Logic is a science that studies methods and means of correct thinking and understanding of the real world. It represents natural, sequential thought processes with the help of which one can see and determine the cause-and-effect relationship that arises between objects and phenomena.
We need logical thinking in order to timely analyze and apply previously received information. It helps us to solve various problems (from drawing up the shortest route to home to developing a large-scale business plan). Logical thinking allows you to separate the main from the secondary, find connections and fully analyze the situation.
Thanks to logic, we can give reasons for various phenomena, consciously approach the solution of important problems and competently share our thoughts.
What types of logical thinking are there?
Thinking is the process of processing received information that comes from the outside world. When receiving any information, a person is able to present it in the form of a certain image, to imagine an object when it is not nearby.
The following main types of logical thinking are distinguished:
- Visually effective– as a result of solving a problem, a person is able to transform it in his thoughts, based on previously acquired experience and knowledge. At first, a person observes the situation, then, through trial and error, tries to solve the problem, after which theoretical activity is formed. This type of thinking involves equal application of theory and practice.
- Visual-figurative– thinking occurs through representation. It is most typical for preschool children. In order to solve a problem, children often use images that can be in memory or created by imagination. Also, this type of thinking is possessed by people who are associated with a type of activity in which it is necessary to make decisions based on the observation of objects or their images (drawing, diagram).
- Abstract-logical– this type of thinking is not interested in individual details; it is interested in the process of thinking as a whole. To avoid problems solving important problems in the future, it is important to develop abstract logical thinking from early childhood. This type of thinking manifests itself in three main forms: concept, judgment, and inference.
A concept unites one or more homogeneous objects, dividing them according to essential characteristics. This form of thinking needs to be developed in children at an early age, giving definitions to all objects and interpreting their meaning.
Judgment can be either simple or complex. This can be an affirmation of an object or a denial of its relationship with other objects. An example of a simple judgment is simple phrases: “Masha loves porridge”, “Mom loves Anya”, “The cat meows”, etc. This is exactly how kids think when they begin to explore the world around them.
An inference is a logical analysis of what is happening, which is based on several judgments.
Each person can independently develop a logical type of thinking by solving special problems, puzzles, crosswords, and puzzles.
Logical mental operations
Logical mental operations consist of:
- comparisons,
- abstractions,
- generalizations
- specification,
- analysis,
- synthesis.
By comparisons we can understand the reason for our failure and subsequently pay due attention to the problem and the conditions under which it was created.
Abstraction process allows you to divert the attention of one subject from other closely interrelated subjects. Abstraction makes it possible to see an object, determine its essence and give your own definition of this object. Abstraction refers to human mental activity. It allows us to comprehend the phenomenon, touching on its most significant characteristic features. By abstracting from problems, a person learns the truth.
Generalization allows you to combine similar objects and phenomena based on common characteristics. Typically, generalization is used to summarize or draw up rules.
A thought process like specification completely opposite to generalization. It serves for correct awareness of reality, not allowing thinking to break away from the real perception of phenomena. Concretization does not allow our knowledge to acquire abstract images, which in reality become useless.
Our brain uses every day analysis for a detailed division into parts of an object or phenomenon necessary for us. By analyzing a phenomenon or object, we can identify its most necessary elements, which will further help us improve our skills and knowledge.
Synthesis on the contrary, it allows you to create an overall picture of what is happening from small details. With its help, you can compare current events by going through several individual facts. An example of synthesis is puzzles. When assembling a mosaic, we imagine one or another part of it, putting aside what is unnecessary and adding what is necessary.
Applying logic
Logical thinking is used in almost every area of human activity (humanities, economics, rhetoric, creative activity, etc.). For example, in mathematical sciences or philosophy they use strict and formalized logic. In other areas, logic serves as a source of useful knowledge necessary to obtain a reasonable conclusion for the entire situation as a whole.
A person tries to apply logical skills on a subconscious level. Some people cope with this better, some worse. But in any case, using our logic, we need to know what we can do with it:
- Select the necessary method to solve the problem;
- Think faster;
- Express your thoughts qualitatively;
- Avoid self-deception;
- Find and correct other people’s mistakes in their conclusions;
- Select the necessary arguments to convince your interlocutor that you are right.
In order to develop correct logical thinking, you need not only desire, but also systematic training in the main components of this issue.
Is it possible to learn logical thinking?
Scientists identify several aspects that help master the basic concepts of logic:
- Theoretical training is knowledge that is provided in educational institutions. These include basic concepts, laws and rules of logic.
- Practical learning is previously acquired knowledge that needs to be applied in real life. At the same time, modern education involves passing special tests and solving problems that can reveal the level of a person’s intellectual development, but without applying logic in emerging life situations.
Logical thinking must be built sequentially, based on arguments and events that help to draw the right conclusions and make important decisions. A person with well-developed logical thinking has no problems in solving serious issues that require quick reactions and analytical activity.
It is necessary to develop this ability in childhood, but through long-term training, adults can also master logical thinking skills.
In modern psychology, there are a large number of exercises that can develop a person’s observation, thinking, and intellectual abilities. One of the effective exercises is “Logicity”.
The main idea of the exercise is to correctly determine the relationship between judgments and whether the conclusion drawn is logical. For example: “All cats can meow. Vaska is a cat, which means he can meow” - this statement is logical. “Cherry red. The tomato is also red, which means it is a fruit.” There is a clear error in this conclusion. Each exercise allows you to build a logical chain for yourself that will allow you to make the only right decision.
It is very important to learn to think logically - such skills help not only to calculate your actions in advance, but also to quickly find a way out of unforeseen situations. A person who has developed logical thinking will undoubtedly be able to achieve success even under not the most favorable circumstances. So, how to develop logical thinking?
Logic and logical thinking
Logic is
The concept of “logic” has its roots in the ancient Greek language, and is translated as thought (reasoning). In general, logic can be called the ability to think intelligently, and it can well be considered as a science. We are talking about a branch of philosophy that studies intellectual activity. If you are capable of logical thinking, then based on the data you have, you will be able to come to the right conclusion. With the help of logic, you gain not only general knowledge about a particular subject, but also comprehend its nuances.What is logical thinking and its types
It is worth noting that logical thinking is divided into several types, and by familiarizing yourself with their characteristics, you can determine whether you possess any of them. In general, logical thinking is a thought process in which we obtain a reasonable conclusion from existing premises. Verbal and logical thinking It uses logical constructs and concepts, acts based on linguistic means and represents the highest stage of the development of thinking. Using verbal and logical thinking, a person is able to come to general patterns and generalize various visual materials. The formation of such thinking occurs gradually. During training, a person masters the methods of mental activity and analyzes the process of his own thoughts. When solving educational problems, it influences the formation of analysis, generalization, synthesis, classification, comparison. Let's look at these concepts in more detail. Analysis- a mental operation in which a person is able to disassemble a complex object into elements. Synthesis– usually acts in unity with analysis, carried out simultaneously. A person moves from parts to the whole. Generalization– the combination of many elements according to a single characteristic. The comparison reveals something in common. Classification– objects are grouped according to essential characteristics Comparison– comparison of phenomena and objects, as well as identification of their differences and common features. Verbal-logical thinking People with this type of thinking tend to focus their attention on what they say rather than how they say it. Such logicians have a predisposition to accuracy and show interest in the semantic essence of any information. They try to compare newly acquired knowledge with those they already possessed. It is worth noting that this type of thinking, alas, is not characterized by fast memory. A person needs a certain amount of time to carefully think and analyze everything. We also note that people with this type of thinking are prone to conservatism and weak expression of emotions. The strengths of verbal-logical thinking include accuracy and consistency. The negative side is slow switching from one task to another. Mathematical thinking This type of thinking is characterized by flexibility, originality and depth. Let us consider these concepts in more detail, in the context of mathematical thinking. Flexibility– the ability to vary options for solving a certain problem, easy transition from one way of solving a difficulty to another. We are also talking about the ability to leave the boundaries of familiar methods of action - a person is looking for new solutions, quickly adapting to changed conditions. Originality– a factor that provides in this case the highest level of unconventional thinking. Depth– the ability to comprehend the essence of all studied facts, their relationships, hidden features. Associative-figurative thinking It should also be noted that there are people who are characterized by associative-figurative thinking. Their memory is well developed, but differs from the memory of logicians. Trying to remember something, the lyricist immediately reproduces something else in his memory because he has a predisposition to associative perception of reality. What are the main benefits of thinking like this? You can give examples of emotionality, rich imagination, and the ability to easily switch from one to another. A person perceives images holistically, connecting them with existing reality. Disadvantages include inconsistent actions, increased idealization, excessive vulnerability, and increased sensuality. Such features do not always make it possible to look at the world objectively, although they make it very exciting.
Developed memory and logical thinking are simply necessary in everyday life - when performing professional tasks, as well as in everyday affairs. By developing memory and logic, you will learn to concentrate your attention and control your thoughts. As a result, it will be easier for you to focus on current tasks and organize your own life. By performing exercises to develop memory, after a certain period of time you will begin to notice that when solving problems, you use very non-standard and effective methods that would not have occurred to you before.
How to develop memory and thinking in adults
Tasks for the development of logical thinking
On the Internet you can easily find a variety of tasks with the help of which you will be able to develop logical thinking. Many sites will offer you different levels of tasks. Try to start with something not too difficult and gradually move on.Learn to think logically through games, puzzles and strategies
Also, a variety of games, strategies and puzzles can greatly contribute to the development of logical thinking. To do this, it is not necessary to search for tasks on the Internet. Even if you buy a box of puzzles, you can not only have an entertaining evening, but also significantly improve your level of logical thinking.10 ways to develop your memory
1.) Read a lot of books Of course, a person who is inclined to read has a better memory than one who does not show any interest in this activity. So how can this be used. Read a short story, then immediately retell it into the recorder. After a few hours, try repeating this retelling. Analyze what details you forgot, what you missed. Do these exercises regularly. 2.) Pronounce words backwards This is also a very useful method to improve your memory. It is also impossible not to note the convenience of this method - you do not need a voice recorder or other auxiliary devices. Perform this task before going to bed, on the road, in line, and so on. If possible, you can do the exercise on a piece of paper, in a notepad - this way it will be more convenient for you to test yourself. 3.) Study poetry and new words Memorizing poetry is a wonderful memory trainer. You can also learn new words that are unfamiliar to you. As soon as such a word catches your eye, at any opportunity, look up its meaning in the dictionary. After this, try “in your head” to compose several sentences in which the new word will be used. 4.) Remember everything in detail, analyze Get into the habit of replaying in your memory every evening the events that happened to you over the past day. Start from the moment you wake up. Remember what you thought about when you woke up, what you ate for breakfast, who you talked to. Next, move on to memories of how your day went, what people you interacted with, what tasks you faced. Then move on to memories of the evening. Analyze what unpleasant events you could have avoided, what useful things you learned today, what action was senseless, and so on. 5.) Draw images in your head Quite an interesting exercise that perfectly develops the imagination. For example, imagine yourself on vacation. Let's say, not just you sitting on the shore, but in more detail. Imagine that you are sitting on the warm sand, you have a glass of lemonade or beer in your hand, and there is a plate of shrimp or corn next to you - you can hear their smells. You also hear the sound of sea waves, and sometimes their splashes reach you. You can add any more details. So, imagine whatever you want. For example, you find yourself in a summer garden: the shadow of the trees falls on you, you hear the smell of raspberries, and pear fruits periodically fall to the ground. The sun's rays break through the foliage. 6.) Get a good night's sleep Undoubtedly, you have already heard that adequate sleep has an important effect on our memory. If you sleep at least seven hours a night, you can be sure that this has the best effect not only on memory, but also on concentration and even on the rejuvenation of body cells. Good sleep is essential for energy and overall health. 7.) Aivazovsky’s method develops photographic memory This training technique got its name in honor of the famous artist. While writing his works and paintings, Ivan Konstantinovich mentally tried to stop the movement of the wave and transfer it to his painting so that it would not look frozen. Aivazovsky devoted many hours to the process of observing water. At the same time, he closed his eyes from time to time, trying to reproduce what he saw in his memory. How to use this technique?- Study an object or landscape for 5 minutes. Covering your eyelids, try to reproduce the image of this picture in your memory. It is also important that it be colored. The effectiveness of training can be increased by recording objects on a piece of paper. If you perform this exercise regularly, you will be able to achieve considerable progress in the development of visual memory.
How to develop logic and thinking in a teenager
Tasks, puzzles and charades On the Internet you can find many puzzles that you and your teenager can try to solve. Try to look for tasks that contain the correct answer - if the goal is not achieved, you can see how it could have been achieved. A special application with tasks for a smartphone On Google Play you can easily find an application called “Logic, Problems, Puzzles” - it can be installed on your smartphone. The essence of the application is to develop analytical skills in adults and adolescents. There are also apps like Brain Training, Lumosity and many others. Many factors influence intelligence and ingenuity. If you are forced to subject your body to constant stress, then it is not surprising that your reactions will leave much to be desired. During peak periods, the human body produces cortisol, which has a detrimental effect on brain cells. If you have to take on a ton of things in the morning, then you should try to slow down your usual pace of life at least a little. Start by not jumping out of bed immediately after the alarm clock rings - allow yourself some time (15-25 minutes) to lie down and think about the coming day. Ways to improve your intelligenceMusic. Periodically take a break from the daily hustle and bustle by listening to music. By the way, scientists believe that classical works are very useful for activating the brain. For example, people who listen to Mozart from time to time are characterized by increased speed of thinking. Don't waste energy. Don't take on many tasks at once. To do something well, it is important to focus on it. If you have to answer a letter, talk on the phone and listen to the news at the same time, then, of course, attention will begin to dissipate among several sources of information. The result will be a decrease in concentration and even the level of intelligence. More positive. Do not deny yourself positive emotions - your performance directly depends on them. Visit parks more often, go to the movies, meet friends. Development. Regularly search the Internet for exercises to develop memory and enrich your vocabulary. It is unlikely that you will be “illuminated” by unexpected solutions if you have a poor vocabulary that is almost unable to hold anything in your head. To develop memory, learn poetry, just read books.
Online logic test - developing the ability to think logically
So, we suggest that you mark your time – it is advisable to use no more than a quarter of an hour to complete the test.Test:
1.) Can a woman marry her widower's brother? 2.) Is there March 2nd in Italy? 3.) The girl declares: “The day before yesterday I was 8 years old, and next year I will celebrate my 11th birthday!” Could it be so? 4.) There are 10 fingers on 2 hands. So, how many fingers are there on ten hands? 5.) You are a bus driver heading from Yekaterinburg to Ugut. You will have three stops along the way. How old is the driver? 6.) The month ends on the 30th or 31st. Name the month that contains the 28th? 7.) You find yourself in a room with two lamps - gasoline and gas. What will you light first? 8.) One car left Ufa for Moscow, and the second – from Moscow for Ufa. The cars left at the same time, but the speed of the second car was twice as high as the speed of the first. Which car will be closest to Ufa at the time of the meeting? 9.) Mother and son were in an accident. The mother did not survive the hospital stay. A nurse comes into my son’s room and says, pointing at him: “This is my son.” Is this possible? 10.) A coin was found, donated to the year seventy-eight BC. Could it be so? 11.) The rooster flew onto a roof, the slope of which on one side is 45 degrees, and on the other - 30. When he lays an egg, from what slope will it roll? 12.) The doctor prescribed three injections, which must be given every half hour. So, how long does it take to complete these three injections? 13.) The weight of the brick is one and a half kilos. Plus another third of the brick. How much does a brick ultimately weigh? 1.) No; 2.) Yes; 3.) Maybe if she was born on December 31st; 4.) 50; 5.) As much as me; 6.) In all; 7.) Match; 8.) Same; 9.) Yes; 10.) No; 11.) Not at all; 12.) One hour; 13.) 1 kg.
If you did: No more than 2 errors Your logical thinking is excellent! You probably put a lot of work into achieving these results, but it was worth it! From 3 to 5 errors We can safely say that you have a high level of intelligence, despite the fact that sometimes you make mistakes. Be that as it may, you are able to analyze most events correctly. 6 to 7 errors Your level of intelligence can be called average. The potential for growth is certainly there, and if you want, you will succeed in this matter. 8 or more errors It's hard to say that you are often guided by logic in your judgments. Surely, you mainly act under the influence of emotions.
Books that develop logical thinking
This book can be considered a simple introduction to the world of modern mathematical logic. The textbook was recommended by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Higher Education, and has become an excellent source of knowledge for many students of higher educational institutions.
This is a book that clearly explains the basics of logic. The main emphasis is on syllogistics. The textbook contains tasks with the help of which the student is able to learn to apply certain rules in practice in a short period of time.
A textbook that talks about how to learn to think logically - who finds it difficult, and who easily overcomes barriers. Contains useful tasks.
Ten-minute exercises for developing logic for every day
A couple of random words Select two words at random from an article or story - just point your finger at the words without thinking about their meaning. Now you need to try to find something in common between the selected words - compare them, find the relationship. Come up with an interesting story that could connect the two concepts. Associations Look around the room you are in now. Choose an object in the room - for example, a chair or a plate. Take a piece of paper and come up with five adjectives that best describe the thing you have chosen. Example: round plate, yellow plate, small plate, clean plate, empty plate. Now write five adjectives that are completely inappropriate for the chosen subject. Example: wooden plate, boiled plate, winter plate, windy plate, silk plate. Undoubtedly, such exercises will benefit you if you do them daily. Plus, you don’t have to spend a lot of time on them! Try to start today, and you will soon notice significant progress in the development of logical thinking and imagination.
Everyone knows what logical thinking is, but articulating this concept is not always easy. Mental activity is an exciting and multifaceted movement forward. Logic is necessary for a person; it is a kind of mechanism for studying, first of all, oneself and the world around us. Helpers in this difficult work are the senses, as well as the work of thought.
Without logical thinking, it is impossible to form a mental process in such a way as to obtain true conclusions based on the real perception of reality. Logic essentially studies the laws of mental development and reasoning, and also forms them.
Types of logical thinking
Verbal-logical
The verbal-logical type of thinking makes it possible to think correctly, be able to speak competently, and masterfully control one’s language and speech. It helps in conducting discussions and even arguments.
Perhaps every person at least once in his life found himself in a situation where he could not express those feelings and thoughts that were beautifully lined up in his head. It turns out that the development of the work of thought and speech is not a luxury, but a means of communication in the information age.
Abstract-logical
Abstract logical thinking is higher than sensory experience. It, relying only on reason, tries to determine the essence of objective reality. The level of impressions, views and assessments is not seriously considered. In other words, this is the culminating form of knowledge of the surrounding world.
Figurative-logical
Figurative-logical thinking is determined by imagination, which helps to most clearly and intelligently restore the parameters of an object or action. It is formed in childhood, starting from one and a half years.
Important! Techniques for logical knowledge of the world develop logic, ingenuity, and so on. Exercises that help develop verbal and logical thinking make it possible to maintain a connection between speech and thinking.
There are a great many such master classes, especially on the Internet.
To train your memory you need:
- generality;
- mediation.
It turns out that the development of logical thinking depends on the process of summarized and indirect (through inferences) reflection of the essence. The essence of thinking lies in the interaction of thought processes with ideas in the internal picture of the world. Such exercises allow you to construct a changing image of the world.
The uniqueness of knowledge is as follows:
- it allows you to deeply understand the laws of the existing world;
- delves into a changing, dynamic world;
- guesses the future, makes plans;
- relies on knowledge accumulated throughout life;
- flows out of living observation, but does not merge with it.
There are three types of logical thinking:
- concept;
- judgment;
- inference.
A concept is nothing more than a special mechanism of the mind, thought. Judgment is the basis on which the work of thought is based, in turn, either uniting or not objects and phenomena. Judgments can be:
- correct;
- erroneous;
- total;
- individual;
- uncharacteristic.
Important! Inference is a conclusion, a generalization that a person draws from previous reasoning.
Developing logic and thinking
It is also supposed to classify methods of cognition according to their characteristic features:
- degree of formation;
- directions of tasks;
- in detail;
- by non-triviality;
- in the image and;
Important! The degree of development depends on image, action, logic and abstract logic. The mental process clearly manifests itself both in theory and in practice. A thorough (expanded) process of thought depends on the degree of discursiveness (analyticity) and intuitiveness.
Analyticity is, first of all, reasoning that has a clear sequence in time. Intuition is based on emotional perceptions, has no clear periods, passes quickly, and so on.
Based on the degree of unusualness and exoticism, two types of thought development are distinguished:
- reproductive:
- creative or productive.
A reproductive or self-reproducing way of thinking cannot be imagined without images and ideas that are taken from real sources. The creative work of thought is based on inventive imagination.
According to the degree of achievement, thinking is:
- visual;
- verbal.
The visual relies on appearance and its ideas, while the verbal operates with abstract schemes and constructions.
According to its actions, the mental process is divided into:
- critical;
- creative.
Remember! Critical is aimed at identifying flaws in other people's views. Creative work of thought reveals unknown knowledge. This is the formation of your own ideas, and not condemnation of other people's assessments and considerations.
Development of logical thinking (training exercises)
Each member of society thinks in his own way, individually, this is where his peculiarity is manifested, and it also depends on:
- fruitfulness of the mind;
- independence;
- scope;
- scale;
- accommodating;
- swiftness;
- creation;
- criticality;
- savvy.
And these are not all the criteria. Many people ask questions about how to develop logical thinking. This is the best time to start thinking for yourself. In essence, the improvement of logic is subject to the ability to notice, distinguish, set a problem for oneself and solve it on one’s own.
The flexibility of mental cognition lies in the ability to make a new decision, to change a pre-planned path, if necessary. The inertia of the thought process is manifested in the tendency to use cliches, habitual courses of action. With inert development of the mind, it can be difficult to switch from one system of action to another.
The speed with which logic is improved depends on the exercises that are necessary for its training. The scope of the mind covers a huge range of problems. But the depth of mental knowledge depends on the ability to look at the root of objects, phenomena, actions, and so on.
In order to maintain order in thoughts, it is necessary to develop consistency of thinking. Criticality is a special type of thinking that makes it possible to really and even more than evaluate the result of mental activity. Criticality finds the weak and strong sides of mental activity, can justify the truth of one’s own judgments, and so on.
Stability of thinking is based on already known laws and regularity. All these qualities are formed and change over the course of life. Knowing your individual abilities, you can correct and develop them.
Important! Anyone who masterfully uses special techniques to develop logic becomes more attentive, thinks clearly and clearly.
For such people it is not difficult to concentrate their attention and grasp the essence of the material. They devote a lot of time to memory training; it is easier for them to achieve their own goals and work. The conclusion is the following: if we develop logic, we will live fully and creatively.
Feb 24 2016
The ability to solve problems in the mind and draw conclusions about phenomena indirectly allows logical thinking. A person does not even think about how valuable logic is in the development of intelligence. What is logic? Logics is the science of the correctness of judgments, including rules for maintaining the sequence of real facts, evidence, checking the presence or searching for arguments.
Logic gives you the ability to confirm and prove your theories, and competently respond to opponents in a dispute. At the initial stage of development in school, the ability to think logically is equated to the ability to solve problems in mathematics. It is from mathematical operations that the child learns to abstract from concrete material and connect abstractions with each other. Logic, figuratively speaking, removes the specific meaning from information and brings the thought to an elementary formula.
What is logic?
The action of logical transformations in the mind is distinguished as a type of thinking. In this case, logic is a process in time, the way the mind builds connections between real objects. Such connections are more stable and objective than those connections that are formed within the framework of simple perception. Connections are made not only between individual phenomena of reality, but also between words and entire sentences, which represent a graphic image of thought.
In addition, logic is involved in the creation of abstract concepts.
Concept- this is an abstract entity; it unites several objects (or objects of reality) at once. The content of the concept becomes a generalized feature that manifests itself to varying degrees in all these objects.
For example, the concept of “living organism” may include plants and animals, which are united by the presence of organic nitrogenous compounds (nucleic acids). Further, the concept of “plant” includes any plant (rose, fern, Christmas tree). Then this chain can be decomposed into specific representatives of the genus - “flowering”, “algae”, “mosses”. Thus, low-level concepts rise as a result of generalization to higher ones. For example, to the concept of “life” in general, based on the concepts of “recreation of oneself” and “exchange of energy”.
Such a multi-level hierarchy of concepts forms a system of ordered knowledge, any phenomenon is in its place, like books in a library. Unlike a word, it does not have clear boundaries of meaning. It cannot be conveyed in one word. But it helps to better master the information and what is being discussed, eliminates ambiguity in the exchange of facts and is inherent only to a living subject. Concepts are formed within the framework of a specific system. For example, within the science of sociology there are concepts: “family”, “city”, “society” and so on.
Obtaining abstract units and linking them with each other begins with two main logical operations - analysis and synthesis. Analysis is the decomposition of a reality phenomenon, object or information into elementary units. In the process, it is determined what and how the object consists of, what lies in its essence, how the parts of the whole relate to each other.
With Vikium you can organize the process of developing memory and logical thinking according to an individual program
Synthesis is a combination of different elements. For example, combining two objects into one concept, or combining parts of objects to obtain a new abstraction or model of reality. A good example of demonstrating the concept " synthesis“There may be a unification of all sensory signals of the body into one meaning, into a component of consciousness. However, logic, as an ability of the mind, is concerned with combining ready-made meanings into judgments, and judgments into conclusions. Although by its nature the brain (mind) strives to combine everything into a holistic picture of consciousness and only logic helps to achieve the correctness of its perception.
Logic is engaged in the search for true knowledge, identifying correct ideas about reality with the state of affairs in the world.
Language represents the main sign system and a tool with which you can see and feel the reflection of logical connections.
Sign is a dual entity that consists of a form (sound, graphic) perceived through the senses and its meaning or content. These two sides of the sign have an associative, conditional correspondence between themselves, formed in the process of communication between people and their cultural development. A sign can be one word, a phrase, a complete sentence, or even an entire text.
Each sign has its own designat, that is, what this sign means. Under designatum the real thing is understood - a specific person, entity, object, its interpretation and concept. The relationship between sign and designatum is called meaning- what property or sign of an object is implied by its phonetic shell. A specific subject acquires practical significance in a given situation. For example, the word “fire” means “heat”, “light”, and “fire”. The concept of “heat” contains in its content both “warmth” from fire, and “warmth” from the human body, and the metaphorical meaning of “warmth” of the soul. Each meaning is included in the content of the concepts of each of them.
Two or more signs in one situation (context) form syntactic connections that allow one of the meanings of the sign to be realized at a more specific level (lexical) and to obtain a detailed understanding of the world. Another type of connection between sign and designatum in relation to the subject is pragmatic, which relates to a specific situation and how the speaker understands it.
With the help of language, you can construct any sentences (in logic, judgments), even those that will not make sense in the real world. Language in this regard does not care about the correctness of ideas and thoughts.
For example, the sentence “green thoughts sleep furiously” may be meaningless from a logical point of view, however, it complies with all the rules of language grammar and is recognized on the basis of elementary meanings. The language also constructs interrogative and exclamatory sentences that go beyond formal logic and mean various human emotions. They are neither true nor false, and therefore have no value for logic.
Some language theories put forward versions that any, even the most absurd, sentence can get its meaning with the help of imagination. For example, there is a theory about parallel worlds: conceptually it means that you should not discard a meaningless assumption, but try to imagine a world in which it will have real meaning.
Logic, unlike the language system, deals with the consideration of affirmative sentences that correlate with real facts. Such proposals are called true judgments.
Stages of development of logical thinking in humans
Logical thinking is classified according to stages of development, and is also divided into types depending on the predominance of one or another element of consciousness:
- The formation of logic begins with visually effective thinking. At an early stage, young children lack stable logical connections. In this case, the thought process is based on a real situation - constructing words from cubes, figures from a construction set.
- The second stage of development of logical thinking - visual-figurative, develops in the preschool period. At this stage, specific images are separated from the real object. The child operates not with real objects, but with images of these objects recalled from memory. At this stage there is still no analysis; the image of the object is not divided into components.
- The next stage in the development of logic occurs in the primary school period. At this stage of development, all practical actions are transformed into an internal process of thinking. A school-age child successfully grasps elementary connections, similarities and differences between objects. Thinking reaches an abstract level, the ability to ignore specific properties of objects and combine them into categories and classes appears.
How to develop logical thinking?
Intellectual games promote the development of logical thinking.
- Chess, poker and similar ones are among the best training methods for the mind.
- Using consonant words making up rhymes can be an exercise in developing logical thinking. Popular English game – limericks- inventing absurd rhymes. Also coming up with a parody rhyme of a popular poem or song. Excellent parodies are poems from Carroll's book “Alice Through the Looking Glass.”
- Another exercise for developing logic could be paraphrasing or paraphrasing sentences and text . Try to highlight the deep, abstract meaning and indicate it in other words. Try to compress the same meaning into one word or expand it into several.
- Analogy game. Take any object - structure, try to see its essence (meaning). Try to imagine this object or meaning in a different system. For example, take the characters of your friends and try to imagine them as chemical elements: “gold” - rich, “lead” - lazy, “arsenic” - malicious, harmful, and so on.
- Suitable for developing logic solving crossword puzzles, puzzles and related computer games , including online simulators.
- The development of intellectual abilities is affected by training to combine any words into classes, or detailed object detailing . For example, take a few words: “fish”, “square”, “mug”, “weather” and look at them in detail, what elements they consist of and what they can be associated with. “Square” is a “straight line”, “angle”, “parallel lines”, “plane”. "Weather" - "atmosphere". Use the matrix of connections (word relationships): cause-effect, part-whole, type-genus, sequence, opposite.
- Study explanatory dictionaries and come up with your own interpretations of phenomena.
- To improve verbal-logical thinking psychologists recommend write in a diary . Concretize your thoughts with their help. When reading any information (articles, books), try to take notes on all the new knowledge.
- Reading philosophical treatises and scientific books It will also improve logic and structure thoughts.
Again, we note that only regular exercises and constant training in this direction will give the expected result.
Logical thinking is exactly what helped our ancestors survive in the wild primitive world. Only the ability to analyze the situation and assume its possible development saved us from complete extinction.
With the development of computerization, humanity began to lose quite a lot of memory, intelligence, attention and logic. Now all these qualities are simpler and easier to transfer to a machine than to use your brain, and this state of affairs can simply lead to catastrophic consequences.
In addition, a person who does not load his “gray matter” with problem solving and analysis has a high risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, the so-called “senile dementia.” Moreover, this disease is getting “younger” every year. If forty years ago it affected elderly people in their seventh decade of life, now cases of the disease are recorded in young people under forty years of age.
In order to be in good shape at any age and have clear thinking, you need to take care of yourself and not allow your brain cells to atrophy. And the best activity for his work is logical problem solving.
The ability to think logically can be developed at any age.
So, even if you have never been distinguished by coherent logical conclusions, everything can be fixed. Want to know how to develop logic? We begin to perform special exercises that will awaken dormant abilities in you.
Exercises to develop logical thinking are games that can be played either alone or with a group of friends. It's even more fun this way.
Logic development games
- The quintessence of logic is chess. Perfectly develops logical thinking. Reaction speed is not important here, but thoughtfulness and analysis are necessary qualities;
- Crosswords, puzzles, scanwords, Sudoku and Japanese crosswords are what will keep your brains awake. Solve at least one small mysterious text every day and you will see changes pretty quickly;
- Associations. Choose any object or action and give it as many associations as possible. For example: shaman - tambourine - dancing - spirits - mysticism - the unknown - real - creepy, etc.;
- Solve problems to develop logic. There are many of them, both in paper form and on the Internet. Don’t jump at the difficult ones right away, start with the basics and gradually increase the difficulty. Very soon you will begin to “click like seeds” any intricate task, correctly building logical conclusions;
- Invent new words and find an explanation for them. For example: “pervodactyl” is the very first dinosaur on the planet. Or: “Tatar treatment” - medicine in Tatar. Sometimes such pearls arise that the cheerful mood returns at any time, you just need to remember the invented neologism;
- Make up your own crosswords and puzzles. Making a guess is a little more difficult than guessing. Thinking begins to work in a different direction, building new logical connections;
- Quite a fun game that allows you to see the world through the eyes of another creature. Imagine that you are a cat. Describe your vision of surrounding objects. Or you are a fool. What does the world look like in this case? Or maybe you came from another planet? Describe such sensations as well. The development of logic and expansion of worldview in this game are guaranteed;
- Come up with several options for what this or that item can be used for, in addition to the main one. For example, a chair can be used as a stepladder, as a latch, upside down, you can ride a small child on it, etc. The more such options you come up with, the better.
Additional actions
Games are, of course, good and very effective. But besides them, there are also actions, the implementation of which will allow your thinking to quickly and flexibly respond to any situation, instantly analyze and make the right decision.
The main rule: You must be sincerely interested in the subject you are studying.
- In order for the brain to get used to analyzing deeply, and not “crawl along the surface,” then when studying new material or performing any actions, explain to yourself why it is needed, where it came from, what it will give, etc.;
- For any situation, come up with at least five ways to resolve it. Even the most incredible - an oil tycoon appeared and quickly solved this problem;
- Summarize information. Use inference from the general to the particular, and induction from the particular to the general. Systematize any knowledge in two ways - this will develop flexibility of thinking;
- To take things a step further, learn to write with your left hand (if you're right-handed), master the macramé technique, or learn the basics of playing the cello;
- Move more in the fresh air. Just a twenty-minute walk activates brain function by almost 60%. And if during your walk you count how many men, women and children you meet along the way, then even more;
- While doing any work, take short breaks every 40-50 minutes, diverting your mind to something else. You can wash the dishes, jump rope, stand on your head, or just lie down and relax as much as possible. This way your brain will always be in good shape, and your vital activity will always be at its best.
All these rules are not complicated. It’s difficult to focus on this at first. But with a little patience, you will be able to tell your friends how to develop logic and achieve clarity of thinking.
Have a nice trip!
Image: Cristian V. (flickr.com)
