boy.

AND valid, And passive participles can be present or past tense (participles have no future tense).

Formation of participles

1. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed only from imperfective verbs (verbs do not have perfective form participles present tense).

2. Passives participles are formed only from transitive verbs (intransitive verbs do not have passive participles).

3. Participles present tense (both active and passive) are formed from the base of the present tense.

4. Participles past tense (both active and passive) are formed from the stem of the infinitive.

5. Passives participles past tense are mainly formed from perfective verbs.

Valid participles present time -ush-/-yush-(from verbs of I conjugation), and -ash-/-box-(from verbs of II conjugation): pish-ut - writer, numaj- ym- reading(from verbs of I conjugation); shout - shouting, speak - speaking(from verbs of II conjugation).

Valid participles past tense formed using suffixes -vsh-, -sh-: write- writing, shouting- shouting, carrying - carrying.

Passive participles present time formed using suffixes -eat-, -om-(from verbs of I conjugation) and -them-(from verbs of II conjugation): chita jut- readable (readable), ved-ut- driven, loved - beloved.

Some transitive imperfective passive verbs participles present tense do not form: wait, prick, take, crush, rub, dig, wash, pour, write, build, chop etc.

Passive participles past tense formed using suffixes -nn-, -enn-, -t-: read- read, build - built, open- open.

Suffix -enn- joins stems with a consonant (p rines you- brought) or on -i (note - noticed).

Note. Most transitive imperfective verbs do not have a passive form. participles past tense.

Short form of participles

Passive participles can have short form: I am not loved by anyone! (G. Ivanov)

IN short form participles (like short adjectives) change only by number and in the singular by gender (short forms do not change by case).

Short form of participles, like the short form of adjectives, is formed from the base of the full participle forms using endings: zero - masculine form, A- female, o - average, s- plural: solved, solvable, solvable, solvable; built, built, built, built.

In a sentence short form of participle is the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: And the sailboat is lit up with a copper-red sunset (G. Ivanov).Short Communion can sometimes serve as a definition, but only isolated and only related to the subject: Pale as a shadow, dressed in the morning , Tatyana is waiting: when will the answer be? (A. Pushkin)

Participles and verbal adjectives

Participles differ from adjectives not only by the presence of morphological features of the verb, but also by their meaning. Adjectives denote permanent characteristics of objects, and participles- signs that develop over time. Wed, for example: red- blushing, flushed; old- aging, aged.

Participles may lose the meaning and characteristics of the verb and turn into adjectives. In this case Communion denotes a permanent attribute of an object (loses the category of time), loses the ability to have subordinate (dependent) words, to control nouns: an out-of-tune piano, a defiant look, an aspiring poet, a brilliant answer. Wed: He also liked Titus Nikonich... beloved by everyone(Communion) and loving everyone (I. Goncharov) And When she played the piano my favorite(adjective) plays... I listened with pleasure (A. Chekhov).

Passive adjectives are most easily converted to participles: reserved character, high spirits, strained relationships, confused appearance.

Participles They are used primarily in bookish speech styles and are almost never found in everyday speech.

Morphological analysis of the participle includes the identification of three constant features (real or passive, aspect, tense) and four non-constant ones (full or short form, gender, number and case). Participles, like the verbs from which they are formed, are characterized by transitivity - intransitivity, reflexivity - irrevocability. These constant signs are not included in the generally accepted analysis scheme, but can be noted.

In the course of studying morphology, schoolchildren study the topic “Suffixes of real and passive participles.” Let’s take a closer look at the intricacies and features of this group.

Communion

What is this interesting phenomenon? To this day, disputes between linguists have not subsided. Opinions are divided: some consider the sacrament because it has a number of its own characteristics. Others are sure that this is just a verb form. If you look at the history of its origin, you can find out that it was formed precisely from the verb. True, outwardly it looks more like an adjective. Yes, and it borrowed some functions from him: they both answer the same question (which one?), and their syntactic role is the same (definition). Therefore, scientists argue and cannot come to a common decision.

Various educational and methodological complexes, according to which the Russian language is taught at school, also approach this situation differently. For example, M. M. Razumovskaya classifies the participle as a verbal form, and V. V. Babaytseva - as an independent part of speech. But both textbooks say that it is still not clear to which category it should be classified.

Valid

Before considering the suffixes of active and passive participles, you need to know that this part of speech is usually divided into two large groups according to meaning. The first is called real. They received this name due to their purpose: to name the signs of objects that themselves perform an action.

Consider an example: “The wind blowing from the sea was furious.”

As we can see, the wind blew independently from the sea, without resorting to anyone’s help and without being subject to any influence. It is these forms that are called real.

Another example: “The dog guarding the house was a large breed.”

The object in this sentence protects the house, that is, it performs the action on its own. Thus, the participle “guarded” belongs to the category of active ones.

Passive

The next group, which has a slightly different purpose, is the category of passive participles. They are so named because they do not perform the action, but are subject to it.

Let's look at an example: “The parents, called to school by the teacher, were worried.”

In this sentence we see the participle “called out.” It was formed from the verb “to call.” Let’s make sure that the parents did not decide to come to school on their own, but at the request of the teacher. We see that it is not they themselves who perform the action, it is performed on them. That is why such participles are classified as passive. That is, parents seem to “suffer”, experiencing someone’s influence on themselves.

Suffixes of active and passive present participles

Now that we have understood the intricacies of this morphological group, we can move on to the main topic. Each of the categories will have its own word formation characteristics.

The suffixes of active and passive participles will differ depending on the tense. So, in the present tense the following are distinguished: -ushch and -yushch, as well as -ashch and -yashch. Example: rebelling, singing, holding, speaking. As you can see, all of them are valid. For the passive they are different: -om, -im, -em. Example: attracted, persecuted, condemned.

In the active present participle, all suffixes have special spelling features.

If you don't know the rules, many questions arise. For example, how should you write: struggling or fighting? The verb from which this word is formed will help us with this - to fight. Let's determine its conjugation. Since its stem ends in -ot, this is 1 conjugation. Now you need to use the following rule: if the word belongs to 1 conjugation, we write -ushch or -yushch. If to the second - then -ashch or -yashch. Thus, we found out that in the word “struggling” it is necessary to write -yush. The main thing is to know how to determine the conjugation of verbs.

The table helps you remember the suffixes of active and passive participles better. And besides, you can always turn to her if a rule suddenly slips out of your head.

Suffixes of active and passive past participles

Now, having examined the features of the formation of this part of speech in the present tense, we can move on to the next stage. It is worth remembering that participles cannot be used in the future tense, so we will continue to talk about the past. They borrowed this feature from the verb.

In the past tense, the suffixes -вш and -ш are distinguished. For example: melted, sprouted.

The passives have more of them: -nn, -enn, -t. For example: seeded, attached, pinned.

And again, the table will help us remember the suffixes of active and passive participles.

With the first category everything is clear, no difficulties arise, but with the passive it is more difficult. In some words, it is not always clear which suffix should be highlighted: -nn or -enn. Let's consider the word “offended.” It would seem that by highlighting the suffix -enn, we will not make a mistake. But that's not true. According to the rule, if the verb that formed the participle ends in -at, -yat, -et, then we select the suffix -nn.

In this example, the stem of the verb “to offend” ends in -et, so we define the suffix -nn in the participle.

Let's take another example: "dressed up." And again, remember the rule: if the verb ends in -it, -ti or -ch, then in this case we will only use the suffix -enn.

We will do the same in the words “baked” (bake), “brought” (bring), “asked” (ask).

Quests

In Russian language lessons, the teacher pays special attention to how and when suffixes of active and passive participles are used. Exercises on this topic will help you understand it more fully.

First you need to give a list of verbs and ask the children to determine their conjugation. Then you should give the task to form participles of different grades and tenses from them.

For example:

• prick (1 sp.) - stabbing (actual, present tense), stabbing (actual, past tense);
• speak (2 sp.) - speaker (actual, present tense), speaker (actual, past tense);
• shave (1 sp., ex.) - shaving (actual, present time), shaved (actual, past tense), shaved (suffering, past tense);
• offend (2 sp., ex.) - offended (sufferer, present tense), offended (sufferer, past tense).

Communion– a part of speech, which is a special form of a verb that denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “which?”, “which?”, “which?”, “which?”.

As a verbal form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) dozing(what to do? - take a nap); the cat jumped(what to do? - jump);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) dozing, cat (what?) escaped);
• Refundability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic features of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has characteristics that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some features of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number and case).

Participles are active and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in a sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook revealed on page ten.

Participles can be inflected by case, number and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verbal characteristics, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: A lost book, a lost briefcase, a lost panel.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Active and passive participles are formed using suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are those participles that denote a characteristic created in one object under the influence of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) drawn or drawn by a student.

Formed from verb stems in the present and past tenses using suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) – for verbs of the first conjugation
• -im- – for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Active participles.

Active participle is a participle that denotes a characteristic produced by the subject/object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Active participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tenses using suffixes

Active participles can be formed from both transitive and intransitive verbs. Passive participles are formed only from transitive ones.

Active participle - this is a participle showing the attribute of the object that itself produces or has produced an action: a student who draws, who painted (or painted) a picture.

Passive participle is a participle showing the attribute of an object that is experiencing action on the part of another person or object: a picture drawn (or drawn) by a student.

Active and passive participles retain the form of the verb from which they are formed: read - reading, reading, read (imperfect form); read – read, read. And only past participles are formed from perfective verbs.

I. Active present participles are formed from the base of the present tense using the suffixes -уш- (-уж-) for verbs of the 1st conjugation, -аш- (-яж-) for verbs of the 2nd conjugation. Vez-ut - lucky, rabot-yut - working, bor-yut-sya - struggling, der-at - holding,

II. Active past participles tenses are formed from a stem of an indefinite form using the suffix -vsh-, if the stem ends in a vowel, and the suffix -sh-, if the stem ends in a consonant: read-t - read, vi-t - seen, carry-ti - carried.

The active participles of the present and past tenses from reflexive verbs retain the particle -sya: struggling – struggling; fight - struggling.

Formation of passive participles of the present and past tenses.

Passive participles are formed from transitive verbs.

I. Passive present participles are formed from the stem of the present tense using the suffix -em- for many verbs of the 1st conjugation and the suffix -im- for verbs of the 2nd conjugation: chita-yut - chita-em-y; see - kind-of.

Note. From some verbs of the 1st conjugation, passive present participles are formed using the suffix -om-: ved-ut - ved-om-y; attracted - attracted. These participles are bookish in nature.

II. Passive past participles are formed from the base of the indefinite form of the verb:

a) Using the suffix -nn-, if the base of the indefinite form of the verb ends in -a (-я), -e: chi-t - read; sow - sown; vide - seen.

b) Using the suffix -enn (-yonn-), if the base of the indefinite form of the verb ends in a consonant sound or in and (and the suffix -i- is omitted): take away - taken away; bake - baked; paint - painted; illuminate – illuminated; convince - convinced; glorify - glorified.

In this case, verbs of the 2nd conjugation have alternating sounds.

c) From some verbs, passive past participles are formed using the suffix -t-: my-t - washed; vi-th - twisted; mint – crumpled; touch - touched; grate – grated; lock - locked; grind - ground; prick - pricked.

Notes 1. Verbs of the “v” group include verbs of the 1st conjugation if the stem of the indefinite form ends in i, ы, у, о, as well as i (a), alternating with n or m: vi-t – twisted, we- t - washed, touch - touched, prick - chopped, crumple (mn-y) - crumpled, squeeze (sozh-y, squeeze-y) - compressed.

2. For verbs whose indefinite stem ends in -er-, the final e of the stem is omitted: ter-t - grated.

Table of formation of participles.

Short form of passive participles .

Passive participles have two forms - full and short: read - read; open-open. The full form of participles in a sentence is usually a modifier. The short form of passive participles ^ is not inflected and serves as a predicate in the sentence. Compare: 7. The forest shrouded in fog makes noise. - The forest is shrouded in fog. (The word shrouded is a definition, and the word shrouded is a predicate.) 2. The children approached the open door. - The door is open. (The word open is a definition, and the word open is :. predicate.) Passive participles of the short form are formed when po--. the power of the suffix -n- or less commonly -t-. s In contrast to full form participles, short participles have one n: the book that was read, the book was read, the painted butts were painted.

2. Russian language dictionaries. Their meaning. Features of dictionary entries of different types of dictionaries.

Dictionary - a book containing a collection of words (or morphemes, phrases, idioms, etc.), arranged according to a certain principle, and providing information about their meanings, use, origin, translation into another language, etc. (linguistic dictionaries) or information about the concepts and objects they denote, about figures in any fields of science, culture, etc.;

1) Grammar dictionaries are dictionaries that contain information about morphological and

syntactic properties of the word. Grammar dictionaries include words arranged in direct or reverse alphabetical order. The principles of selection and the amount of information about a word are different depending on the purpose and addressee of each grammatical dictionary.

2) Word-formation dictionaries– dictionaries showing the division of words into their components

morphemes, the word-formation structure of a word, as well as a set of words with a given morpheme - root or affix. Words in word-formation dictionaries are given with division into morphemes and with stress.

3) Spelling dictionaries– dictionaries containing an alphabetical list of words in their standard

writing. Spelling dictionaries are divided into four types according to their focus: general, industry-specific, reference dictionaries for press workers, and school. Let us also remind you that you should check the spelling of words using reputable dictionaries.

4) Spelling dictionaries– dictionaries reflecting the rules of literary pronunciation.

5) Synonymous dictionaries describe words that differ in sound and spelling, but

identical or similar in meaning. This definition of synonyms should be considered working, since it does not claim to comprehensively cover the essence of synonymy.

6) Dictionaries of antonyms - linguistic dictionaries-reference books that provide a description

antonyms. The main tasks of antonym dictionaries:

· Systematized presentation of lexical units with opposite meanings (including phraseology).

· Analysis of the semantics of antonymic pairs (paradigms).

· Fixation and analysis of characteristic patterns of the use of correlative antonyms, their connection with synonyms.

7) Dictionaries of linguistic terms– a type of industry encyclopedic dictionaries.

8) Dictionaries of neologisms describe words, word meanings, or combinations of words that appear in

a certain period of time or consumed only once. In developed languages, the number of neologisms recorded in newspapers and magazines during one year amounts to tens of thousands.

9) Homonym dictionaries is a type of dictionary that describes homonyms, words that coincide

in their design (sound and/or spelling; in some or all forms) and differ in meaning.

10) Paronyms- these are words with the same root that belong to the same part of speech, have similarities in

sound (in connection with a common root or basis), but differ in their meanings.

11) Dictionaries– linguistic dictionaries that explain the meanings of words and

phraseological units of any language by means of this language itself.

12) Terminology dictionaries– dictionaries containing the terminology of one or more

special areas of knowledge or activity.

Ticket No. 10

1. Basic ways of forming words.

1. Prefix method- a way of forming a word by attaching a prefix to the whole word. For example:

run → run, yacht → superyacht, inform → misinform, grandson → great-grandson, public → antisocial, always → forever, take → take away, sound → ultrasound, champion → ex-champion, important → crucial, symmetry → asymmetry, mobilization → demobilization, organization → reorganization

2. Suffix method- a way of forming a word by adding a suffix to the base of the word. For example:

read → reader, blue → turn blue, white → white, ocean → oceanarium, exam → examiner, two → two, comfort → comfortable, three → thrice, meow → meow, swamp → swampy, wheeze → hoarse, white → whiten, two → twice, academy → academician, share → shareholder, music → musician, program → programmer

3. Prefix-suffix method– a method of forming a word by simultaneous addition

prefixes and suffixes to the base of the word. For example: city → suburban, sound → voice, Moscow → Moscow region, clear → find out, river → interfluve, muscle → intramuscular, five → five of us, dense → close, deadline → early, ticket → stowaway, shore → coast, pain → anesthetize.

4. Addition (pure addition)- a way of forming words based on the coordinating or subordinating

combinations in which the last component is the whole word, and the first component (components) is the stem. For example: light and pink → light pink, product turnover → commodity turnover, vegetable and storage → vegetable storage, fish protection → fish protection, official and business → official business, scientific and popular → popular science, Russian and English → Russian-English.

5. Abbreviation (complex abbreviated method)– a way of forming derivative words (nouns) by

addition of truncated segments or truncated segments and whole words of the original phrase (less often, words). For example: civil registration → registry office, agro-industrial complex → agro-industrial complex, state apparatus → state apparatus, radio station → walkie-talkie, head of the farm → caretaker, head of the educational department → head teacher.

2. Vocabulary. Synonyms, antonyms, homonyms.

VOCABULARY is the vocabulary of a language.

LEXICOLOGY is a branch of linguistics that deals with the study of vocabulary.

WORD- this is the basic structural-semantic unit of language, which serves to name objects, phenomena, their properties and which has a set of semantic, phonetic and grammatical features. The characteristic features of a word are integrity, distinctiveness and integral reproducibility in speech.

The main ways to replenish the vocabulary of the Russian language.

The vocabulary of the Russian language is replenished in two main ways:

Words are formed on the basis of word-forming material (roots, suffixes and endings),

New words come into the Russian language from other languages ​​due to the political, economic and cultural ties of Russian people with other peoples and countries.

LEXICAL MEANING OF THE WORD- the correlation of the sound design of a linguistic unit with a particular phenomenon of reality, fixed in the consciousness of the speaker.

Single and polysemous words.

Words can be unambiguous or ambiguous. Unambiguous words are words that have only one lexical meaning, regardless of the context in which they are used. There are few such words in the Russian language, these are

scientific terms (bandage, gastritis),

proper names (Nikolai Petrov),

recently emerged words that are still rarely used (pizzeria, foam rubber),

words with a narrow subject meaning (binoculars, can, backpack).

Most words in Russian are polysemantic, i.e. they can have multiple meanings. In each individual context, one meaning is actualized. A polysemantic word has a basic meaning and meanings derived from it. The main meaning is always given in the first place in the explanatory dictionary, followed by derivatives.

Direct and figurative meaning of the word.

Direct meaning is the meaning of a word that directly correlates with the phenomena of objective reality. This value is stable, although it may change over time. For example, the word “table” in Ancient Rus' had the meaning of “reign, capital,” but now it has the meaning of “piece of furniture.”

A figurative meaning is a meaning of a word that arose as a result of the transfer of a name from one object of reality to another on the basis of some similarity.

For example, the word “sediment” has a direct meaning - “solid particles present in a liquid and settling on the bottom or walls of a vessel after settling,” and a figurative meaning is “a heavy feeling remaining after something.”

HOMONYMS- these are words that have different meanings, but are identical in pronunciation and spelling. For example, a club is a “spherical flying smoky mass” (a club of smoke) and a club is a “cultural and educational institution” (a railway workers’ club). The use of homonyms in the text is a special stylistic device.

SYNONYMS- these are words close to each other in meaning. Synonyms form a synonymous series, for example, assumption - hypothesis - guess - assumption.

Synonyms may differ slightly in sign or style, sometimes both. Synonyms that completely match in meaning are called absolute synonyms. There are few of them in the language; these are either scientific terms (for example, spelling - spelling), or words formed using synonymous morphemes (for example, guard - guard).

Synonyms are used to make speech more varied and avoid repetition, as well as to give a more accurate description of what is being said.

ANTONYMS- these are words with opposite meanings.

Antonyms are words that have correlative meanings; You cannot put in an antonymic pair words that characterize an object or phenomenon from different sides (early - late, fall asleep - wake up, white - black.).

If the word is polysemantic, then each meaning has its own antonym (for example, for the word “old” in the phrase “old man” the antonym is the word “young”, and in the phrase “old carpet” - “new”).

Like synonyms, antonyms are used for greater expressiveness of speech.

Ticket No. 11

1. The role of language in life and society.

During the lesson, you will become more familiar with the concept of “participle voice”, consider the differences between the active and passive voice (semantic and grammatical). During the lesson, pay special attention to the suffixes with which participles are formed.

Topic: Communion

Lesson: Active and Passive Participles

Rice. 2. Verb conjugation

Homework

Exercises No. 83 - 84. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

Exercise: write down phrases with participles, indicate suffixes of participles, determine the voice of participles.

1. A wonderful monument. 2. Visible from afar 3. Towering structure 4. Protected cathedral 5. Protected by law 6. Memorable 7. Intimidating 8. Awe-inspiring 9. Respectful 10. Enthusiastic tourists 11. Architectural style 12. Frozen music

Russian language in diagrams and tables. Declension of participles.

Didactic materials. Section "Communion"

3. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().

Spelling participles.

4. Online store of the publishing house "Lyceum" ().

Literature

1. Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.

2. Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.

3. Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova. 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.

4. Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts, 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.