Early exam options. Personal experience: how the early Unified State Exam in mathematics went

Let's briefly look at the contents of the KIM:

On the one hand, there is nothing particularly noteworthy in tasks 1-2, unless you note a funny coincidence: in the 2nd task two monetary reforms appeared next to each other - E.F. Kankrin and G.Ya. Sokolnikova.

On the other hand, I was surprised by the unconventional spelling of the word “baptism” in the phrase “baptism of Rus'” with a lowercase letter. Often even in textbooks they still write with capital letters - “ TO decision,” thereby emphasizing the fate of what happened. This is especially striking in comparison with " N national projects" from the 3rd task. When they managed to become such an important event that their appearance must be emphasized in capital letters remains a mystery from the compilers of the version.

By the way, in general, the choice of period for the terms in the same 3rd task - “perestroika” - is quite unusual and good. To be honest, I’m already a little tired of the monotonous terms from many versions.XVIIcenturies with an endless list of names of representatives of different classes. In one "Novoogaryov process" I need to say a big thank you to the authors.

But I would like to scold you for the 4th task. In my opinion, there are two rather serious mistakes at once. The definition is given: “ In the Russian state in the XVI - early XVIII V. service people who made up permanent army; infantry armed with firearms" Apparently, the answer should be - “ Sagittarius" But two objections arise.

Firstly, as far as I know, the Streltsy army was destroyed by PeterIeven after the last Streltsy revolt of 1698, so how it could have existed at the beginning of the next century is absolutely incomprehensible. Especially considering that already in 1699 the first recruitment took place in the tsar’s new army. This may be a typo, but " at the beginning XVII V." would be even more stupid.

Secondly, it is quite difficult to consider the Streltsy a permanent army, given that for them military affairs was not the only and main occupation, since they received the lion's share of their income from trade, crafts, and crafts. The same uniform, uniform firearms and formation into regiments are somehow not enough to equate the archers with the regular army. It would sound more correct, from my point of view: “ In the Russian state in the XVI - late XVII centuries servicemen who made up the infantry (infantry units), armed with firearms».

1 task - two events (Battle of Chesme and the assassination of Franz Ferdinand);

Task 4 - the term “streltsy” (military personnel);

Task 5 - exclusively military events (processes, phenomena) and facts;

In the 6th everything is “quiet and peaceful”: government bodies - the State Duma with the State Council;

In the 7th it is also calm as in Baghdad, here the economy is of the 1st halfXIXV. Or else it will be in tasks 13-16 with a map on economic developmentXVII centuries :)

8 - traditionally “military”;

In the 9th, two events are military conflicts;

10 - text about an armed conflict (I won’t say which one, so that it’s interesting to decide);

11 - quite neutral and unpretentious;

12 - again about the events that took place during the war (this time the First World War).

Tasks 13-16 with the map have already been mentioned. One of the most unpleasant options that could come across. I sympathize with those who solved it.

In 17th it was quite monotonous, only architectural monuments. Still, it’s more interesting when there are examples from different spheres of culture, more knowledge is tested.

In the 18th, it is noteworthy to use not a stamp/coin/medal, but an entire postal envelope! This is the scale. Respect and respect. True, this complicates the task, because it is more difficult to see, especially what is written in small letters and numbers at the bottom. This is important if, as in this case, you need to know the release time. The monuments in the 19th task are quite recognizable and uncomplicated, no unusual angles.

And continuing the theme - Nos. 20-22 with text also about hostilities(I still won’t spoil it), but it’s an interesting text, since it uses a non-standard source - a message from the monarch.

No. 23 - again about the war, this time the Civil War. Moreover, it’s an interesting innovation - for the first time I see the wording of explanations being somehow limited: “ There is no need to indicate white motion errors." It sounds like: “Well, they couldn’t win anyway, so it’s not interesting to read about their mistakes. Let’s better remember once again why the Bolsheviks won.” Somehow, it’s still not good to decide for people what explanations to give them and what not.

No. 24 - arguments about the Decembrist uprising. One of my favorite topics, so I liked it :) I don’t know about others, but it could have been much worse, that’s for sure.

From No. 25 (essay) it also smacks of “militarism.” The third period is the initial stage of the Great Patriotic War (from June 1941 until the beginning of a radical turning point in the war in November 1942).

Result: 11 (!) tasks out of 25, i.e. almost half are, in one way or another, related to military history. A little too much for my taste.

Early versions of the 2018 Unified State Exam in other subjects can be viewed on the FIPI website: main page - section “Unified State Exam and GVE-11” - subsection “Open Unified State Exam task bank” - scroll to the bottom of the page. Or just follow the link. There you can also download early versions of 2015, 2016, 2017.

There are situations in life when it is precisely on these dates that you just can’t come to the exam. So what then? Lose a year and wait for next year? Not necessarily. Passing the Unified State Exam (as well as any other important exams) takes place in 2 stages:

Main stage (held at the end of the academic year, at the end of May-June);
Early stage (held in the spring, in March-April).

Moreover: some students can choose when to take it. But in order to understand whether you need it or not, let’s figure out who these students are, as well as the main pros and cons of taking the exam early.

Who can take the early Unified State Examination?

Persons of the following categories are allowed to pass early:

Those who have completely mastered the school curriculum by the time of passing are graduates of schools of previous years, technical schools, lyceums, colleges and schools;
Students in the 11th grade of evening schools who will perform military service;
School graduates who are preparing to move for permanent residence to another country;
Schoolchildren who take part in international or all-Russian Olympiads or competitions, the date of which coincides with the main stage of the Unified State Exam;
Schoolchildren who, at the time of the main stage of the Unified State Exam, will be in sanatoriums or other medical institutions to undergo treatment, health or rehabilitation programs;
Graduate students who are outside the country and cannot return due to difficult climatic conditions.

What does early Unified State Examination 2017 mean: advantages

So, you don’t know how to pass the Unified State Examination early in 2017? It is enough to simply write an application addressed to the school director indicating the reason why you may be allowed to do this.

But is it true that the early Unified State Examination is easier than the one held during the main exam period? Well, it definitely has certain advantages, but certainly not in the ease of the exam itself, but in this:

Graduates are less nervous due to fewer people. For comparison: if last year more than 700,000 students took the exam during the main stage, only 26,000 young people came ahead of schedule. Agree, in such almost friendly company you feel much more confident, which means you will be less nervous.
Less hustle, bustle and clearer organization. Due to the fact that far fewer students take the early exam, its structure is clearer and more organized. You don’t have to be afraid that you won’t have enough form or that there won’t be a clock in the classroom.
Optimal weather conditions. The weather in early to mid-spring is more predictable. At this time, you don’t have to be afraid of heat, stuffiness, or the negative effects of direct sunlight. So, in any case, taking the Unified State Exam early takes place in more comfortable conditions.
Fast verification speed. You will learn about how you wrote the early version of the Unified State Exam 2017 (in chemistry, Russian, mathematics or another subject) much earlier, since the load on observers and inspectors is much lower. Of course, you shouldn't expect results the next day. To find out the results of the Unified State Exam (early period 2017-2018), you will have to wait 7-9 days. Approximately 2-3 days before the deadline for announcing the results, you can already monitor your results. For comparison: those who take the Unified State Exam during the main period have to live with a wait of about two weeks. This is what the early version of the Unified State Examination means!
Additional time to think through your admission strategy. As soon as you managed to find out the results of the early Unified State Exam (2017-2018), you have additional weeks and even months to analyze your situation in detail and think about where to submit your documents. During this time, you can go to different universities for open days, prepare for internal exams of the chosen university, and even change your mind about your chosen direction. And, of course, devote yourself to rest, gaining strength and relaxation before a difficult academic year, if you still manage to enroll.

Taking the Unified State Exam early: disadvantages

Not everything is as simple as everything in our life. Let's look at the disadvantages that early passing of the Unified State Exam promises us:

Less time to prepare. While others will have another 2 months to prepare for the Unified State Exam and study with tutors, you will have to take the exam early. This is also bad because some of the topics included in the exam are covered by schoolchildren during the last months of their studies. If you decide to take an early exam, you will have to prepare and understand the topic yourself.
You become a guinea pig for all changes that have not yet been introduced.. If the organizers decide to introduce any innovations, you will be the first on whom they will test them so that the main period goes perfectly.
Remoteness of the place for delivery. Since the number of applicants for early examination is significantly lower than the main flow of applicants, the number of places where exams will be taken is also significantly lower. For example, during the main period you will be able to take the exam in your main area of residence or study. If you live in a remote area, then places where it will be difficult to get to may be chosen for the delivery location.

In general, now you see the difference between the main and early stages of passing the Unified State Exam. Each has its pros and cons, and you need to choose what is closest to your spirit. And in order to ease your hard lot, we offer you future assistance from our specialists in the main types of student work that complicate the learning process (tests, essays, coursework, dissertations).

Assessment

two parts, including 19 tasks. Part 1 Part 2

3 hours 55 minutes(235 minutes).

Answers

But you can make a compass Calculators on the exam not used.

passport), pass and capillary or! Allowed to take with you water(in a transparent bottle) and I'm going

The examination paper consists of two parts, including 19 tasks. Part 1 contains 8 tasks of a basic difficulty level with a short answer. Part 2 contains 4 tasks of an increased level of complexity with a short answer and 7 tasks of a high level of complexity with a detailed answer.

The time allocated for completing the examination work in mathematics is 3 hours 55 minutes(235 minutes).

Answers for tasks 1–12 are written down as a whole number or finite decimal fraction. Write the numbers in the answer fields in the text of the work, and then transfer them to answer form No. 1, issued during the exam!

When performing work, you can use the ones issued along with the work. Only a ruler is allowed, but it's possible make a compass with your own hands. Do not use instruments with reference materials printed on them. Calculators on the exam not used.

You must have an identification document with you during the exam ( passport), pass and capillary or gel pen with black ink! Allowed to take with you water(in a transparent bottle) and I'm going(fruit, chocolate, buns, sandwiches), but they may ask you to leave them in the corridor.

Unified State Examination in History 2018. Option 101. Part 1

The answers to tasks 1–19 are a sequence of numbers or a word (phrase). First, indicate the answers in the text of the work, and then transfer them to ANSWER FORM No. 1 to the right of the number of the corresponding task, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters. Write each number or letter in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form. The names of Russian sovereigns should be written only in letters
(for example: Nicholas II).

№1 Place historical events in chronological order. Write down the numbers that indicate historical events in the correct sequence in the table.

1) Battle of Chesma
2) creation of the Charter of Vladimir Monomakh
3) the assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Answer: 213

Explanations: Creation of the Charter of Vladimir Monomakh 1113. The assassination of the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, occurred on June 28, 1914. The Russian-Turkish War, during which the Battle of Chesme took place in 1770.

№2 Establish a correspondence between events and years: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

EVENTS
A) death of False Dmitry I
B) the beginning of the monetary reform G.Ya. Sokolnikova
C) the beginning of the monetary reform E.F. Kankrina
D) baptism of Rus'

1) 988
2) 1036
3) 1606
4) 1839
5) 1922
6) 1961

Answer: 3541

Explanations:The death of False Dmitry dates back to the Time of Troubles of 1606.The beginning of the monetary reform G.Ya. Sokolnikova 1922 The beginning of the monetary reform E.F. Kankrin 1839 Baptism of Rus' 988

№3 Below is a list of terms (names). All of them, with the exception of two, relate to events (phenomena) in the history of Russia during the period 1985–1991.

1) referendum; 2) “Novoogaryov process”; 3) National projects;
4) default; 5) publicity; 6) elections on an alternative basis.

Find and write down the serial numbers of terms (names) relating to another historical period.

Answer: 34

Explanations: Default in Russia 1998. National projects appeared in Russia at the beginning of the 21st century.

№4 Write down the historical term in question. In the Russian state in the 16th – early 18th centuries. service people who made up the standing army; infantry armed with firearms

Answer: Sagittarius

Explanations: The formation of the Streltsy army began in 1540 under Ivan the Terrible. Sagittarius in the 16th century - early 18th century.

№5 Establish a correspondence between processes (phenomena, events) and facts related to these processes (phenomena, events): for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

PROCESSES (PHENOMENA, EVENTS)
A) Smolensk War
B) Russian-Turkish war of 1877–1878.
B) Batya’s invasion of Rus'
D) Battle of Kursk

1) the battle of Prokhorovka
2) battles for the Seelow Heights
3) conclusion of the Polyanovsky peace
4) siege of Plevna
5) Battle of the City River
6) conclusion of the Brest-Litovsk peace

Answer: 3451

Explanations: In 1632-1634. Russian-Polish or Smolensk War - conclusion of the Polyanovsky Peace in 1634. Russian-Turkish War 1877-1878 - siege of Plevna. Batu's invasion of Rus' - Battle of the City River 1238. Battle of Kursk - Battle of Prokhorovka.

№6 Establish a correspondence between fragments of historical sources and their brief characteristics: for each fragment indicated by a letter, select two corresponding characteristics indicated by numbers.

FRAGMENTS OF SOURCES

A) “Keeping inviolable the fundamental law of the Russian Empire on the essence of autocratic power, we recognized it as a good thing to establish the State Duma and approved the regulations on elections to the Duma, extending the force of these laws to the entire space of the Empire, with only those changes that will be considered necessary for some, located in special conditions, its outskirts. We will specifically indicate the procedure for the participation in the State Duma of elected representatives from the Grand Duchy of Finland on issues common to the Empire and this region. At the same time, we ordered the Minister of Internal Affairs to immediately submit to us for approval the rules on putting into effect the regulations on elections to the State Duma, in such a way that members from 50 provinces and the region of the Don army could appear in the Duma no later than half of January ... "

B) “Indigenous state laws determine the composition of the Council, the essence and main forms of its action.
I. In the order of state institutions, the Council is an institution in which all actions of the legislative, judicial and executive order are connected and through it ascend to the sovereign power and flow from it.
II. Therefore, all laws, charters and institutions in their first drafts... are considered in the State Council...
IV. The Council is composed of individuals who have been called to this class by the highest power of attorney.”

CHARACTERISTICS

1) This document was published during the reign of Nicholas II.
2) The authority mentioned in this passage existed in the Russian
empire more than 100 years old.
3) This document was published during the reign of Alexander II.
4) A contemporary of the publication of this document was P.N. Miliukov.
5) This document was published during the reign of Alexander I.
6) The passage mentions a territory that became part of Russia in the 1720s.

Answer: Fragment A: 1 4 Fragment B: 2 5

Explanations: Text A Finland was annexed to the Russian Empire in 1809, as a result of the Russian-Swedish war. The State Duma appears at the beginning of the 20th century under Nicholas II. A contemporary of the publication of this document was P.N. Miliukov. Text B Establishment of the State Council. The authority mentioned in this passage existed in the Russian
empire more than 100 years old. This document was published during the reign of Alexander I.

№7 Which of the following refers to the characteristic features of the socio-economic development of Russia in the first half of the 19th century? Choose three answers and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

1) mass exodus of peasants from the community to otrub and farms
2) introduction of the first paper banknotes into circulation
3) the emergence of a category of obligated peasants
4) start of railway construction
5) the emergence of the first monopolistic associations in industry
6) widespread otkhodnichestvo

Answer: 346

Explanations: The emergence of the category of obligated peasants after the signing of the decree on obligated peasants in 1842. The widespread occurrence of otkhodnichestvo dates back to the first half of the 19th century. The mass exodus of peasants from the community to farms and farms—Stolypin’s agrarian reform.

№8 Fill in the gaps in these sentences using the list of missing elements below: for each sentence marked with a letter and containing a blank, select the number of the required element.

A) In August 1943, the partisan operation ________ began.
B) The creator of the “flying tank” - the most popular aircraft of the USSR in the years
The Great Patriotic War was ________.
B) Kyiv was liberated from the Nazis in ________ 1943.
Missing elements:
1) "Rail War"
2) S.V. Ilyushin
3) "Uranus"
4) November
5) M.I. Koshkin
6) February
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer: 124

Explanations: M.I. Koshkin Soviet design engineer, creator and first chief designer of the T-34 tank.

№9 Establish a correspondence between events (phenomena, processes) and their participants: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

EVENTS (PHENOMENA, PROCESSES)
A) internecine war in the Moscow principality in the second quarter of the 15th century.
B) Northern War
B) restriction of localism
D) strengthening of ideological control after the Great Patriotic War

PARTICIPANTS

1) A.D. Menshikov
2) Vasily Kosoy
3) Ivan IV
4) A.A. Zhdanov
5) Marina Mnishek
6) L.D. Trotsky

Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer: 2134

№10 Read an excerpt from the memoirs of a Soviet military leader and write the name of the country with which you are talking about the results of the conflict.
“In March 1940, a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks took place, which was of great importance for the development of our armed forces. The meeting discussed the results of the war...
What was the essence of the demands presented to our armed forces by the party and government?
Taking into account the results ... of the conflict, and most importantly, the nature of the hostilities of the World War that had begun, the troops were given - sharply and in full - the task of teaching today what will be needed in the war tomorrow. The reorganization of all types of armed forces and branches began
troops, serious measures were taken to strengthen unity of command, order
and discipline in the troops."

Answer: Finland

Explanations: In March 1940, a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks was held, which was of great importance for the further development of our armed forces. The results of the war with Finland were discussed at the meeting.

№11 Fill in the blank cells of the table using the list of missing elements below: for each blank, indicated by a letter, select the number of the required element.

Missing elements:
1) XVII century
2) publication of the “Cast Iron Charter”
3) proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in the USA
4) defeat of the Invincible Armada by England
5) XVIII century.
6) annexation of Novgorod to the Moscow state
7) adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen in France
8) "Bloody Sunday"
9) XVI century
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer: 657123

Explanations: P reunification of Novgorod to the Moscow state on January 15, 1478. Adoption of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in France in 1789. Edition of the “Cast Iron Charter” of 1826. Proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in the United States on December 2, 1823.

№12 Read an excerpt from the manifesto.

“To the Chief of Staff.

During the days of the great struggle with an external enemy, who had been striving to enslave our Motherland for almost three years, the Lord God was pleased to send Russia a new ordeal. The outbreak of internal popular unrest threatens to have a disastrous effect on the further conduct of the stubborn war. The fate of Russia, the honor of our heroic army, the good of the people, the entire future of our dear Fatherland require that the war be brought to a victorious end at all costs. The cruel enemy is straining his last strength, and the hour is already approaching when our valiant army, together with our glorious allies, will be able to finally break the enemy. In these decisive days in the life of Russia, we considered it a duty of conscience to facilitate close unity and rallying of all the people’s forces for our people to achieve victory as quickly as possible and, in agreement with the State Duma, we recognized it as good to abdicate the throne of the Russian state and relinquish supreme power. Not wanting to part with our beloved son, we pass on our legacy to our brother, Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, and bless him to ascend the throne of the Russian state. We command our brother to rule over state affairs in complete and inviolable unity with the representatives of the people in legislative institutions, on those principles that will be established by them, taking an inviolable oath to this..."

Using the passage and your knowledge of history, choose three true statements from the list given.

Write it down in the table numbers, under which they are indicated.

1) Among the allies mentioned in the passage was England.
2) The name of the son mentioned in the passage is Alexey.
3) The author of the manifesto writes that he does not believe in Russia’s victory in the war.
4) The author of the manifesto notes that his decision was supported by the State Duma.
5) Grand Duke Mikhail Alexandrovich, mentioned in the passage, was the Russian emperor for more than a year.
6) This manifesto was written during the Russian Civil War

Answer: 124

Explanations: In similar tasks, you need to find keywords that allow you to determine the historical period.

Look at the diagram and complete tasks 13–16.

№13 Fill in the blank in the sentence: “The city indicated on the diagram
number “2”, became part of the Russian state in the ____________ century.”
Write the answer in words.

Answer: seventeenth

Explanations: The city indicated on the diagram by the number “2” is Kyiv.

№14 Indicate the name of the fortified city, indicated on the diagram by the number “1”.
Answer: ___________________________.

Answer: Azov

Explanations: The assignment requires analysis of a historical map.

№15 Fill in the blank in the sentence: “By decree of Empress Catherine II, the river, indicated on the diagram by the number “5”, was renamed _______________.”
Answer: ___________________________.

Answer: Ural

Explanations: After the suppression of the uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev. For complete oblivion, the Yaik River was renamed the Ural - after the mountains in which it originates.

№16 What judgments related to the historical situation indicated on
diagram are correct? Choose three judgments from the six proposed.
Write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) The flax production area for sale is indicated on the horizontal diagram
hatching.
2) The main economic specialization of the area indicated in the diagram
points was the production of bread for sale.
3) The city, indicated on the diagram by the number “6,” was the center of iron production.
4) One of the reasons for the uprising of the monks of the monastery indicated in the diagram
The number “4” indicated dissatisfaction with the church reform of Patriarch Nikon.
5) The diagram shows and signs the city where at the end of the 17th century. on the initiative
Peter I, construction began on the first regular railway station in Russian history.
navy.
6) The number “3” on the diagram indicates the Irbit Fair.

Answer: 345

Explanations: The city, indicated on the diagram by the number “6” Tula, was the center of iron production. The number “4” indicates the Solovetsky Monastery, whose monks were dissatisfied with the church reform of Patriarch Nikon.

№17 Establish a correspondence between cultural monuments and their brief characteristics: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.

CULTURAL MONUMENTS

A) Tithe Church in Kyiv
B) the “Warrior-Liberator” monument in Berlin’s Treptower Park
B) Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin
D) monument “Millennium of Russia”

CHARACTERISTICS
1) Author – E.V. Vuchetich.
2) Author – Aleviz Novy.
3) The beginning of construction dates back to the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in Kyiv.
4) Author – M.O. Mikeshin.
5) This cultural monument was destroyed in the 13th century.
6) Author – V.I. Mukhina.
Write down the selected numbers in the table under the corresponding letters.

Answer: A-5, B-1, C-2, D-4

Explanations: Aleiz A new Italian architect who worked in Russia at the beginning of the 16th century. The author of such famous churches as the Archangel Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, the Cathedral of Metropolitan Peter in the Vysoko-Petrovsky Monastery. The monument “Millennium of Russia”, erected in Veliky Novgorod in 1862 in honor of the thousandth anniversary of the legendary calling of the Varangians to Rus'. The authors of the monument project are sculptors Mikhail Mikeshin, Ivan Schroeder and architect Victor Hartman.

Look at the image and complete tasks 18, 19.

№18 Which judgments about this image are correct? Choose two
judgments out of five proposed. Write down in the table the numbers under which
they are indicated.
1) This envelope was issued during the period of leadership of the country by M.S. Gorbachev.
2) The cathedral depicted on the envelope is the tomb of the dynasty
Moscow princes and tsars.
3) The participant in the event to which the image on the envelope is dedicated was Boris Godunov.
4) During the construction of the cathedral depicted on the envelope, features of Vladimir architecture were borrowed.
5) The cathedral depicted on the envelope was built in the 16th century.

Answer: 34

Explanations: During the construction of the Assumption Cathedral, depicted on the envelope, features of Vladimir architecture were borrowed. You can complete the task using the method of exceptions.

№19 Which of the buildings shown are in the same city as the cathedral shown on the envelope? In your answer, write down the two numbers that indicate these buildings.

Do not forget to transfer all answers to answer form No. 1 in accordance with the instructions for completing the work.

Answer: 13

Explanations: The building must be located in the same city (Moscow) where the Assumption Cathedral is located. The first image shows the Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye. On the second is St. Isaac's Cathedral, located in St. Petersburg. On the third is St. Basil's Cathedral. In the 4th image is the Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, located near the city of Vladimir.

Part 2

To record answers to tasks in this part (20–25), use the FORMANSWERS No. 2. First write down the number of the task (20, 21, etc.), and thena detailed answer to it. Write down your answers clearly and legibly.

Read an excerpt from a historical source and answer brieflyquestions 20–22. Answers involve using information fromsource, as well as the application of historical knowledge in the history coursethe corresponding period.

From the monarch's message

“Our plenipotentiary ambassadors... arrived to you with our credentials, in which we asked you to trust their words spoken on our behalf. You write that they announced to you that they came with all the necessary powers to conclude Christian peace; but when you allowed them to negotiate with the lords of your council, they demanded that we retain four castles in the Livonian land: Neuhausen, Neishlos, Neimul and Rugodiva, and also added to this the cities that last year, with the help of God, passed into your hands ; for this, according to you, they should have been sent back without finishing the negotiations. And then they asked that you allow them to send to us for authority about all the conditions of peace and friendship announced by you, and you allowed them to do this... Those same merchants of yours who were detained in our land without any guilt, you ask to voluntarily release them with everything property and thereby give you proof of our inclination and readiness for friendship.

Your gentlemen, as our ambassadors report... told them on your behalf that you will make peace with us only if we cede to you the entire Livonian land to the last inch, that Velizh, Usvyat and Ozerishte are all already with you... and that we must destroy the city of Sebezh and also pay you four hundred thousand gold chervonets for your loss, which you equipped when going to fight our lands. We have never encountered such self-confidence and are perplexed: after all, now you are going to make peace, and your Rada is making such immense demands - what will they demand by interrupting peace negotiations?

№20 Name the monarch - the author of this message. Name the monarch - the addressee of this message. Indicate, to the nearest half century, the time when this message was written.

Answer: Ivan IV the Terrible, Stefan Batory, 1558-1583.

Explanations: Key words: Livonian land (talking about the Livonian War), lords (in this text - an appeal to the Poles), Velizh (ceded in the Livonian War).

№21 Using the passage, indicate the conditions for concluding peace put forward by the addressee of this message. (Give at least three provisions.)

Answer:

1. “we will cede to you all the Livonian land to the last inch, that is Velizh, Usvyat and Ozerishte”

2. “we must destroy the city of Sebezh”

3. “to pay you four hundred thousand gold chervonets”

Explanations: Answers in the second paragraph of the text.

№22 Indicate any three results of the war, the events of which are mentioned in this passage.

Answer: 1. The Yam-Zapolsky truce between the Russian kingdom and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1582 put an end to a long and unnecessary war. Russia abandoned Livonia.

2.The coast of the Gulf of Finland was lost. It was captured by Sweden, with which the Treaty of Plus was signed in 1583.

3. The ruin of Russia, the devastation of the treasury, a significant decrease in population in the districts of the central and northwestern parts of the country.

Explanations: In this task, it is important to indicate in your answer the treaties concluded after the Livonian War.

№23 During the Civil War, the Bolsheviks were opposed by significant forces of White Guards and interventionists. However, the Bolsheviks defeated them. Give at least three reasons for this victory. White Bugs
there is no need to indicate movements.

Answer:

The red movement was united: a single command, which was under the control of the center (it occupied two capitals and the central industrial district).
Most of the population went over to the side of the Bolsheviks; they were the only ones who offered to solve peasant and worker issues. The Bolsheviks proposed nationalizing the land, transferring it from the hands of landowners to the hands of peasant farms and transferring factories to workers.
The Bolsheviks had a powerful ideological basis and represented slogans that united people.
The Bolsheviks interpreted the connection between the white movement and the interventionists as cooperation with foreigners and the sale of the homeland.

Explanations: In this task, indicate the strengths of the Bolsheviks.

№24 Various, often contradictory, points of view are expressed on historical issues. Below is one of the conflicting points of view.

“The Decembrist uprising in 1825 was doomed in advance to failure and defeat.”

Using historical knowledge, give two arguments that can confirm this point of view, and two arguments that can refute it. Be sure to use historical facts when presenting your arguments.

Write your answer in the following form.
Arguments in support:
1) …
2) …

Arguments to refute:
1) …
2) …

Answer:

Arguments in support:

1) The Decembrists acted secretly and there were no broad sections of the population on their side, the people did not know what values the Decembrists were fighting for, the people who gathered in the square were mostly onlookers.

2) The uprising was poorly organized, because the leader of the uprising, Sergei Trubetskoy, did not come to the square on the day of the uprising, therefore, having lost the leader, the uprising lost its organization.

Arguments to refute:
1) The uprising could have been successful because the most suitable time was chosen for it (the period between the reign and the political and dynastic crisis).
2) The 18th century was the era of palace coups, in which the main role was played by the guard regiments and nobles, they carried out coups and imposed conditions on the monarchs, therefore, based on history, the uprising could have been successful.

Explanations: In this task you need to remember the circumstances of the events of December 14, 1825.

№25 You need to write a historical essay about ONE of the periods of Russian history:

The essay must:

– indicate at least two significant events (phenomena, processes) relating to a given period of history;
– name two historical figures whose activities are connected with the specified events (phenomena, processes), and, using knowledge of historical facts, characterize the roles of the personalities you named in these events (phenomena, processes);

Attention! When characterizing the role of each person you named, you must indicate the specific actions of this person that significantly influenced the course and (or) result of these events (processes,
phenomena).

– indicate at least two cause-and-effect relationships characterizing the reasons for the occurrence of events (phenomena, processes) that occurred during a given period;
– using knowledge of historical facts and (or) opinions of historians, assess the impact of events (phenomena, processes) of a given period on the further history of Russia.
During the presentation, it is necessary to correctly use historical terms and concepts related to a given period.

Those who have already fully mastered the school curriculum have the unconditional right to independently choose between the early and main wave of passing the Unified State Exam. This:

graduates of previous years, regardless of the “statute of limitations” of the certificate (those who left school many years ago and last year’s graduates who want to improve their results have the right to take it early);

graduates of technical schools, lyceums and schools who have already fully completed the course of secondary school.

In addition, some categories of eleventh graders also have the right to take the Unified State Exam without waiting for the end of the last school year. These include:

graduates of evening schools who will go into military service this year;

guys who, after graduating from school, leave for permanent residence in another country - regardless of whether we are talking about emigration or a student visa to continue their education at a foreign university or college;

participants in all-Russian or international competitions, olympiads or competitions - if the duration of the competition or training camp coincides with the main stage of passing the Unified State Exam;

eleventh graders who will be in sanatoriums and other medical institutions for treatment, health or rehabilitation programs in May-June;

graduates of Russian schools located outside the borders of Russia - if they are located in territories with difficult climatic conditions.

In order to have the opportunity to take the Unified State Exam early, eleventh-graders must write an application addressed to the director of their school, indicating the reason.

The main advantages of passing the Unified State Exam early

There is a common myth that the Unified State Exam options for the early period are simpler than for the main period. This is not true; the level of difficulty of the options for all examinees of the current year is similar. However, some organizational features of the spring “wave” do allow some to achieve higher scores.

Fewer people - less nerves

The early period of passing the Unified State Exam is not comparable in mass to the main one. For example, in 2016 throughout Russia, 26 thousand people took exams ahead of schedule - and in the summer “wave” the number of examinees approached 700,000. As a result, not hundreds of extremely excited schoolchildren gather at exam reception centers in megacities - but only a few dozen people ( and in smaller settlements the number of “early-term workers” can go down to just a few). In addition, some graduates of previous years who applied to take the Unified State Exam may change their minds by the day of the exam and not appear for the test - as a result, in an audience designed for 15 people, there may end up being 6-8 test takers. Moreover, some of them will be adults who usually perceive the exam as compared to the average schoolchildren, “wound up” by numerous conversations that the Unified State Exam will decide their fate.

This makes the overall psychological situation during the exam much less nervous. And, as the experience of many graduates shows, the ability to calm down and concentrate while taking the Unified State Exam plays a decisive role. In addition, with a small number of applicants, the time for preliminary briefing and “organizational issues” is significantly reduced: printing and distributing assignments, checking the matching of barcodes, monitoring the completion of forms, etc. And this also reduces the “degree of excitement.”

Clear organization

Passing the Unified State Exam early is considered the official start of the examination campaign. At this time, only a few examination points operate in the regions, and great attention is paid to the organization of work in them. Therefore, despite the fact that it is during the early period that all procedural innovations are usually “tested out,” failures, technical problems and organizational violations are usually not encountered. And the likelihood of encountering, for example, a lack of additional forms or the absence of a clock in the classroom tends to zero.

Predictable microclimate in the classroom

Taking exams at the end of May and June poses another danger - on hot days the exam room can be very stuffy, and the direct rays of the summer sun can add to the discomfort. At the same time, exam organizers do not always agree to open windows. In the spring, during the heating season, the air temperature in the classroom is more predictable, and you can always dress “for the weather” so as not to freeze or sweat during the exam.

Quick check

During the early period of the Unified State Examination, the load on the experts checking the work is much lower - and, accordingly, the work is checked faster. It’s still not worth waiting for the results the day after the exams - the official deadline for checking early work is usually 7-9 days, while the scores can be published a couple of days before the deadline. During the main period, schoolchildren usually have to wait about two weeks for their Unified State Examination results.

Time to develop an admission strategy

Those who take the Unified State Exam ahead of schedule know exactly their results by the end of April - and they have another two months to analyze in detail their chances of admission to a particular university in their chosen field, “target” going to open days, and so on. And, even if the results turned out to be lower than expected, there is plenty of time to find a way out of the current situation.

In addition, graduating students who have failed their exams can spend the last two months of their school life very relaxed. While their classmates are diligently preparing for exams, writing samples and visiting tutors, they can go about their business with a sense of accomplishment.

Disadvantages of taking the Unified State Exam early

Less time to prepare

The main disadvantage of taking the Unified State Exam early is obvious: the earlier the exam date, the less time to prepare. This may be especially important for current year graduates - after all, some school course topics included in the Unified State Exam program may be studied in the fourth quarter of the last school year. In this case, you will have to get acquainted with them yourself, or with the help of a tutor.

The first “running-in” of changes in the Unified State Exam KIM

Testing and measuring materials for most subjects are undergoing changes, and the early period of passing the Unified State Exam is also the first of all innovations “in combat conditions”. When preparing for the exams of the main period, examinees and their teachers use both demo versions of FIPI and published “after the fact” versions of early exams as “official guidelines”. Those taking the exam in the spring are deprived of this opportunity - they can only use the demo version as an example of a set of tasks. Therefore, the chances of encountering an unexpected task during the early period are much higher.

Less opportunity to prepare

Students taking exams in March-April do not have the opportunity to take part in trial exams, which usually take place at the very end of the school year. However, district education departments usually conduct practice exams at an earlier date - but most often this service is paid.

In addition, using services for self-preparation for the Unified State Exam can also cause difficulties: when laying out options corresponding to the current year’s KIM, the owners of such services usually focus on the deadlines of the main period. And, if you are taking a subject in which major changes are expected this year, the chance that a month before the early exam you will be able to find a service with a sufficient number of “plausible” options that are well adapted to the current year’s exam is quite low.

Taking exams from home

Since the number of people taking the Unified State Exam early is small, the number of examination points is also greatly reduced. For example, residents of all districts of a large (and geographically “scattered”) city can take the Unified State Exam in a given subject at only one point. And for those who live in remote or “problematic” areas of the city in terms of transport, this can be a serious disadvantage. Especially considering that exams in different subjects may take place in different places in the city, so the route and travel time will have to be calculated anew each time.