What kind of plastic are syringes made of? Diagram of the structure of a disposable syringe

Disposable medical syringes with a volume of 0.5 ml. - up to 150 ml.

Disposable medical syringes- are intended for subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous administration of liquid medications, as well as for suction of various fluids from the body with short-term contact with blood and lymph.
Depending on the structure, two-component and three-component disposable medical syringes are distinguished. The former consist of a cylinder and a piston, and the latter, respectively, of a cylinder, a piston and a seal, which ensures greater smoothness.
According to their structure, syringes are divided into two large groups:
- two-component(cylinder plus piston);
- three-component(cylinder, piston and plunger, i.e. the tip (seal) of the piston).

By volume disposable syringes They are divided into low-volume, standard-volume and large-volume.

Syringes medical sizes

Low volume(0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 ml.) - used for precise administration of the drug in endocrinology (insulin syringe), phthisiology (tuberculin syringe), neonatology, as well as for vaccination and taking samples in allergology and conducting allergological intradermal samples
Standard volume(2.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 ml.) are very common, as they are used everywhere for all types of injections (subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous)
Large volume(30.0, 50.0, 100.0 and 150.0 ml.) are intended for washing cavities, introducing nutrient media, suctioning pus and other liquids.

The universal design of a conventional OP syringe is shown in Fig. 1. The syringe consists of a cylinder and a piston rod (collapsible or non-collapsible). The cylinder has a cone tip of the “Luer” type (Record syringes can be produced upon request, they are practically not produced), a finger rest (a) and a graduated scale (b). The rod-piston assembly consists of a rod (c) with a stop (d), a piston (e) with a seal (f) and a reference line (g). The universal device of a conventional OP syringe is shown in Fig. 1. The syringe consists of a cylinder and a piston rod (collapsible or non-collapsible). The cylinder has a luer-type cone tip, a finger stop (a) and a graduated scale (b). The rod-piston assembly consists of a rod (c) with a stop (d), a piston (e) with a seal (e) and a reference line (g).

Depending on the structure of the piston rod, the designs of OP syringes are divided (Fig. 2) into 2-component (a) and 3-component (b). In 2-component syringes, the rod and piston are a single unit; in 3-component syringes, the rod and piston are separate. The main functional difference between the named designs is the characteristics of lightness and smooth movement of the piston.

OP syringes can be coaxial (a) and eccentric (b), which is determined by the position of the cone tip (Fig. 3).

Sterilized with ethylene oxide (gas sterilization) and radiation.
Packed in sealed consumer containers - transparent film and gas-permeable paper.

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Medical syringe

Syringe- a medical instrument intended for injections, diagnostic punctures, and suction of pathological contents from cavities.

Operating principle

When the syringe piston is raised, if its needle is placed in a vessel with liquid, a vacuum is created between it and the surface. The liquid from the vessel rushes there because it is acted upon by atmospheric pressure.

Description

Reusable syringe, 5 ml with glass barrel and other chromed metal parts.

Typically, a syringe is a hollow graduated cylinder with a cone on which a needle is mounted, and an open end through which a piston with a rod is inserted into the cylinder.

In the 1980s, single-use syringes (SOP, colloquially known as: disposable syringes), almost entirely made of plastic, with the exception of the needle, which is still made of stainless steel. The syringe also has a large number of slang names in the slang of drug addicts.

Syringe tubes are also used ( English) for single administration of drugs. But, as a rule, the syringe should be disposable - it is sterile

Basic rules of use

Since the syringe comes into contact with blood during use, attention should be paid to the sterility of the syringe:

• before using a disposable syringe, you must ensure that the packaging is intact;
• Reusable syringes are thoroughly boiled before use.

To carry out the injection, the syringe needle is placed in the container with the drug, after which the required amount of the drug is drawn into the syringe barrel by moving the piston towards itself. Before performing the injection, you should make sure that there are no air bubbles in the drug drawn into the syringe. To do this, the syringe is directed upward with the needle and with a slight movement of the piston, air is expelled from the syringe along with part of the drug. The skin at the injection site must be wiped with alcohol. Subsequently, depending on the type of injection, the needle is injected into the patient’s vein, under the skin, either inside the skin or inside the muscle, after which the movement of the piston moves the medicine from the syringe into the patient’s body.

History of creation

The origin of the syringes is almost impossible to trace. It is known that they were in Europe around the 13th century, but no one has yet been able to find out where and how they were used before. They were made from a translucent bovine bladder, to which was attached a sharp thin tip made of wood or copper. An incision was made in the patient's muscle or vein with a knife, after which the tip was quickly inserted.

Despite the fact that intravenous injections have been carried out since the mid-17th century, the syringe, as we know it today, was invented only in 1853 by veterinarian Charles Gabriel Pravaz and Alexander Wood, independently from each other.

The first syringes were made from a rubber cylinder, inside of which was placed a well-fitted piston made of leather and asbestos with a metal pin sticking out. A hollow needle was fixed at the other end of the cylinder. Since the cylinder was opaque, notches for dosing the medicine were made not on it, but on the metal pin of the piston.

Confectionery syringe

a plastic cylinder with a volume of 200 to 2000 cm3 (2 l) with a piston and an outlet, designed for placing and squeezing out various creams, mainly used for decorating pastries and cakes. The syringe has a set of cornets with different cross-sections and profiles and are mounted at the inlet through which the cream is squeezed by a piston onto the surface of the confectionery product. The most convenient for work are liter syringes, which ensure continuity of work with one cake. Small syringes are extremely inconvenient, since they have to be filled frequently, not only interrupting the work, but also interrupting the uniform thickness (intensity) of the pattern applied through the cornets on the cake, which spoils the appearance of the product

Technical syringe

Technical syringe designed for introducing liquid or grease into the components of machines and mechanisms, as well as for applying glue, sealant and other viscous substances to various surfaces. The design of a technical syringe is similar to that of a medical syringe, but is distinguished by its larger size and (often) the presence of a lever mechanism for driving the piston. As a rule, units that are lubricated using a syringe have a special unit - a grease nipple with a check valve that prevents lubricant from leaking after the syringe is disconnected. There are disposable (factory filled with working fluid) and rechargeable (filled by the consumer) technical syringes.

Types of disposable syringes used in Russia

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Intramuscular injections are one of the most common medical procedures. Most often, nurses encounter it in treatment rooms and intensive care units. They are the ones who know which syringe for intramuscular injection is best to choose, and what to focus on when choosing. The article reflects the experience of medical workers who have worked in treatment rooms for more than 15 years and performed several thousand intramuscular injections.

Syringe design

There are two main types of disposable syringes: two-component and three-component. The first type of syringes consists of a cylinder and a piston with a rod, made in the form of one piece. The three-component syringe additionally uses a rubber seal, which is located at the end of the piston.

Most nurses do not even have a question about which syringes to choose - preference is given to 3-component ones. This is explained by the greater ease of sliding of the piston along the cylinder, which greatly facilitates injections. Some 2-component syringes are not inferior in smoothness to 3-component syringes, but this statement is only true for products produced by European manufacturers.

The disadvantages of 2-component syringes include the insufficient seal of the piston to the cylinder, which does not exclude the possibility of drug leakage. It is especially unpleasant when an expensive drug leaks. This disadvantage is inherent in the cheapest syringes.

Important! Smoother administration of medications ensures less pain during the injection.

One of the disadvantages of 3-component syringes is the fact that the latex used in the manufacture of the seal can cause allergies in people with a predisposition. However, some manufacturers make seals from completely inert materials that do not contain latex; packages with such syringes are marked “Latex-free”.

Needle lock type

When buying a syringe for intramuscular injections, you should pay attention to the method of attaching the needle to the syringe. There are two main types:

1. Luer Slip - the needle is placed on the cannula of the syringe and is held on it due to a tight fit. For most injections this is sufficient. However, the disadvantage of this type of clamp is that the needle may jump off the cannula if the piston is pressed too hard. This kind of trouble occurs especially often when administering thick, oily medications.
2. Luer Lock - the needle is screwed into the lock along the thread. The likelihood of the needle slipping during injection is zero. Most nurses prefer to work with these syringes.

Some syringe models are sold with needles already attached to the cannula. When deciding how to choose the right syringe for injection, there is no fundamental difference between these models and the options with a separate syringe and needle. In any case, the nurse will need to make sure that the needle is placed securely.

Characteristics of injection needle

When choosing a syringe for intramuscular injections, special attention should be paid to the needle - its characteristics often determine how painful the injection will be. The following characteristics are important:

1. Needle diameter and length. For a patient of normal build, the optimal needle for intramuscular injection is a needle with a diameter of 0.8 mm and a length of 45-70 mm. You can determine the diameter by the color of the pavilion - the color marking of needles is carried out according to the global standard: green indicates that the needle has an outer diameter of 0.8 mm, and yellow - 0.9 mm. The length of the needle can be assessed visually. For obese people, it is better to take longer needles - at least 70 mm, since due to the severity of the subcutaneous tissue, there is a possibility that a short needle will not reach the muscles during injection.
2. Sharpening the needle tip. The most common type of sharpening of injection needles is flat. As a rule, injections with such needles are the most painful. Leaders in the production of medical consumables sell syringes with needles with lance-shaped or triangular sharpening - patients practically do not feel the moment of tissue puncture with such needles. This aspect is especially important when deciding how to choose a syringe for injection for a child.
3. Needle grinding. For better glide of the needle, it is treated (polished) with a silicone compound. Of course, an amateur will not be able to determine by the appearance of the needle whether it has been ground. To resolve this issue, you can ask the pharmacist for a certificate. If it mentions the ISO 7864 standard, then the needle is lubricated.

Considering the above characteristics, the image of the “ideal” syringe for intramuscular injection will be as follows: this is a three-component syringe with a Luer Lock fastening, with a needle ground according to the ISO 7864 standard with a triangular (lance-shaped) sharpening.

Which syringes have fewer complications?

The criteria for choosing a syringe listed above guide the patient on how comfortable the injection will be for him. The frequency of complications in most cases depends on the thoroughness of the injection technique. Complications after injections in the buttock (as the most common type of intramuscular injection):

• infiltrates - formed due to too rapid administration of the drug, when administering cold drugs, when introducing drugs into the subcutaneous tissue (due to a short needle);
• an abscess is the most unpleasant complication after an injection in the buttock, most often occurring when performing injections at home;
• Nerve damage - usually occurs in thin people and children when needles are used that are too long;
• hematomas - occur most often when using blunt needles;
• needle breakage - often occurs due to a reflex contraction of the gluteal muscle, the main reason is a poor-quality needle (experienced nurses note that Chinese and Russian needles most often break, but in recent years domestic manufacturers have dealt with this problem).

Normally, there should be no air bubbles in the injection - their presence indicates a violation of the technique of drawing the medicine into the syringe. When they are detected, you need to wait until they unite into one large bubble and release the air through the needle.

Intramuscular injections with any syringe should be performed by a nurse! Performing this manipulation by a professional who has undergone special training allows you to almost completely eliminate the likelihood of complications from injections in the buttock.

At the moment, 70% of syringes sold in Russia are imported. There will always be a demand for syringes, and if a domestic manufacturer appears in the region, they will most likely purchase syringes from him rather than from imported suppliers.

To produce syringes with an injection needle, you will need a lot of expensive equipment, and the total amount of investment required to start a business from scratch will be about 1 billion rubles. Some companies started by opening the production of disposable syringes without a needle, which saved money. When the business began to make a profit, they started producing a full set. Also, many people purchase imported needles for a complete set. It takes about 11-12 months to organize a syringe manufacturing business (purchase of equipment, staff training, etc.).

Syringe: types and structure

In medicine, a syringe has a wide range of uses: it is used for various injections, for drawing blood, and for suctioning pathological contents from cavities. The structure of a modern disposable syringe is two-component (cylinder, piston) and three-component (cylinder, piston, rubber tip, lubricated with liquid for better sliding along the cylinder).

Syringes come in different sizes:

• small volume (0.3, 0.5 and 1 ml). Used in endocrinology (insulin syringes), phthisiology (tuberculin syringes), neonatology, for vaccination and conducting allergy intradermal tests.
• standard volume (2, 3, 5, 10 and 20 ml). Used for subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous injections.
• large volume (30, 50, 60 and 100 ml). Used for suctioning liquids, administering substances and rinsing.

The syringe has different tip locations on the cylinder:

• coaxial (concentric). Positioned at the center of the cylinder. For syringe volume 1-11 ml.
• eccentric. Side location. For syringes with a volume of 22 ml.

There are three types of needle attachment:

• Luer - the needle is put on the cylinder.
• Luer-Lock - the needle is screwed into the cylinder.
• non-removable needle integrated into the cylinder body (usually needles with a volume of up to 1 ml).

Production technology

The production facility includes several departments: a cylinder and piston production line, warehouses where raw materials are stored and received.

Syringe cylinders and pistons are made from polymer raw materials (polyethylene, polypropylene) by casting on special machines equipped with molds. The raw materials are poured into a hopper, the machine melts the mass, and then forms the necessary parts of the syringe. After casting and cooling, a scale is applied to the cylinders using offset printing or silk-screen printing. Tips are put on the pistons, after which they are connected to the cylinders. The finished syringe is sterilized and packaged in blisters.

Equipment and raw materials

The production line for the production of syringes includes the following set of equipment:

• casting machine (injection molding machine) - from 150 thousand rubles for a used one, from 1 to 2 million rubles for a new one;
• molds (200 thousand rubles - 500 thousand rubles);
• cooling machine - from 50 to 250 thousand rubles;
• pneumatic or vacuum forming machine for packaging - from 60-90 thousand rubles;
• offset printing machine – about 300 thousand rubles;
• syringe assembly machine (up to 24,000 syringes/hour) – from 1 million rubles;
• sterilizer – about 1 million rubles;

Total: about 4 million rubles.

Required raw materials:

• polypropylene (30-75 rub/kg). The production of 3 million syringes per month will take about 6-7 tons of raw materials, the costs will be about 400 thousand rubles;
• rubber/silicone for the piston collar (from 240 rubles/kg);
• printing ink (3-4 tons per month);

Premises and staff

The production facility together with warehouses should have an area of ​​2-5 thousand square meters. m. (depending on production volumes), ceiling height - at least 6 meters, spans - 12 m. Naturally, the building must have communications and electricity connected. Location – no further than 500 meters from the nearest housing. Number of personnel on the production line:

• raw material preparation area (transportation of raw materials to the casting area, reception) – 2 operators, 2-3 workers;
• casting section (automatic line) – 1-2 craftsmen;
• scale application area – 1-2 operators;
• packaging section (automated) – 1-2 operators;
• sterilization area – 1-2 operators;
• quality control – 1 specialist;
• warehousing – 5-10 workers;

Total: at least 15-20 people.

Requirements

The product must be tested by Rospotrebnadzor and receive a certificate of conformity. The required characteristics of the syringe and test methods are described in GOST R ISO 7886-4-2009.

Investments

The initial investment (if renting premises) will be about 7-8 million rubles. Monthly expenses are about 3 million, income – 3.5 – 6 million rubles. The cost of a syringe without a needle is 50 kopecks -2 rubles/piece.

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For the parenteral method of drug administration, syringes of the Record and Luer type (reusable and disposable) are used. The syringe consists of a hollow cylinder with a scale, a needle cone, a piston with a rod and a handle.

There are various types of reusable syringes(Fig.2):

· Fig. 2a - “Record” syringe. It has a glass cylinder, the output end of which is closed by a metal tip with a needle cone. At the other end of the cylinder there is the same metal rim made of stainless steel. The piston has the form of a short metal cylinder into which a metal rod with a flat handle is screwed.

· Rice. 2b - Luer syringe. All parts of this syringe are made of glass.

· Fig. 2c and Fig. 2d - tuberculin syringe and insulin syringe (combined). Available in 1.0 ml capacity.

· Fig.2d - combination syringe. This type of syringe is characterized by the presence of a tip with a cone made of metal; other parts of the syringe are made of glass.

· Fig. 2e - Janet syringe (syringe for rinsing cavities). Mainly used in urology and gynecology.

· syringe for single use in sealed packaging

a syringe tube filled with a medicinal substance

needleless injectors

The choice of syringe for injection depends on the type of injection and the amount of drug administered:

· for intravenous injections, syringes with a volume of 0.5-1.0 ml are used. (for example, tuberculin)

· for subcutaneous injections - 0.5-2.0 ml

· for IM injections - 2.0-10.0 ml

· for intravenous injections - 10.0-20.0 ml

Syringes are available in capacities/volumes of 0.5 ml, 1.0 ml, 2.0 ml, 5.0 ml, 10.0 ml, 20.0 ml.

rice. 2a Fig. 2b Fig. 2c Fig. 2d fig. 2d

Rice. 2. Types of syringes

injection needle- a hollow, narrow metal tube made of stainless steel. One end is obliquely cut and pointed for better penetration, and the other ends with a head (cannula) for connection to a syringe or elastic tube. Depending on the purpose, medical needles are divided into injection, puncture-biopsy and surgical. Injection needles are intended for administering drug solutions, drawing blood from a vein or artery, and blood transfusion. The outer diameter of the needle ranges from 0.4 to 2 mm, length - from 16 to 150 mm. The needle number corresponds to its size (for example, No. 0840 means that the needle diameter is 0.8 mm, length is 40 mm).

The following types of needles are distinguished: reusable:

Needle 15 mm long and 0.4 mm cross-section - for intravenous injections (0415)

Needle 20 mm long and 0.4-0.6 mm cross-section - for subcutaneous injections (0420)

Needle 40 mm long and 0.8 mm cross-section - for intravenous injections (0840)

Needle 40-60 mm long and 0.8-1 mm cross-section - for IM injections (1060)

The choice of needle diameter also depends on the consistency of the administered medicinal substance. For example, a Dufault needle is used for long-term transfusions of viscous liquids and blood, needles with a finger rest are intended for intradermal injections, and needles with a safety bead are used to limit the depth of insertion.

Currently mainly used disposable syringes and needles both Russian and foreign manufacturing companies. Their use dramatically reduces the risk of infectious complications, they are convenient and do not require prior sterilization.

Types of injection needles disposable

Disposable syringes are divided into two large groups: two-component and three-component.

Three-component syringes Disposable needles

Two-component syringe consists of two parts: a cylinder and a piston, three-component syringe consists of three parts: a cylinder, a rubber piston and a plunger (piston pusher). Two-component disposable syringes are most often used in medical practice for subcutaneous, intramuscular and intravenous injections. These syringes have standard volumes - 2, 5, 10 and 20 ml. Three-component disposable syringes come in various sizes and with different types of connection to the needle:

- Small volume syringes (0.3, 0.5 and 1 ml) used for precise administration of drugs in small volumes. They are used in endocrinology (insulin syringes - for subcutaneous administration of insulin), phthisiology (tuberculin syringes - for intradermal administration of tuberculin), neonatology, as well as for conducting allergy intradermal tests.

- Standard volume syringes (2, 5, 10 and 20 ml) with Luer connection, Luer-Lock is used in all areas of medicine for subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous and other injections (anesthesiology, intensive care, emergency medical services, disaster medicine). The Luer-Lock connection (a needle is screwed into a syringe) is especially valuable when introducing drugs into dense tissues (under the perichondrium, under the periosteum), when collecting biological material, as well as when administering drugs using infusion pumps (perfusers, infusion pumps). Such devices are used in anesthesiology, intensive care, oncology, neonatology, when slow dosed administration of drugs in small volumes over several hours or days is necessary.

- Large volume syringes (30, 50/60, 100 ml) with a Luer connection, Luer-Loki with a catheter end are very widely used in various fields of medicine: syringes with a volume of 50/60 and 100 ml with a catheter type connection (Janet type) are convenient for feeding through a tube (in surgery, neurology, pediatrics) , as well as for administering medications and solutions through catheters (urinary catheter, pleural drainage, washing abscesses and cavities). Syringes with a volume of 30 and 50 ml with a Luer connection are convenient when intravenous administration of drugs in large dilutions is necessary.

- Light protection syringes are intended for the administration of drugs that are destroyed when exposed to light.