The accusative case is used in combinations of words and sentences with only verbs or with its forms, such as participle or gerund. And also the accusative case answers the questions: “What?” and “Who?” Most often it is used as an expression of the direct object of action: I write a text, play football, build a house and similar phrases. More details about the accusative case and its differences from the genitive case will be written in this article.
This case can mean completely different meanings. Accusative:
- (Time) - the time of an action that has already been completed: walking every morning.
- (Quantities) - the quantitative side of the verbal action: cost thirty rubles.
- (Measures) - a measure of time or space: walk one hundred steps.
- (Object) - the object to which the action is directed: open the door.
- (Result) - an object - the result of some action: cook soup.
If you remember the accusative case questions “Whom?” or “What?”, you will not have difficulty identifying it.
What endings can the accusative case have?
Based on case questions, you can determine the ending of a word.
The accusative case has the following endings:
- A noun that is singular: dog, door, table, computer, road, car.
- Accusative case in the plural: dogs, doors, tables, computers, roads, cars.
- In the singular, the adjective and participle end: round and round, round, round; hard and hard, hard, hard, doggy and doggy, doggy, doggy.
What prepositions are used
This form of the word can be combined with many prepositions, complex and simple. If a word is combined with such prepositions as: with, on, for, in or under (simple), then it determines some meaning. The definition can be by purpose, reason, time, property, state, etc. In combination with a simple preposition, such words can have completely different meanings: picking berries, sailing along the river, playing hide and seek, and so on, that is, have an objective meaning. Also, a word can carry information replenishment.
In the case of complete sentences that contain simple prepositions, phrases have a completely different meaning. For example, a phrase indicates a predicative meaning (reward for participation). And he can also spread a proposal (there is a school not far from home; the long-awaited holidays are coming in the summer.) Together with the prepositions “under” and “for”, inaccurate facts are expressed (she is about twenty, he is about thirty).
Such nouns are also combined with compound prepositions (without paying attention to, after a day).
The difference between the accusative case and the genitive case
In order not to get confused when determining the case, you need to understand that for each option there is an individual question that is important to ask correctly.
If you ask a key question and find a matching option, you can easily determine whether the word is in the genitive or accusative case. A word in the genitive case often names the relationship of an object to something, the relationship between wholes and parts, a description of an object in comparison with another object, an object that is influenced, and the like. These nouns must answer the questions “what” and “whom”. Finding out the case of a noun, focusing only on the ending or meaning, is quite difficult, as there are many nuances and you can make a mistake.
In such variants, sometimes even the endings of words coincide. Most often you can make a mistake if you need to determine the form of an animate noun. In the event that it is quite difficult to understand the form with the question “whom”, then it is necessary to mentally replace the animate word with an inanimate one. Put the question in the accusative form, “I see what?”, and in the genitive form, “There is nothing?”. If the noun, the form of which needs to be determined, turns out to be the same as in the nominative case, then this will mean that it is in the accusative case.
The next way to distinguish the accusative and genitive forms. If you need to determine the case form of an inanimate noun, then pose the necessary question that needs to be answered. For example: I’m carrying (what?) a package, looking (at what?) at the package. In the second version, the word is in the genitive case.
If the noun is animate, has the second declension and is masculine, then it is enough to replace it with any word of the first declension and pay attention to the ending. For example: I see a cat - I see a dog: the ending -у indicates the genitive case; no cat - no dog: ending -i - accusative).
If the noun is animate and is in the plural, then it must be mentally changed to any inanimate that answers the question “what?” (I love horses - I love (what?) clothes - accusative; I love the beauty of horses - I love the beauty of clothes - genitive).
It is important to pay attention to the fact that in the Russian language there are many words that do not decline (coat, metro and others). In all variants they remain unchanged.
There is a possibility that the methods described above will not help. You should always check the case by asking a key question to avoid mistakes.
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Noun is a part of speech that names objects and answers questions “ What? » / « Who? " In Russian, a noun acts as an object, adverbial adverbial, subject or predicate. This is one of the main lexical categories denoting the names of things, organisms and living beings, persons, events, facts, geographical location, phenomena, as well as properties, states, qualities and actions. The noun is modified according to special cases, between which there is a certain system of differences. To avoid grammatical and lexical errors, you need to be able to distinguish between them.
Necessary:
To learn how to distinguish the accusative case from the genitive case, you need to remember the Russian language school curriculum for grades 4-5. In this case, you will need not only a school textbook, but also a table of cases.
Instructions:
- The school textbook tells us that there are only six cases in the Russian language. They are called as follows: nominative , dative , prepositional , instrumental , accusative And genitive . We're interested in the last two, so let's focus on them.
- To determine this characteristic for any noun, it is necessary to use special auxiliary questions and words. It should be noted that both schoolchildren and highly educated people constantly confuse the accusative and genitive cases. This is because the auxiliary questions for determining them are almost identical: for the genitive " no one? what? ", for accusative " see who? What? " That is, the same question is asked to animate objects: “ whom? ».
- If you cannot determine the required form, ask a clarifying question to the noun: “ see what? " or « no what? " to define it. The accusative case is used if the word takes on the nominative form after a clarifying question.
- The genitive case can also be determined using a test word "cat". Substituting the indicated word in place of any noun, pay attention to the ending. Example: instead of a word "teacher" in a phrase "pride in the teacher" Substituting the test word, we get the phrase "pride of the cat". End « And » indicates genitive case, ending "y" to accusative.
- Remember that the genitive always indicates the relationship between the whole and the part ( glass of water), comparison with something or someone ( more beautiful than Vasilisa) and belonging ( brother's motorcycle). The accusative describes and denotes temporal-spatial relations ( wait a minute), and also indicates a transition from an action to an object ( pet the cat).
Name: Accusative case.
Accusative case, answering questions from whom? what?, is used only in combination with a verb and its forms: participle and gerund. The main, typical function of the accusative case is to express the direct object of action with transitive verbs: I look at a picture, I prepare a lesson, I open a book, I put on a dress.
The accusative tense denotes the time of the action: Meet every day. He wasn't feeling well last night.
The accusative of quantity is used to indicate value, when indicating the quantitative side of the manifestation of a verbal action. It costs two rubles. Repeat three times.
The accusative measure indicates a measure of time or space. Wait a whole week. Walk five kilometers.
The accusative of the object names the object to which the action is directed. Read a book. Throw the ball.
The accusative of result denotes the thing that is the result of the action. Dig a hole. Sew a dress.
To find out the accusative case, you need to substitute the word VINYU to the noun, that is, I ACCUSE, or I SEE.
I blame (who?) the boy
I see (who?) a baby elephant
I see (what?) a palm tree
Prepositions with the accusative case: IN, ON, FOR, UNDER, THROUGH, ABOUT.
In addition, the accusative case, in combination with transitive verbs formed from intransitive ones using prefixes, denotes a measure of time and distance: work for a whole month, sleep the whole way, run three thousand meters.
In combination with intransitive verbs, the accusative case can also denote a measure of weight, time, distance and cost: weigh a whole ton, improve all your life, rest for a week, run a mile, cost a penny, etc.
The accusative case is:
1) a noun form included in the singular and plural paradigm, with one of the following endings (in orthographic form):
singular - horse, land, wife, land, swamp, field, bone, daughter, name, path;
plural - horses, land, wives, lands, swamps, fields, bones, daughters, names, paths;
2) a number of such noun forms, united by the system of meanings described below;
3) the form of an adjective or participle included in the paradigm, with one of the following endings (in orthographic form):
in the singular - round and round, round, round; blue and blue, blue, blue; strong and strong, strong, strong; fox and fox, fox, fox;
in the plural - round and round, blue and blue, strong and strong, fox and fox;
4) a number of such forms of an adjective or participle, united by a common syntactic function.
The main meanings of the accusative case are objective and attributive.
Object value case manifests itself:
1) with transitive verbs: buy a house, read a book, wait for a friend;
2) with predicatives: it’s a pity, it’s a pity (it’s a pity for my brother), and also it’s necessary, it’s necessary, it hurts, it’s visible, it’s heard, it’s noticeable - when the sentence contains an indication of the subject of the state: I need a pass; His arm hurts;
3) in one-part sentences meaning the required object: A carriage for me!; Reward for the brave! Determinative (by measure, time, quantity).
Subject meaning appears only in a sentence. This:
1) the accusative case, placed in the initial position in sentences reporting the state of a person, with a predicate - a verb with the meaning of an emotional or external state and a subject - an abstract noun: I am upset by failure, I am alarmed by lies; The guys were inspired by the success; The family suffered grief; also: He is drawn to travel; The interlocutor is tempted to argue;
2) in sentences such as The child is shivering; The patient feels sick; I'm shaking all over.
Subjective meaning is combined with objective meaning in such types of sentences as The stars are visible; Voices are heard when the perceiving subject is not indicated in the sentence (stars are visible and someone sees stars), as well as in sentences like: A man was killed; A fighter was wounded, in which the subject of the action is not indicated (a person was killed and a person was killed). The increase in the subjective meaning of a verb in a sentence is always determined by the joint action of syntactic and lexical-semantic factors.
The accusative case is combined with a wide range of prepositions - simple and derivative. In combination with simple prepositions - in, on, for, about (ob), according to, under, about, with, through - can have a definitive meaning (in place, time, measure, quality, property, purpose, purpose, reason, etc. .), objective (go deep into work, vote for a candidate, capable of anything, hurt yourself on a joint, go picking berries, think about children), and also performs the function of a necessary informatively replenishing form (reputed as an eccentric, known as a talker).
In a sentence, this case with simple prepositions, in addition to the named meanings, can denote a predicative feature (in the predicate: Letter - to the ministry; Medal - for courage; Path - through the mountains) or extend the sentence as a whole, expressing different types of determination (In a blizzard It’s scary to be in a field; There’s a lake a mile away from the city; All sorts of miracles are possible on New Year’s Eve; I haven’t slept for a week; There’s a store across the road), or an object meaning (For five - three skis; Not a word about those who left). In sentences such as Fear attacked me; Thought came over him; The guys became stubborn.
In combination with the prepositions for, with, under V. p. in combination with a certain range of words expresses approximateness: He is over thirty; There were over forty visitors; She's nearly fifty; I received a hundred congratulations; We waited for half an hour; About a dozen students are sick. In combination with derivative prepositions and prepositional formations - in response to, including, excluding, despite, despite, after a little, an hour, a minute, a day, passing, through, after a day, an hour, a year, a century.
How to distinguish the Nominative case from the Accusative case?
- The nominative case differs from the accusative case in questions. Nominative case questions - who? What? For example: (who?) girl, (what?) ball.
And questions of the accusative case - who? What? . For example: said (who? what?) a word, did (who? what?) work.
To distinguish the accusative case from the nominative case, you can substitute the word see. I see (who? what?) a ball - this noun is in the accusative case.
Also:
1Nouns in these case forms perform different syntactic
functions: in the nominative case the role of the subject, in the accusative
additions.
2Nouns in the nominative case are used without prepositions. In the accusative case there are prepositions in, on, for, through. - If you mean in a sentence, then the Accusative (in a sentence) differs from the Nominative in that: If the noun is the subject, then it is By Him. case, and if secondary. member then wine.
- The nominative answers the questions who, what... and the accusative who, what
- We need to ask two questions: who? What? - Nominative, (blame) WHO? What? - Accusative. Also WHO? what? - Genitive.
- The nominative case answers the question who, what. For example: who? (fox)
Accusative of whom, what. For example: I see who? (fox) - Ask two questions at once: who? what? - genitive; whom? What? - accusative.
The word sister also helps. We put the word sister instead of the substantive, the case of which is difficult for us to determine, and, no matter how ridiculous the resulting sentence may look, but if SISTERS is inserted, the genitive case is used, if SISTER is the accusative case. - Them. -Who? what?, vin. -whom? What?
- Who, what? no prepositions, always the subject in the sentence
Who, what? there may be prepositions, a minor member of the sentence. - When asking a question, the nominative case answers questions (who? what?), and the accusative case (whom? what?)
- The nominative case answers the questions WHO? WHAT? (example: earth, fox, water, house...) And the accusative to the questions of Who? What? (land, fox, water, house)
- Thank you very much for the information, otherwise I’ve already forgotten everything in 25 years!
- The nominative case is always the subject,
The accusative case is an addition (if without a preposition).To avoid mistakes, take a feminine word, for example, “book,” and in the sentence where you need to determine the case, replace the problematic word with “book.”
Will you have it or who? What? - “book” (nominal p.), or whom? What? "book" (Vinit. p.)
- eminent case - questions who? What? accusative - questions of whom? What?
- The first answers the questions Who? What?
Second on Who? What??? - A noun in the nominative case answers the question “Who?” or “What?”, in the accusative case it answers the question: “Who?”, “What?” (I see who, what?. I blame who, what?)
- and how to distinguish?
- The nominative case most often contains the subject (the person or thing referred to in the sentence).
What case is needed for negation?
A noun referring to a negative verb can take the genitive or accusative form, for example: didn't read this article - didn't read this article. The difficulty lies in the fact that in some cases one case or another is preferable, while in others there is an equal opportunity to use both the genitive and accusative cases.
When is the genitive case needed?
When combined with a verb Not have: Not has rights, values, meaning, intentions, concepts, influence; Not has Houses, money, cars, brother, friend, information.
If there are words no, nobody's neither one : did not take any responsibility, did not lose a single gram, did not read a single article.
With verbs of perception, thought: didn’t understand the question, didn’t know the lesson, didn’t feel pain, didn’t notice the mistake, didn’t see the road sign.
If the noun has an abstract meaning: does not waste time, does not feel desire, does not hide joy.
If a pronoun is used as a dependent word: I won’t allow this; don't do that.
If there are intensifying particles before the verb or immediately before the name And, even : We were leaving for shopping three of us, But Lyuba And words say Not succeeded, old people themselves All chose(Kettle.); Hands trembling And Not hold even bowls With medicine - Not hold them And books(Sart.); On sidewalks closely, But nobody you Not will push, nobody neither With by whom Not quarrels, Not you'll hear even loud words(gas.)
If there is a repeating conjunctionneither... nor: does not read either books or newspapers.
Notplays roles, Not produces impressions, Not draws does not pay attention, does not pay attention,Not brings damage, Not gives significance, no doubt, does not participate etc. And also: Not speaking (Not having said) thin words; Not reduce eye With whom-what-l.; Not find to myself places; whip butt Not you'll kill me.
When is the accusative case needed?
If negative Not stands not with a verb, but with another word:I don’t really like poetry, I don’t always read books, I haven’t fully mastered the subject(cf.: I love poetry, but not very much; reads books, but not always; mastered the subject, but not completely).
If a verb, in addition to this noun, must have another dependent noun or adjective: he doesn't find the book interesting; I didn’t read the article last night; did not provide the region with electricity; Isn't it You Not do you think this practice useful?
If the noun refers to an infinitive separated from a negated verb by another infinitive: he doesn't want to start writing his memoirs(cf. he doesn't want to write memoirs And memoirs).
If there are pronouns in a sentence indicating the definiteness of the object: This song Not you'll strangle, Not you will kill; he didn't solve this problem(cf.: he didn't solve problems); Rostov, Not wanting impose yours acquaintance, Not went V house(L. Tolstoy).
If there is a subordinate clause with the word after the noun which : He didn't read the book I gave him.
With an animate noun or with a proper noun: Co time my conduction I Not I love Lesnaya street(Paust.); But Surovtsev already understood, What leave, Not having seen I believe, Not V forces(Chuck.).
If negation is part of the particle barely Not, a little Not, a little-a little Not: Barely Not dropped cup; A little Not missed it tram; A little was Not lost ticket.
In actually negative sentences likeNo one show work; nowhere publish article.
In some stable combinations: Not fool to me head; Not rock teeth.
In other cases, nouns in the described constructions can usually be used in the form of both the genitive case and the accusative case.
Which case was used earlier in these constructions - genitive or accusative?
Previously, verbs with negation were almost always used in the genitive case. “Russian Grammar” writes: “The single old norm of the obligatory genitive case for verbs with negation in the modern language under the influence of colloquial speech is not maintained: in many cases, the use of the accusative case is not only preferred, but is also the only correct one.”
The strict obligatory nature of the genitive case for a verb with negation was questioned already in the 19th century. Objecting to the criticism, A. S. Pushkin wrote: “The verse “I don’t want to quarrel for two centuries” seemed incorrect to the criticism. What does the grammar say? That an active verb, controlled by a negative particle, no longer requires the accusative, but the genitive case. For example: I Not I'm writing poems. But in my verse the verb quarrel we control not a particle Not, and the verb Want. Ergo rule does not apply here. Take, for example, the following sentence: I Not I can let you start writing ... poetry, and certainly not poems. Is it really possible that the electrical force of a negative particle must pass through this entire chain of verbs and be reflected in a noun? I don’t think so” (from the article “Rebuttal to Critics”, 1830).
Used literature:
Graudina L.K., Itskovich V.A., Katlinskaya L.P. Dictionary of grammatical variants of the Russian language. –3rd ed., erased. M., 2008.
Russian grammar / Ed. N. Yu. Shvedova. M., 1980.
