Number form of adjectives. Full and short forms of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives
Only qualitative adjectives have a full and short form: good - excellent, excellent - excellent, fresh - fresh, sweet - sweet.

The short form of relative adjectives is usually used as a means of expressiveness in artistic speech.

Let's give an example: These are the same strings. They look like copper and like cast iron.
Only full forms are used in the definition function. However, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used as a predicate: Short day. The day is short. The day is short.

Change by case retain only some adjectives in folklore expressions.

Let's give an example: on bare feet.

In a sentence, short adjectives are almost always the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate.
Let's give an example: He is smart; He is stately; He's cheerful.

Relative adjectives have only full form.
Let's give an example: Iron, today's, comfortable.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes "in"/"yn", "ov"/"ev", "iy" - in the singular form of the nominative case they usually have only a short form.
For example: Dad, daddy, daddy, daddy; wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.

In indirect cases such adjectives have:
or a short form: father's, wolf's;
or the full form: father's, wolf's.

The endings of short forms coincide with the endings of nouns.
Let's give an example: spring - daddy's; spring - daddy's.

Qualitative adjectives usually have two forms: full and short.
Let's give an example: Cheerful - cheerful, handsome - handsome.

Full adjectives change by gender, singular, number and case.
Short qualitative adjectives answer the questions what? what? what? what are they? and change by gender, singular and numbers.
Here's an example: Happy, happy, happy, happy.

Declension of adjectives
The declension of adjectives, in comparison with the declension of nouns, is more unified. In the nominative singular case, adjectives have a gender difference: the case endings of the masculine, feminine and neuter gender are different. In the plural, adjectives have no gender differences, and the case endings for all three genders are the same.

In modern Russian there are three types of declension of adjectives:
1. Declension of qualitative and relative adjectives such as red, gold, summer, blue.
2. Declension of possessive adjectives such as bratnin, tetin, fathers, friends.
3. Declension of adjectives starting with “ii” such as wolf, bear.

The most productive is the first type of declension, which, according to the nature of the last consonant of the stem, has three varieties: a hard version of the declension (rich, stone), a soft version of the declension (autumn, blue) and mixed: a) with a base on sibilant, b) with a base on d , k, x and v) with a base on c (pale-faced, small, smooth, long, quiet).

For adjectives with a stem on a hard consonant, the stress during declension is either only on the stem (kind, red), or only on the ending (sick, dumb).

For adjectives with a stem on a soft consonant and adjectives with a stem on c, when inflected, the stress always falls only on the stem (short, autumn, blue).

Adjectives with a base on a hard consonant in the instrumental case of the feminine singular have a double ending: “oy” (“ey”) and “oy” (“ey”). Their use depends on the style of speech: in poetic language the ending -oy ("ee") is more common, which is due to the laws of poetic style (rhythm, rhyme, etc.), for example: I pass through a field along a narrow boundary, overgrown with porridge and tenacious quinoa.

Possessive adjectives ending in "in", "ov" ("ev") have a mixed type of declension: part of the case endings of these adjectives coincides with the endings of the hard declension of qualitative-relative adjectives, in separate cases the endings of nouns are used (in the nominative and accusative cases of all genders and numbers, in the genitive and dative cases, masculine and neuter singular).

Possessive adjectives with the suffix “in” in modern Russian are increasingly declined like full adjectives with a base on a hard consonant (not sister, sister, but sister, sister, etc.).

Possessive adjectives ending in "rank" (bratnin, muzhnin) are inflected in the same way as adjectives ending in "in".

Possessive adjectives in -niy (filial, filial) are declined like full qualitative-relative adjectives of the soft variant of declension (for example, neighbor).

Possessive adjectives formed with the suffix -j- (wolf, wolf, wolf) have both full and short endings: wolf, wolf, etc., wolf, wolf, etc.

Adjectives that are used as nouns are declined according to the general rules for declension of adjectives.

Spelling case forms of adjectives:
1. Adjectives have endings that are similar to the endings of the question word what: with an excellent (what?) mood, about a beautiful (what?) bag, and the like.
Always remember that after hard consonants the vowels s, o, u are written, and after soft consonants the vowels are written - i, e, yu.
Let's give an example: long stockings - blue stockings, in a long stocking - in a blue stocking; in a black bag - in a yellow bag.
2. Spelling o and e after sibilants and c at the end of adjectives always depends on stress: under stress - o, without stress - e, big garden - handsome boy.
3. In the nominative case of the singular masculine gender, full adjectives in the stressed position have the ending -ой, in the unstressed case - “й”, “и”.
nightmare - blue ocean, early reception.
4. In all forms of possessive adjectives with the suffix “ii”, except for the masculine singular form of the nominative case, a soft sign is written.
Wolfish, wolfish, wolfish, wolfish.
5. In short adjectives, a soft sign is not written after hissing ones.
Burning - burning, mighty - mighty.

Words denoting the characteristics of an object and answering the questions “which?” and “whose?” in Russian they are called adjectives. The name speaks for itself - this is what attached to something, namely to another word - to a noun. Without it, an explicit or implied noun, an adjective cannot exist at all. Otherwise, it loses the meaning of its presence in a sentence and can even turn into a noun itself (cf.: blind(Which?) old man– adj. and sat (who?) blind– noun).

Accordingly, with a change in the defined word, the dependent word will adapt to it, assimilating its morphemic characteristics. This is expressed by endings. Adjectives always have the same gender, number and case as the noun with which they are related in meaning.

Therefore, in order not to make a mistake in the spelling of the ending of an adjective, you should:

1. find the noun it refers to (attached);
   
2. put a question from a qualified noun to an adjective. The end of the question will indicate the correct ending for the adjective; For the most part, they are consonant: weather(which?) warm; morning(which?) sunny; songs(which?) quiet; growth(which one?) high; branches(which ones?) thin);
   
3. At the same time, we must remember that the question “which one?” it is impossible to check the endings of adjectives of the initial form (adjectives in m. r. singular. h. I./V. p.).
   In these cases:
   • the ending is written under the accent -Ouch (pencil(m. r. unit h. I. p.) (which one?) color);
     
   • without accent - -y/y (pencil(Which?) sharp, blue).
     
   In addition to those mentioned, adjectives also have other variable features:
   • degree of comparison;
     
   • full or short form.
     

What are qualitative adjectives?
According to their meaning, all adjectives are divided into three categories.

1. High quality. They answer the question “which one?” And indicate the quality of objects: color ( yellow, red), size ( big, small), weight ( heavy, small), character traits ( funny, gloomy), age ( young, old), taste qualities ( bitter, sour). You can easily find antonyms for most of them ( big – small, sharp – dull) or synonyms ( big – large, huge, huge);
   
2. Relative. They also answer the question “which one?”, but define an object in relation to another object: its location ( street flashlight, school yard), material ( paper snake, silk tape), purpose ( ski costume, shoe brush), relation to time ( evening cool, early dinner);
   
3. Possessive. The only ones answer the question “whose?”, since characterize an object by its belonging to any living creature (mom's apron, fox tail, Sashin scream).
   

• form a short form, answering the question “what?”, ( high - high, bitter - bitter);
  
• show signs of objects to a greater or lesser extent ( high – higher – even higher – highest – highest).
  

• simple forms using suffixes: higher, highest;
  
• compound forms using additional words: more (less, most, very, most...) high.
  

1. Short adjectives do not decline! That is, they do not change by cases, but change only by numbers and genders (in singular): hungry, hungry, hungry.
   
2. In general, qualitative adjectives in a comparatively simple form do not change in any way ( higher, lower, narrower, wider, faster...) and in the compound superlative built on its basis ( above - above all).
   

Also, adjectives agree with the noun in animation if the noun is in the V. plural form. h., and for the masculine gender - in units. hours (cf.: I see beautiful ones(what?) shoes and I see handsome ones(which?) girls).

The categories of adjectives do not have clear boundaries, which allows them to move from one to another. Such changes depend on the context, usually when used in figurative meanings. So possessive adjective fox(whose?) Nora becomes relative in case fox(which one? What is it made of?) fur coat, and the relative adjective iron(which one? what is it made of?) tap turns into quality iron(what kind? i.e. strong) patience.

Finally, there are a few special adjectives for colors ( beige, khaki, indigo, etc.), nationalities ( Khanty, Mansi, Urdu...) and clothing styles ( corrugated, flared, mini...), as well as words (weight) gross, net, (hour) peak, which have their own characteristics: they are always unchangeable and are always placed after the noun ( beige jackets, flared skirt).

Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much, which are also unchangeable.

It's an adjective we've known since elementary school. But how it is written in some cases has already been forgotten. Let us remember this, and at the same time the semantic, morphological and syntactic principles of writing.

Adjective as part of speech

An adjective is not a simple part of speech: it indicates the properties of an object, its qualities, and describes what events and states may be. Moreover, the text, if present, becomes bright and rich.

The change occurs in gender, number and case, depending on the noun to which it refers. For example, “big table”: in this case, the noun “table” is masculine, used in the nominative case and singular; "big" has the same characteristics.

Varieties

There is a full and short form of the adjective. A possessive adjective has only its full form. A short adjective answers the question: what? what? what? what are they? A qualitative adjective has both forms. It is noteworthy that since ancient times only short ones were used in Slavic languages. It is from them that the full, modern forms of parts of speech originate. Currently, in the Russian language, the use of the full form of the word is neutral. And short is mainly used in literary vocabulary.

The short form of the adjective changes in the singular according to gender and number. Take for example the word “beautiful”. In the masculine gender it has a zero ending. With a certain change, the following words are obtained:

• beautiful - feminine singular;
• beautiful - neuter singular;
• beautiful - plural.

The short form of the adjective does not change by case. Only some words in this form have changes in cases in phraseological units. An example of such a change is such expressions as “bare feet”; lines from songs: “I ordered green wine to be poured.” From the point of view of syntactic function in sentences, the short adjective is included in the compound nominal predicate and is its nominal part. For example: he is slim, he is kind.

In this case, we are talking only about a qualitative adjective. Relative ones do not appear in a short form. You can try making relative words like “copper” or “washing” shorter. Nothing will work out.

Possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in-, -yn-, -iy are usually in a short form in the singular nominative case (papin, papa vesna). In these cases, the ending coincides with a similar part of the word in nouns (spring is a noun, it has the ending -a; daddy is a possessive adjective also with the ending -a).

In order to accurately know where it is necessary or not at all necessary to put a soft sign, you only need to determine the form of the adjective. But in the short form, after a hissing consonant, a soft sign is not written: “burning - burning, hot - hot.”

The short form of an adjective is very often confused with an adverb. In such cases, it is necessary to determine what the word agrees with. If it agrees with a noun, then it is an adjective. And if it refers to a verb, in this case there is an adverb. For example: “heavily burdened” and “breathed heavily.” The question of which adjective has a short form can be answered as follows: qualitative with a zero ending, if it is masculine singular, the same words that have the endings -a/-я and -о/-е in the feminine and neuter gender in singular.

Use in text

They are used in the text in cases where the author needs a certain amount of categoricalness, since this is precisely the connotation that adjectives have in short form. This quality is not characteristic of full adjectives, since they significantly soften any quality of the subject. For example, they say about a person that “he is brave.” This sounds affirming, but very soft. But the phrase “the guy is brave” does not tolerate any objections.

Short forms of adjectives are formed from the full form. In the masculine gender, a zero ending is added, for example, in the word “deaf” only the stem should be left, the result is the masculine gender - “deaf” (“When I eat, I am deaf and dumb”).

Shades

The full and short forms of adjectives are different from each other: shades of meaning, emotional connotation, methods of formation. Some of them have a fluent vowel sound o-e. You can compare “low” and the “low” derived from it. A similar example: “formidable” - “formidable”.

Which adjective “characteristic” (short form) refers to was discussed above, but which of them do not have this form is worth considering. So, there are no short forms for adjectives denoting the color of animals (black, bay, gray) and colors (blue, brown, orange, etc.); verbal words with the suffix -l- (outdated - obsolete), with the suffixes -sk- and -ov- (soldier, combat).

The short form of the adjective “peculiar” will have the following types. Singular: characteristic, characteristic, characteristic; plural: characteristic.

Signs

Adjectives have a number of differences and characteristics. The full form determines constancy in the attribute, while the short form expresses only the attribute that manifests itself at a particular moment; moreover, they lack case and declension. You can compare two phrases: sick child, child is sick.

The full and short forms of adjectives have significant differences in the function they perform in a sentence.

• Complete - agreed definitions.
• Short - part of the predicate.

Only qualitative adjectives have a short form. Short adjectives differ from full adjectives in certain morphological features (they do not change by case, they only have gender and number forms) and syntactic role (they are predicates in a sentence). For example: Molchalin was so stupid before! (Gr.). Short adjectives act as definitions only in individual phraseological units (across the world; on bare feet; in broad daylight, etc.) or in works of oral folk art (a good fellow, a beautiful maiden).

Short adjectives, having lost the ability to change by case and, as a rule, acting as a predicate, sometimes acquire a new lexical meaning that differs from the meanings of full adjectives.

The adjectives prominent and visible, right and right, capable and able, etc. can have different meanings. Moreover, such adjectives as much, nadoben, glad and some others are used only in a short form: Hello, Balda little man, what kind of rent do you need? (P.), Is handsome Lel good at singing? (A. Ostr.).

The adjective must is used in certain phraseological units in its full form: in due measure, properly, etc., but has a different meaning.

In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from full ones. In the singular, the gender endings are: for the masculine gender - the zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); for the feminine gender the ending is -a (strong, new, skinny); for the neuter gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, thinner). In the plural there are no gender differences: all short adjectives end in -ы, -и (strong, new, skinny).

If the base of a full adjective has two consonant sounds at the end, then when forming short masculine adjectives, a fluent vowel sound o or e sometimes appears between them (sharp - sharp, eternal - eternal, etc.). Short forms are also formed from full adjectives in -н and -ні (-ні, -ніні). In the masculine gender they end in -en or -nen (red - red, honest - honest, muddy - muddy, hungry - hungry and modern - modern, fragrant - fragrant).

If the short form of adjectives is formed from passive participles in -nny, then it ends in -en (-an, -yan) (sure - sure, used - used).

There are fluctuations in the use of these forms. For example, along with the form in -en, forms in -enen are also used (natural and natural, related and related). Forms in -en are more productive for the modern Russian language.

In modern Russian there are no short forms:

• 1. Qualitative adjectives, which are relative in origin, as evidenced by their word-formation connections with nouns: fraternal, tragic, comradely, enemy, friendly, blood, whole, efficient, slanderous, free, fighting, draft, advanced, etc.
• 2. Adjectives that are part of terminological names of a qualitative nature: deep rear, fast train, urgent mail, etc.
• 3. Some polysemous adjectives in their individual meanings. For example: glorious in the meaning of “pleasant, good”: Nice song, matchmaker! (G.); round in the meaning “full”: The prince’s second misfortune was his round loneliness (Ch.); bitter in the meaning of “unhappy”: Nothing, Polya, you’re laughing at your happiness, bitter widow (Trenev); poor in the meaning of “unfortunate”: Ah, poor Snow Maiden, savage, come to me, I will take care of you (A. Ostr.) and some others. These same adjectives, which have a different meaning, can also have a short form. For example, glorious in the meaning of “famous, worthy of glory”: Kochubey is rich and famous... (P.); round in the meaning of “having the shape of a ball”: She [Olga] is round, red-faced... (P.); bitter in the sense of “sharply unpleasant to taste”: Without me, chaos begins in the house: this is not so; the other is not for you; Either the coffee is bitter, or lunch is late... (A. Ost.); poor in the sense of “having a lack of something”: Her [Gorchakova’s] low voice was dull and poor in shades (Shol.); poor in the meaning of “inexpensive, wretched”: The candle sadly and somehow blindly illuminates the room. Its furnishings are poor and bare... (S.-Shch.).
• 4. Adjectives with the suffix -l-, formed from verbs and retaining a connection with them: experienced, emaciated, backward, skillful, etc. The short forms of such adjectives would coincide with the past tense forms of the verb: experienced, emaciated, behind, able. When they lose connection with verbs, adjectives gain the opportunity to form short forms: flabby - flabby, dull - dull, etc.
• 5. Individual adjectives that receive the meaning of an enhanced degree of quality (without changing the main lexical meaning), with the prefixes pre- and raz- and with the suffixes -ush-, -yush-, -enn-: pre-kind, pre-smart, cheerful, thin, healthy and other.

Short forms of qualitative adjectives differ from truncated adjectives, i.e. those that are formed by cutting off the final vowel of the full form. Wed, for example: The fields were covered with a gloomy night (Lom.). - My soul is gloomy (L.). The first adjective is truncated, the stress in it falls on the base, in a sentence it performs the function of a determiner (like all truncated adjectives in general). The second adjective is short, the emphasis in it falls on the ending, and it acts as a predicate. Truncated forms were widely used in the poetic language of the 18th-19th centuries.

The adjective is one of the main ones used by its speakers constantly. It has a number of indicators, so before answering the question of how an adjective changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly should be understood by this part of speech.

The term “adjective” appeared in the Russian language quite a long time ago, and it was derived from the Latin word adjectivum, which translated means “adding.” That is why the lexical meaning of the word “adjective” should be considered “a name that is attached to a noun.”

In general, an adjective denotes a lexico-grammatical class of word forms denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object. Lexical meaning in this case is expressed using inflectional categories. Adjectives in a sentence have their own syntactic function - definition; in particularly complex cases they are a compound nominal predicate.

Adjective: three in one

Speaking about the adjective, it is worth noting three understandings of this term. According to the first, this part of speech should include adjectives themselves, adjective pronouns, participles and ordinal numbers. The lexical meaning of these words (a feature of the subject) is supplemented with new shades. This point of view is called a broad understanding of the adjective.

There is a formal position of the moderate type, in which only adjectives themselves and ordinal numbers are included under adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60-70s of the 20th century, until it gave way to a broad understanding, actively lobbied by Russian Grammar-80.

With a narrow understanding of the adjective name, only adjectives themselves are included in it. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this particular approach, since only it takes into account all the features with the help of which a particular part of speech is distinguished. It is on the basis of this point of view that the adjective is analyzed today.

How does an adjective change?

The adjective has a number of morphological categories with the help of which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech; the ending of an adjective is a universal morpheme that can indicate inflectional categories.

Adjectives change according to gender, number and case, and when the word becomes plural, the gender disappears as unnecessary. Most often, the inflectional categories of an adjective can be clarified using its ending in combination with the ending of a noun. Sometimes it happens that an adjective is used with and at the end it is not possible to obtain complete information about the word. In this case, the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun will depend on the ending of the adjective. The number of the adjective plays an important role here, since it affects all indicators at once.

Short and long forms of adjectives

Most adjectives have a short and full form. During the existence of the Old Church Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms had priority, but now the situation has changed exactly the opposite.

Adjectives in their full form are most often placed before a noun, in which case they play the role of a determiner in a sentence. If the full adjective appears after a noun, it is most often a nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If there is no verb in the sentence, the adjective takes on the role of the predicate.

Most often they are located after the noun, in this case they play the role of the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate. If a sentence has a predicate expressed by a verb, a short adjective can play the function of a separate agreed definition.

Short forms of adjectives (qualitative)

Some qualitative adjectives have retained their short form; these are remnants of the active use of this phenomenon in the Old Russian language. These forms usually denote temporary features that may be applicable to a particular situation, in addition, they can convey a softened categorical assessment of a particular feature.

The short form is formed using the stems of full adjectives, to which gender endings should be added. When forming short masculine adjectives, an alternation of the letters “o” and “e” with a zero sound may appear; this phenomenon is a consequence of the fall of the reduced ones.

It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncated adjectives, which are actively used in folklore and fiction. Short adjectives can only be qualitative and change only in gender and number; they are most often used in postposition in relation to a noun.

Adjective categories

To understand how an adjective changes, it is necessary to touch upon its lexical and grammatical categories. Qualitative adjectives can denote the qualities of people, objects and animals, color characteristics, and also give a general assessment of any phenomenon discussed in the sentence.

Relative adjectives are distinguished by the fact that they express the attribute of an object indirectly, through their relationship to an object or some action. They are used to indicate attitudes toward persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers. Lexical meaning is conveyed using special suffixes.

Possessive adjectives are the most difficult category. In the broad sense of the word, it includes adjectives with possessive suffixes, in a narrow sense - a part of speech must simultaneously have two characteristics - a suffix and an individual affiliation with a person or object.

How to analyze an adjective?

Morphological analysis of an adjective is a fairly simple procedure that can be completed in a few minutes. The analysis scheme works the same for both school and university levels, so it will not cause any difficulties or additional hassle. If necessary, you can consult linguistic reference books.

In the analysis, it is necessary to indicate: the word form, whether the word form belongs to the part of speech, the categorical meaning, the initial form + a question to it, and a semantic question. Next, you need to indicate all lexical and grammatical indicators and the type of declension (with indicators). For qualitative adjectives, you will need to indicate comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Next, it is necessary to note by what nominal indicators the adjective agrees with number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.

Unstressed endings of adjectives

Quite often a situation arises when it is very difficult to check, since it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use a whole series of questions (which one? which one? which one? which one? which ones?). You should also remember about exceptions - adjectives ending in “-y”, “-e”, “-ya”, “-iy”, in most forms they have a soft sign before the ending: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.

The exception is the nominative and accusative singular masculine forms. If the adjective was formed from the name of a month, the soft sign will be preserved: July - July.

How is an adjective learned?

Previously, the deadline for learning the adjective (3rd grade) did not suit everyone, which is why children today learn about parts of speech much earlier than previous generations. An adjective is much easier to learn because it is closely related to another part of speech - a noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.

To learn how an adjective changes, you need to make every effort in class and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed a lesson and it is now very difficult for him to catch up, he can open any reference book from a large amount of scientific literature and find the answer to the question that interests him. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be taken into account when searching.

In the university format, the adjective is studied much more deeply, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which will help the student repeat only a basic understanding of this part of speech. However, university students have access to libraries and can easily and quickly find the information they need.